Tools of the trade

Pictures and Notes to be used in lab

Test tubes

• Used as a container for small experiments with chemicals in any state of matter

• Can be heated and capped with a rubber stopper

Test Tube Rack

• test tube rack holds test tubes so that they do not break and their contents do not spill.

Test Tube Holder

• A test tube holder is useful for holding a test tube which is too hot to handle.

Test Tube Brush

• Used to clean test tubes after use

Watch Glass

• A watch glass is used to hold a small amount of solid, such as the product of a reaction

Digital Scale

• Used to obtain the mass of small objects to the nearest tenth or hundredth of a gram

• Placing heavy objects or pushing down on the digital scales in this class will permanently damage them, so DO NOT DO IT

Spatula (scoopula)

• A scoopula is used to transfer solids. It is often used to transfer solids from a container into a weighing vessel.

Weighing Paper (boat)

• Weighing boats are used to weigh solids that will be transferred to another vessel.

Erlenmeyer Flask

• Erlenmeyer flasks hold solids or liquids that may release gases during a reaction or that are likely to splatter if stirred or heated.

• The top of a flask can be capped by a rubber stopper

Buret (Eye Dropper)

• A medicine dropper is used to transfer a small volume of liquid (less than one mL).

Magnetic Stirrer and stir bar• A magnetic stirrer is

usually a separate feature of a hot plate.

• A stirbar is used with a magnetic stirring plate to continuously stir solutions.

• If the liquid should be stirred while it is being heated, the vessel should contain a magnetic stir bar

Pipette

• A Mohr pipet measures and delivers exact volumes of liquids.

Pipette Bulb

• A pipette bulb is used with a Mohr pipette to draw solution into the pipette.

Wash Bottle

• A wash bottle has a spout that delivers a wash solution to a specific area. Distilled water is the only liquid that should be used in a wash bottle.

Filter Paper• The picture shows a piece

of filter paper in a funnel. • A coarse grade of paper

will allow the liquid to flow through the paper faster, but it may allow small solid particles to pass through.

• A finer grade of paper will filter smaller solid particles, but it causes liquid to flow more slowly and its pores may easily become clogged.

Funnel

• A funnel is used to aid in the transfer liquid from one vessel to another.

600 ml Beaker• Beakers hold solids or

liquids that will not release gases when reacted or are unlikely to splatter if stirred or heated.

• 600 ml and 1000 ml are the most common large beaker sizes; used primarily as the container where chemicals are mixed and/or heated

Hot plate

• Place the vessel containing the liquid to be heated on the plate.

• Turn on the hotplate using the heating control knob.

• The red light flashes to indicate the heat setting.

Boiling Stones• Beads made from glass

or other non reactive material.

• Highly resistant to attack by most cold liquids, hot liquids, and vapors that may interact with magnetic stirring rods

• Beads are durable and will not disintegrate or affect delicate compounds like a glass stirring rod.

Stirring Rod

• A glass rod is used to manually stir solutions. It can also be used to transfer a single drop of a solution.

250 ml Beaker• Beakers hold solids or

liquids that will not release gases when reacted or are unlikely to splatter if stirred or heated.

• 250 ml and 100 ml are the most common small beaker sizes; used primarily as the container where chemicals are mixed or stored for later use

Clamps

• Device that attaches object to a metal stand

Crucible

• Used to hold chemicals.• The crucible is then

place on a triangle with a bunsen burner put directly underneath.

• Crucibles used for melting heated objects

Triangle

• Device placed on top of o-ring.

• Object to be heated placed on top of triangle (such as a crucible)

Tongs• Generic (pinch) • Device used to grab

objects that might be dangerous to hold with hands

• Pictures show a generic (pinch) tong, a crucible tong and a beaker tong

• Be able to explain the reason each is shaped different .

Beaker Tong

Beaker Tongs

• Meant to firmly grip a beaker

• Ends do not come together, therefore not able to clamp on to or pick up small objects

Thermometer

• A thermometer is used to measure temperatures. It should always be stored in its plastic case to help prevent breakage.

• The thermometers used in labs contain alcohol, not mercury

100 ml Graduated Cylinder

• A graduated cylinder is used to measure volumes of liquids.

10 ml Graduated Cylinder

• A graduated cylinder is used to measure volumes of liquids.

pH (litmus) Paper

• Paper that is dipped into a solution to determine whether it is acidic or basic

Rubber or plastic tubing

• Used to connect the gas outlet to the Bunsen burner

• Used to drain fluids out of a container

• Used to transport gas between 2 containers

Bunsen Burner• Methane (CH4) gas is fed

into the burner through the gas inlet.

• The gas control needle valve controls the rate at which methane enters the burner.

• The rate at which air enters the burner is adjusted with the air control vent.

• Methane and oxygen mix in the burner tube and, when ignited, produce a flame.

Striker• Strikers are used to start

Bunsen burners. The striker itself is constructed with a rough surface positioned opposite to a piece of flint.

• When the arm of the striker containing the flint is pushed back and forth over the rough surface sparks are produced.

• These sparks when created in the presence of a flammable gas such as natural gas will start a fire or for our purposes a Bunsen burner.

Wire Gauze• Glassware should not be

heated with a direct flame. • Wire gauze, when placed

between glassware and a heat source, diffuses the heat somewhat and is therefore safer than a direct flame.

• Wire gauze works best when the glassware has a flat bottom (e.g., beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks) or partially flat bottom (e.g., Florence flasks).

Ring Stand

• Ring stands are used to hold glassware in place during an experimental procedure.

• Clamps connect equipment to stand

2-1000 g mass

Used to:a. measure the

mass of an objectb. to provide a

counterweight in an experiment

c. to act as an object in an experiment.

d. Come in many shapes and amounts

Distilled Water

• Distilled water is made from steam that is cooled and collected.

• It is supposed to be free of any salts (minerals).

• You use these to rinse off glassware so there are no mineral spots.

• It is also used where you want pure water.

Is Drinking Distilled water dangerous?

Not really, but prolonged usage will leach vital minerals and vitamins

from the body.