Toolkit to Combat Smuggling of Migrants
Transcript of Toolkit to Combat Smuggling of Migrants
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna
UNITED NATIONSNew York, 2010
Toolkit to Combat Smuggling of Migrants
Tool 7
Law enforcement and prosecution
©â UnitedâNationsâOfficeâ onâ Drugsâ andâ Crime,âSeptemberâ 2010.âAllâ rightsâ reserved.
Theâdesignationsâemployedâandâtheâpresentationâofâmaterialâ inâthisâpublicationâdoânotâimplyâtheâexpressionâofâanyâopinionâwhatsoeverâonâtheâpartâofâtheâSecretariatâofâtheâUnitedâNationsâconcerningâ theâ legalâ statusâ ofâ anyâ country,â territory,â cityâ orâ area,â orâ ofâ itsâ authorities,ââorâ concerningâ theâdelimitationâofâ itsâ frontiersâ orâ boundaries.
Thisâ publicationâhasânotâ beenâ formallyâ edited.
Informationâ onâ uniformâ resourceâ locatorsâ andâ linksâ toâ Internetâ sitesâ containedâ inâ theââpresentâ publicationâ areâ providedâ forâ theâ convenienceâ ofâ theâ readerâ andâ areâ correctâ atâ theâtimeâofâ issue.âTheâUnitedâNationsâ takesânoâ responsibilityâ forâ theâcontinuedâaccuracyâofâ thatââinformationâorâ forâ theâ contentâ ofâ anyâ externalâwebsite.
Publishingâproduction:âEnglish,âPublishingâandâLibraryâSection,âUnitedâNationsâOfficeâatâVienna.
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Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
â 7.1â Codeâ ofâConductâ forâ LawâEnforcementâ Officialsâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 3
â 7.2â âPrincipalâ considerationsâwhenâ investigatingâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâ. . . . . . . . . . â 6
â 7.3â âSnapshotâ ofâ investigativeâmethodologiesâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 8
â 7.4â Reactiveâ investigationâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 10
â 7.5â Proactiveâ investigation â. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 12
â 7.6â Disruptiveâ investigationâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 14
â 7.7â Financialâ investigationâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 17
â 7.8â Seizureâ ofâ assetsâ andâ confiscationâofâ proceedsâ ofâ crimeâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 20
â 7.9â Specialâ investigativeâ techniques â. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 24
7.10â Investigatingâ theâ smugglingâofâmigrants:â crimeâ scenesâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 28
7.11â Indicatorsâ ofâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâ (andâ traffickingâ inâ persons) â. . . . . . . . . . . â 32
7.12â Borderâ controlâmeasuresâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 35
7.13â Travelâ andâ identityâ documentsâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 39
7.14â Carrierâ sanctionsâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 43
7.15â Intelligenceâgatheringâ andâ exchangeâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 45
7.16â Guidanceâonâ prosecutionâofâ smugglersâ ofâmigrantsâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 48
7.17â Seekingâ theâ collaborationâ ofâ smugglersâ ofâmigrantsâ andâ smuggledâmigrantsâ. . â 52
7.18â Protectionâofâwitnesses â. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 55
7.19â Ethnic,â cultural,â religiousâ andâ linguisticâ considerationsâ inâ usingâwitnesses â. . . . â 58
7.20â Specialâ considerationsâ relatedâ toâ theâprotectionâ ofâ childâwitnessesâ. . . . . . . . . . â 60
7.21â Respondingâ toâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâ byâ seaâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 63
7.22â Detentionâofâ smuggledâmigrantsâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 70
7.23â Returnâ ofâ smuggledâmigrants â. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â 72
1
Overview
Thisâsectionâoffersâcriminalâjusticeâpractitionersâaâbasicâoverviewâofâtheâconsiderationsârelevantâtoâ investigatingâ andâ prosecutingâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ andâ relatedâ crimes:â
7.1â introducesâ aâ keyâ codeâofâ conductâ forâ lawâ enforcementâ officials;
7.2â outlinesâ theâ principalâ considerationsâ thatâ lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ shouldâ takeâ intoâaccountâ whenâ investigatingâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants;
7.3â offersâ aâ snapshotâ ofâ investigativeâ methodologiesâ thatâ canâ beâ usedâ inâ investigatingâsmugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ andâ relatedâ crimes;
7.4â takesâ aâ closerâ lookâ atâ reactiveâ investigationâ methodologies;
7.5â isâ concernedâwithâproactiveâ investigationâ methodologies;
7.6â isâ aboutâ disruptiveâ investigationâmethodologies;
7.7â takesâ aâ closerâ lookâ atâ financialâ investigationâ methodologies,â outliningâ keyâ financialâtransactionsâthatâmayâbeâmadeâinâoperationsâtoâsmuggleâmigrants,âofferingâopportunitiesâforâ financialâ investigation;â
7.8â dealsâ withâ theâ seizureâ ofâ assetsâ andâ theâ confiscationâ ofâ proceedsâ ofâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ andâ relatedâ crimes;
7.9â isâanâintroductionâtoâspecialâ(orâcovert)â investigativeâtechniquesâthatâmayâbeâusedâinâinvestigationsâ intoâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants;
7.10âoutlinesâsomeâkeyâfeaturesâofâcrimeâscenesâconnectedâwithâtheâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâthatâ investigatorsâmayâ needâ toâ respondâ to;â
7.11â providesâ aâ listâ ofâ non-exhaustiveâ indicatorsâ thatâ mayâ signalâ smugglingâ ofâ migrantsâorâ traffickingâ inâ personsâ andâ shouldâ inviteâ furtherâ inquiry;
7.12âdiscussesâ borderâ controlâmeasures;
7.13â looksâ atâ theâ issueâ ofâ travelâ andâ identityâ documentsâ andâ offersâ someâ resourcesâ toâfurtherâ facilitateâ understandingâofâ documentâmisuseâ andâ abuse;
7.14â investigatesâ theâ requirementsâ ofâ carriersâ (transportâ providers)â inâ respectâ ofâ theâProtocolâ againstâ theâ Smugglingâ ofâ Migrantsâ byâ Land,â Seaâ andâ Air,â supplementingâ theâUnitedâNationsâConventionâ againstâTransnationalâOrganizedâCrime;1
7.15â exploresâ theâ gatheringâ andâ exchangeâofâ intelligence;â
7.16âoffersâprosecutorsâanâoverviewâofâconsiderationsâinârespectâofâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâcases;
â 1âUnitedâNations,âTreaty Series,â vol.â 2241,âNo.â 39574.
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7.17â outlinesâ potentialâ waysâ ofâ overcomingâ theâ challengesâ ofâ securingâ theâ collaborationâofâ smugglersâ ofâmigrantsâ andâ smuggledâmigrantsâ inâ theâ criminalâ justiceâ process;
7.18â dealsâwithâwitnessâ protection;
7.19â outlinesâ someâ basicâ culturalâ andâ linguisticâ considerationsâ thatâ mustâ beâ takenâ intoâaccountâ inâ respectâ ofâ interactionsâwithâwitnesses;
7.20â highlightsâ someâ specialâ considerationsâ involvedâ inâ workingâ withâ witnessesâ whoâ areâchildren;
7.21â considersâ theâ specificâ Protocolâ requirementsâ withâ respectâ toâ combatingâ theâ smug-glingâ ofâmigrantsâ byâ sea;
7.22âunderlinesâtheârightsâthatâcomeâintoâplayâwithârespectâtoâtheâdetentionâofâsmuggledâmigrants;â
7.23âshowcasesâtheâhumanârightsâconsiderationsâthatâmustâbeârespectedâ inâtheâreturnâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâ toâ countriesâ ofâ origin.â
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7 .1 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials
Articlesâ 1-8â ofâ theâ Codeâ ofâ Conductâ forâ Lawâ Enforcementâ Officialsâ (Generalâ Assemblyââresolutionâ34/169,â annex)â readâ asâ follows:
Article 1Lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ shallâ atâ allâ timesâ fulfilâ theâ dutyâ imposedâ uponâ themâ byâ law,âbyâ servingâ theâ communityâ andâ byâ protectingâ allâ personsâ againstâ illegalâ acts,â consistentâwithâ theâhighâdegreeâ ofâ responsibilityâ requiredâbyâ theirâ profession.â
Article 2Inâ theâ performanceâ ofâ theirâ duty,â lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ shallâ respectâ andâ protectâhumanâ dignityâ andâ maintainâ andâupholdâ theâhumanâ rightsâ ofâ allâ persons.â
Article 3Lawâenforcementâ officialsâmayâuseâ forceâonlyâwhenâ strictlyânecessaryâ andâ toâ theâ extentârequiredâ forâ theâperformanceâofâ theirâ duty.â
Article 4Mattersâ ofâ aâ confidentialâ natureâ inâ theâ possessionâ ofâ lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ shallâ beâkeptâconfidential,âunlessâ theâperformanceâofâdutyâorâ theâneedsâofâ justiceâ strictlyâ requireâotherwise.â
Article 5Noâ lawâ enforcementâ officialâmayâ inflict,â instigateâ orâ tolerateâ anyâ actâ ofâ tortureâ orâ otherâcruel,â inhumanâ orâ degradingâ treatmentâ orâ punishment,â norâ mayâ anyâ lawâ enforcementâofficialâ invokeâ superiorâ ordersâ orâ exceptionalâ circumstancesâ suchâ asâ aâ stateâ ofâ warâ orâ aâthreatâofâwar,âaâthreatâtoânationalâsecurity,âinternalâpoliticalâinstabilityâorâanyâotherâpublicâemergencyâ asâ aâ justificationâ ofâ tortureâ orâ otherâ cruel,â inhumanâ orâ degradingâ treatmentâorâ punishment.â
Article 6Lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ shallâ ensureâ theâ fullâ protectionâ ofâ theâ healthâ ofâ personsâ inâtheirâcustodyâand,â inâparticular,â shallâ takeâ immediateâactionâ toâ secureâmedicalâattentionâwheneverâ required.â
Article 7Lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ shallâ notâ commitâ anyâ actâ ofâ corruption.â Theyâ shallâ alsoâârigorouslyâ opposeâ andâ combatâ allâ suchâ acts.â
Article 8Lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ shallâ respectâ theâ lawâ andâ theâ presentâ Code.âTheyâ shallâ also,âtoâ theâbestâ ofâ theirâ capability,â preventâ andâ rigorouslyâ opposeâ anyâ violationsâ ofâ them.â
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LawâenforcementâofficialsâwhoâhaveâreasonâtoâbelieveâthatâaâviolationâofâtheâpresentâCodeâhasâ occurredâ orâ isâ aboutâ toâ occurâ shallâ reportâ theâ matterâ toâ theirâ superiorâ authoritiesâand,â whereâ necessary,â toâ otherâ appropriateâ authoritiesâ orâ organsâ vestedâ withâ reviewingâorâ remedialâ power.
ForâtheâfullâversionâofâtheâCodeâofâConductâforâLawâEnforcementâOfficials,âwithâcommentary,âseeâwww2.ohchr.org/english/law/codeofconduct.htmâ
Promising practices
CouncilâofâEurope.âThe European Code of Police Ethics: Recommendation Rec10 and Explanatory Memorandum.â (2002)â
TheâEuropean Code of Police Ethicsâ enshrinesâ theâbasicâprinciplesâ thatâ shouldâapplyâ toâpoliceâservicesâ inâ democraticâ societiesâ governedâ byâ theâ ruleâ ofâ law.â Itâ isâ moreâ thanâ aâ traditionalâcodeâ ofâ ethicsâitâ providesâ aâ generalâ organizationalâ frameworkâ forâ theâ police,â theirâ placeâ inâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ system,â theirâ objectives,â performanceâ andâ accountability.â Someâ partsâ ofâtheâ textâ areâ intendedâ toâ serveâ asâ modelâ provisionsâ forâ nationalâ legislationâ andâ codesâ ofââconductâ asâwellâ asâ principlesâ forâ ethicalâ policing.
http://book.coe.int/EN/ficheouvrage.php?PAGEID=36&lang=EN&produit_aliasid=781
Recommended resources
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâ andâCrime.âCompendium of United Nations Standards and Norms in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. NewâYork,â 2006.
TheâCompendium of United Nations Standards and Norms in Crime Prevention and Crimi-nal Justiceâ containsâ internationallyâ recognizedâ normativeâ principlesâ andâ standardsâ inâcrimeâpreventionâ andâ criminalâ justice.âTheâCompendiumâ consistsâ ofâ fourâ keyâ sections:â
1.â Standardsâ andâ normsâ relatedâ primarilyâ toâ personsâ inâ custody,â non-custodialââsanctions,â juvenileâ justiceâ andâ restorativeâ justice;â
2.â Standardsâ andâ normsâ relatedâ primarilyâ toâ legal,â institutionalâ andâ practicalâarrangementsâ forâ internationalâ cooperation;â
3.â Standardsâandânormsârelatedâprimarilyâ toâcrimeâpreventionâandâvictimâissues;âandâ
4.â Standardsâandânormsârelatedâprimarilyâtoâgoodâgovernance,âtheâindependenceâofâ theâ judiciaryâ andâ theâ integrityâ ofâ criminalâ justiceâ personnel.â
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/compendium.htmlâ
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UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâaroundâtheâworld.âModuleâ 9â addressesâ theâ responsibilitiesâ ofâ investigators.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâ orâ contactâ [email protected].
Unitedâ Nationsâ Officeâ onâ Drugsâ andâ Crime,â Unitedâ Nationsâ Departmentâ ofâ Peace-keepingâOperations.âUnited Nations Criminal Justice Standards for United Nations Police.âNewâYork,â 2009.
Theâ handbookâ summarizesâ theâ internationalâ humanâ rightsâ andâ criminalâ justiceââprinciplesâ thatâ Unitedâ Nationsâ policeâ personnelâ mustâ know,â abideâ byâ andâ promoteâwhenâ deployedâ inâ peacekeepingâ operationsâ andâ specialâ politicalâ missions.â Asâ such,â itâisâdesignedâtoâserveâaâdualâpurpose.âFirstly,âitâisâaâcodeâofâconductâforâpoliceâoperatingâunderâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ flag.â Secondly,â itâ isâ aâ referenceâ sourceâ toâ helpâ nationalâauthoritiesâ toâ improveâpolicing.
www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/08-58900_Ebook.pdfâ
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7 .2 Principal considerations when investigating smuggling of migrants
Thereâ areâ someâ generalâ considerationsâ thatâ investigatorsâ mustâ bearâ inâ mind,â irrespectiveâ ofâtheâ typeâ ofâ investigationâbeingâ conducted.
Risk
Investigationsâ intoâ theâ smugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ dealâ withâ humanâ beingsâ andâ realâ risksâ toâ lifeâandâsafety.âThisâincludesâaâpotentialâriskâforâlawâenforcers;âforâinstance,âsub-standardâtransportâconditionsâ mayâ poseâ aâ healthâ threatâ toâ officersâ whoâ boardâ boatsâ ifâ theyâ areâ notâ speciallyâequipped.âThisâ highlightsâ theâneedâ forâ preparation.
Investigations involving offences against persons
Anâinvestigationâ intoâ theâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâ isâessentiallyâ theâsameâasâanyâotherâcriminalâinvestigation,âbutâtheâhumanââcommodityââbeingâsmuggledârequiresâparticularâconsiderations.âBecauseâ peopleâ areâ involved,â timeâ isâ ofâ theâ essence.â Planningâ isâ requiredâ soâ thatâ specialâmeasuresâ canâ beâ takenâ toâ ensureâ thatâ humanâ beingsâ haveâ theirâ needsâ providedâ for.â Peopleâcanâbeâvictimsâofâcrimeâbyâvirtueâofâhavingâbeingâsmuggledâincidentsâwhereâmigrantsâbecomeâvictimsâ ofâ crimeâ shouldâ beâ approachedâ inâ theâ sameâ wayâ asâ allâ otherâ offencesâ againstâpersons.
Financial
Becauseâ financialâ transactionsâ areâ aâ keyâ elementâ ofâ theâ offence,â allâ investigationsâ shouldâincludeâ someâ focusâ onâ theâ financesâ ofâ theâ criminalsâ involved.â Financialâ investigationsâ areâaddressedâ inâ sectionâ7.7.
Other offences
Smugglingâofâmigrantsâseldomâstandsâaloneâasâanâoffence.âThereâisâeveryâlikelihoodâthatâotherâcrimesâ haveâ beenâ committedâ inâ conjunctionâ withâ orâ duringâ theâ processâ ofâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants.âSomeâofâtheseâoffencesâmayâbeâadditionalâorâincidentalâandâchargesâmayâbeâbroughtâforâ theseâ ifâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ cannotâ beâproved.â
Aâ listâofâotherâoffencesâ thatâmayâbeâ involvedâ inâ theâcommissionâofâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâ isâgivenâ inâToolâ 5,â sectionâ4.â
Beforeâ startingâ anyâ investigation,â investigatorsâ shouldâ consultâ aâ seniorâ officerâ orâ prosecutor,âasâ appropriate,â inâ theâ jurisdictionâ inâ whichâ theyâ work.â Itâ isâ importantâ thatâ objectivesâ beâ setâandâplansâ beâputâ inâ place.âForâ moreâ onâ this,â referâ toâ theâ recommendedâ resourcesâ below.â
7TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Recommended resources
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ7âaddressesâotherâoffencesâforâwhichâchargesâmayâbeâbroughtâwhenâprosecutingâsmugglers.â
Annexâ IIâ ofâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ providesâ guidanceâ onâ planningâ andâ strategizingâ forâinvestigationsâ intoâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants.â
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].
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7 .3 Snapshot of investigative methodologies
Inâbasicâ termsâ thereâ areâ twoâ typesâ ofâ investigation:â reactiveâ andâproactive.2â
Proactiveâ investigationsâ areâ thoseâ startedâ byâ theâ investigatorsâ onâ theirâ ownâ initiative,â oftenâbasedâ onâ informationâ andâ intelligenceâ gathered.â Proactiveâ investigationsâ oftenâ useâ specialistâtechniquesâ(suchâasâtheâuseâofâinformantsâandâvariousâformsâofâsurveillance)âtoâbuildâevidenceâbeforeâ progressingâ toâ actionsâ suchâ asâ arrestsâ ofâ suspectsâ andâ victimâ rescue.
â 2âNote:âtheâtermsââreactiveâinvestigationââandââproactiveâinvestigationââdoânotâreferâtoâadministrativeâprocedures.âTheyâ describeâ twoâ differentâ methodologicalâ approachesâ whenâ investigatingâ aâ case.â Inâ civilâ lawâ systemsâ influencedâbyâtheâFrenchâlegalâtradition,âaâproactiveâinvestigationâusuallyâtakesâplaceâwithinâtheâpreliminaryâinvestigationâ(enquĂȘte prĂ©liminaire),â whereasâ aâ reactiveâ investigationâ usuallyâ isâ carriedâ outâ inâ responseâ toâ aâ red-handedâ offenceâ (flagrant dĂ©lit)â andâwithinâ aâ foreseenâ timeâ limit.
Example: Proactive investigation
Overâaâperiodâofâseveralâmonths,âaâsharpâ increaseâ inâ theânumbersâofâ irregularâmigrantsâ fromâoneâprovinceâ inâAnylandâhasâbeenâ reportedâ inâAnotherland.â Itâ isâassumedâ theâ irregularâmigrantsâwereâsmuggled.â Anâ investigationâ isâ launched.
Reactiveâ investigationsâ commenceâ asâ aâ lawâ enforcementâ responseâ toâ aâ particularâ incident.â Aâreactiveâ investigationâ isâoneâwhereâ informationâ isâreceivedâthatâanâoffenceâhasâbeenâcommittedâandâ includesâ situationsâwhereâ anâ immediateâ responseâ isâ required.
Example: Reactive investigation
Aâ boatâ isâ observedâ droppingâ severalâ peopleâ offâ onâ aâ beachâ andâ theâ vesselâ isâ stoppedâ byâ theâcoastguard.
Aâ proactiveâ operationâ canâ alsoâ stemâ fromâ aâ reactiveâ investigationâ orâ responseâ suchâ asâ theâfollowing:
1.â âââInformationâ isâ receivedâ thatâ aâ boatâ isâ inâ troubleâ onâ theâ ocean.âAâ reactiveâ responseâisâ toâ sendâ theâ coastguard.
2.â Theâ coastguardâ rescuesâ thoseâ onâ board,âwhoâ areâ smuggledâmigrants.
9TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
3.â âTheâreactiveâinvestigationâthenâbegins,âbutâcouldâalsoâresultâinâaâproactiveâinvestigationâbeingâdeveloped,âparticularlyâ ifâ theâ reactiveâ investigationâfindsâ insufficientâ evidenceâ toâchargeâ someone.
Inâ manyâ jurisdictions,â theâ distinctionâ betweenâ whatâ isâ aâ reactiveâ andâ whatâ isâ aâ proactiveâinvestigationâmayâ beâblurredâorâ non-existent.â
Someâ jurisdictionsâhaveâaâ strictâ setâofâcriteriaâaboutâwhenâanâ investigationâshouldâstart.â Itâ isâimportantâ forâ investigatorsâ toâunderstandâ theâ frameworkâ inâwhichâ theyâ areâworking.
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 3â addressesâ investigativeâ approachesâ toâmigrantâ smuggling.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâ orâ contactâ [email protected].
10
7 .4 Reactive investigation
Reactiveâinvestigationsâareâtriggeredâbyâanâeventâthatârequiresâanâimmediateâlawâenforcementâresponse.â Forâ example,â customsâ officersâ openâ theâ bootâ ofâ aâ carâ andâ findâ twoâ peopleâ hidingâinside.âTheâ needâ toâ protectâ lifeâ mayâ provideâ lessâ timeâ andâ opportunityâ toâ amassâ asâ muchâevidenceâ asâ mayâ beâ possibleâ inâ aâ proactiveâ investigation.â Frequentlyâ thereâ mayâ beâ suspectsâbutânoâevidence.â Investigatorsâ should,âhowever,âalwaysâbearâ inâmindâ thatâaâ reactiveâ responseâcanâbeâ aâ startingâpointâ forâ aâ proactiveâ investigation.
Oneâ ofâ theâ mostâ commonâ typesâ ofâ reactiveâ investigationâ comesâ aboutâ asâ theâ resultâ ofâ theââdiscoveryâofâpeopleâinâtheâprocessâofâbeingâsmuggled.âInâaâreactiveâinvestigation,âtheâinvestigatorâisâ likelyâ toâbeâ facedâwith:
âąâ Aânumberâofâpeople,âwhichâmayâincludeâchildren,âwhoâmightânotâspeakâtheâinvestigatorâsâlanguage
âąâ Aâ crimeâ scene
âąâ Aâ confusingâpictureâ ofâ events
Itâ isâ theâ responsibilityâ ofâ theâfirstâ investigatorâ arrivingâ onâ theâ sceneâ toâ ensureâ that:â
âąâ Anyâ threatâ toâ lifeâ isâ addressed
âąâ Basicâ needsâ areâmet
âąâ Theâhumanâ rightsâ ofâ smugglersâ andâ migrantsâ areâ protected
âąâ Orderâ isâmaintained
âąâ Theâbriefâ factsâ areâ obtained,â toâdetailâwhatâ hasâ happened
âąâ Potentialâwitnessesâ areâ identified
âąâ Theâ crimeâ sceneâ orâ placeâ ofâ arrestâ isâ secured
âąâ Anyâsuspectsâ(smugglers)âareâdetainedâandâisolatedâfromâmigrantsâwhereâpossibleâuntilâotherâ investigatorsâ orâ specialistsâ arrive3â
Onceâ thoseâ actionsâ areâ taken,â theâ investigationâ canâbeginâ toâmoveâ forward.
Onceâ investigationsâ begin,â theyâ areâ oftenâ dealtâ withâ asâ anâ isolatedâ orâ one-offâ incident.âThisâshouldânotâhappen.âInâreactiveâinvestigations,âinvestigatorsâshouldâaskâthemselvesâsomeâofâtheâfollowingâ questions:
âąâ Hasâ thisâ happenedâ before?
âąâ Wereâthereâpreviousâtestsâofâtheâroute,âcarriedâoutâbyâtheâsmugglers,âtoâtestâtheâmethodâ(oftenâ knownâ asâ dummyâ runs)?â
â 3â âForâmoreâ onâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ crimeâ scenes,â seeâToolâ 7,â sectionâ10.
11TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
âąâ Howâ manyâ otherâ tripsâ haveâbeenâmade?â
âąâ Whereâ isâ theâmoney?â
âąâ Whatâcountryâdoâthoseâsmuggledâcomeâfromâandâisâitâpossibleâtoâapproachâthatâcountryâandâ askâ forâ assistanceâ orâ adviceâ inâ connectionâwithâ theâ investigation?
âąâ Haveâ theâmigrantsâ usedâ transitâ countries?â Ifâ so,â canâ thoseâ countriesâ beâ approached?
Whenâtheâinvestigationâisâsufficientlyâthorough,âreactiveâinvestigationsâcanâbringâaboutâexcellentâresultsâwithâminimalâ expenditureâ andâhumanâ resources.â
Theâ investigatorâsâ roleâdoesânotâ endâwithâ theâ conclusionâofâ anâ investigation.âAnâ investigatorâshouldâ aimâ toâpassâ onâ lessonsâ learnedâ toâ front-lineâ officers.âTheseâpeopleâ areâ oftenâ theâfirstâtoâ arriveâ onâ aâ sceneâ andâ mayâ beâ thereâ forâ someâ hoursâ beforeâ aâ moreâ experiencedâ officerâarrives.âConsiderâprovidingâchecklistsâorâhelpâcardsâtoâborder,âpoliceâorâ immigrationâofficers.âRigorousâ intelligenceâ collectionâmayâ leadâ toâ proactiveâ investigations.â
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 3â addressesâ investigativeâ approachesâ toâmigrantâ smuggling.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâ orâ contactâ [email protected].
12
7 .5 Proactive investigation
Proactiveâ operationsâ usuallyâ commenceâ inâ responseâ toâ informationâ orâ intelligenceâ received.âOften,âsuchâ investigationsâallowâadequateâ timeâforâ investigatorsâ toâcarefullyâplanâallâ stagesâofâtheâinvestigationâandâtoâconsiderâallâstandardâandâspecialâinvestigativeâtechniquesâ(seeâsectionâ7.9).â Inâ thisâ typeâofâ investigation,â theâ investigatorsâhaveâ slightlyâmoreâ controlâoverâhowâ theyâwillâ collectâ evidenceâ andâ seekâ toâ proveâ theirâ case.
Theâkeyâtoâaâsuccessfulâproactiveâinvestigationâisâ intelligenceâandâitsâuse.âGenerallyâaâproactiveâinvestigationâwillâstartâasâtheâresultâofâanâeventâthatâ isâbroughtâtoâtheâattentionâofâ lawâenforce-mentâofficers.âForâexample,âlawâenforcersâreceiveâaâphoneâcallâreportingâsuspiciousâactivity.âThatâeventâ isâusuallyâresearchedâ inâanâattemptâ toâestablishâ ifâ itâ isâaâone-offâeventâorâpartâofâaâseriesâofâ similarâorâ relatedâ events.
Ifâ investigatorsâ workâ separatelyâ fromâ thoseâ whoâ collect,â collateâ orâ analyseâ intelligence,â theyâmustâ establishâ aâ closeâ linkâ thatâ willâ protectâ theâ intelligenceâ whileâ allowingâ investigatorsâ toâactâwhenâ theâ timeâ isâ right.â Investigatorsâmustâ ensureâ thatâ theirâ colleaguesâ inâ anâ intelligenceâsectionâunderstandâwhatâ theyâ areâ tryingâ toâ achieveâ andâwhatâ theyâ requireâ fromâ them.
Itâ isâ importantâ toâ ensureâ closeâ cooperationâ betweenâ investigatorsâ andâ prosecutorsâ and/orâinvestigativeâjudges.âToâensureâthatâevidenceâisâadmissibleâinâcourt,âconsultationâshouldâoccurâatâ theâ earliestâ stageâ practicable.
Onceâ theâ investigatorsâhaveâ aâpictureâofâwhatâ isâ goingâon,â theyâneedâ toâ lookâ atâ allâ potentialâusesâ ofâ lawâ enforcementâ tactics.â Belowâ isâ anâ exampleâ ofâ aâ groupâ engagedâ inâ theâ smugglingâofâmigrants,âwithâsomeâindicatorsâofâhowâlawâenforcementâcanâattackâtheâgroup,âthatâ is,âhowâlawâ enforcementâ approachâ andâ tackleâ criminalityâ inâ aâ proactiveâway:
Example: Proactive attack on a group smuggling migrantsâMr. C
Informationâ isâreceivedâthatâsuggestsâthatâMr.âCâ isâsmugglingâmigrantsâ intoâcountryâBâbyâconceal-ingâthemâinâtheâbacksâofâtrucks.âOnceâinâcountryâB,âtheâmigrantsâareâdeliveredâtoâaâserviceâstationâwhereâ theyâ areâ collectedâbyâ otherâ vehicles.
Mr.âCâownsâaâhaulageâcompany.â InvestigationsâidentifyâaâmobileâphoneâforâMr.âC.âBillingâinforma-tionâ receivedâ showsâ thatâ everyâ dayâ aâ groupâ ofâ migrantsâ haveâ beenâ smuggled,â heâ hasâ madeâ aâtelephoneâ callâ toâMr.âHâ shortlyâ beforeâ thatâ groupâhaveâbeenâdepositedâ atâ theâ serviceâ station.
Mr.â Hâ isâ subjectedâ toâ bothâ conventionalâ andâ technicalâ surveillance,â usingâ aâ trackingâ device,â andâheâ isâ seenâ visitingâ aâ houseâwhereâ aâ numberâ ofâmigrantsâ areâ seenâ comingâ andâgoing.
13TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Surveillanceâ isâ conductedâ atâ aâ serviceâ stationâ andâ Mr.â Hâ isâ seenâ toâ collectâ aâ groupâ ofâ migrantsâwhoâhaveârecentlyâ leftâtheârearâofâaâtruck.âHeâtakesâthemâtoâtheâhouseâandâthenâgoesâandâmeetsâMr.âCâ atâ hisâ office.
Mr.âC,âMr.âHâ andâ theâdriverâ ofâ theâ truckâ areâ allâ arrested.
Byâ usingâ lawâ enforcementâ techniquesâ suchâ asâ thoseâ describedâ above,â investigatorsâ areâ ableâtoâmoveâquicklyâtowardsâaâconclusion.âWhenâcommencingâproactiveâ investigations,âobjectivesâshouldâ alwaysâ beâ set.â
Whenâ theâ objectivesâ ofâ proactiveâ investigationsâ areâ set,â considerationâ shouldâ alwaysâ beâ givenââtoâwhatâcanâbeâachievedâtoâgainâevidenceâorâ intelligence,âwithâtheâsecondaryâaimâofâdisruptingâaâ groupâsâ activitiesâorâpreventingâ theâ illegalâ entryâofâ someâpeople.â
Forâ moreâ onâ disruptionâ seeâ sectionâ7.6.â
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâ inâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 3â addressesâ investigativeâ approachesâ toâmigrantâ smuggling.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâ orâ contactâ [email protected].
14
7 .6 Disruptive investigation
Disruptionâ aimsâ toâ interruptâ criminalâ activities,â oftenâ withoutâ prosecutingâ orâ evenâ arrestingâtheâ keyâ actorsâ involvedâ inâ theâ commissionâofâ thoseâ crimes.â
Theâ decisionâ toâ employâ disruptiveâ techniquesâ canâ comeâ aboutâ forâ aâ numberâ ofâ reasons,ânamely:
âąâ Whereâthereâisâhighâriskâtoâmigrantsâdemandingâanâimmediateâresponseâthatâprecludesâproactiveâ investigationâ
âąâ Whereâ aâ proactiveâ investigationâ isâ notâ practicableâ forâ operationalâ reasons,â suchâ asâwhereâgeographicalâand/orâtopographicalâfeaturesâmakeâsurveillanceâdifficult,âorâwhereâitâ isâ impossibleâ toâ achieveâundercoverâ penetrationâofâ theânetworkâ
âąâ Whereâ legislative,â proceduralâ orâ resourceâ implicationsâ precludeâ theâ useâ ofâ proactiveâtechniques
âąâ Whereâ thereâ isâ strongâ suspicionâ thatâ anâ offenceâ isâ aboutâ toâ beâ committedâ butâ insuf-ficientâ evidenceâ toâwarrantâ initiatingâprosecutionâorâ criminalâ justiceâdisposal
âąâ Whereâ thereâ areâ insufficientâ resourcesâ toâ pursueâ aâ criminalâ investigation
âąâ Whereâ aâ disruptiveâ tacticâ formsâ partâ ofâ anâ investigation,â forâ example,â theâ seizureâ ofâmoneyâ beingâ movedâ aboutâ byâ criminalâ parties,â orâ theâ arrestâ ofâ aâ low-levelâ criminalâinvolvedâ
âąâ Whereâ thereâ isâ aâ targetâ hardeningâ objectiveâ (identifyingâ theâ methodâ beingâ usedâ andâmakingâ itâ moreâ difficultâ forâ thatâ methodâ toâ beâ employed).â Forâ instance,â safeguardsâmayâbeâ introducedâ inâpassportsâ toâmakeâ themâ harderâ toâ forge
âąâ Whereâ disruptionâ isâ theâ operationalâ objectiveâ fromâ theâ outset.âThatâ is,â notâ toâ pursueâaâ criminalâ investigationâ orâ judicialâ disposal,â butâ toâ simplyâ disruptâ aâ criminalâ groupâsâactivity.âThisâ mayâ notâ stopâ theâ smugglingâ butâ itâ mayâ makeâ itâ aâ greatâ dealâ harderâ forâcriminalâ groupsâ toâ operate
Itâ isâ oftenâ theâ caseâ thatâ aâ decisionâ isâ takenâ toâ disruptâ anâ organizedâ criminalâ groupâ becauseâeitherâ thereâ isâ insufficientâ evidenceâ toâ supportâ aâ prosecutionâ orâ itâ willâ takeâ tooâ longâ orâ beâtooâ costlyâ (inâ termsâ ofâ bothâ financesâ andâ resources)â toâ prosecute.â Itâ followsâ thatâ disruptingâaâ crimeâorâ criminalâ groupâ isâ usuallyâ betterâ thanâdoingânothingâ atâ all.â
Disruptionâ canâ alsoâ beâ partâ ofâ theâ operationalâ plan.âTheâ criminalâ groupâ mayâ beâ disruptedâeitherâ toâ forceâ themâtoâchangeâ theirâmethodologyâ toâoneâ thatâwillâ suitâ investigatorsâbetter,âorâtoâ forceâmoreâ seniorâmembersâofâ theâgroupâ toâ takeâ risksâ thatâ theyâwouldânotâordinarilyâ take.â
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Theâ followingâ areâ examplesâ ofâ disruptionâ toâ changeâ criminalâ methodologyâ orâ toâ forceâ seniorâmembersâ ofâ criminalâ groupsâ toâ takeâ risks:
âąâ Aâ forgerâ isâ removedâ fromâ aâ smugglingâ operation,â therebyâ forcingâ theâ groupâ toâ relyâ onâmethodsâotherâ thanâusingâ forgedâpassports.
âąâ Aâ truckâ driverâ couldâ beâ arrestedâ theâ dayâ beforeâ aâ smugglingâ operationâ isâ dueâ toâ takeâplace,â forcingâaâseniorâmemberâofâ theâgroupâtoâdriveâ theâ truckâhimself,â therebyâexposingâhim.â
âąâ Aâ criminalâ groupâ regularlyâ useâ aâ smallâ airport,â whichâ hasâ noâ permanentâ immigrationââpresenceâ toâ smuggleâ inâ groupsâ ofâ migrants.â Theâ pilotâ isâ arrestedâ onâ theâ nextâ flightâ andâanâ immigrationâ presenceâ isâ established.
Whenâ seekingâ toâdisruptâ forâ thisâ reason,â theâ aimsâofâ theâ actionâmustâ beâbalancedâ againstâ theâriskâthatâtheâorganizedâcriminalâgroupâwillâresortâtoâaâmethodâthatâisâmoreâdifficultâtoâinvestigateâorâ involvesâ greaterâ risks.â
Finally,â disruptionâ mayâ supportâ anâ investigatorâsâ objectiveâ toâ makeâ smugglingâ ofâ migrantsâharder.âWhileâ investigatorsâ areâ unlikelyâ toâ beâ ableâ toâ bringâ aboutâ changesâ inâ lawâ orâ policy,âseniorâofficersâorâtheâjudiciaryâmayâbeâableâtoâexertâsomeâinfluence.âDisruptingâandâreportingâisâanâextremelyâusefulâtoolâtoâmakeâinvestigationâeasierâandâcriminalâsmugglingâmoreâdifficult.âInâ commonâ withâ otherâ approaches,â theâ useâ ofâ differentâ disruptiveâ techniquesâ mustâ beââconsideredâonâ aâ case-by-caseâ basis.â
Twoâkeyâpointsâ shouldâbeânotedâwithâ respectâ toâdisruptiveâ techniques:
âąâ Disruptionâmayâ temporarilyâ improveâ theâ situation,âbutâ itâdoesânotâprovideâ aâ solutionâandâmayâonlyâdisplaceâtheâproblem.âTheâuseâofâorganizationsâsuchâasâtheâInternationalâCriminalâPoliceâOrganizationâ(INTERPOL)âorâregionalâpoliceâorganizationsâmayâassistâinâ informingâ otherâ countriesâ ofâ methodsâ andâ trendsâ andâ leadâ toâ adviceâ onâ theâ pos-sibilityâ ofâ displacementâ occurring.â
âąâ Theâ keyâ toâ successâ withâ theâ disruptiveâ optionâ isâ theâ useâ ofâ creativeâ andâ innovativeâmultiagencyâtacticsâtoâcreateâsoâmanyâdailyâproblemsâasâtoâmakeâitâvirtuallyâimpossibleâforâ smugglersâ toâ continueâ toâ operateâ inâ theirâ currentâ formatâ orâ location.
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâ inâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
16 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Moduleâ3âaddressesâinvestigativeâapproachesâtoâinvestigatingâtheâsmugglingâofâmigrants.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].
17
7 .7 Financial investigation
Forâ anâ explanationâ ofâ theâ financialâ transactionsâ thatâ takeâ placeâ duringâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ process,â seeâToolâ 2,â sectionâ6.
Articleâ 3,â paragraphâ (a),â andâ articleâ 6â ofâ theâ Smugglingâ ofâ Migrantsâ Protocolâ explainâ thatâsmugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ involvesâ financialâ orâ otherâ materialâ benefit.â Itâ isâ recommendedâ thatâallâ investigationsâ ofâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ alsoâ includeâ aâfinancialâ investigation.
Financialâ investigationâ playsâ aâ crucialâ roleâ inâ theâ successfulâ investigationâ ofâ smugglingââofâ migrants.â Earlyâ liaisonâ shouldâ beâ establishedâ withâ theâ officeâ thatâ carriesâ outâ financialââinvestigationâ toâ makeâ itâ partâ ofâ theâ responseâ toâ theâ smugglingâ ofâ migrants:â theâ trailâ ofâ theâmoneyâ mayâ leadâ toâ theâ smuggler.â
Financialâinvestigationâinvolvesâtheâcollection,âcollationâandâanalysisâofâallâavailableâinformationâwithâwhichâtoâassistâ inâtheâprosecutionâandâtoâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâofâtheâproceedsâofâcrime.âTheâactionâmayâtargetâanâ individual,âanâentityâorâcriminalâorganizationsâ involvedâ inâtheâcrime.
Financialâ transactionsâ inâ investigationsâ intoâ theâ smugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ mayâ includeâ theâfollowing:
âąâ Cashâ receivedâ fromâ would-beâmigrants
âąâ Paymentsâ byâ creditâ cardâ orâ similarâ meansâ forâ servicesâ (suchâ asâ airlineâ tickets,â travelâdocumentsâ andâ accommodation)
âąâ Paymentsâ forâ travelâ (suchâ asâ airfares,â paymentsâ toâ captainsâ orâ boatâ owners,â busâ andâtrainâ tickets)
âąâ Moneyâ transfersâ toâ orâ fromâotherâ partiesâ locallyâ andâ fromâabroad
âąâ Foreignâpurchasesâ(forâexample,âaâsmugglerâfromâAnylandâbuysâaâpropertyâtoâbeâusedâasâ aâ safeâ houseâ inâAnotherland)
âąâ Receiptsâ thatâ areânotâ commensurateâwithâ aâ personâsâ occupation
âąâ Corruptionâ (forâ example,â paymentâ ofâ officialsâ toâ allowâ smuggledâ migrantsâ toâ crossâbordersâ and/orâ useâ falseâ documents)
Notâ onlyâ doâ financialâ investigationsâ assistâ inâ investigationsâ intoâ theâ smugglingâ ofâ migrants,âtheyâmayâ alsoâhelpâ toâ secureâ aâ conviction.â Inâmanyâ cases,â confiscationâ andâ seizureâ ofâ assetsâmayâ follow.â
Irrespectiveâofâwhetherânationalâlawsârequireâproofâofâfinancialâorâotherâgain,âtheâinvestigationâofâ anâ individualâsâ financesâ willâ bringâ manyâ advantages.â Anyâ opportunityâ toâ seizeâ orâ obtainâfinancialâ evidenceâ orâ intelligenceâ mustâ alwaysâ beâ taken.â Seeâ sectionâ 7.8â onâ seizureâ andââconfiscationâofâ theâ assetsâ ofâ smugglersâ ofâmigrants.
18 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Financialârecordsâmayâprovideâbasicâbutâusefulâevidence.âExamplesâofâtypesâofâfinancialârecordsâandâ theâ valueâ theyâ mayâ offerâ toâ anâ investigationâ include:â
Type of record Possible benefits
Bankâ statements Identificationâofâ income;â travelâ bookings;â receiptsâ fromânamedâ individualsâ andâpaymentsâ toâ others;â locationâofâ aâsuspectâ atâ aâ specifiedâ time;â identificationâofâ anyâweaknessâ orâroutesâ forâ covertâ intelligence-gathering
Creditâ cardâbills Travelâ bookings;â locationâofâ aâ suspectâ atâ aâ specifiedâ time;âidentificationâofâ anyâweaknessâ orâ routesâ forâ covertâintelligence-gathering
Bankâ visits Locationâofâ aâ suspectâ atâ aâ specifiedâ time;â timingâ linkageâ toâoffence;â cashâdepositedâorâwithdrawn;â paymentsâ toâ otherâaccounts
Communicationâ aboutâ sendingâorâreceivingâpayment
Indicationâofâ involvementâ ofâ othersâ higherâ upâ inâ theâgroupâhierarchy
Loyaltyâ cardsâ (forâ instance,â bonusâcardsâ forâ shopping,â airlineâ cardsâ forâfrequentâ flyerâ bonuses)
Indicationâofâ useâ ofâ facilities:â indicationâ ofâ useâ ofâ airlines,âwhereâ ticketsâ haveâbeenâpaidâ forâ inâ cash;â indicationâ ofâpurchasesâ inâ supermarketsâ notâ consistentâwithâ familyâ income
Moneyâ transferâ slipsâ orâwesternâUnionâ transfers
Indicationâofâ transferâ ofâmoneyâ toâ orâ fromânamedâ individu-als;â indicationâofâ criminalsâ inâ source,â transitâ orâ destinationâcountries;â indicationâ ofâwhereâmoneyâ isâ beingâ laundered
Asâwithâ allâ investigations,â objectivesâ shouldâbeâ realistic.
Theâ exampleâ belowâ highlightsâ howâ someâ basicâ financialâ investigationâ techniquesâ assistedâ inâaâmigrantâ smugglingâ investigation:
âąâ Financialâgainâ isâ theâmotiveâ forâmostâ crimes.âTheâgreedâofâ criminalsâpresentsâ investi-gatorsâ withâ opportunitiesâ toâ developâ tactics.â Opportunitiesâ toâ seizeâ cash,â anâ effectiveâdisruptionâ technique,â shouldâ alwaysâ beâ consideredâ byâ investigatorsâ whereâ permittedâbyânationalâ laws
âąâ Suspiciousâfinancialâ transactionsâreportedâbyâbanksâorâfinancialâ institutionsâshouldâbeâinvestigated
Whereâ thereâ isânoâ trainedâfinancialâ investigator,âunlessâ legalâopinionsâorâ theâadviceâofâ seniorâofficersâ indicatesâ otherwise,â investigatorsâ mightâ approachâ seniorâ bankingâ staffâ forâ guidanceâaboutâ financialâ systems.âThatâ couldâ helpâ investigatorsâ toâ understandâ howâ moneyâ isâ movedâandâ suggestâ opportunitiesâ forâ attackingâ anâ organizedâ criminalâ group.
Promising practices
Aâgoodâfinancialâ investigationâ canâ leadâ toâ significantâ seizures,â suchâ asâ theâ following:
âąâ Asâ aâ resultâ ofâ undercoverâ efforts,â overâ âŹ4â millionâ wereâ seizedâ andâ givenâ backâ toâ lawâenforcementâ authorities
19TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
âąâ Anâ organizedâ criminalâ groupâ boughtâ twoâ hotelsâ onâ theâ Frenchâ Riviera,â togetherâ withâtwoâbuildingsâ inâLondon.âThoseâpropertiesâwereâ seizedâbyâ criminalâ justiceâ authorities
âąâ Safeâ housesâ andâ vehiclesâ haveâbeenâ seized
âąâ Manyâ largeâboatsâ haveâbeenâ seizedâ aroundâ theâworld
Recommended resource
Forâ anâ explanationâ ofâ theâ financialâ transactionsâ thatâ mayâ takeâ placeâ inâ theâ courseâ ofâsmugglingâmigrants,â seeâToolâ 2,â sectionâ6.
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâ inâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâ theâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 4â addressesâ financialâ investigationsâ intoâ casesâ ofâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants.
Thisâpublicationâisâcurrentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâinformation,âvisitâwww.unodc.orgâorâ contactâ [email protected].
20
7 .8 Seizure of assets and confiscation of proceeds of crime
Theâ followingâ isâ anâ excerptâ fromâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Conventionâ againstâ TransnationalââOrganizedâCrime:4
â 4ââUnitedâNations,âTreaty Series,â vol.â 2225,âNo.â 39574.
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Article 12. Confiscation and seizure
1.â Statesâ Partiesâ shallâ adopt,â toâ theâgreatestâ extentâ possibleâwithinâ theirâ domesticâ legalâsystems,â suchâmeasuresâ asâmayâbeânecessaryâ toâ enableâ confiscationâof:â
(a)â Proceedsâ ofâ crimeâ derivedâ fromâ offencesâ coveredâ byâ thisâ Conventionâ orâ propertyâ theâvalueâofâwhichâ correspondsâ toâ thatâ ofâ suchâproceeds;
(b)â Property,â equipmentâ orâ otherâ instrumentalitiesâ usedâ inâ orâ destinedâ forâ useâ inâ offencesâcoveredâbyâ thisâConvention.
2.â Statesâ Partiesâ shallâ adoptâ suchâ measuresâ asâ mayâ beâ necessaryâ toâ enableâ theâ identification,âtracing,â freezingâorâ seizureâofâ anyâ itemâ referredâ toâ inâparagraphâ1âofâ thisâ articleâ forâ theâpurposeâofâ eventualâ confiscation.
3.â Ifâproceedsâofâcrimeâhaveâbeenâtransformedâorâconverted,âinâpartâorâinâfull,âintoâotherâproperty,âsuchâpropertyâ shallâ beâ liableâ toâ theâmeasuresâ referredâ toâ inâ thisâ articleâ insteadâofâ theâproceeds.
4.â Ifâ proceedsâofâ crimeâhaveâbeenâ intermingledâwithâpropertyâ acquiredâ fromâ legitimateâ sources,âsuchâ propertyâ shall,â withoutâ prejudiceâ toâ anyâ powersâ relatingâ toâ freezingâ orâ seizure,â beâ liableâ toâconfiscationâ upâ toâ theâ assessedâ valueâofâ theâ intermingledâproceeds.
5.â Incomeâ orâ otherâ benefitsâ derivedâ fromâ proceedsâ ofâ crime,â fromâ propertyâ intoâ whichââproceedsâofâcrimeâhaveâbeenâ transformedâorâconvertedâorâ fromâpropertyâwithâwhichâproceedsâofâcrimeâ haveâ beenâ intermingledâ shallâ alsoâ beâ liableâ toâ theâ measuresâ referredâ toâ inâ thisâ article,â inâtheâ sameâmannerâ andâ toâ theâ sameâ extentâ asâ proceedsâ ofâ crime.
6.â Forâ theâ purposesâ ofâ thisâ articleâ andâ articleâ 13â ofâ thisâ Convention,â eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâempowerâ itsâ courtsâ orâ otherâ competentâ authoritiesâ toâ orderâ thatâ bank,â financialâ orâ commercialârecordsâ beâ madeâ availableâ orâ beâ seized.â Statesâ Partiesâ shallâ notâ declineâ toâ actâ underâ theââprovisionsâ ofâ thisâ paragraphâ onâ theâgroundâ ofâ bankâ secrecy.
7.â StatesâPartiesâmayâconsiderâtheâpossibilityâofârequiringâthatâanâoffenderâdemonstrateâtheâlawfulâoriginâ ofâ allegedâ proceedsâ ofâ crimeâ orâ otherâ propertyâ liableâ toâ confiscation,â toâ theâ extentâ thatâsuchâaârequirementâ isâconsistentâwithâtheâprinciplesâofâ theirâdomesticâ lawâandâwithâtheânatureâofâtheâ judicialâ andâotherâ proceedings.
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8.â Theâprovisionsâofâ thisâarticleâ shallânotâbeâconstruedâ toâprejudiceâ theâ rightsâofâbonaâfideâ thirdâparties.
9.â Nothingâcontainedâinâthisâarticleâshallâaffectâtheâprincipleâthatâtheâmeasuresâtoâwhichâitârefersâshallâbeâdefinedâandâimplementedâinâaccordanceâwithâandâsubjectâtoâtheâprovisionsâofâtheâdomesticâlawâofâ aâ Stateâ Party.
Theâseizureâofâmoneyâorâassetsâcanâhurtâcriminalsâandâpreventâthemâfromâcarryingâoutâtheirâillicitâbusinessesâ orâ financingâ otherâ criminalâ activities.â Beyondâ this,â theâ identificationâ ofâ theâ sizeâ ofâ aâcriminalâgroupâandâ theâprofitsâ itâmakesâcanâ significantlyâ increaseâ sentencesâ imposedâbyâcourts.â
Articleâ12âofâtheâOrganizedâCrimeâConventionâattemptsâtoâbringâStatesâintoâconformityâwithâoneâanotherâ toâ theâ extentâpossibleâwithinâ theirâ respectiveâ legalâ systems.âAlthoughâ theâ articleâacknowledgesâtheâvariationâinâtheâwayâthatâdifferentâlegalâsystemsâcarryâoutâobligationsâdomes-tically,â Statesâ areâ nonethelessâ calledâ uponâ toâ haveâ aâ broadâ abilityâ toâ complyâ withâ theâ provi-sionsâ ofâ theâ article.â Ifâ thisâ articleâ isâ notâ implemented,â Statesâ willâ beâ unableâ toâ respondâ toârequestsâ fromâ otherâStatesâ toâ confiscate.â
Articleâ 12â requiresâStatesâ partiesâ toâ haveâ theânecessaryâ legalâ frameworkâ toâ permit:
âąâ Theâconfiscationâofâproceedsâofâ crimeâderivedâ fromâoffencesâcoveredâbyâ theâConven-tionâorâpropertyâ theâ valueâofâwhichâ correspondsâ toâ thatâofâ suchâproceedsâ (articleâ12,âparagraphâ 1â (a))
âąâ Theâconfiscationâofâproperty,âequipmentâorâotherâinstrumentalitiesâusedâinâorâdestinedâforâ useâ inâ offencesâ coveredâbyâ theâConventionâ (articleâ 12,â paragraphâ1 (b))
âąâ Theâidentification,âtracingâandâfreezingâorâseizureâofâtheâproceedsâandâinstrumentalitiesâofâ crimeâcoveredâbyâ theâConvention,â forâ theâpurposeâofâ eventualâ confiscationâ (articleâ12,â paragraphâ 2)
âąâ Theâ applicationâ ofâ confiscationâ powersâ toâ transformedâ orâ convertedâ propertyâ andâproceedsâintermingledâwithâlegitimatelyâobtainedâpropertyâ(toâtheâvalueâofâtheâproceedsâinâquestion)âandâtoâbenefitâorâincomeâderivedâfromâtheâproceedsâ(articleâ12,âparagraphsâ3,â 4â andâ 5).
âąâ Theâ powerâ ofâ courtsâ orâ otherâ competentâ authoritiesâ toâ orderâ thatâ bank,â financialâ orââcommercialâ recordsâ beâ madeâ availableâ orâ beâ seizedâ (bankâ secrecyâ isâ notâ aâ legitimateâreasonâ forâ failureâ toâ comply)â (articleâ 12,â paragraphâ6)
International cooperation with respect to confiscation and seizure
Articleâ13âofâtheâOrganizedâCrimeâConventionâgovernsâinternationalâcooperationâwithârespectâtoâ confiscationâ andâ seizure.â
Specificâ cooperationâ mechanismsâ areâ necessaryâ toâ enableâ Statesâ toâ giveâ effectâ toâ foreignââfreezingâ andâ confiscationâ ordersâ andâ toâ provideâ forâ theâ mostâ appropriateâ useâ ofâ confiscatedâproceedsâ andâ property.â
Aâ Stateâ partyâ thatâ receivesâ aâ requestâ fromâ anotherâ Stateâ partyâ isâ requiredâ byâ thisâ articleâ toâtakeâspecificâmeasuresâtoâidentify,âtraceâandâfreezeâorâseizeâproceedsâofâcrimeâforâtheâpurposeâofâ eventualâ confiscation.âArticleâ13âalsoâdescribesâ theâmannerâ inâwhichâ suchâ requestsâ areâ toâbeâ executed.â
22 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Theâ twoâoptionsâ providedâ forâ byâ articleâ 13â are:
âą Indirect method.âAccordingâ toâ articleâ 13,â paragraphâ 1â (a),â aâ Stateâ partyâ thatâ receivesâaâ requestâ fromâ anotherâ Stateâ partyâ toâ confiscateâ proceedsâ ofâ crimeâ canâ submitâ theârequestâ toâ itsâ competentâ authorities,â obtainâ anâ orderâ ofâ confiscationâ andâ thenâ giveâeffectâ toâ itâ
âą Direct method.âAccordingâ toâ articleâ 13,â paragraphâ 1 (b),â aâ Stateâ partyâ thatâ receivesâ aârequestâ toâ confiscateâ proceedsâ ofâ crimeâ shallâ submitâ anâ orderâ ofâ confiscationâ toâ itsâcompetentâ authoritiesâ toâ beâputâ intoâ effectâ
Treaty and other arrangements or agreements for confiscation
Byâ virtueâ ofâ articleâ 13,â paragraphâ 9,â Statesâ areâ toâ considerâ enteringâ intoâ bilateralâ andâ mul-tilateralâ agreementsâ toâ enhanceâ theâeffectivenessâofâ internationalâ cooperationâwithâ respectâ toâconfiscation.â
Whereâ aâ Stateâ partyâ makesâ internationalâ cooperationâ forâ theâ purposeâ ofâ confiscationâ condi-tionalâ onâ theâ existenceâofâ aâ relevantâ treaty,â articleâ 13,â paragraphâ6,â requiresâ suchâ aâpartyâ toâconsiderâ theâConventionâ asâ theâbasisâ forâ cooperationâ forâ theâpurposesâ ofâ confiscation.â
Notification of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Articleâ 13,â paragraphâ 5,â requiresâ thatâ Statesâ notifyâ theâ Secretary-Generalâ ofâ theâ UnitedâNationsâ ofâ anyâ changesâ toâ lawsâ andâ regulationsâ thatâ giveâ effectâ toâ theâ implementationâ ofâarticleâ 13.â
Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property: article 14
Articleâ 14â ofâ theâ Organizedâ Crimeâ Conventionâ addressesâ theâ finalâ stageâ ofâ theâ confiscationâprocess:â theâdisposalâ ofâ confiscatedâ proceedsâ ofâ crimeâorâ property.â
Whileâ suchâ disposalâ isâ toâ beâ carriedâ outâ inâ accordanceâ withâ domesticâ law,â articleâ 14,â para-graphâ2,ârequiresâStatesâpartiesârequestedâtoâcarryâoutâconfiscationâtoâgiveâpriorityâconsidera-tionâ toâ returningâ theâ confiscatedâ proceedsâ ofâ crimeâ orâ propertyâ toâ theâ requestingâ Stateâ forâuseâ asâ compensationâ toâ crimeâ victimsâorâ forâ restorationâ toâ legitimateâ owners.â
Promising practices
Australia
Forâ anâ illustrationâ ofâ domesticâ complianceâ withâ theâ Organizedâ Crimeâ Conventionâ withârespectâtoâtheâseizureâofâassetsâandâconfiscationâofâcrimeâproceeds,âseeââConfiscationâofâtheâproceedsâ ofâ crime:â federalâ overviewâ,âTransnationalâ crimeâ briefâ No.â 1,âAustralianâ Instituteâofâ Criminology,â Januaryâ 2008.â
Availableâ from:â www.aic.gov.au/en/publications/current%20series/tcb/1-20/tcb001.aspxâ
23TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 4â onâ financialâ investigationâ addressesâ theâ issueâ ofâ assetâ seizureâ andâconfiscation.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].
24
7 .9 Special investigative techniques
Theâ followingâ isâ anâ excerptâ fromâ theâOrganizedâCrimeâConvention:
Organized Crime Convention
Article 20. Special investigative techniques
1.â Ifâpermittedâbyâ theâbasicâprinciplesâofâ itsâdomesticâ legalâ system,âeachâStateâPartyâ shall,âwithinâitsâpossibilitiesâandâunderâtheâconditionsâprescribedâbyâitsâdomesticâlaw,âtakeâtheânecessaryâmeasuresâtoâ allowâ forâ theâ appropriateâ useâ ofâ controlledâ deliveryâ and,â whereâ itâ deemsâ appropriate,â forâ theâuseâofâotherâ specialâ investigativeâ techniques,â suchâasâelectronicâorâotherâ formsâofâ surveillanceâandâundercoverâ operations,â byâ itsâ competentâ authoritiesâ inâ itsâ territoryâ forâ theâ purposeâ ofâ effectivelyâcombatingâorganizedâ crime.â
2.â Forâ theâ purposesâ ofâ investigatingâ offencesâ coveredâ byâ thisâ Convention,â Statesâ Partiesâ areâencouragedâ toâ conclude,â whenâ necessary,â appropriateâ bilateralâ orâ multilateralâ agreementsâ orâarrangementsâ forâusingâsuchâspecialâ investigativeâ techniquesâ inâ theâcontextâofâcooperationâatâ theâinternationalâ level.âSuchâagreementsâorâarrangementsâshallâbeâconcludedâandâ implementedâ inâfullâcomplianceâ withâ theâ principlesâ ofâ sovereignâ equalityâ ofâ Statesâ andâ shallâ beâ carriedâ outâ strictlyâ inâaccordanceâwithâ theâ termsâofâ thoseâ agreementsâ orâ arrangements.â
3.â Inâ theâ absenceâ ofâ anâ agreementâ orâ arrangementâ asâ setâ forthâ inâ paragraphâ 2â ofâ thisâ article,âdecisionsâ toâ useâ suchâ specialâ investigativeâ techniquesâ atâ theâ internationalâ levelâ shallâ beâ madeâ onâaâcase-by-caseâbasisâandâmay,âwhenânecessary,âtakeâintoâconsiderationâfinancialâarrangementsâandâunderstandingsâwithâ respectâ toâ theâ exerciseâ ofâ jurisdictionâbyâ theâ Statesâ Partiesâ concerned.â
4.â Decisionsâ toâ useâ controlledâ deliveryâ atâ theâ internationalâ levelâ may,â withâ theâ consentâ ofâ theâStatesâPartiesâconcerned,âincludeâmethodsâsuchâasâinterceptingâandâallowingâtheâgoodsâtoâcontinueâ
intactâ orâ beâ removedâorâ replacedâ inâwholeâ orâ inâ part.
Articleâ20,âparagraphâ1,âofâ theâOrganizedâCrimeâConventionâ specificallyâendorsesâ theâ inves-tigativeâ techniquesâ of:
âąâ Controlledâ deliveryâ (forâ instance,â ofâ passports)
âąâ Electronicâ surveillance
âąâ Undercoverâ operations
Articleâ 20,â paragraphâ 2,â encouragesâ Statesâ toâ concludeâ appropriateâ bilateralâ orâ multilateralâagreementsâorâarrangementsâforâusingâspecialâ investigativeâtechniquesâinâtheâcontextâofâ inter-nationalâ cooperation.â
25TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Articleâ 20,â paragraphâ 3,â statesâ thatâ inâ theâ absenceâ ofâ suchâ anâ agreementâ orâ arrangement,âdecisionsâ toâuseâspecialâ investigativeâ techniquesâatâ theâ internationalâ levelâshouldâbeâmadeâonâaâ case-by-caseâ basisâ andâ takeâ intoâ considerationâ financialâ arrangementsâ andâ understandingsâwithâ respectâ toâ theâ exerciseâ ofâ jurisdictionâbyâStatesâ parties.â
Theseâ techniquesâ areâ particularlyâ usefulâ whenâ dealingâ withâ sophisticatedâ organizedâ criminalâgroups,âbecauseâofâ theâdangersâandâdifficultiesâ inherentâ inâgainingâaccessâ toâ theirâoperationsâandâ gatheringâ informationâ andâ evidenceâ forâ useâ inâ prosecutionsâ domesticallyâ andâ (throughâtheâprovisionâofâmutualâlegalâassistanceâtoâotherâStatesâparties)âinternationally.âInâmanyâcases,âlessâ intrusiveâ methodsâ simplyâ willâ notâ proveâ effectiveâ orâ cannotâ beâ carriedâ outâ withoutââunacceptableâ risksâ toâ thoseâ involved.â
Aâ keyâ considerationâ inâ usingâ specialâ investigativeâ techniquesâ inâ operationsâ relatingâ toâ theâsmugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ isâ theâ riskâ posedâ toâ migrantsâ byâ suchâ techniques.âThereâ mustâ beâ anâinterventionâ planâ inâ theâ eventâ thatâ evidenceâ emergesâ thatâ aâ migrantâ isâ beingâ harmedâ orâ isâlikelyâ toâ beâharmed.
Use of informants
Anâ informantâ isâ aâ personâ whoâ providesâ informationâ toâ policeâ aboutâ aâ crime:â itâ mayâ beâ aâpersonâ whoâ simplyâ lodgesâ aâ complaintâ orâ providesâ oneâ pieceâ ofâ informationâ toâ theâ lawâenforcementâauthoritiesâorâaâpersonâwhoâhasâengagedâinâaâlengthyârelationshipâwithâmembersâofâ aâ criminalâ group.âAllâ informantsâ areâ potentiallyâ useful.âAnâ informantâwillâ playâ someâpartâinâmostâ investigations.
Inâ investigationsâ ofâ casesâ involvingâ theâ smugglingâ ofâ migrants,â informantsâ whoâ areâ eitherâsmuggledâmigrants,âsmugglersâofâmigrantsâorâwhoâhaveâcloseâconnectionsâtoârelevantââserviceââindustriesâ oftenâ makeâ theâ bestâ informants.â Itâ isâ importantâ thatâ potentialâ informantsâ areââproperlyâ checkedâ byâ investigatorsâ orâ specialistâ unitsâ (ifâ specialistâ unitsâ exist).â Peopleâ whoâalreadyâ belongâ toâ theâ communityâ thatâ isâ beingâ investigatedâ willâ generallyâ makeâ theâ bestâinformants.â
Informantsâ mayâ beâ ableâ toâ provideâ informationâ about:
âąâ Theâ structureâ andâ natureâ ofâ theâ criminalâ organization
âąâ Whetherâ smuggledâmigrantsâ areâ atâ certainâpremises
âąâ Whenâmigrantsâ areâ beingâmovedâ andâwhereâ theyâ areâ beingâmovedâ to
âąâ Theâmoneyâtrailâofâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâ(howâmuchâmoneyâisâpaid,âwhereâisâ itâpaidâfromâ andâ to,âwhatâ itâ isâ usedâ for)
âąâ Otherâmattersâ relatedâ toâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants
Considerations in using informants
Specialâ considerationsâ applyâ toâ theâuseâ ofâ eachâ typeâ ofâ informant:â
âąâ Inâ recruitingâ andâ usingâ informants,â considerationâ mustâ beâ givenâ toâ theâ safetyâ ofâ theâinformantâ andâ anyâ threatâ posedâ toâmigrantsâ inâusingâ them.
âąâ Protectionâofâ theâ informantâsâ identityâ isâ essential.â
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âąâ Inâselectingâandâusingâinformants,âconsiderationâmustâalsoâbeâgivenâtoâtheâmotivesâforâprovidingâ informationâ toâ lawâ enforcers;â someâ ofâ thoseâ motivesâ mayâ beâ unethical,âunlawfulâ orâ evenâprejudicialâ toâ theâ successâ ofâ lawâ enforcementâ operations.
âąâ Thereâ mayâ beâ legalâ orâ localâ policiesâ settingâ outâ theâ definitionâ ofâ anâ informantâ andârulesâ governingâ theirâ useâ andâ conduct.â Beforeâ engagingâ inâ anyâ activityâ thatâ usesââmaterialâ providedâ byâ anâ informant,â adviceâ shouldâ beâ soughtâ fromâ aâ seniorâ officer,âprosecutorâ orâ theâ judiciaryâ asâ appropriate.
Surveillance
Conventionalâ(orâphysical)âsurveillanceâ(forâinstance,âfollowingâsuspectsâonâfootâorâinâvehicles)âcanâ beâ usedâ toâ keepâ particularâ suspects,â premisesâ orâ locationsâ underâ observation.â Electronicâsurveillanceâinâtheâformâofâlisteningâdevicesâorâcommunicationsâinterceptionâperformsâaâsimilarâfunctionâ toâ thatâ ofâ undercoverâ operationsâ andâ isâ oftenâ preferableâ whereâ aâ close-knitâ groupâcannotâbeâpenetratedâbyâanâoutsiderâorâwhereâphysicalâsurveillanceâpresentsâunacceptableârisks.â
Electronicâ surveillanceâ isâ generallyâ subjectâ toâ strictâ judicialâ controlâ andâ numerousâ statutoryâsafeguardsâtoâpreventâabuse.âSmugglersâofâmigrantsâareâoftenâawareâofâsurveillanceâtechniques;âinvestigatorsâ shouldâbeâ carefulâ andâ creative.â
Whereâ investigatorsâ becomeâ awareâ throughâ surveillanceâ thatâ victimsâ areâ beingâ harmed,â theyâareâ obligedâ toâ intervene.â
Undercover operations
Undercoverâoperationsâmayâbeâusedâwhereâitâisâpossibleâforâaâlawâenforcementâagentâorâotherâpersonâtoâ infiltrateâaâcriminalâorganizationâtoâgatherâevidence.âAnâundercoverâofficerâ isâaâ lawâenforcementâofficerâwhoâgoesâundercoverâ(thatâis,âpretendsâtoâbeâaâcriminalâinâorderâtoâlearnâinformation)â toâ infiltrateâ aâ group.â Itâ isâ anâ extremelyâdifficultâ andâdangerousâ job;âundercoverâoperationsâ shouldâ onlyâ beâ carriedâ outâ byâ well-managedâ andâproperlyâ trainedâ staff.
Anâundercoverâofficerâcanâprovideâmoreâinformationâthanâanâinformantâcan;âeverythingâthatâanâ undercoverâ officerâ seesâ orâ hearsâ isâ potentialâ evidence.â Beforeâ anâ undercoverâ officerâ isâdeployed,â adviceâ mustâ beâ soughtâ fromâ aâ seniorâ officerâ and/orâ prosecutorâ orâ theâ judiciaryâasâ appropriate.â
Human rights considerations
Theâ useâ ofâ covertâ techniquesâ isâ associatedâ withâ aâ highâ levelâ ofâ responsibilityâ onâ theâ partâ ofâtheâ investigatorâ toâ respectâ individualsââ rightsâ andâ freedomsâ balancedâ againstâ theâ needâ toâinvestigateâcrime.âForâexample,â listeningâdevicesâconcealedâ inâvehiclesâorâpremisesâwillâoftenâpickâ upâ privateâ informationâ thatâ isâ notâ relatedâ toâ aâ criminalâ act.âTheâ officer-in-charge,â ifâânotâ requiredâ toâ doâ soâ byâ policyâ orâ law,â shouldâ recordâ howâ thisâ typeâ ofâ materialâ isâ toâ beâhandled.âProsecutorsâcanâprovideâassistanceâinâbalancingâtheârightsâofâ individualsâaffectedâbyâanâ investigationâ againstâ lawâ enforcementâ objectives.â
Investigatorsâshouldâalsoâkeepâinâmindâthatâsomeâofâtheâpeopleâsmuggled,âorâwithâwhomâsuspectsâcomeâ intoâcontact,â areâvictimsâorâpotentialâ victimsâofâcrimeâandâshouldâbeâ regardedâasâ such.
27TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 5â ofâ theâBasic Training Manual addressesâ covertâ investigativeâ techniques.â
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].
28
7 .10 Investigating the smuggling of migrants: crime scenes
What might constitute crime scenes in cases involving the smuggling of migrants?
Inâgeneral,âaâcrimeâsceneâisâanyâareaâwhereâphysicalâtracesâofâcrimeâareâleft.âScenesâsignallingâtheâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ encompass:â
âąâ People:â bodiesâ andâ clothesâ ofâmigrantsâ andâ smugglers
âąâ Vehiclesâ withinâ whichâ migrantsâ areâ beingâ orâ haveâ beenâ transported,â suchâ asâ cars,âtrucks,â buses,â boatsâ orâ planes
âąâ Buildingsâwhereâmigrantsâhaveâlivedâorâareâliving,âsuchâasâapartments,âhousesâorâbarns
âąâ Buildingsâ thatâ smugglersâ use,â suchâ asâ hotels,â bars,â travelâ agenciesâ orâ airportsâ
Givenâ thatâ casesâ involvingâ smugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ haveâ severalâ stages,â thereâ areâ likelyâ toâ beâaâ numberâ ofâ crimeâ scenes.â
Physicalâ tracesâ thatâ mayâ beâ recoveredâ atâ crimeâ scenesâ includeâ biologicalâ samplesâ (suchâ asâblood,â urine,â saliva),â fingerprintsâ andâ otherâ body-partâ prints,â fibresâ andâ otherâ micro-traces,âdocumentaryâ evidence,â informationâ technologyâ andâotherâ electronicâ equipment.â
What can be gained from the examination of a crime scene in a case involving the smuggling of migrants?
Evidenceâofâ individualâcrimesâ (assaultâ forâ instance)âcanâbeâ found,âasâwellâasâevidenceâdeter-miningâwhoâ hasâ beenâ involvedâ inâ theâprocessâ andâwhatâ roleâ theyâhaveâplayed.â
Byâ examiningâ aâ sceneâ inâ aâ caseâofâ smugglingâofâmigrants,â evidenceâofâ theâ followingâmayâbeâfound:
âąâ Smugglingâ ofâmigrants
âąâ Suspectedâ smugglersâ ofâmigrants
âąâ Smuggledâmigrantsâ andâ victimsâofâ crime
âąâ Theâ ageâ ofâmigrants
âąâ Corroborationâ ofâ aâ migrantâsâ account
âąâ Theâ linksâ betweenâ suspects,âmigrants,â locations,â vehicles,â documentsâ andâ soâ forth
Locationsâ andâ itemsâ thatâ mayâ provideâ forensicâ evidenceâ include:
âąâ Offices.â Officesâ mayâ haveâ employmentâ recordsâ orâ evidenceâ thatâ showsâ whoâ hasâ beenâcontrollingâ aâ business
29TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
âąâ Financialâ records.â Suchâ recordsâ mayâ proveâ thatâ aâ crimeâ hasâ occurredâ andâ mayâ helpâlocateâmoneyâ toâ beâ seized
âąâ Sleepingâplaces.âLinkingâaâpersonâtoâaâsleepingâplaceârevealsâ theâconditionsâtheyâwereâkeptâin;âaâsleepingâplaceâmayâalsoâcontainâevidenceâofâsexualâcrimeâorâevidenceâhiddenâbyâ smuggledâmigrantsâ orâ otherâ crimeâ victims
âąâ Workâ spaces.â Examinationâ ofâ aâ workâ spaceâ mayâ linkâ aâ personâ toâ itâ andâ helpâ proveâexploitation
âąâ Communicationâsystems.âSuchâsystemsâcanârevealâ linksâ toâotherâsmugglersâandâproveâthatâ someoneâhasâ beenâoperatingâ aâ smugglingâbusiness
âąâ Vehicles.âVehiclesâ mayâ revealâ whoâ hasâ beenâ transportedâ inâ themâ andâ conditionsâ ofâtransportation
Procedure for examining crime scenes
Inâ general,â atâ allâ crimeâ scenesâ investigatorsâ must:
âąâ Protectâ andâ preserveâ theâ scene
âąâ Controlâ entryâ andâ exit
âąâ Preserveâ evidence
âąâ Callâ inâ trainedâ crimeâ sceneâ examinersâ orâ specializedâ investigators
Asâsomeâmigrantsâmayâbeâvictimsâofâcrime,âinvestigatorsâshouldâactâsoâasânotâtoâdestroyâtheirâpotentialâ trust.âTheâ safetyâ ofâ personsâ shouldâ alwaysâ beâborneâ inâmind.â
Moreâ specifically,â atâ crimeâscenesâ relatedâ toâ theâ smugglingâofâmigrants,â investigatorsâ should:
âąâ Tellâ peopleâ toâ remainâwhereâ theyâ are
âąâ Noteâwhoâ isâwhere
âąâ Questionâpeopleâ individually
âąâ Askâpeopleâwhereâ theirâ personalâ propertyâ is
âąâ Protectâ scenesâ thatâ haveâ beenâ identified.âThatâ mayâ simplyâ meanâ shuttingâ aâ door.â Inâsomeâcases,âhowever,âanâareaâmayâhaveâtoâbeâcovered.âInâtheâcaseâofâaâvehicle,â itâmayâhaveâ toâbeâ takenâ toâaâdry,â secureâarea.âRecordsâofâeveryâmoveâandâeveryâpersonâpos-siblyâ inâ touchâ withâ evidenceâ shouldâ beâ kept.âTouchingâ itemsâ withâ bareâ handsâ shouldâbeâ avoided,â ifâ possible
âąâ Searchâ peopleâ whereâ lawsâ permit.â Anythingâ thatâ mightâ provideâ evidenceâ shouldâ beâseizedâ (seeâ belowâ forâ guidanceâ onâ seizingâproperty)
âąâ Whereâ victimsâ ofâ crimeâ areâ identified,â askâ presumedâ victimsâ notâ toâ changeâ clothesâalthoughâ thisâ couldâ beâ difficult:â victimsââ clothingâ canâ containâ aâ lotâ ofâ evidence.â Ifâvictimsâareâscantilyâclad,âorâsexualâviolenceâisâsuspected,âtheyâshouldâbeâgivenâclothingâtoâ coverâ themselves
âąâ Avoidâswitchingâoffâelectricalâequipment,âincludingâforâexampleâphonesâandâcomputersâandâ notâ allowâ anyoneâ elseâ toâ switchâ itâ off
âąâ Informâ theâ crimeâ sceneâ examinerâ ofâ whatâ theâ investigatorâ knows,â includingâ detailsâsuchâ asâwhereâpeopleâwereâ found
30 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Seizing property
Ideally,â investigatorsâ shouldâ waitâ forâ aâ crimeâ sceneâ examinerâ toâ arriveâ beforeâ seizingâ anyâproperty.â Forâ variousâ reasons,â however,â thatâ mayâ beâ impossible.â Ifâ propertyâ mustâ beâ seized,âinvestigatorsâ should:â
âąâ Recordâwhereâ itemsâareâbeforeâ theyâareâmoved.âIdeallyâ theyâshouldâbeâphotographed,âbutâ drawings,â plansâ andâ notesâ canâ beâused
âąâ Handleâ itemsâ asâ littleâ asâ possible
âąâ Recordâwhoâ hasâ handledâ items
âąâ Storeâ itemsâ properly:â anythingâ withâ biologicalâ samplesâ onâ itâ shouldâ beâ putâ inâ aââcontainerâ thatâ canââbreatheâ,â suchâ asâ aâ paperâ bagâ orâ cardboardâbox
âąâ Clearlyâ labelâ whoâ hasâ recoveredâ theâ sampleâ andâ giveâ theâ sampleâ aâ uniqueâ referenceânumber
âąâ Obtainâ expertâ adviceâ onâ whatâ toâ doâ withâ electricalâ equipmentâ ifâ possible,â otherwiseâswitchâ itâ offâ atâ theâmains.âEquipmentâ shouldânotâ beâ switchedâ on
âąâ Seizeâ andâpreserveâ anythingâwithâfiguresâ recordedâ inâ it.âExpertsâ canâdecideâ laterâ ifâ itâisâ relevant
Clothing
Generally,â theâ adviceâ isâ thatâ clothingâ shouldâ onlyâ beâ removedâ inâ theâ presenceâ ofâ specialistâcrimeâsceneâexaminers.â Ifâpossible,âpresumedâvictimsâ shouldâ remainâ inâ theirâclothingâuntilâ aâtrainedâpersonâ arrives.
Ifâ specialistsâ areâ notâ availableâ orâ willâ notâ arriveâ withinâ goodâ time,â itâ mayâ beâ necessaryâ toâremoveâ aâ victimâsâ clothing.â Forcingâ aâ personâ toâ remainâ inâ dirtyâ clothingâ mayâ preventâ themâfromâ cooperatingâ withâ investigatorsâ andâ isâ possiblyâ aâ breachâ ofâ theirâ humanâ rights.â Forcingâthemâ toâ removeâ theirâ clothesâ isâ alsoâ aâ breachâofâ theirâ rights.â
Investigatorsâ shouldâexplainâ toâvictimsâwhyâ itâ isâ importantâ toâstayâ inâclothingâuntilâaâ trainedâpersonâ arrives,â butâ ifâ clothingâhasâ toâ beâ removed:
âąâ Itâ shouldâ onlyâ beâ removedâwithâ theâ consentâ ofâ theâperson
âąâ Itâ shouldâ onlyâ beâ removedâ inâ theâpresenceâ ofâ peopleâ ofâ theâ sameâ sexâ asâ theâ victim
âąâ Theâ clothingâ andâ itsâ conditionâ shouldâ beâ photographedâ orâ recordedâ beforeâ itâ isâremoved
âąâ Eachâ itemâofâ clothingâ shouldâbeâ removedâ separately
âąâ Eachâitemâofâclothingâshouldâbeâremovedâwithâtheâpersonâstandingâoverâaâlarge,âcleanâpieceâ ofâ paper
âąâ Eachâ itemâofâ clothingâ shouldâbeâplacedâ inâ theâpaperâ andâwrappedâ individually
âąâ Aânewâpieceâ ofâ paperâ shouldâbeâusedâ forâ eachâ itemâofâ clothing
âąâ Eachâwrappedâpieceâ ofâ clothingâ shouldâbeâ labelledâwithâ aâ uniqueânumber
31TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 3â ofâ theâ Basic Training Manualâ considersâ crimeâ scenesâ connectedâ withâ theâsmugglingâ ofâmigrants.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].
32
7 .11 Indicators of smuggling of migrants (and trafficking in persons)
Theâfollowingâ factorsâmayâ indicateâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâorâ traffickingâ inâpersons.âThisâ isâaânon-exhaustiveâ list;â thereâmayâ beâ severalâ otherâ clues.â
Theâpresenceâofâ theseâ indicatorsâdoesânotâproveâ thatâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâorâ traffickingâ inâpersonsâhasâoccurred,âbutâmayâindicateâthatâfurtherâinquiriesâshouldâbeâmade.âIndicatorsâcanâvaryâ fromâ countryâ toâ countryâ andâ fromâ situationâ toâ situation:â investigatorsâ shouldâ beâ awareâofâtheâintelligenceâpotentialâofâtheâsituationsâtheyâcomeâacrossâandânotâgetâdrawnâintoâmakingâsimpleâ conclusions.â
Theâ smuggledâpersonâ and/orâ (potential)â victim:â
âąâ Doesânotâ knowâ inâwhichâ countryâ heâ orâ sheâ is
âąâ Doesânotâ knowâ throughâwhatâ countriesâ heâ orâ sheâhasâ travelled
âąâ Doesânotâ giveâ aâ credibleâ explanationâ aboutâ theâpurposeâ ofâ hisâ orâ herâ tripâ
âąâ Doesânotâ knowâaâ specificâ addressâwhereâheâ orâ sheâ isâ dueâ toâ stay
âąâ Doesânotâhaveâ theânameâorâphoneânumberâofâ theâpersonâorâplaceâwhereâheâorâ sheâ isâgoingâ toâ stay
âąâ Indicatesâ thatâheâorâ she,âatâ someâpointâ inâ time,â shouldâbeâatâaâparticularâ locationâ (inâorderâ toâmakeâ contactâwithâhisâ orâ herâ supervisor)
âąâ Hasâdistinctiveâclothingâorâhairstyleâ(smallâgroupsâofâsmuggledâpersonsâoftenâhaveâtheâsameâ characteristics,â suchâ asâ clothingâ orâ bagsâ ofâ theâ sameâ colour)
âąâ Isâ oftenâ equippedâwithâphysicalâmarksâ (textâwrittenâ onâ theâ arm,â forâ example)
âąâ Doesânotâ knowâhowâ longâheâ orâ sheâwillâ stayâ atâ hisâ orâ herâ nextâ address
âąâ Carriesâ noâmoneyâ withâhimâorâ her
âąâ Isâ notâ inâ possessionâofâ hisâ orâ herâ ownâ travelâ documentsâ orâ residenceâpermit
âąâ Isâ oftenâ inâ possessionâofâ falseâ orâ forgedâ travelâ documentsâ orâ residenceâpermit
âąâ Oftenâtravelsâtogetherâwithâtheâsmugglerâorâtraffickerâ(possiblyâprovableâbyâplane,âbusâorâ trainâ tickets)
âąâ Hasâ littleâ orâ noâ luggage
âąâ Hasânoâpersonalâ belongingsâ (familyâ photos,â addressâ books)
âąâ Doesânotâ knowâ theâpeopleâwhoâ heâ orâ sheâ isâ travellingâwith
Whenâ aâ smugglerâ orâ traffickerâ isâ foundâ togetherâ withâ aâ smuggledâ personâ and/orâ (potential)âvictim:â
âąâ Theâ smugglerâ orâ traffickerâwillâ oftenâbeâ correctlyâ documented
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âąâ Theâ smugglerâorâ traffickerâwillâ oftenâhaveâaâheavilyâ stampedâpassportâ toâ suggestâ thatâheâ orâ sheâ isâwellâ travelled
âąâ Theâ smugglerâ orâ traffickerâwillâ oftenâbeâ inâpossessionâofâ theâ travelâ documentsâ ofâ theâsmuggledâorâ traffickedâpersonâ ifâ heâ orâ sheâ isâ documented
âąâ Theâsmugglerâorâ traffickerâmayâtryâ toâanswerâtheâquestionsâposedâtoâtheâsmuggledâorâtraffickedâperson
âąâ Theâ smugglerâ orâ traffickerâ oftenâ hasâ aâ betterâ appearanceâ thanâ theâ smuggledâ orâ traf-fickedâperson
âąâ Theâsmuggledâorâtraffickedâpersonâwillâoftenâbeâveryâquietâbecauseâheâorâsheâdependsâonâ hisâ orâ herâ smugglerâ orâ trafficker
âąâ Theâ smuggledâ orâ traffickedâ personâ isâ oftenâ visiblyâ inâ fearâ ofâ orâ submissiveâ toâ theââsmugglerâorâtrafficker,âbecauseâtheâsmugglerâorâtraffickerâoftenâusesâviolenceâorâthreatensâtoâuseâ violence
âąâ Theâ smuggledâ orâ traffickedâ personâ (inâ manyâ butâ notâ allâ cases)â hasâ theâ sameâ ethnicâbackgroundâ asâ theâ smugglerâ orâ trafficker
âąâ Theâ smugglerâorâ traffickerâmayâ claimâ thatâheâorâ sheâpickedâupâhisâ orâherâpassengersâbyâ chance
Vehiclesâ usedâ forâ smugglingâmigrantsâmay:
âąâ Haveâbeenâalteredâ(forâ instance,âcompartmentsâbuiltâ inâ toâcarryâpeople,â sealsâbroken,âextraâ fuelâ tanks,â smallâ compartmentsâ forâ hidingâpapers)
âąâ Appearâ toâbeâ inâveryâbadâconditionâandânotâwellâ lookedâafterâ(andâyet,â someâvehiclesâappearingâ toâ beâ inâ poorâ conditionâmayâhaveâ strong,âwell-maintainedâ engines)
âąâ Haveâ brokenâ sealsâ orâ roof
âąâ Haveâ darkenedâ windows
Whenâ facedâ withâ interceptedâ migrants,â aâ strongâ butâ notâ sufficientâ indicatorâ ofâ traffickingââinâ personsâ isâ ifâ theâ feesâ forâ theâ smugglingâ haveâ beenâ advancedâ byâ theâ criminalsâ whoâ areââcarryingâoutâtheâoperation.âTheâpeopleâconcernedâmayâalsoâhaveâbeenârecruitedâforâaâparticularâjob.âHowever,â theâ factâ thatâaâmigrantâhasâpaidâtheâ feeâdoesânotâmeanâthatâheâorâsheâhasânotâorâwillâ notâ becomeâ aâ victimâofâ trafficking.â
Theâ smugglerâ orâ trafficker:
âąâ Mayâbeâtheâonlyâpersonâwhoâspeaksâtheâlanguageâofâtheâtransitâorâdestinationâcountry,âand/orâ heâ orâ sheâ actsâ asâ anâ intermediary
âąâ Isâ oftenâ theâ onlyâ personâwithâ aâmobileâ phone
âąâ Mayâbeâ theâonlyâpersonâwhoâhasâ cash,â receiptsâ andâphoneânumbersâwithâhimâorâher
âąâ Mayâhaveâ theâ travelâ documentsâ ofâ hisâ orâ herâ fellowâ travellersâwithâ himâ orâ her
âąâ Isâ oftenâ theâ onlyâ personâ whoâ isâ wellâ dressedâ andâ isâ distinctâ fromâ thoseâ smuggledâ inâtermsâofâ clothingâ and/orâ hairstyle
âąâ Isâ oftenâ theâ onlyâ oneâwithâ noâ luggageâ
34 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
âąâ Isâ oftenâ theâdriverâ ofâ theâ vehicle
âąâ Mayâ (orâ mayâ not)â haveâ aâ nationalityâ thatâ isâ differentâ fromâ thatâ ofâ theâ othersâ inâ theâgroup
âąâ Mayâ tryâ toâ giveâ theâ smuggledâ orâ traffickedâ personâ orâ personsâ instructions,â hintsâ orâdirections
Theâpotentialâsmugglerâorâtraffickerâshouldâbeâ isolatedâfromâtheâsmuggledâand/orâ(potential)âvictimâorâ victims,â orâmigrantâ orâmigrants,â asâ soonâ asâ possible.â
Recommended resources
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâ smugglingâ ofâ migrants,â theâ roleâ ofâ smuggledâ migrantsâ andâ smugglersâ ofâ migrantsââinâ theâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâ theâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 2,â addressingâ theâ roleâ ofâ smuggledâ migrantsâ andâ smuggledâ migrantsâ inââinvestigations,â offersâ someâ indicatorsâ thatâ mayâ beâ usefulâ inâ identifyingâ potentialââsmuggledâmigrants.â
Thisâ publicationâ isâ currentlyâ beingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âAnti-Human Trafficking Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners.âNewâYork,â2009.
Thisâ trainingâ manualâ wasâ developedâ inâ lineâ withâ theâTraffickingâ inâ Personsâ Protocolâsupplementingâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Conventionâ againstâ Transnationalâ OrganizedâCrime.*âThoughâ theâpurposeâofâ theâManualâ isâ toâ supportâpreventionâofâ traffickingâ inâpersons,â theâ lessonsâ learnedâ thereâ areâ applicableâ toâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants.â
Moduleâ 2â ofâ thisâManualâ isâ dedicatedâ toâ indicatorsâ ofâ traffickingâ inâ persons.â
Forâ moreâ informationâ aboutâ theâ trainingâ manual,â visitâ www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/anti-human-trafficking-manual.html.â
â *UnitedâNations,âTreaty Series,â vol.â 2237,âNo.â 39574.
35
7 .12 Border control measure5
Theâ followingâ isâ anâ excerptâ fromâ theâSmugglingâ ofâMigrantsâProtocol:
â 5ââSeeâToolâ 6,â sectionâ12,â onâ internationalâ borderâ cooperation.
Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
Article 11. Border measures
1.â withoutâ prejudiceâ toâ internationalâ commitmentsâ inâ relationâ toâ theâ freeâ movementâ ofâ peopleâStatesâ Partiesâ shallâ strengthen,â toâ theâ extentâ possible,â suchâ borderâ controlsâ asâ mayâ beâ necessaryâtoâ preventâ andâdetectâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants.
2.â EachâStateâPartyâshallâadoptâlegislativeâorâotherâappropriateâmeasuresâtoâprevent,âtoâtheâextentâpossible,âmeansâofâ transportâoperatedâbyâcommercialâcarriersâ fromâbeingâusedâ inâ theâcommissionâofâ theâoffenceâ establishedâ inâ accordanceâwithâ articleâ 6,â paragraph1â (a),â ofâ thisâ Protocol.
3.â whereâappropriate,âandâwithoutâprejudiceâtoâapplicableâinternationalâconventions,âsuchâmeas-uresâ shallâ includeâ establishingâ theâ obligationâ ofâ commercialâ carriers,â includingâ anyâ transportationâcompanyâ orâ theâ ownerâ orâ operatorâ ofâ anyâ meansâ ofâ transport,â toâ ascertainâ thatâ allâ passengersâareâ inâ possessionâofâ theâ travelâ documentsâ requiredâ forâ entryâ intoâ theâ receivingâ State.
4.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ takeâ theâ necessaryâ measures,â inâ accordanceâ withâ itsâ domesticâ law,â toâprovideâ forâ sanctionsâ inâ casesâ ofâ violationâ ofâ theâ obligationâ setâ forthâ inâ paragraphâ 3â ofâ thisâarticle.
5.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ considerâ takingâmeasuresâ thatâ permit,â inâ accordanceâwithâ itsâ domesticâlaw,âtheâdenialâofâentryâorârevocationâofâvisasâofâpersonsâimplicatedâinâtheâcommissionâofâoffencesâestablishedâ inâ accordanceâwithâ thisâ Protocol.
6.â withoutâprejudiceâ toâarticleâ27âofâ theâConvention,âStatesâPartiesâ shallâ considerâstrengtheningâcooperationâ amongâ borderâ controlâ agenciesâ by,â interâ alia,â establishingâ andâ maintainingâ directâchannelsâ ofâ communication.
Articleâ 11â ofâ theâ Smugglingâ ofâ Migrantsâ Protocolâ requiresâ Statesâ partiesâ toâ strengthenââborderâ controlsâ toâ theâ extentâpossibleâ andâ inâ additionâ toâmeasuresâpursuantâ toâ articleâ27âofâtheâ Organizedâ Crimeâ Conventionâ (Lawâ enforcementâ cooperation,â seeâToolâ 6,â sectionâ 3),â toââconsiderâ strengtheningâ cooperationâ betweenâ borderâ controlâ agencies,â includingâ throughâ theâestablishmentâ ofâ directâ channelsâ ofâ communicationâ (forâ moreâ onâ borderâ cooperation,â seeââToolâ 6,â sectionâ12).â
36 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Theâ practicalâ resultâ ofâ strengthenedâ borderâ controlsâ isâ increasedâ difficultyâ forâ smugglersââinâ usingâ conventionalâ meansâ ofâ transportâ andâ travelâ routesâ toâ enterâ countries.â However,â aââpossibleânegativeâsideâeffectâofâstrengthenedâborderâcontrolsâisâtheâdisplacementâofâsmugglingâroutesâ asâ smugglersâ changeâ theirâ methods.â Forâ thisâ reason,â internationalâ cooperationâ isââabsolutelyâimperativeâtoâcombatâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâeffectively.â(Forâmoreâonâinternationalâcriminalâ justiceâ cooperation,â seeâToolâ 6.)
Promising practices
UNODCâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Officeâ onâ Drugsâ andâ Crime.â Border Liaison Office Mechanism in East Asia.
Aârecentâsuccessfulâseven-yearâUnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrimeâ(UNODC)âprojectâestablishedâborderâ liaisonâofficesâatâaânumberâofâborderâcrossingâpoints.âTheâconceptâbehindâtheâ creationâ ofâ theâ Officesâ wasâ toâ reverseâ traditionalâ attitudesâ andâ encourageâ cooperationâbetweenâlawâenforcementâunitsâworkingâatâtheâborders,âtherebyâmaximizingâtheâvalueâofâjointlyâheldâ information.
Theâsuccessâofâtheâconceptâhasâresultedâinâofficesâbeingâestablishedâinâ22âlocationsâ(44âoffices),âaâmajorâ increaseâ fromâ theâoriginalâ fourâ locationsâ atâ theâbeginningâofâ theâproject.
www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific/en/Projects/2007_01/Consolidation_and_Enhancement.html
Australian border management
Allâ visitorsâ andâ permanentâ migrantsâ toâAustraliaâ mustâ applyâ forâ aâ visaâ orâ aâ visaâ equivalent,âwithâconditionsâappropriateâtoâtheirâstay.âAsâpartâofâtheâvisaâapplicationâprocess,âallâapplicantsâareâcheckedâagainstâ theâMovementâAlertâList,â aâdatabaseâofâpeopleâandâ travelâdocumentsâofâconcern.âItâincludesâdetailsâofâcriminalsâwhoâmayâposeâaâsecurityâriskâandâpeopleâbarredâfromâenteringâ Australiaâ forâ immigrationâ breachesâ andâ healthâ matters.â Itâ alsoâ includesâ detailsâ ofâlost,â stolenâ andâ fraudulentâ travelâ documents.
Australiaâ alsoâ hasâ aâ networkâ ofâ immigrationâ officersâ operatingâ asâ airlineâ liaisonâ officersââatâ aboutâ 14â keyâ locationsâ overseas.âTheâ airlineâ liaisonâ officersâ assistâ inâ screeningâAustralia-boundâ travellersâ atâ theâ lastâ pointsâ ofâ embarkationâ toâ checkâ forâ inadequateâ documentation.ââInâsomeâlocations,âAustraliaâsâairlineâliaisonâofficersâworkâcooperativelyâwithâtheâairlineâliaisonâofficersâofâotherâcountries,âthusâcontributingâtoâinternationalâactionâagainstâpeopleâsmuggling,âhumanâ traffickingâ andâ otherâ unlawfulâ activities.
Whenâ travellers,â includingâ airlineâ crewâ members,â checkâ inâ toâ travelâ toâAustralia,â theâ airlineâisârequiredâtoâconfirmâviaâtheâAdvanceâPassengerâProcessingâsystemâwhetherâtheâtravellersâhaveâcurrentâvalidâauthorityâ toâ travelâ toâandâenterâAustralia.âApproximatelyâ99.7âperâcentâofâallâairâtravellersâtoâAustraliaâareâprocessedâthroughâtheâsystem.âInâlessâthanâfourâseconds,âtheâpassengerâdataâareâ checkedâagainstâAustraliaâsâpassport,â visaâandâalertâ listsâ andâaâmessageâ isâreturnedâtoâ theâairlineâstaffâ tellingâthemâwhetherâ theâpersonâ isââokayâtoâboardââorâânotâokayâtoâ boardâ.
37TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Whenâtheâ travellersâarriveâatâ theâborder,â theyâmayâstillâbeâ refusedâentryâbecauseâofâ informa-tionârevealedâonâarrival.â Ifâ theâdocumentâ failsâ theâtestâ inâ theâmachine-readableâmaterial,â itâ isâreferredâ toâ immigrationâ officialsâ forâ furtherâ investigation.â
Source:âFactâSheetâ70.âProducedâbyâtheâNationalâCommunicationsâBranch,âDepartmentâofâImmigrationâandâCitizen-ship,âCanberra.â
www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/70border.htmâ
Schengen (Agreement and Convention)
Theâ Schengenâ Conventionâ supplementsâ theâ SchengenâAgreementâ signedâ onâ 14â Juneâ 1985,âandâ laysâdownâ theâ arrangementsâ andâ safeguardsâ forâ implementingâ freedomâofâmovement.â Itâenteredâ intoâ forceâ inâ 1995.âTheâAgreementâ andâ theâ Convention,â theâ rulesâ adoptedâ onâ thatâbasisâandâ theâ relatedâagreementsâ togetherâ formâtheââSchengenâacquisâ.âSinceâ1999,â thisâhasâformedâ partâ ofâ theâ institutionalâ andâ legalâ frameworkâ ofâ theâ Europeanâ Unionâ byâ virtueâ ofâ aâprotocolâ toâ theâTreatyâ ofâAmsterdam.
TitleâIVâofâtheâTreatyâestablishingâtheâEuropeanâCommunityâ(ECâTreaty)âsetsâoutâtheâEuropeanâUnionâsâ policyâ onââvisas,â asylum,â immigrationâ andâotherâ policiesâ relatedâ toâ freeâmovementâ ofâpersonsâ.âTheseâareasâofâCommunityâactionâareâlinkedâtoâtheâprogressiveâinstitutionâofâanâareaâofâ freedom,â securityâ andâ justiceâ andâcoverâ theâ following:
âąâ Freeâmovementâ ofâ personsâ
âąâ Externalâ borderâ controlsâ
âąâ Asylum,â immigrationâ andâ safeguardingâ ofâ theâ rightsâ ofâ third-countryânationalsâ
âąâ Judicialâ cooperationâ inâ civilâmattersâ
Regulationâ (EC)â No.â 562/2006â ofâ theâ Europeanâ Parliamentâ andâ ofâ theâ Councilâ ofâ Europeâofâ 15â Marchâ 2006â establishesâ aâ Europeanâ Communityâ Codeâ onâ theâ rulesâ governingâ theâmovementâ ofâ personsâ acrossâ bordersâ (SchengenâBordersâCode).â
Forâ moreâ information,â visit:â http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/index_en.htmâ
United States Immigration and Customs EnforcementâBorder Enforcement Security Task Force initiative
Unitedâ Statesâ Immigrationâ andâ Customsâ Enforcementâ isâ theâ largestâ investigativeâ agencyâ inâtheâ Departmentâ ofâ Homelandâ Security.âTheâ agencyâ isâ chargedâ withâ enforcingâ aâ wideâ arrayâofâ laws,â includingâ thoseâ relatedâ toâ securingâ theâborderâ andâ combatingâ criminalâ smuggling.
TheâUnitedâStatesââ southernâborderâhasâexperiencedâaâdramaticâ surgeâ inâcross-borderâcrimeâandâ violenceâ inâ recentâ yearsâ dueâ toâ intenseâ competitionâ betweenâ Mexicanâ drugâ cartelsâ andâcriminalâ smugglingâ organizationsâ thatâ employâpredatoryâ tacticsâ toâ realizeâ theirâ profits.
Inâ responseâ toâ thisâ trend,â theâagencyâhasâpartneredâwithâ federal,â state,â localâandâ foreignâ lawâenforcementâ counterpartsâ toâ createâ theâ Borderâ Enforcementâ SecurityâTaskâ Forceâ initiative,ââaâ seriesâ ofâ inter-agencyâ taskâ forcesâ developedâ asâ aâ comprehensiveâ approachâ toâ identifying,âdisruptingâandâdismantlingâcriminalâorganizationsâposingâsignificantâthreatsâtoâborderâsecurity.âTheâ taskâ forcesâ areâ designedâ toâ increaseâ informationâ sharingâ andâ collaborationâ amongâ theâagenciesâ combatingâ thisâ threatâ onâbothâ sidesâ ofâ theâborder.
38 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Theâ initiativeâ incorporatesâ personnelâ fromâ Immigrationâ andâ Customsâ Enforcement;â UnitedâStatesâCustomsâandâBorderâProtection;âDrugâEnforcementâAdministration;âBureauâofâAlcohol,âTobacco,âFirearmsâandâExplosives;âFederalâBureauâofâInvestigation;âUnitedâStatesâCoastguard;âandâtheâUnitedâStatesâAttorneyâsâOffice,âalongâwithâotherâkeyâfederal,âstate,âlocalâandâforeignâlawâ enforcementâ agencies.â Participatingâ inâ theâ initiativeâ onâ theâ south-westâ borderâ isâ theâMexicanâ lawâ enforcementâ agencyâ Secretariaâ deâ Seguridadâ PĂșblica.âTheâ Canadianâ BorderâServicesâAgencyâandâtheâRoyalâCanadianâMountedâPoliceâparticipateâ inâtheâBorderâEnforce-mentâSecurityâTaskâForceâ alongâ theânorthernâborder.â
www.ice.gov/pi/news/factsheets/080226best_fact_sheet.htm
Recommended resources
The European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (Frontex)
TheâEuropeanâAgencyâforâtheâManagementâofâOperationalâCooperationâatâtheâExternalâBordersâofâtheâMemberâStatesâofâtheâEuropeanâUnionâ(Frontex),âtheâEuropeanâUnionâagencyâbasedâ inâWarsaw,âwasâcreatedâasâaâspecializedâandâ independentâbodyâtaskedâtoâcoordinateâ theâ operationalâ cooperationâbetweenâMemberâStatesâ inâ theâfieldâofâ borderâsecurity.âTheâ activitiesâ ofâ Frontexâ areâ intelligence-driven.â Frontexâ complementsâ andâprovidesâ particularâ addedâ valueâ toâ theâ nationalâ borderâ managementâ systemsâ ofâ theâMemberâStates.
www.frontex.europa.eu/â
Weinzierl,â Ruthâ andâ Lisson,â Urszula,â Border Management and Human Rights: A study of EU Law and the Law of the Sea,âBerlin:âGermanâInstituteâ forâHumanâRights,â2007.
Thisâstudyâcontributesâtoâclarifyingâtheâobligationsâforâborderâmanagementâarisingâfromâhumanâ rightsâ andâ maritimeâ law.â Thisâ includesâ treatmentâ ofâ generalâ humanâ rightsââobligationsâ thatâ areâ alsoâ applicableâ forâ borderâ controlsâ atâ landâbordersâ andâ airports.â
Thisâ studyâ isâ availableâ from:â
http://files.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/488/d75_v1_file_47c81c6053b74_Study_Border_Management_and_Human_Rights.pdfâ
39
7 .13 Travel and identity documents
Theâ followingâ excerptâ isâ fromâ theâSmugglingâ ofâMigrantsâProtocol:
Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
Article 12. Security and control of documents
Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ takeâ suchâmeasuresâ asâmayâbeânecessaryâwithinâ availableâ means:
(a)â Toâensureâ thatâ travelâorâ identityâdocumentsâ issuedâbyâ itâ areâofâ suchâqualityâ thatâ theyâcannotâeasilyâbeâmisusedâandâcannotâreadilyâbeâfalsifiedâorâunlawfullyâalteredâreplicatedâorâissued;â and
(b)â Toâ ensureâ theâ integrityâ andâ securityâ ofâ travelâ orâ identityâ documentsâ issuedâ byâ orâ onâbehalfâ ofâ theâ Stateâ Partyâ andâ toâ preventâ theirâ unlawfulâ creation,â issuanceâ andâuse.
Article 13. Legitimacy and validity of documents
Atâ theâ requestâ ofâ anotherâ Stateâ Party,â aâ Stateâ Partyâ shall,â inâ accordanceâ withâ itsâ domesticââlaw,â verifyâ withinâ aâ reasonableâ timeâ theâ legitimacyâ andâ validityâ ofâ travelâ orâ identityâ documentsâissuedâ orâ purportedâ toâ haveâ beenâ issuedâ inâ itsâ nameâ andâ suspectedâ ofâ beingâ usedâ forâ purposesâofâ conductâ setâ forthâ inâ articleâ 6â ofâ thisâ Protocol.
Pursuantâ toâ articleâ12âofâ theâSmugglingâofâMigrantsâProtocol,âStatesâ areâ requiredâ toâ ensureâtheâ integrityâandâsecurityâofâtheirâ travelâdocuments.âPursuantâtoâarticleâ13,âStatesâpartiesâareâalsoâ required,â atâ theâ requestâ ofâ anotherâStateâparty,â toââverifyâwithinâ aâ reasonableâ timeââ theâlegitimacyâ andâ validityâ ofâ documentsâ purportedâ toâ haveâbeenâ issuedâbyâ them.â
Falsificationâ ofâ allâ kindsâ ofâ legalâ documentsâ occursâ onâ aâ largeâ scaleâ throughoutâ theâ world.âNewâ technologiesâ meanâ thatâ falseâ documentsâ canâ beâ producedâ moreâ easilyâ andâ criminalânetworksâ areâ ableâ toâ provideâ smuggledâ migrantsâ withâ falseâ passportsâ andâ otherâ travelââdocumentsâsuchâasâvisas.âEvidenceâalsoâpointsâtoâinstancesâofâcorruptionâamongâimmigrationâofficersâ inâ leagueâ withâ smugglingâ networksâ andâ ofâ corruptâ embassyâ personnelâ providingââvisasâ forâ peopleâ traffickedâ abroad.â Technicalâ measuresâ areâ requiredâ toâ makeâ documentsââmoreâ difficultâ toâ falsify,â forgeâ orâ alter.âAdministrativeâ andâ securityâ elementsâ areâ requiredâ toâprotectâ theâ productionâ andâ issuanceâ processâ againstâ corruption,â theftâ orâ otherâ meansâ ofâdivertingâdocuments.â
40 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Severalâ kindsâ ofâ technologyâ thatâ areâ newâ orâ underâ developmentâ offerâ considerableâ potentialâforâ theâcreationâofânewâtypesâofâdocumentâ thatâ identifyâ individualsâ inâaâuniqueâmanner,âcanâbeâ rapidlyâ andâ accuratelyâ readâ byâ machinesâ andâ areâ difficultâ toâ falsifyâ becauseâ theyâ relyâ onâinformationâ storedâ inâ aâ databaseâ outâ ofâ theâ reachâ ofâ offenders,â ratherâ thanâ onâ informationâprovidedâ inâ theâdocumentâ itself.â (Forâmoreâonâcooperationâ inâ relationâ toâ travelâ andâ identityâdocumentâ control,â seeâToolâ 6,â sectionâ13.)
Promising practices
Australia: identity management
BiometricsâisâincreasinglyâbeingâusedâinâAustraliaâandâotherâcountriesâasâaâhigh-techâidentityâmanagementâ tool.âAsâ partâ ofâ aâ broaderâ identityâ managementâ strategyâ toâ strengthenâ iden-tificationâprocessesâforânon-citizensâenteringâAustralia,âtheâDepartmentâofâImmigrationâandâCitizenshipâisâintroducingâbiometricâtechnologyâintoâsomeâofâitsâprogrammesâandâprocesses.âThisâ includesâ facialâ recognitionâ andâ fingerprintâ matchingâ technology.â
Source:â Factâ Sheetâ 70.â Producedâ byâ theâ Nationalâ Communicationsâ Branch,â Departmentâ ofâImmigrationâ andâCitizenship,âCanberra.â
www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/70border.htmâ
European Union: document security
ToâmakeâsureâthatâallâEuropeanâUnionâMemberâStatesâareâableâtoâidentifyâforgedâdocuments,âtheâ Councilâ hasâ agreedâ onâ theâ recommendedâ equipmentâ forâ borderâ guardsâ atâ theâ pointsââofâ entryâ toâ theâ Europeanâ Unionâ andâ inâ visaâ departmentsâ toâ helpâ detectâ falseâ orâ falsifiedâdocuments.â Toâ facilitateâ exchangesâ ofâ informationâ betweenâ Memberâ States,â theâ Councilâdecided,â inâ 1998,â toâ setâ upâ aâ Europeanâ image-archivingâ system:â theâ Falseâ andâ AuthenticâDocumentsâ (FADO)â system.âTheâ systemâ makesâ itâ possibleâ toâ validate,â storeâ andâ exchangeâinformationâ onâ genuineâ andâ falseâ documentsâ byâ computerizedâ meansâ withinâ aâ veryâ shortâtime.âTheâ projectâ isâ runâ byâ theâ Generalâ Secretariatâ ofâ theâ Councilâ ofâ theâ Europeanâ Union.âTheâ systemâwasâphasedâ inâ onlineâ atâ theâ endâofâ 2004.
http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/freetravel/documents/fsj_freetravel_documents_en.htmâ
European Union: Public Register of Authentic Identity and Travel Documents Online
Theâ Generalâ Secretariatâ ofâ theâ Councilâ hasâ madeâ theâ Publicâ Registerâ ofâAuthenticâ IdentityâandâTravelâ Documentsâ Onlineâ (PRADO)â accessibleâ onâ theâ websiteâ ofâ theâ Councilâ ofâ theâEuropeanâUnion.â
Theâ Publicâ Registerâ isâ onâ aâ multilingualâ siteâ forâ disseminatingâ informationâ onâ theâ securityâfeaturesâ ofâ authenticâ identityâ andâ travelâ documentsâ toâ theâpublic.
Theâ siteâ isâ designedâ forâ theâ generalâ public,â includingâ governmentalâ andâ non-governmentalâorganizationsâ suchâ asâ employers,â postalâ services,â banksâ andâ creditâ authorities,â securityâ andâguardingâ companiesâ andâ vehicleâ hireâ agencies.â
www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/homeIndex.htmlâ
41TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement Forensic Document Laboratory
Theâ Unitedâ Statesâ Immigrationâ andâ Customsâ Enforcementâ Forensicâ Documentâ Laboratoryâaimsâ toâ detectâ andâ deterâ travelâ andâ identityâ documentâ fraud.â Documentâ examinersâ atâ theâLaboratoryâperformâ forensicâ examinationsâofâ foreignâandâdomesticâ travelâ andâ identityâdocu-mentsâ asâwellâ asâhandwriting,â stamps,â seals,âprintingâandâ typewriting.âFingerprintâ specialistsâprovideâ ink-to-inkâ fingerprintâ comparisonsâ andâ processâ evidenceâ forâ latentâ fingerprints.â Inkâchemistsâ analyseâ writingâ inks,â tonersâ andâ inkjetâ printing,â asâ wellâ asâ documentâ materials,â toâlinkâ andâ possiblyâ dateâ questionedâ documents.â Laboratoryâ staffâ alsoâ provideâ expertâ witnessâtestimonyâonâ forensicâ examinationsâ inâ judicialâ proceedings.â
Inâ addition,â theâ Laboratoryâ maintainsâ theâ worldâsâ largestâ knownâ repositoryâ ofâ foreignâ travelâandâidentityâdocumentsâandâreferenceâmaterials.âIntelligenceâofficersâofâtheâLaboratoryâdevelopâandâpresentâ customizedâ trainingâprogrammesâ toâ lawâenforcementâagenciesâ aroundâ theâglobeâonâtheâdetectionâofâfraudulentâdocumentsâandâprovideâreal-timeâassistanceâtoâfieldâpersonnelâinâ theâ identificationâ ofâ fraudulentâ documents.â Inâ additionâ theyâ createâ andâ distributeâ Docu-mentâ IntelligenceâAlertsâ (colourâ photoâ bulletinsâ highlightingâ fraudulentâ documentsâ recentlyâencountered)â andâ referenceâ guidesâ toâ lawâ enforcementâ agenciesâ nationwide.
www.ice.gov/partners/investigations/services/forensiclab.htmâ
The European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (Frontex)
Theâ Researchâ andâ Developmentâ Unitâ ofâ theâ Europeanâ Agencyâ forâ theâ Managementâ ofââOperationalâ Cooperationâ atâ theâ Externalâ Bordersâ ofâ theâ Memberâ Statesâ ofâ theâ EuropeanâUnionâ(Frontex)âandâtheâSwedishâPresidencyâofâtheâEuropeanâUnionâorganizedâaâconferenceâentitledââBiometricâTechnologyâ forâBorderâControlââ (withâ industryâexhibition)â inâWarsawâonâ1â andâ 2â Octoberâ 2009.â Moreâ thanâ 130â representativesâ ofâ Memberâ Statesâ andâ industryâattendedâtheâevent.âTheâtopicsâdiscussedâincludedâEuropeanâCommissionâinitiatives,âstandardsâandâ guidelines,â automatedâ borderâ controlâ systems,â mobileâ equipmentâ andâ issuesâ suchâ asâsecurity,â dataâ protection,â costsâ andâ funding.
www.frontex.europa.eu
Documentsâ relatedâ toâ theâ conferenceâ areâ availableâ forâ downloadâ from:â
www.frontex.europa.eu/specific_documents/other/â
Recommended resources
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âAnti-Human Trafficking Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners.âNewâYork,â 2009.
Thisâdocumentâcontainsâaâmoduleârelevantâ toâdocumentârecognitionâ inâtraffickingâcasesâthatâ isâ ofâ keyâ relevanceâ toâ documentâ recognitionâ inâ casesâ involvingâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants.âForâmoreâ informationâaboutâ thisâmodule,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâ contactâ theâUNODCâAnti-HumanâTraffickingâandâMigrantâSmugglingâunitâviaâ[email protected].
42 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âModel Forensic Document Laboratory Guide.â(forthcoming)
Theâ UNODC Model Forensic Document Laboratory Guideâ isâ toâ beâ usedâ toâ designâandâbuildâforensicâdocumentâexaminationâandâintelligenceâdisseminationâcapacities.âItâ isâ gearedâ towardsâ severalâ levelsâ ofâ countryâ andâ agencyâ developmentâ fromâ theâmostâ basicâ toâ advancedâ capability.â Itâ isâ aimedâ atâ providingâ practicalâ assistanceâ forâtheâ establishmentâ orâ upgradingâ ofâ forensicâ documentâ laboratoriesâ inâ theâ areasâ ofâstaffâskillâandâeducationalârequirementsâtoâperformâforensicâdocumentâexaminationsâandâ provideâ courtâ testimony,â intelligenceâ alertsâ andâ training;â toâ acquireâ forensicâscienceâ equipment,â facilities,â referenceâ materialsâ andâ databases;â andâ toâ provideâgeneralâ guidanceâ forâ designing,â establishingâ andâ maintainingâ aâ forensicâ documentâlaboratory.
ForâmoreâinformationâaboutâtheâforthcomingâUNODC Model Forensic Document Laboratory Guideâ visitâwww.unodc.org.â
43
7 .14 Carrier sanctions
Carrierâsanctionsâareâbasicâmeasuresârecommendedâtoâhelpâcontrolâtheâuseâofâpublicâcarriersâbyâ smugglersâ ofâmigrants.âCarrierâ sanctionsâ areâ containedâ inâ articleâ11âofâ theâSmugglingâofâMigrantsâProtocol:â
Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
Article 11
2.â EachâStateâPartyâshallâadoptâlegislativeâorâotherâappropriateâmeasuresâtoâprevent,âtoâtheâextentâpossible,âmeansâofâ transportâoperatedâbyâcommercialâcarriersâ fromâbeingâusedâ inâ theâcommissionâofâ theâoffenceâ establishedâ inâ accordanceâwithâ articleâ 6,â paragraphâ1â (a) ofâ thisâ Protocol.â
3.â whereâappropriate,âandâwithoutâprejudiceâtoâapplicableâinternationalâconventions,âsuchâmeas-uresâ shallâ includeâ establishingâ theâ obligationâ ofâ commercialâ carriers,â includingâ anyâ transportationâcompanyâ orâ theâ ownerâ orâ operatorâ ofâ anyâ meansâ ofâ transport,â toâ ascertainâ thatâ allâ passengersâareâ inâ possessionâofâ theâ travelâ documentsâ requiredâ forâ entryâ intoâ theâ receivingâ State.â
4.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ takeâ theâ necessaryâ measures,â inâ accordanceâ withâ itsâ domesticâ law,â toâprovideâ forâ sanctionsâ inâ casesâ ofâ violationâ ofâ theâ obligationâ setâ forthâ inâ paragraphâ 3â ofâ thisâarticle.
Draftersâ ofâ legislationâ toâ implementâ theâ requirementsâ ofâ articleâ 11â ofâ theâ Smugglingâ ofâMigrantsâProtocolâ shouldâ giveâ considerationâ toâ theâ followingâpoints:â
âąâ Theâbasicâobligationâtoâbeâplacedâonâcarriersâ isâ toâascertainâbasicâpossessionâofâwhat-everâdocumentsâmayâbeâneededâtoâenterâtheâStateâofâdestinationâthereâisânoâobligationâtoâ assessâ theâ authenticityâ orâ validityâ ofâ theâ documents,â orâ whetherâ theyâ haveâ beenâvalidlyâ issuedâ toâ theâpersonâwhoâpossessesâ them.
âąâ TheâProtocolârequiresâ thatâ liabilityâbeâattachedâtoâcarriersâ forânotâhavingâcheckedâtheâdocumentsâ asâ required;â Statesâ mayâ attachâ liabilityâ toâ carriersâ forâ havingâ transportedâundocumentedâ persons,â butâ theâProtocolâ doesânotâ requireâ this.â
âąâ Articleâ 11,â paragraphâ 4,â obligatesâ Statesâ toâ provideâ forâ sanctions.âTheâ preciseâ natureâofâ suchâ sanctionsâ isâ notâ explicitlyâ specified,â butâ ifâ criminalâ liabilityâ isâ toâ beâ imposed,âdraftersâ shouldâ considerâ articleâ 10â ofâ theâ Convention,â regardingâ theâ obligationâ toâprovideâ forâ liabilityâ ofâ legalâ persons.â
âąâ Theâ relevantâ âtravelâ orâ identityâ documentââ isâ understoodâ toâ includeâ anyâ documentâthatâcanâbeâusedâforâ inter-Stateâtravelâandâanyâdocumentâcommonlyâusedâtoâestablishâidentityâ inâ aâ Stateâ underâ theâ lawsâ ofâ thatâ State.â
44 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Recommended resource
UnitedâNations.âLegislative Guides for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols theretoâ (SalesâNo.âE.05.V.2).â
TheâmainâpurposeâofâtheâLegislative GuidesâisâtoâassistâStatesâseekingâtoâratifyâorâimple-mentâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Conventionâ againstâTransnationalâ Organizedâ Crimeâ andâ itsâsupplementaryâProtocols.âTheâGuidesâlayâoutâtheâbasicârequirementsâofâtheâConventionâandâ theâ Protocolsâ thereto,â asâ wellâ asâ theâ issuesâ thatâ eachâ Stateâ partyâ mustâ address,âwhileâ furnishingâ aâ rangeâ ofâ optionsâ andâ examplesâ thatâ nationalâ draftersâ mayâ wishâ toâconsiderâ inâ theirâ effortsâ toâ implementâ theâ Conventionâ andâ itsâ Protocols.âTheâ Guidesâhaveâbeenâdraftedâtoâaccommodateâdifferentâlegalâtraditionsâandâvaryingâlevelsâofâinsti-tutionalâ developmentâ andâ provide,âwhereâ available,â implementationâ options.
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/legislative-guide.htmlâ
45
7 .15 Intelligence gathering and exchange
Informationâ isâ somethingâ thatâ isâ receivedâbyâ lawâenforcement.
Forâ example:â Anâ anonymousâ phoneâ callerâ informsâ policeâ thatâ Mr.â Gâ isâ smugglingâ migrantsâ byâboat.
Intelligenceâ isâ informationâ thatâ hasâ hadâ somethingâ doneâ toâ itâ toâ giveâ itâ moreâ meaningâ (forâexample,â corroboration,â analysis,â evaluation).â
Forâ example:â Followingâ informationâ receivedâ byâ theâ anonymousâ phoneâ caller,â policeâ verifyâ thatâMr.âGâownsâ aâ boat.
Asâinâanyâinvestigation,âintelligenceâinâcasesâinvolvingâtheâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâisâextremelyâimportant.âItâcanâbeâusedâtoâinitiateâinvestigationsâorâtoâdevelopâongoingâinvestigationsâtowardsâaâsatisfactoryâconclusion.âBeyondâtheâinvestigationâ(tacticalâintelligence),âstrategicâintelligenceâhelpsâ inâ formulatingâ policiesâ andâ inâ makingâ crimesâ moreâ difficultâ toâ commit.â Bothâ typesâ ofâintelligenceâ areâ equallyâ important.â
Tactical intelligenceâ supportsâ theâ investigations.â
Strategic intelligenceâ concernsâ theâbiggerâ pictureâ ofâ smugglingâofâmigrants.â
Tacticalâ intelligence:
âąâ Formsâ theâbasisâ ofâ investigations
âąâ Mayâ leadâ toâ theâ interceptionâofâ smugglingâ operations
âąâ Isâ fundamentalâ inâ theâpreparationâ andâplanningâofâ anyâ operation
âąâ Helpsâ identifyâ specificâopportunitiesâ toâprevent,âdetectâorâdisruptâ smugglingânetworks
Strategicâ intelligence:
âąâ Enablesâaccurateâassessmentâofâtheânatureâandâscaleâofâsmugglingâatâtheâlocal,ânationalâandâ regionalâ levels
âąâ Facilitatesâchangesâ inâ legislation,â internationalâ liaison,âpreventionâstrategies,âeducationâandâ awareness-raisingâ campaignsâ etc.
âąâ Assistsâ policymakersâ inâ planning
âąâ Providesâfundamentalâinformationâtoâraiseâtheâawarenessâofâtheâmediaâandâtheâgeneralâpublicâ
Theâoverallâpictureâofâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâ isâ formedâbyâstrategicâ intelligence,âwhichâ isâ fedâbyâ tacticalâ intelligence.â
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Promising practices
United Kingdom, Joint Debriefing Team
Theâ Jointâ Debriefingâ Teamâ consistsâ ofâ Unitedâ Kingdomâ Borderâ Agencyâ IntelligenceââDirectorateâ andâ Policeâ Specialâ Branchesâ Officersâ whoâ debriefâ asylumâ seekers,â irregularâmigrantsâ andâ otherâ specifiedâ personsâ forâ intelligenceâ purposes.âTheâ Jointâ DebriefingâTeamâoperatesâ inâ severalâ locations,â gatheringâ intelligenceâ inâ respectâ ofâ routes,â agents,â safeâ houses,âsmugglingâ costsâ andâmodiâ operandi.âTheâ JointâDebriefingâTeamâdisseminatesâ itsâ intelligenceâfindingsâinâtheâUnitedâKingdomâandâthroughoutâtheâworldâtoâinitiateâandâsupportâintelligenceâoperationsâ andâ producesâ informativeâ handbooksâ onâ routesâ andâ modiâ operandi.â Itâ alsoââcollaboratesâ withâ otherâ lawâ enforcementâ agenciesâ aroundâ theâ worldâ atâ anâ operationalâ level.âToâ readâ aboutâ JointâDebriefingâTeamâworkâ inâ respectâ ofâ training,â seeâToolâ 10.
Forâmoreâ information,â seeâwww.homeoffice.gov.uk/.â
Operation Bluesky
OperationâBlueskyâbeganâ asâ anâ intelligence-scopingâ exercise.âOverâ aâperiodâofâ sixâmonths,â10â targetsâ wereâ identifiedâ asâ theâ mostâ significantâTurkishâ originâ humanâ smugglersâ withinâthisânetwork.â Intelligence-gatheringâbegan,â followedâbyâ tacticalâanalysisâofâ thisâ scopingâandâtheâmethodologyâofâ thisânetwork.âTheâoperationalâ teamâcarriedâoutâ surveillanceâandâbeganâgatheringâ evidence.âCountriesâ ofâ highâ significanceâ toâ thisâ criminalâ networkâwereâ identifiedâandâ theâ intelligenceâ disseminationâ processâ began.â Meetingsâ wereâ heldâ atâ theâ EuropeanâPoliceâ Officeâ (Europol)â andâ theâ Europeanâ Unionâ Judicialâ Cooperationâ Unitâ (Eurojust)âfacilitatingâ theâ sharingâ ofâ intelligence.â Theâ networkâ headsâ conductedâ theirâ businessâ inââsecureâ cafesââ inâ Greenâ Lanes,â Northâ London.â Inâ theâ cafes,â theâ subjectsâ wouldâ makeââhundredsâ ofâ telephoneâ callsâ toâ theirâ networks.â Theyâ wouldâ callâ theâ illegalâ immigrants,ââsponsors,â transportâ managers,â driversâ andâ overseasâ facilitators.â Foreignâ interceptâ evidenceâwasâ usedâ asâ partâ ofâ theâ investigation.â Itâ isâ estimatedâ thatâ 200,000â peopleâ wereâ smuggledâintoâ theâ Unitedâ Kingdomâ byâ thisâ network.â
Onâ11âOctoberâ2005,âtheâintelligenceâphaseâofâOperationâBlueskyâwasâsuccessfullyâconcluded.âFourteenâresidentialâandâbusinessâpremisesâwereâraidedâandâ21âsubjectsâwereâarrested.âAboutâ500âpoliceâ officersâ tookâpartâ inâ theâ raids.âApproximatelyâÂŁ70,000â inâ cashâwasâ seized.âLargeâamountsâofâfinancialâandâhumanâsmugglingâevidence,âincludingâ100âSIMâcardsâandâhandsets,âwereâseizedâasâevidence.âAâpressâreleaseâwasâmade,âwhichâwasâcirculatedâthroughoutâEurope.
Theâ smugglersâ ofâ migrantsâ wereâ surprisedâ byâ arrestsâ asâ theâ principleâ subjectsâ consideredâthemselvesâ untouchable.â Theâ flowâ ofâ falseâ andâ forgedâ documentsâ wasâ severelyâ disrupted.âThereâ wasâ aâ generalâ riseâ inâ theâ priceâ ofâ smugglingâ fromâTurkey,â withâ pricesâ increasingâ toâÂŁ7,000â fromâÂŁ3,500-ÂŁ4,000â forâ transitâ toâ theâUnitedâKingdom.âOperationâBlueskyâ resultedâinâ sentencesâ amountingâ toâ aboutâ 65â yearsâ ofâ imprisonment.â
The East Africa Migration Route: building cooperation, information sharing and developing joint practical initiatives amongst countries of origin, transit and destination
Inâ itsâ migrationâ policyâ frameworkâ documentâ adoptedâ inâ Banjulâ inâ Julyâ 2006,â theâ AfricanâUnionâstatedâthatâcomprehensiveâandâbalancedâapproachesâtoâmigrationâmustâbeâformulated.âTheâAfricanâUnionâhasâalsoâemphasizedâtheâneedâforâgreaterâcapacity-buildingâinâtheâareaâofâ
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migrationâmanagementâandâurgedâmemberâStatesâtoâundertakeâsuchâactivities.âThisâcoopera-tiveâ initiativeâ isâ thereforeâ inâ responseâ toâ theâ requestsâbyâ theâAfricanâUnionâandâEastâAfricanâmemberâStates.âStatesââsustainedâinterestâ inâcapacity-buildingâthroughâdialogueâandâtechnicalâassistanceâ hasâ alsoâ emergedâ asâ aâ matterâ ofâ consensusâ inâ recentâ consultationsâ betweenâ theâInternationalâ Organizationâ forâ Migration,â theâ Africanâ Unionâ Departmentâ ofâ Socialâ Affairsâandâ theâ IntergovernmentalâAuthorityâ ofâDevelopmentâ inâAddisâAbaba.â
Theâ overallâ objectiveâ ofâ thisâ programmeâ isâ toâ implementâ aâ seriesâ ofâ initiativesâ toâ addressââtheâ specificâ needsâ andâ requestsâ forâ assistanceâ byâ Africanâ targetâ countries.â Theâ projectâ isâdesignedâtoâformâaâkeyâpartâofâtheâEuropeanâUnion-AfricaâDialogueâandâthereforeâaddressedâtoâ authoritiesâ fromâ Eastâ Africanâ countriesâ withâ aâ particularâ focusâ onâ IntergovernmentalâAuthorityâofâDevelopmentâmemberâStatesâresponsibleâforâborderâcontrolâandâtheâfightâagainstâillegalâ immigrationâ andâ traffickingâ inâ persons,â withâ aâ viewâ toâ strengtheningâ theirâ respectiveâorganizationalâandâmanagerialâcapacitiesâtoâmanageâmigrationâandâdevelopingâtheirâcapacitiesâinâtheâfieldsâofâcollectingâandâanalysingâintelligenceâinâorderâtoâidentifyâfacilitatorsâandâdisruptâtheirâ smugglingâ andâ relatedâ activities.â
Recommended resource
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime. Basic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ theâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ6âofâ theâBasicâTrainingâManualâ addressesâ theâcollection,â assessment,â sharing,âprotectionâ andâ useâ ofâ intelligence.â
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâ orâ contactâ [email protected].
48
7 .16 Guidance on prosecution of smugglers of migrants
TheââStandardsâofâprofessionalâresponsibilityâandâstatementâofâtheâessentialâdutiesâandârightsâofâ prosecutorsâ,â adoptedâ byâ theâ InternationalâAssociationâofâProsecutors,â readâ asâ follows:
1.â Professionalâ conductâ
Prosecutorsâ shall:â
âąâ Atâ allâ timesâmaintainâ theâhonourâ andâdignityâ ofâ theirâ profession
âąâ Alwaysâ conductâ themselvesâ professionally,â inâ accordanceâ withâ theâ lawâ andâ theârulesâ andâ ethicsâ ofâ theirâ profession
âąâ Atâ allâ timesâ exerciseâ theâhighestâ standardsâ ofâ integrityâ andâ care
âąâ Keepâ themselvesâwell-informedâ andâ abreastâ ofâ relevantâ legalâ developments
âąâ Striveâ toâ be,â andâ toâbeâ seenâ toâ be,â consistent,â independentâ andâ impartial
âąâ Alwaysâprotectâanâaccusedâpersonâsâ rightâ toâaâ fairâ trial,âandâ inâparticularâensureâthatâ evidenceâ favourableâ toâ theâaccusedâ isâdisclosedâ inâ accordanceâwithâ theâ lawâorâ theâ requirementsâ ofâ aâ fairâ trial
âąâ Alwaysâ serveâ andâ protectâ theâ publicâ interest;â respect,â protectâ andâ upholdâ theâuniversalâ conceptâ ofâ humanâ dignityâ andâhumanâ rights
2.â Independence
2.1â Theâuseâofâprosecutorialâdiscretion,âwhenâpermittedâinâaâparticularâjurisdiction,âshouldâbeâ exercisedâ independentlyâ andâbeâ freeâ fromâpoliticalâ interference.â
2.2â Ifânon-prosecutorialâauthoritiesâhaveâtheârightâtoâgiveâgeneralâorâspecificâinstruc-tionsâ toâ prosecutors,â suchâ instructionsâ shouldâbe:
âąâ Transparent
âąâ Consistentâwithâ lawfulâ authority
âąâ Subjectâtoâestablishedâguidelinesâtoâsafeguardâtheâactualityâandâtheâpercep-tionâofâ prosecutorialâ independence
2.3â Anyârightâofânon-prosecutorialâauthoritiesâtoâdirectâtheâinstitutionâofâproceedingsâorâ toâ stopâ legallyâ institutedâproceedingsâ shouldâbeâ exercisedâ inâ similarâ fashion.â
3.â Impartiality
Prosecutorsâshallâperformâtheirâdutiesâwithoutâfear,âfavourâorâprejudice.âInâparticularâtheyâ shall:â
âąâ Carryâ outâ theirâ functionsâ impartially
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âąâ Remainâunaffectedâbyâindividualâorâsectionalâinterestsâandâpublicâorâmediaâpres-suresâ andâ shallâ haveâ regardâonlyâ toâ theâpublicâ interest;â actâwithâobjectivity
âąâ Haveâ regardâ toâ allâ relevantâ circumstances,â irrespectiveâ ofâ whetherâ theyâ areâ toâtheâ advantageâ orâ disadvantageâ ofâ theâ suspect
âąâ Inâaccordanceâwithâ localâ lawâorâ theârequirementsâofâaâ fairâ trial,â seekâ toâensureâthatâ allâ necessaryâ andâ reasonableâ enquiriesâ areâ madeâ andâ theâ resultâ disclosed,âwhetherâ thatâ pointsâ towardsâ theâ guiltâ orâ theâ innocenceâ ofâ theâ suspect
âąâ Alwaysâ searchâ forâ theâ truthâ andâ assistâ theâ courtâ toâ arriveâ atâ theâ truthâ andâ toâdoâ justiceâ betweenâ theâ community,â theâ victimâ andâ theâ accusedâ accordingâ toâlawâ andâ theâdictatesâ ofâ fairness
4.â Roleâ inâ criminalâ proceedingsâ
4.1â Prosecutorsâ shallâ performâ theirâ dutiesâ fairly,â consistentlyâ andâ expeditiously.â
4.2â Prosecutorsâ shallâ performâ anâ activeâ roleâ inâ criminalâ proceedingsâ asâ follows:â
âąâ Whereâ authorizedâ byâ lawâ orâ practiceâ toâ participateâ inâ theâ investigationâ ofâcrime,â orâ toâ exerciseâ authorityâ overâ theâ policeâ orâ otherâ investigators,â theyâwillâ doâ soâ objectively,â impartiallyâ andâprofessionally.
âąâ Whenâ supervisingâ theâ investigationâ ofâ crime,â theyâ shouldâ ensureâ thatâ theâinvestiâgatingâservicesârespectâ legalâpreceptsâandâfundamentalâhumanârights;âwhenâ givingâ advice,â theyâwillâ takeâ careâ toâ remainâ impartialâ andâobjective.
âąâ Inâ theâ institutionâ ofâ criminalâ proceedings,â theyâ willâ proceedâ onlyâ whenâ aâcaseâ isâ well-foundedâ uponâ evidenceâ reasonablyâ believedâ toâ beâ reliableâ andâadmissible,âandâwillânotâcontinueâwithâaâprosecutionâinâtheâabsenceâofâsuchâevidence;â throughoutâtheâcourseâofâ theâproceedings,â theâcaseâwillâbeâfirmlyâbutâ fairlyâ prosecuted;â andânotâ beyondâwhatâ isâ indicatedâbyâ theâ evidence.
âąâ When,â underâ localâ lawâ andâ practice,â theyâ exerciseâ aâ supervisoryâ functionâinârelationâtoâtheâ implementationâofâcourtâdecisionsâorâperformâotherânon-âprosecutorialâ functions,â theyâwillâ alwaysâ actâ inâ theâpublicâ interest.â
4.3â Prosecutorsâ shall,â furthermore:â
âąâ Preserveâprofessionalâ confidentiality
âąâ Inâ accordanceâwithâ localâ lawâandâ theâ requirementsâofâ aâ fairâ trial,â considerâ theâviews,âlegitimateâinterestsâandâpossibleâconcernsâofâvictimsâandâwitnesses,âwhenâtheirâpersonalâinterestsâare,âorâmightâbe,âaffected,âandâseekâtoâensureâthatâvictimsâandâ witnessesâ areâ informedâofâ theirâ rights
âąâ Andâ similarlyâ seekâ toâ ensureâ thatâ anyâ aggrievedâpartyâ isâ informedâofâ theâ rightâofâ recourseâ toâ someâhigherâ authority/court,âwhereâ thatâ isâ possible
âąâ Safeguardâ theâ rightsâ ofâ theâ accusedâ inâ cooperationâ withâ theâ courtâ andâ otherârelevantâ agencies
âąâ Discloseâtoâtheâaccusedârelevantâprejudicialâandâbeneficialâ informationâasâsoonâasâreasonablyâpossible,âinâaccordanceâwithâtheâlawâorâtheârequirementsâofâaâfairâtrial
âąâ Examineâproposedâevidenceâtoâascertainâifâ itâhasâbeenâlawfullyâorâconstitution-allyâ obtained
50 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
âąâ Refuseâtoâuseâevidenceâreasonablyâbelievedâtoâhaveâbeenâobtainedâthroughârecourseâtoâ unlawfulâ methodsâ whichâ constituteâ aâ graveâ violationâ ofâ theâ suspectâsâ humanârights,â andâparticularlyâmethodsâwhichâconstituteâ tortureâorâ cruelâ treatment
âąâ Seekâ toâ ensureâ thatâ appropriateâ actionâ isâ takenâ againstâ thoseâ responsibleâ forâusingâ suchâmethods
âąâ Inâ accordanceâ withâ localâ lawâ andâ theâ requirementsâ ofâ aâ fairâ trial,â giveâ dueâconsiderationâ toâ waivingâ prosecution,â discontinuingâ proceedingsâ conditionallyâorâunconditionallyâorâdivertingâ criminalâ cases,â andâparticularlyâ thoseâ involvingâyoungâdefendants,âfromâtheâformalâjusticeâsystem,âwithâfullârespectâforâtheârightsâofâ suspectsâ andâ victims,âwhereâ suchâ actionâ isâ appropriate
5.â Cooperationâ
Inâorderâtoâensureâtheâfairnessâandâeffectivenessâofâprosecutions,âprosecutorsâshall:âcoop-erateâwithâ theâpolice,â theâ courts,â theâ legalâprofession,âdefenceâ counsel,â publicâdefendersâandâotherâGovernmentâagencies,âwhetherânationallyâorâinternationally;âandârenderâassist-anceâtoâtheâprosecutionâservicesâandâcolleaguesâofâotherâjurisdictions,âinâaccordanceâwithâtheâ lawâ andâ inâ aâ spiritâ ofâmutualâ cooperation.â
6.â Empowerment
Inâorderâtoâensureâthatâprosecutorsâareâableâtoâcarryâoutâtheirâprofessionalâresponsibilitiesâindependentlyâ andâ inâ accordanceâwithâ theseâ standards,âprosecutorsâ shouldâbeâprotectedâagainstâ arbitraryâ actionâbyâGovernments.â Inâ generalâ theyâ shouldâbeâ entitled:â
âąâ Toâ performâ theirâ professionalâ functionsâ withoutâ intimidation,â hindrance,â har-assment,â improperâ interferenceâorâunjustifiedâexposureâ toâcivil,âpenalâorâotherâliability
âąâ Togetherâ withâ theirâ families,â toâ beâ physicallyâ protectedâ byâ theâ authoritiesâ whenâtheirâ personalâ safetyâ isâ threatenedâ asâ aâ resultâ ofâ theâ properâ dischargeâ ofâ theirâprosecutorialâ functions
âąâ Toâ reasonableâ conditionsâ ofâ serviceâ andâ adequateâ remuneration,â commensurateâwithâ theâ crucialâ roleâ performedâ byâ them,â andâ notâ toâ haveâ theirâ salariesâ orâ otherâbenefitsâarbitrarilyâdiminished;âtoâreasonableâandâregulatedâtenure,âpensionâandâageâofâ retirementâ subjectâ toâconditionsâofâemploymentâorâelectionâ inâparticularâcases
âąâ Toâ recruitmentâ andâ promotionâ basedâ onâ objectiveâ factors,â andâ inâ particularââprofessionalâ qualifications,â ability,â integrity,â performanceâ andâ experience,â andâdecidedâuponâ inâ accordanceâ withâ fairâ andâ impartialâ procedures
âąâ Toâ expeditiousâ andâ fairâ hearings,â basedâ onâ lawâ orâ legalâ regulations,â whereââdisciplinaryâ stepsâ areâ necessitatedâ byâ complaintsâ allegingâ actionâ outsideâ theârangeâ ofâ properâ professionalâ standards
âąâ Toâobjectiveâ evaluationâ andâ decisionsâ inâdisciplinaryâ hearings
âąâ Toâ formâ andâ joinâ professionalâ associationsâ orâ otherâ organizationsâ toâ representâtheirâinterests,âtoâpromoteâtheirâprofessionalâtrainingâandâtoâprotectâtheirâstatus;âandâ toâ reliefâ fromâ complianceâ withâ anâ unlawfulâ orderâ orâ anâ orderâ whichâ isâcontraryâ toâ professionalâ standardsâ orâ ethics
Availableâ from:âwww.iap-association.orgâ
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Recommended resources
Commissionâonâ CrimeâPreventionâ andâCriminalâ Justice.âResolution 17/2, annex.
Atâitsâseventeenthâsession,âheldâinâViennaâfromâ14âtoâ18âAprilâ2008,âtheâCommissionâonâCrimeâPreventionâandâCriminalâJusticeâadoptedâresolutionâ17/2,âentitledââStrength-eningâtheâruleâofâlawâthroughâimprovedâintegrityâandâcapacityâofâprosecutionâservicesâ.âTheâ fullâ textâ ofâ theâ Internationalâ Associationâ ofâ Prosecutorsâ Prosecutionâ StandardsâwasâannexedâtoâtheâresolutionâandâStatesâpartiesâwereârequestedâtoâtakeâthoseâstandardsâintoâconsiderationâwhenâreviewingâorâdevelopingâtheirâownâprosecutionâstandards.â Inâtheâ resolution,â theââCommissionâ requestedâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Officeâ onâ Drugsâ andâ Crimeâ toâ circulateâtheâStandardsâ toâallâMemberâStatesâ forâcomment.
MoreâinformationâaboutâtheâCommissionâonâCrimeâPreventionâandâCriminalâJus-ticeâ isâ availableâ fromâwww.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CCPCJ/index.html.â
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâ modulesâ containedâ inâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ addressâ conceptsâ andâ categoriesâofâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âtheâroleâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâ theâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,âcovertâinvestigativeâtechniques,âintelligence,âlegislativeâissues,âinternationalâcoopera-tionâandâhumanârights.âModuleâ7âofâtheâBasicâTrainingâManualâaddressesâlegislativeâissues,â includingâprosecutionâmatters.â
Thisâpublicationâisâcurrentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâinformation,âvisitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].â
52
7 .17 Seeking the collaboration of smugglers of migrants and smuggled migrants
Anâ investigationâ isâmostâ likelyâ toâ advanceâ andâaâprosecutionâ isâmostâ likelyâ toâ succeedâwhenâaâ smuggledâ migrantâ orâ smugglerâ ofâ migrantsâ agreesâ toâ participateâ inâ theâ criminalâ justiceâprocess.â
Cooperating with smuggled migrants
Itâ isâ difficultâ toâ persuadeâ witnessesâ toâ comeâ forwardâ inâ relationâ toâ mostâ crimes.âWitnesses,âincludingâ smuggledâ migrants,â mayâ beâ scaredâ orâ intimidatedâ forâ severalâ reasons,â includingâthreatsâ toâ theirâphysicalâ safetyâorâ thatâofâ theirâ familyâatâhome,â fearâofâbeingâprosecutedâasâ aâpartyâ toâ theâ crimeâorâ fearâ ofâ returningâ toâ theâ countryâ fromâwhichâ theyâ came.
Toâengenderâtheâtrustâandâconfidenceârequiredâforâcooperation,âaâmigrantâshouldâbeâhumanelyâtreatedâ andâ assuredâ ofâ protectionâ byâ theâ lawâ enforcementâ officialsâ ofâ theâ hostâ countryâ (seeâarticleâ 16â ofâ theâSmugglingâ ofâMigrantsâProtocolâ (discussedâ inâToolâ 8,â sectionâ1)).
Thereâareâseveralâwaysâofâtryingâtoâsecureâeitherâcooperationâorâtheâadmissibilityâofâevidence.âSuchâmethodsâ includeâbutâ areânotâ limitedâ to:
âąâ Requestsâ toâ theâ immigrationâ authoritiesâ forâ smuggledâ migrantsâ whoâ areâ witnessesâ toâbeâ allowedâ toâ stayâ (onâ aâ temporaryâ orâ permanentâ basis)
âąâ Theâ useâ ofâ videoâ linkâ testimony,â ifâ suchâ facilitiesâ exist,â soâ thatâ aâ smuggledâ migrantâwhoâ hasâ beenâ removedâmayâ stillâ giveâ evidenceâ fromâhisâ orâ herâ homeâ country
âąâ Theâprovisionâofâlegalâadviceâtoâtheâsmuggledâmigrantsâpriorâtoâtheirâbeingâinterviewedâmayâhelpâ toâensureâ thatâ theyâareâawareâofâwhatâ theyâareâdoingâandâ itâmayâhelpâ reas-sureâ theâ judiciaryâ thatâ debriefsâ andâ witnessâ interviewsâ areâ beingâ doneâ properlyâ (aâstatementâmadeâbyâ aâpersonâwhoâhasâ alreadyâ receivedâ legalâ adviceâmayâbeâ viewedâ inâaâ differentâmannerâ fromâ oneâ thatâ wasâ obtainedâ inâ otherâ circumstances)
âąâ Theâ corroborationâ ofâ evidenceâ givenâ byâ smuggledâ migrantsâ usingâ otherâ meansâ suchâasâwiretapsâ orâ otherâwitnesses
âąâ Audioâ orâ videoâ recordingâ ofâwitnessâ interviews
âąâ Whereâ lawsâ allow,â considerationâ shouldâ beâ givenâ toâ formallyâ protectingâ theâ witnessâsâidentity,âwhichâmayâ alsoâ includeâ theâprovisionâofâwitnessâ protection
Cooperating with smugglers of migrants
Fromâ timeâ toâ time,â smugglersâ ofâmigrants,â likeâotherâ criminals,âmayâ eitherâ giveâ evidenceâorâprovideâ information.âSuchâevidenceâshouldâbeâhandledâ inâ theâsameâmannerâasâ thatâprovidedâbyâ anyâ otherâ criminalâ andâ nationalâ policiesâ mustâ beâ compliedâ with.â Smugglersâ ofâ migrantsâofferâmoreâtoâanâinvestigationâthanâaâsmuggledâmigrant,âsimplyâbecauseâtheyâwillâknowâmoreâ
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aboutâ howâ theâ organizationâ worksâ andâ runs.â Allâ opportunitiesâ toâ obtainâ thisâ typeâ ofââintelligenceâ orâ evidenceâmustâ beâ taken.
Theâ followingâ isâ anâ excerptâ fromâarticleâ 26âofâ theâOrganizedâCrimeâConvention:â
Organized Crime Convention
Article 26. Measures to enhance cooperation with law enforcement authorities
1.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ takeâ appropriateâ measuresâ toâ encourageâ personsâ whoâ participateâ orâwhoâhaveâparticipatedâ inâ organizedâ criminalâ groups:
(a)â Toâ supplyâ informationâ usefulâ toâ competentâ authoritiesâ forâ investigativeâ andâ evidentiaryâpurposesâ onâ suchâmattersâ as:
(i)â Theâidentity,ânature,âcomposition,âstructure,âlocationâorâactivitiesâofâorganizedâcriminalâgroups;
(ii)â Links,â includingâ internationalâ links,âwithâ otherâ organizedâ criminalâ groups;
(iii)â Offencesâ thatâ organizedâ criminalâ groupsâ haveâ committedâorâmayâ commit;
(b)â Toâprovideâfactual,âconcreteâhelpâtoâcompetentâauthoritiesâthatâmayâcontributeâtoâdepriv-ingâorganizedâ criminalâ groupsâ ofâ theirâ resourcesâ orâ ofâ theâproceedsâ ofâ crime.â
2.â EachâStateâPartyâshallâconsiderâprovidingâforâtheâpossibility,â inâappropriateâcases,âofâmitigatingâpunishmentâ ofâ anâ accusedâ personâ whoâ providesâ substantialâ cooperationâ inâ theâ investigationâ orâprosecutionâ ofâ anâoffenceâ coveredâbyâ thisâConvention.â
3.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ considerâ providingâ forâ theâ possibility,â inâ accordanceâ withâ fundamentalâprinciplesâ ofâ itsâ domesticâ law,â ofâ grantingâ immunityâ fromâ prosecutionâ toâ aâ personâ whoâ providesâsubstantialâ cooperationâ inâ theâ investigationâ orâ prosecutionâ ofâ anâ offenceâ coveredâ byâ thisâConvention.
Articleâ26âofâtheâConventionârequiresâtheâtakingâofâappropriateâmeasuresâtoâencourageâthoseâinvolvedâ inâ organizedâ crimeâ toâ cooperateâ withâ orâ assistâ competentâ authorities.âTheâ actualâmeasuresâ areâ notâ specified,â butâ inâ manyâ Statesâ theyâ includeâ theâ enactmentâ ofâ provisionsâwherebyâoffendersâwhoâcooperateâmayâbeâexcusedâfromâliabilityâorâhaveâotherwiseâapplicableâpunishmentsâmitigated.âSomeâStatesâhaveâsufficientâdiscretionâ inâprosecutionâandâsentencingâtoâ allowâ thisâ toâ beâ doneâ withoutâ legislativeâ authority.âWhereâ suchâ discretionâ doesâ notâ exist,âlegislationâ thatâ createsâ specificâ offences,â establishesâ mandatoryâ minimumâ punishmentsâ orââsetsâ outâ proceduresâ forâ prosecutionâ mayâ requireâ adjustmentâ ifâ theâ legislatureâ decidesâ toâ useâmitigationâ orâ immunityâ provisionsâ toâ implementâ articleâ 26.âThisâ couldâ beâ doneâ eitherâ byâestablishingâ aâ generalâ ruleâ orâ onâ anâoffence-by-offenceâbasis.
Recommended resources
The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html#Fulltextâ
54 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Forâmoreâinformationâonâsecuringâtheâcooperationâofâsmuggledâmigrantsâandâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâinâtheâcriminalâjusticeâprocess,âseeâmoduleâ2âofâthe Basic Training Manual,âwhichâ addressesâ theâ roleâ ofâ smugglersâ ofâ migrantsâ andâ smuggledâ migrantsâ inâinvestigations.â
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâ[email protected].
UnitedâNations. Legislative Guides for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto (SalesâNo.âE.05.V.2).â
TheâLegislative Guidesâformulatedâtoâaccommodateâdifferentâ legalâtraditionsâsetâoutâtheâbasicâ requirementsâ ofâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Conventionâ againstâTransnationalâ OrganizedâCrimeâandâtheâProtocolsâ thereto,âasâwellâasâ theâ issuesâthatâeachâStateâpartyâmustâaddressâinâ implementingâ them.â
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/legislative-guide.htmlâ
55
7 .18 Protection of witnesses
Theâ followingâ isâ anâ excerptâ fromâ theâOrganizedâCrimeâConvention:â
Organized Crime Convention
Article 24. Protection of witnesses
1.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ takeâ appropriateâ measuresâ withinâ itsâ meansâ toâ provideâ effectiveââprotectionâfromâpotentialâretaliationâorâintimidationâforâwitnessesâinâcriminalâproceedingsâwhoâgiveâtestimonyâconcerningâoffencesâ coveredâbyâ thisâConventionâand,âasâappropriate,â forâ theirâ relativesâandâotherâ personsâ closeâ toâ them.
2â Theâmeasuresâenvisagedâinâparagraphâ1âofâthisâarticleâmayâinclude,âinterâalia,âwithoutâprejudiceâtoâ theâ rightsâ ofâ theâdefendant,â includingâ theâ rightâ toâ dueâprocess:
(a)â Establishingâproceduresâforâtheâphysicalâprotectionâofâsuchâpersons,âsuchâas,âtoâtheâextentânecessaryâandâ feasible,â relocatingâ themâandâpermitting,âwhereâappropriate,ânon-disclosureâorâlimitationsâonâtheâdisclosureâofâ informationâconcerningâtheâ identityâandâwhereaboutsâofâsuchâpersons;
(b)â Providingâ evidentiaryâ rulesâ toâ permitâ witnessâ testimonyâ toâ beâ givenâ inâ aâ mannerâ thatâensuresâ theâ safetyâofâ theâwitness,â suchâasâpermittingâ testimonyâ toâbeâgivenâ throughâ theâuseâofâ communicationsâ technologyâ suchâ asâ videoâ linksâ orâ otherâ adequateâmeans.â
3.â Statesâ Partiesâ shallâ considerâ enteringâ intoâ agreementsâ orâ arrangementsâ withâ otherâ Statesâ forâtheâ relocationâofâ personsâ referredâ toâ inâ paragraphâ1âofâ thisâ article.â
4.â Theâprovisionsâ ofâ thisâ articleâ shallâ alsoâ applyâ toâ victimsâ insofarâ asâ theyâ areâwitnesses.
Witnessesâ mayâ oftenâ beâ aâ strongâ resourceâ inâ prosecutingâ smugglersâ ofâ migrants.âTheâ rightsâandâsafetyâofâwitnessesâshouldâbeâ takenâ intoâconsideration.âConflictâoftenâarisesâbetweenâtheâneedâtoâkeepâtheâsmuggledâmigrantâ inâtheâcountryâtoâsupportâtheâcriminalâ justiceâprocessâ(ifâtheâ migrantâ hasâ arrivedâ atâ aâ destinationâ countryâ orâ isâ inâ transit)â andâ theâ requirementâ toâreturnâ theâ migrantâ toâ hisâ orâ herâ countryâ ofâ origin.â Someâ jurisdictionsâ allowâ forâ temporaryâvisasâ toâ enableâ smuggledâmigrantsâ toâ stayâ andâgiveâ evidence.âOtherâ jurisdictionsâ allowâ themâtoâ stayâ indefinitely.âWhereâ legislationâdoesânotâ includeâ suchâprovisions,â theâ followingâ canâbeâconsidered:â
âąâ Bringingâ theâ migrantâ backâ fromâ hisâ orâ herâ homeâ countryâ inâ timeâ forâ theâ trialâ andâreturningâhimâorâ herâ afterwards;â or
âąâ Usingâvideoâorâwrittenâmediaâtoâtransmitâtheâtestimonyâofâtheâwitnessâfromâhisâorâherâhomeâ country
56 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Bothâ ofâ theâ aboveâ considerationsâ areâ dependentâ inâ theâ firstâ instanceâ uponâ legalâ requirementsâandâavailableâresources.âTheâsecondâmayâbeâbeneficialâforâtheâphysicalâprotectionâofâtheâmigrantâandâwitness.âIfâsuchâmethodsâhaveânotâbeenâconsideredâorâtriedâbefore,â itâmayâbeâbeneficialâtoâreconsiderâ them,â takingâ theâ safetyâofâ theâmigrantâ andâhisâorâherâ familyâ intoâ account.â
Theâ roleâ ofâ theâ witnessesâ andâ theâ evidenceâ theyâ provideâ inâ criminalâ proceedingsâ isâ oftenâcrucialâinâsecuringâtheâconvictionâofâtheâoffenders,âespeciallyâinârespectâofâorganizedâcriminalâgroups.âKeyâprinciplesâtoâbearâinâmindâwithârespectâtoâwitnessâprotectionâareâdiscussedâbelow.
Physical protection
Physicalâ protectionâ isâ particularlyâ importantâ whenâ aâ witnessesâ isâ testifyingâ againstâ anââorganizedâ criminalâ group.â Suchâ protectionâ canâ rangeâ fromâ simpleâ andâ affordableâ measuresâ(suchâasâ givingâaâwitnessâ aâmobileâphone)â toâmoreâ complicatedâ resource-intensiveâmeasuresâ(suchâ asâ theâ domesticâ orâ foreignâ relocationâ ofâ aâ witnessâ orâ changingâ theâ identityâ ofâ aâwitness).
Criminalâ prosecutionâ ofâ offendersâ orâ theirâ accomplicesâ forâ intimidatingâ orâ threateningââwitnessesâ isâ anotherâmeansâ ofâ protectingâwitnesses.â
Typesâ ofâ physicalâ protectionâ thatâ shouldâ alwaysâ beâ consideredâ onâ theâ basisâ ofâ individualâcircumstancesâ are:
âąâ Policeâ escortâ toâ andâ fromâ court
âąâ Securityâ inâ theâ courtroomâ (includingâ checkingâ forâweapons)
âąâ Keepingâ theâ victimâ informedâ ofâ proceedingsâ (especiallyâ whereâ theâ accusedâ personâ isâreleasedâ fromâ custody)
âąâ Protectionâ forâ theâwitnessâsâ family
Psychological protection
Psychologicalâprotectionâincludesâtheâstabilizationâofâtheâmigrantâsâpsychologicalâsituationâandâtheâ avoidanceâ ofâ furtherâ stressâ (forâ example,â throughâ relapseâ intoâ traumaâ asâ aâ consequenceâofâ legalâ proceedings).â
Manyâformsâofâpsychologicalâprotectionâdependâonânationalârulesâandâproceedings.âTheâtypesâofâ psychologicalâ protectionâ thatâ shouldâ alwaysâ beâ consideredâ include:
âąâ Keepingâ theâwitnessâ fullyâ informedâ aboutâwhatâ toâ expectâ inâ theâ courtroom
âąâ Allowingâ expertâ counsellorsâ toâ accompanyâ theâwitnessâ toâ court
âąâ Utilizingâ judges,âprosecutorsâandâpoliceâwhoâareâspeciallyâ trainedâandâsensitiveâ toâ theâspecificâneedsâ ofâwitnesses
âąâ Makingâavailableâaâseparateâwaitingâroomâforâwitnessesâatâcourtroomsâtoâavoidâtheâwitnessâbeingâconfrontedâbyâ theâdefendantâorâ theâdefendantâsâ associateâoutsideâ theâcourtroom
Protection from unfair treatment
Itâ isâ essentialâ toâ ensureâ thatâ smuggledâmigrantsâwhoâmayâbeâ victimsâofâ crimeâareâ treatedâ inâaâ mannerâ thatâ respectsâ theirâ rightsâ andâ theirâ dignity.â Becauseâ ofâ theâ valueâ ofâ witnessesâ inâ
57TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
successfullyâprosecutingâperpetrators,â thereâ isâaâdangerâ thatâ theyâwillâbeâ regardedâasâ toolsâ inâtheâ process.âThatâ couldâ leadâ toâ unfairâ treatmentâ ofâ witnesses,â includingâ repeatedâ interroga-tion,âinvasiveâmedicalâexaminationâandâincarceration.âFairâtreatmentâmeansâtreatingâwitnessesâprimarilyâ asâ individualsâ entitledâ toâ dignityâ andâ protectionâ ofâ theirâ rights.âTheâ provisionâ ofâadequateâ legalâ adviceâ andâ servicesâ canâ assistâ inâ protectingâ witnessesâ fromâ unfairâ treatmentâfromâ anâ earlyâ stage,â evenâbeforeâ theyâhaveâ agreedâ toâ serveâ asâwitnesses.â
Inâ implementingâ witnessâ protectionâ measures,â Statesâ mustâ ensureâ thatâ protectionâ measuresâareâ implementedâ inâ aâwayâ thatâdoesânotâundermineâ theâ rightâofâ theâdefendantâ toâ aâ fairâ andâopenâ trial.â
Articleâ24âofâ theâOrganizedâCrimeâConventionâ requiresâStatesâ toâ takeâappropriateâmeasuresâwithinâ theirâ meansâ toâ provideâ effectiveâ protectionâ fromâ potentialâ retaliationâ orâ intimidationâforâwitnessesâ inâ criminalâ proceedings.â
Recommended resources
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Theâmodulesâcontainedâinâtheâtrainingâmanualâaddressâtheâconceptsâandâcategoriesâofâsmugglingâ ofâ migrants,â theâ roleâ ofâ smuggledâ migrantsâ andâ smugglersâ ofâ migrantsâ inâtheâ criminalâ justiceâ process,â investigativeâ approaches,â financialâ investigation,â covertâinvestigativeâ techniques,â intelligence,â legislativeâ issues,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâhumanârights.âTheâmodulesâareâtheâproductâofâaâbroadâparticipatoryâprocessâ involvingâexpertsâfromâtheâfieldâofâlawâenforcementâandâprosecutionâfromâseveralâregionsâthrough-outâ theâworld.â
Moduleâ 2â ofâ theâ Basic Training Manual addressesâ theâ roleâ ofâ smugglersâ ofâ migrantsâandâ smuggledâ migrantsâ inâ investigations.â Itâ includesâ aâ sectionâ onâ smuggledâ migrantsâasâwitnesses.
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâ orâ contactâ [email protected].
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âAnti-human trafficking manual for criminal justice practitioners. NewâYork,â 2009.
Thisâ documentâ containsâ aâ moduleâ relevantâ toâ witnessâ protectionâ inâ traffickingâ casesâthatâ isâ ofâ keyâ relevanceâ toâ witnessâ protectionâ inâ casesâ involvingâ theâ smugglingâ ofâmigrants.âForâmoreâinformationâaboutâthisâmodule,âvisitâwww.unodc.orgâorâcontactâtheâUNODCâAnti-HumanâTraffickingâandâMigrantâSmugglingâunitâviaâ[email protected].â
58
7 .19 Ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic considerations in using witnesses
â
Whenâinvestigatingâandâprosecutingâcasesâinvolvingâtheâsmugglingâofâmigrants,âitâmayâbeâthatâmanyâwitnessesâ comeâ fromâ culturesâ thatâ areâdifferentâ fromâ thatâ ofâ theâ investigator.â
Thisâ presentsâ variousâ challengesâ thatâ investigatorsâ needâ toâ respondâ to;â unlessâ investigatorsâhaveâanâunderstandingâofâtheâcultureâofâtheâwitness,âtheyâwillânotânecessarilyâbeâableâtoâbuildâtheirâ trustâ orâ understandâ whatâ assistanceâ witnessesâ canâ offerâ toâ theâ caseâ atâ hand.â Itâ mustâalsoâbeâborneâ inâmindâthatâtheâcircumstancesâthatâ ledâtheâmigrantâtoâbeâsmuggledâmayâhaveâresultedâ inâ himâorâ herâ notâ trustingâ criminalâ justiceâ systems.â
Considerâ arrangingâ teamâ briefingsâ ofâ twoâ orâ threeâ independentâ sources.â Forâ instance,ââacademics,â interpretersâandâcommunityâ representativesâcanâofferâ insightsâ intoâotherâcultures.âIndependentâbriefingsâmayâofferâ insightsâ thatâareâusefulâ toâ investigatorsâ inâ theirâ role.âHavingâmoreâthanâoneâindependentâbriefingâwillâenableâinvestigatorsâtoâcross-checkâanyâculturalâadviceâtheyâ receiveâ inâ orderâ toâdispelâ anyâ culturalâmyths.â
Finding appropriate interpreters
Inâ manyâ partsâ ofâ theâ world,â peopleâ whoâ shareâ theâ sameâ languageâ mayâ haveâ long-runningâinter-ethnic,âculturalâorâreligiousâtensions.âSimplyâbecauseâaâpersonâspeaksâtheâsameâlanguageâorâ comesâ fromâ theâ sameâ countryâ doesâ notâ meanâ itâ wouldâ necessarilyâ beâ appropriateâ toâ useâthemâasâinterpretersâwithâindividualâvictims.âEvenâwhereâthereâisânoâinter-communalâillâfeeling,âthereâ mayâ beâ simpleâ misunderstandingsâ becauseâ theâ interpreterâ andâ intervieweeâ comeâ fromâdifferentâ socialâ backgroundsâorâ locations.â
Suitabilityâmayâbeâ obviousâ inâ someâ cases,â butânotâ inâ others.â Itâ isâ helpfulâ ifâ investigatorsâ areâawareâofâtheâpotentialâpointsâofâtensionâamongâspeakersâofâvariousâlanguagesâandâthoseâfromâvariousâ culturesâ andâ canâ spotâ someâ ofâ theâ moreâ obviousâ problems.âTactfulâ questioningâ ofâinterpretersâ couldâ alsoâ helpâ toâ buildâ aâ pictureâ ofâ theâ situationsâ whereâ itâ wouldâ andâ wouldânotâ beâ appropriateâ toâuseâ them.
Theâ followingâ areâ someâ goodâpracticeâ suggestionsâ onâusingâ interpreters:
âąâ Whereâpossible,â interpretersâ shouldâbeâ accreditedâ
âąâ Interpretersâ shouldâbuildâ trustâwithâwitnesses,â butâ remainâ emotionallyâ disconnected
âąâ Meetingsâ shouldâ includeâ theâ police,â theâ interpreterâ andâ theâ witnessâ andâ shouldâ beâtape-recordedâ(orâextensiveânotesâshouldâbeâtaken)âsoâthatâofficersâcanâcounterâpotentialâallegationsâofâ coachingâorâ inducementâofâ theâwitness
âąâ Anâ interpreterâ usedâ duringâ aâ suspectâ orâ witnessâ interviewâ cannotâ alsoâ provideâ inter-pretingâ servicesâ inâ aâ courtâ hearing.âAnâ interpreterâ becomesâ aâ witnessâ toâ theâ contentâofâ theâ interviewsâheâ orâ sheâhasâ attended
59TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
âąâ Culturalâ compatibilityâ shouldâ beâ aâ priority.â Forâ instance,â whereâ anâ interpreterâ feelsâhimselfâ orâ herselfâ toâ beâ superiorâ toâ aâ witnessâ thatâ heâ orâ sheâ isâ interpretingâ forâ andâshowsâthisâbyâ treatingâ theâ individualâ inâanâaggressive,âdismissiveâorâarrogantâway,â thisâcouldâundermineâtheâtrustâandâconfidenceânecessaryâforâtheâwitnessâtoâprovideâaâusefulâstatement
âąâ Aâdipâ sampleâ ofâ interpretationsâ shouldâbeâ takenâ toâ ensureâ accuracyâ andâ consistencyâ
âąâ Interpretersâ shouldâ beâ assessedâ andâ changedâ ifâ necessaryâ toâ ensureâ thatâ theâ rightâpersonâ isâ usedâ inâ theâ rightâ role.â Forâ instance,â someâ interpretersâ areâ veryâ goodâ atâbuildingâ trustâ withâ witnessesâ inâ one-on-oneâ situations,â whileâ othersâ areâ moreâ suitedâtoâ interpretingâ inâ formalâ situationsâ
âąâ Whereâinterpretersâareâneededâoverâanâextendedâperiodâofâtime,âforâaâprosecutionâtrial,âforâ instance,â fixed-termâ contactsâ withâ trustedâ interpretersâ shouldâ beâ consideredâ toâensureâ theirâ availabilityâ
Recommended resources
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âBasic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting the Smuggling of Migrants.
Moduleâ2âofâ theâBasic Training Manualâaddressesâ theâroleâofâsmugglersâofâmigrantsâandâsmuggledâmigrantsâ inâ investigationsâ andâoffersâ someâadviceâonâ theâuseâofâ interpreters.â
Thisâpublicationâ isâ currentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâ information,â visitâwww.unodc.orgâ orâ contactâ [email protected].
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âAnti-human trafficking manual for criminal justice practitioners. NewâYork,â 2009.
Moduleâ 10â ofâ thisâ trainingâ manualâ concernsâ theâ useâ ofâ interpreters,â andâ includesâguidelinesâ forâ interpreters.â
www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/09-80667_module10_Ebook.pdfâ
60
7 .20 Special considerations related to the protection of child witnesses
Beforeâ aâ childâ isâ askedâ toâ playâ aâ roleâ inâ trialâ proceedings,â formalâ assessmentâ ofâ theâ risksâposedâ toâ theâ childâ andâ theirâ familyâ shouldâ beâ carriedâ out.âTheâ assessmentâ shouldâ considerâwhetherâ thereâ isâ aâ threatâ toâ theâ childâ bothâduringâ legalâ proceedingsâ andâ afterwards.â
Theâ harmâ posedâ toâ theâ childâ fromâ havingâ toâ repeatâ theâ storyâ ofâ theirâ ordealâ mustâ alsoâ beâconsidered.â
Theâdecisionâofâwhetherâorânotâ toâ involveâchildrenâ inâparticularâ inâ legalâproceedingsâ (andâ ifâso,â onâ whatâ conditions)â mustâ beâ undertakenâ withâ dueâ considerationâ forâ theâ possibleâ threatâfromâsmugglersâandâtheirâassociationsâbefore,âduringâandâafterâtheâtrial,âandâtheârisksâcreatedâfromâproceduresâobservedâinâtheâcourseâofâaâtrialâorâotherâproceedings.âTheâconsequencesâofâaâ failureâ toâ successfullyâ prosecuteâ smugglersâ shouldâ beâ givenâ particularâ considerationâ inââconnectionâwithâanyâpotentialâ threatâtoâaâchildâafterâtheâconclusionâofâaâtrial.âTheâprotectionârequiredâ forâchildrenâparticipatingâ inâ legalâproceedingsâ isâdifferentâ fromâ theâbasicâprotectionâneededâbyâallâmigrantâchildren,âbecauseâthereâ isâaârealâriskâthatâ theâproceduresâusedâatâ trialsâandâotherâ proceedingsâmayâ themselvesâ exposeâ childrenâ toâ harm.â
Protectionâmustâ beâ afforded:
âąâ Beforeâ theâ trial:â whileâ waitingâ forâ theâ trialâ toâ takeâ placeâ orâ whileâ givingâ pretrialâtestimony
âąâ Duringâ theâ trial:â includingâ specialâ in-courtâ protectionâ andâ child-friendlyâ procedures
âąâ Afterâ theâ trial:â whenâ aâ smugglerâ isâ releasedâ fromâ custodyâ orâ prisonâ orâ whereâ theâsmugglersââ associatesâ areâ atâ large
Theâ identityâ andâ secureâ locationâ ofâ childâ witnessesâ shouldâ notâ beâ publiclyâ disclosed;â theirâprivacyâshouldâbeârespectedâandâprotectedâasâmuchâasâpossibleâwhileâtakingâintoâaccountâtheârightâofâ theâ accusedâ toâ aâ fairâ trial.âWitnessâprotectionâcanâbeâ expensiveâ (providingâwitnessesâwithâ aâ newâ identity,â relocationâ andâ resettlement).â However,â thereâ areâ measuresâ thatâ areâârelativelyâ cheapâ andâ effective,â suchâ asâ providingâ theâ childâ withâ aâ mobileâ phoneâ orâ alarmâ toâringâ ifâ heâ orâ sheâ feelsâ threatened.â
International Association of Prosecutors and International Centre for Criminal Law
Reform and Criminal Justice Policy: Model Guidelines for the Effective Prosecution of Crimes against Children.
Theâ Internationalâ Associationâ ofâ Prosecutorsâ compiledâ guidelinesâ bringingâ togetherâ inter-nationalâstandardsâtoâbeâobservedâforâtheâtreatmentâofâchildrenâandâstandardsâtoâbeâobservedâbyâ prosecutors.â Theâ guidelinesâ coverâ generalâ principles,â caseâ managementâ andâ training,ââpretrialâ decisions,â caseâ preparation,â trialâ procedures,â sentencing,â servicesâ toâ theâ childââandâ multidisciplinaryâ teams,â internationalâ cooperationâ andâ assistance,â andâ implementationâandâmonitoring.â
61TOOLâ7:â LAwâENFORCEMENTâANDâPROSECUTION
Withâ regardâ toâ trialâprocedures,â theâmodelâguidelinesâ stateâ thatâprosecutorsâ shouldâ facilitateâtheâ development,â availabilityâ andâ useâ ofâ proceduresâ toâ assistâ theâ childâ inâ givingâ testimony.âProsecutorsâ shouldâ consultâ withâ theâ childâ andâ assistâ themâ inâ makingâ anâ informedâ decisionâregardingâ theâ useâ ofâ proceduresâ andâ applyâ toâ theâ courtâ toâ haveâ proceduresâ inâ placeâ forâ theâchildâduringâ theâ trial.âProceduresâ varyâ betweenâ jurisdictions,â butâmayâ include:
âąâ Allowingâ aâ videotapedâ statementâ ofâ theâ childâsâ evidenceâ throughâ theâ useâ ofâ closed-circuitâ television
âąâ Alternativeâ arrangementsâ forâ givingâ evidence,â suchâ asâ screens
âąâ Allowingâ forâ theâ presenceâ ofâ aâ supportâ personâ orâ advocateâ whileâ theâ childâ isâ givingâevidence
âąâ Usingâ intermediariesâ toâ assistâ childâwitnessesâ inâ givingâ evidence
âąâ Prohibitingâ theâdefendantâ fromâcross-examiningâ theâ childâ victimâ inâpersonâ
âąâ Objectingâ toâ aggressiveâ orâ improperâ cross-examinationâbyâ theâdefence
âąâ Closingâ theâ courtâ toâ theâpublicâ
âąâ Banningâ theâmediaâ
âąâ Reducingâ theâ formalityâ ofâ theâ courtroom,â byâ measuresâ suchâ asâ removingâ advocatesâârobesâ
TheâcompleteâModelâGuidelinesâareâavailableâfrom:âwww.icclr.law.ubc.ca/Publications/Reports/Children2.PDFâ
Recommended resources
International Bureau for Childrenâs Rights
Forâ informationâonâ measuresâ toâ protectâ childrenâ asâwitnesses,â seeâ alsoâ theâwebsiteâ ofâtheâ Internationalâ Bureauâ forâChildrenâsâRightsâ at:âwww.ibcr.org/.â
United Nations Childrenâs Fund
Theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Childrenâsâ Fundâ offersâ variousâ resourcesâ pertainingâ toâ childrenâandâ theirâ rights,â includingâ resourcesâ relevantâ toâ theâ Conventionâ onâ theâ Rightsâ ofâ theâChild.â
www.unicef.org/
Unitedâ Nationsâ Childrenâsâ Fundâ andâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Officeâ onâ Drugsâ andâ Crime.âGeneral Training Package on Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime.
Theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Childrenâsâ Fundâ andâ UNODCâ haveâ collaboratedâ toâ createâ aâtrainingâpackageâforâpractitionersâwhoâworkâwithâchildâvictimsâandâwitnessesâofâcrime.â
Theâ trainingâpackageâ isâ availableâ viaâwww.unicef.orgâ andâwww.unodc.org.â
62 TOOLKITâ TOâCOMBATâSMUGGLINGâOFâMIGRANTS
Unitedâ Nationsâ Officeâ onâ Drugsâ andâ Crimeâ andâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Childrenâsâ Fund.âJustice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime: Model Law and Related Commentary.
UNODCâ andâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Childrenâsâ Fundâ haveâ developedâ aâ Modelâ Lawâ toâhelpâcountriesâinâadaptingâtheirânationalâlegislationâonâjusticeâinâmattersâinvolvingâchildâvictimsâandâwitnessesâofâcrime.âTheâModelâLawâisâintendedâasâaâtoolâforâdraftingâlegalâprovisionsâ concerningâ assistanceâ toâ andâ theâ protectionâ ofâ childâ victimsâ andâ witnessesâofâcrime,âparticularlyâwithinâtheâjusticeâprocess.âDesignedâtoâbeâadaptableâtoâtheâneedsâofâ eachâ State,â theâ Modelâ Lawâ wasâ draftedâ payingâ specialâ attentionâ toâ theâ provisionsâofâ theâEconomicâandâSocialâCouncilâGuidelinesâonâJusticeâ inâMattersâ involvingâChildâVictimsâ andâWitnessesâ ofâCrime.â
Forâ moreâ information,â visitâ www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/unodc-and-unicef-âpartner-to-help-child-victims-.html.
Toâ downloadâ theâ document,â goâ to:â www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/UNODC_UNICEF_Model_Law_on_Children.pdf.â
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âAnti-human trafficking manual for criminal justice practitioners.âNewâYork,â 2009.
Theâ manualâ wasâ developedâ inâ lineâ withâ theâTraffickingâ inâ Personsâ Protocolâ supple-mentingâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Conventionâ againstâ Transnationalâ Organizedâ Crime.âThoughâtheâpurposeâofâtheâmanualâisâtoâsupportâpreventionâofâtraffickingâinâpersons,âtheâ lessonsâ learnedâ thereinâ areâ applicableâ toâ smugglingâ ofâ migrants.â
Moduleâ 9â ofâ thisâ resourceâ addressesâ interviewingâ childâ victimsâ ofâ trafficking;â manyââofâ theâ sameâ principlesâ areâ applicableâ withâ respectâ toâ interviewingâ childrenâ whoâ areâsmuggledâmigrants.â
Thisâmoduleâ identifiesâaâchildâasâaâpersonâbelowâtheâageâofâ18.â Itâestablishesâ thatâ theâunderlyingâ principleâ guidingâ interviewsâ ofâ childrenâ mustâ beâ toâ conductâ theâ interviewâwithâtheâbestâ interestsâofâtheâchildâinâmind.âTheâmoduleâadaptsâeachâofâtheâfiveâstagesâofâ theââPEACEââmodelâ toâ interviewingâ childâ victims.â
Forâ moreâ informationâ aboutâ theâ trainingâ manual,â visitâ www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/anti-human-trafficking-manual.html.
Internationalâ Associationâ ofâ Prosecutorsâ andâ Internationalâ Centreâ forâ Criminalâ Law.âReform and Criminal Justice Policy: Model Guidelines for the Effective Prosecution of Crimes against Children.
www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/Publications/Reports/Children2.PDFâ
63
7 .21 Responding to smuggling of migrants by sea6
Articlesâ 8â andâ 9â ofâ theâ Smugglingâ ofâ Migrantsâ Protocolâ specificallyâ addressâ theâ issueâ ofâsmugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ byâ seaâ andâ theâ responsesâ requiredâofâStates.
â 6ââForâ someâ insightâ intoâhowâ smugglingâ ofâmigrantsâ byâ seaâ canâoccur,â seeâToolâ 2,â sectionâ8.
Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
Article 8. Measures against the smuggling of migrants by sea
1.â Aâ Stateâ Partyâ thatâ hasâ reasonableâ groundsâ toâ suspectâ thatâ aâ vesselâ thatâ isâ flyingâ itsâ flagâ orâclaimingâ itsâ registry,â thatâ isâ withoutâ nationalityâ orâ that,â thoughâ flyingâ aâ foreignâ flagâ orâ refusingââtoâ showâ aâ flag,â isâ inâ realityâ ofâ theâ nationalityâ ofâ theâ Stateâ Partyâ concernedâ isâ engagedâ inâ theâsmugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ byâ seaâ mayâ requestâ theâ assistanceâ ofâ otherâ Statesâ Partiesâ inâ suppressingâtheâuseâofâtheâvesselâforâthatâpurpose.âTheâStatesâPartiesâsoârequestedâshallârenderâsuchâassistanceâtoâ theâ extentâ possibleâwithinâ theirâmeans.
2.â Aâ Stateâ Partyâ thatâ hasâ reasonableâ groundsâ toâ suspectâ thatâ aâ vesselâ exercisingâ freedomâ ofânavigationâ inâ accordanceâ withâ internationalâ lawâ andâ flyingâ theâ flagâ orâ displayingâ theâ marksâ ofâregistryâofâanotherâStateâPartyâ isâengagedâ inâ theâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâbyâseaâmayâsoânotifyâ theâflagâState,â requestâconfirmationâofâ registryâand,â ifâ confirmed,â requestâauthorizationâ fromâtheâflagâStateâ toâ takeâ appropriateâ measuresâ withâ regardâ toâ thatâ vessel.â Theâ flagâ Stateâ mayâ authorizeâ theârequestingâ State,â interâ alia:
(a)â Toâboardâ theâ vessel;
(b)â Toâ searchâ theâ vessel;â and
(c)â Ifâ evidenceâ isâ foundâ thatâ theâ vesselâ isâ engagedâ inâ theâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâbyâ sea,â toâtakeâ appropriateâ measuresâ withâ respectâ toâ theâ vesselâ andâ personsâ andâ cargoâ onâ board,â asâauthorizedâ byâ theâflagâ State.
3.â AâStateâPartyâthatâhasâtakenâanyâmeasureâ inâaccordanceâwithâparagraphâ2âofâthisâarticleâshallâpromptlyâ informâ theâflagâ Stateâ concernedâofâ theâ resultsâ ofâ thatâmeasure.
4.â AâStateâPartyâ shallâ respondâexpeditiouslyâ toâaâ requestâ fromâanotherâStateâPartyâ toâdetermineâwhetherâaâvesselâthatâ isâclaimingâ itsâregistryâorâflyingâ itsâflagâ isâentitledâtoâdoâsoâandâtoâaârequestâforâ authorizationâ madeâ inâ accordanceâwithâ paragraphâ2âofâ thisâ article.
5.â Aâ flagâ Stateâ may,â consistentâ withâ articleâ 7â ofâ thisâ Protocol,â subjectâ itsâ authorizationâ toââconditionsâtoâbeâagreedâbyâitâandâtheârequestingâState,âincludingâconditionsârelatingâtoâresponsibil-ityâ andâ theâ extentâ ofâ effectiveâ measuresâ toâ beâ taken.â Aâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ takeâ noâ additionalâmeasuresâ withoutâ theâ expressâ authorizationâ ofâ theâ flagâ State,â exceptâ thoseâ necessaryâ toâ relieveâ
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imminentâdangerâtoâtheâlivesâofâpersonsâorâthoseâwhichâderiveâfromârelevantâbilateralâorâmultilateralâagreements.
6.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ designateâ anâ authorityâ or,â whereâ necessary,â authoritiesâ toâ receiveâ andârespondâ toâ requestsâ forâ assistance,â forâ confirmationâ ofâ registryâ orâ ofâ theâ rightâ ofâ aâ vesselâ toâ flyâitsâ flagâ andâ forâ authorizationâ toâ takeâ appropriateâ measures.â Suchâ designationâ shallâ beâ notifiedâthroughâ theâ Secretary-Generalâ toâ allâ otherâ Statesâ Partiesâwithinâ oneâmonthâofâ theâdesignation.
7.â Aâ Stateâ Partyâ thatâ hasâ reasonableâ groundsâ toâ suspectâ thatâ aâ vesselâ isâ engagedâ inâ theââsmugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ byâ seaâ andâ isâ withoutâ nationalityâ orâ mayâ beâ assimilatedâ toâ aâ vesselââwithoutâ nationalityâ mayâ boardâ andâ searchâ theâ vessel.â Ifâ evidenceâ confirmingâ theâ suspicionâ isââfound,âthatâStateâPartyâshallâ takeâappropriateâmeasuresâ inâaccordanceâwithârelevantâdomesticâandââinternationalâ law.
Article 9. Safeguard clauses
1.â whereâ aâ Stateâ Partyâ takesâ measuresâ againstâ aâ vesselâ inâ accordanceâ withâ articleâ 8â ofâ thisâProtocol,â itâ shall:
(a)â Ensureâ theâ safetyâ andâhumaneâ treatmentâ ofâ theâpersonsâ onâboard;
(b)â Takeâdueâ accountâ ofâ theâneedânotâ toâ endangerâ theâ securityâ ofâ theâ vesselâ orâ itsâ cargo;
(c)â Takeâ dueâ accountâ ofâ theâ needâ notâ toâ prejudiceâ theâ commercialâ orâ legalâ interestsâ ofâ theâflagâ Stateâ orâ anyâotherâ interestedâ State;
(d)â Ensure,â withinâ availableâ means,â thatâ anyâ measureâ takenâ withâ regardâ toâ theâ vesselâ isâenvironmentallyâ sound.
2.â whereâ theâ groundsâ forâ measuresâ takenâ pursuantâ toâ articleâ 8â ofâ thisâ Protocolâ proveâ toâ beâunfounded,âtheâvesselâshallâbeâcompensatedâforâanyâlossâorâdamageâthatâmayâhaveâbeenâsustained,âprovidedâ thatâ theâ vesselâ hasâ notâ committedâ anyâ actâ justifyingâ theâmeasuresâ taken.
3.â Anyâmeasureâ taken,â adoptedâorâ implementedâ inâaccordanceâwithâ thisâ chapterâ shallâ takeâdueâaccountâ ofâ theâneedânotâ toâ interfereâ withâ orâ toâ affect:
(a)â TheârightsâandâobligationsâandâtheâexerciseâofâjurisdictionâofâcoastalâStatesâinâaccordanceâwithâ theâ internationalâ lawâofâ theâ sea;â or
(b)â Theâ authorityâ ofâ theâ flagâ Stateâ toâ exerciseâ jurisdictionâ andâ controlâ inâ administrative,âtechnicalâ andâ socialâmattersâ involvingâ theâ vessel.
4.â Anyâ measureâ takenâ atâ seaâ pursuantâ toâ thisâ chapterâ shallâ beâ carriedâ outâ onlyâ byâ warshipsâ orâmilitaryâ aircraft,â orâ byâotherâ shipsâorâ aircraftâ clearlyâmarkedâandâ identifiableâ asâbeingâonâgovern-mentâ serviceâ andâ authorizedâ toâ thatâ effect.â
Theâ mainâ focusâ ofâ articleâ 8â isâ toâ facilitateâ lawâ enforcementâ actionâ inâ relationâ toâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâ involvingâtheâvesselsâofâotherâStatesâparties.âTheâenactmentâofâ legislationâprovid-ingâ forâ enforcementâ powersâ inâ respectâ ofâ foreignâflagâ vesselsâ mayâ thereforeâ beânecessary.
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Issuesâtoâbeâaddressedâinâsuchâlegislationâincludeâtheâprovisionâofâpowersâtoâsearchâandâobtainâinformation,â powersâ ofâ arrestâ andâ seizure,â theâ useâ ofâ reasonableâ force,â theâ productionâ ofâevidenceâofâauthorityâandâtheâprovisionâofâappropriateâlegalâprotectionâforâtheâofficersâinvolved.
Draftersâ shouldânoteâ thatâ theâmeaningâofâ theâphraseââengagedâ inâ theâ smugglingâofâmigrantsâbyâ seaââ includesâ bothâ directâ andâ indirectâ engagement,â includingâ casesâ whereâ aâ motherâ shipâhasâ alreadyâ transferredâ migrantsâ toâ smallerâ vesselsâ forâ landingâ andâ noâ longerâ hasâ anyâ onâboardâorâhasâpickedâupâmigrantsâwhileâatâseaâforâtheâpurposesâofâsmugglingâthem.âThisâwouldânotâ includeâaâvesselâ thatâhadâ simplyâ rescuedâmigrantsâwhoâwereâbeingâ smuggledâbyâanotherâvessel.
The need to rescue
Theâfocusâofâarticleâ8âonâsuppressionâofâaâcriminalâactivityâshouldânotâ leadâ lawâenforcementâofficersâ toâ overlookâ theâ dutyâ establishedâ underâ maritimeâ lawâ andâ customâ toâ rescueâ thoseâ inâperilâ atâ sea.âVesselsâ usedâ forâ smugglingâ mayâ beâ confiscatedâ ifâ apprehendedâ and,â forâ thatââreason,â smugglersâ oftenâ useâ dilapidatedâ vessels.â Inâ someâ cases,â whenâ suchâ vesselsâ areââencounteredâ atâ sea,â theyâ areâ overloadedâ withâ migrantsâ andâ inâ imminentâ dangerâ ofâ sinking.âLegislationâ shouldâ beâ draftedâ andâ implementedâ toâ ensureâ thatâ officialsâ areâ awareâ thatâ theâdutyâ toâ effectâ aâ rescueâ hasâ priorityâ inâ suchâ circumstancesâ andâ thatâ whereâ thereâ isâ evidenceâofâ perilâ atâ sea,â vesselsâ shouldâbeâboardedâwhetherâ thereâ isâ aâ suspicionâofâ smugglingâ orâ not.â
Domesticâpowersâandâsafeguards,â ifâneeded,âshouldâconsiderâtheâsafeguardsâsetâoutâ inâarticleâ9â andâ theâ interestsâ ofâ maritimeâ rescueâ andâ safety.âTheyâ shouldâ not,â however,â limitâ theâ dutyâorâpowerâofâauthoritiesâ toâactâ inâcasesâwhereâ livesâorâsafetyâmayâbeâatâ riskâorâ inâcasesâwhereâthereâwasâreasonâtoâbelieveâmigrantsâorâotherâpersonsâwereâbeingâtraffickedâorâheldâonâboardâagainstâ theirâwill.
Appropriate exercising authority
TheâProtocolâdoesânotâ limitâ theâclassâorâ statusâofâofficialsâwhoâcanâexerciseâmaritimeâsearchâpowersâtoâwarshipsâandâmilitaryâaircraft,âleavingâitâopenâtoâlegislaturesâtoâextendâsuchâpowersâtoâ anyâ officialâ orâ agencyâ withâ appropriateâ lawâ enforcementâ activities.â Itâ shouldâ beâ noted,âhowever,â thatâ anyâ boats,â shipsâ orâ aircraftâ usedâ mustâ beâ clearlyâ markedâ andâ identifiableâ asâbeingâ onâ governmentâ serviceâ andâ authorizedâ toâ thatâ effectâ (articleâ 9,â para.â 4).
Givenâtheârisksâandâdifficultyâassociatedâwithâboardingâandâsearchingâvesselsâatâsea,âlegislaturesâmayâ alsoâ wishâ toâ considerâ limitingâ theâ authorityâ toâ exerciseâ powersâ createdâ pursuantâ toâ theâProtocolâ toâaâ relativelyâsmallânumberâofâofficialsâorâofficersâwhoâhaveâ theânecessaryâ training,âcompetenceâ andâ equipment.
Designation of a central authority
Articleâ 8,â paragraphâ 6,â requiresâ thatâ eachâ Stateâ partyâ designateâ aâ centralâ authorityâ toâ dealâwithâ maritimeâ cases,â whichâ mayâ requireâ legislativeâ actionâ establishingâ anâ authorityâ andââprovidingâ forâ theânecessaryâpowers,â inâparticularâ theâpowerâ toâauthorizeâ anotherâStateâpartyâtoâ takeâactionâagainstâvesselsâflyingâ itsâflag.â Inâdeterminingâ theâappropriateâ locationâ forâ theirâdesignatedâ authority,â Statesâ partiesâ shouldâ considerâ factorsâ suchâ asâ easeâ ofâ accessâ toâ theânationalâ shippingâ registryâ inâ orderâ toâ provideâ confirmationâ ofâ registry,â easeâ ofâ coordinationâwithâ otherâ domesticâ agencies,â includingâ maritimeâ lawâ enforcementâ authorities,â andâ theââexistenceâ ofâ arrangementsâ forâ theâ conductâ ofâ businessâ onâ aâ round-the-clockâ basis.â Theâ
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designatedâauthorityâshouldâalsoâbeâresponsibleâ forâoutgoingârequestsâ toâotherâStatesâparties.âItâ shouldâ thereforeâ beâ ableâ toâ receiveâ requestsâ fromâ domesticâ authoritiesâcustoms,â policeâandâotherâlawâenforcementâagenciesâandâbeâinâaâpositionâtoâassistâinâtransmissionâtoâforeignâStates.
Articleâ 8,â paragraphâ6,â furtherâ requiresâStatesâ partiesâ toânotifyâ theirâ designatedâ authorityâ toâtheâ Secretary-Generalâ toâ permitâ aâ listâ ofâ contactâ pointsâ toâ beâ maintainedâ andâ circulatedâ toâallâStatesâparties.âGovernmentsârespondingâtoâthisâshouldâconsiderâprovidingâessentialâcontactâinformationâ(addresses,âtelephoneâandâfacsimileânumbers,âhoursâofâoperationâandâtheâlanguageâorâ languagesâ inâwhichâ requestsâ canâ beâprocessed).
International Maritime Organization
Persons in distress at sea
InâMayâ2004,âtheâMaritimeâSafetyâCommitteeâadoptedâamendmentsâtoâtheâ1974âInternationalâConventionâ forâ theâ Safetyâ ofâ Lifeâ atâ Sea,â andâ theâ Internationalâ Conventionâ onâ MaritimeâSearchâandâRescue,â1979,âconcerningâtheâtreatmentâofâpersonsârescuedâatâsea,âand/orâasylumâseekers,â refugeesâ andâ stowaways.âTheâ amendmentsâ wereâ madeâ inâ responseâ toâ aâ reviewâ ofâsafetyâ measuresâ andâ proceduresâ forâ theâ treatmentâ ofâ peopleâ rescuedâ atâ seaâ adoptedâ byâ theâInternationalâMaritimeâOrganizationâAssembly.â
Theâ amendments,âwhichâ enteredâ intoâ forceâ onâ1â Julyâ 2006,â include:
InternationalâConventionâforâtheâSafetyâofâLifeâatâSea:âchapterâVâ(Safetyâofânavigation)âtoâaddâ aâ definitionâ ofâ searchâ andâ rescueâ services;â toâ setâ anâ obligationâ toâ provideâ assistance,âregardlessâ ofâ nationalityâ orâ statusâ ofâ personsâ inâ distress,â andâ mandateâ coordinationâ andâcooperationâbetweenâStatesâ toâassistâ theâshipâsâmasterâ inâdeliveringâpersonsârescuedâatâseaâtoâ aâplaceâofâ safety;â andâ toâ addâaânewâ regulationâonâmasterâsâdiscretion.â
Internationalâ Conventionâ onâ Maritimeâ Searchâ andâ Rescue:â Annexâ toâ theâ Conventionâadditionâ ofâ aâ newâ paragraphâ inâ chapterâ 2â (Organizationâ andâ coordination)â relatingâ toââdefinitionâofâpersonsâinâdistress,ânewâparagraphsâinâchapterâ3â(CooperationâbetweenâStates)ârelatingâtoâassistanceâtoâtheâmasterâinâdeliveringâpersonsârescuedâatâseaâtoâaâplaceâofâsafetyâandâaânewâparagraphâ inâchapterâ4â (Operatingâprocedures)â relatingâ toâ rescueâcoordinationâcentresâ initiatingâ theâ processâ ofâ identifyingâ theâ mostâ appropriateâ placesâ forâ disembarkingâpersonsâ foundâ inâdistressâ atâ sea.â
TheâMaritimeâSafetyâCommitteeâalsoâadoptedârelatedâGuidelinesâonâtheâtreatmentâofâpersonsârescuedâ atâ sea.âTheâ purposeâ ofâ theâ Guidelinesâ isâ toâ provideâ guidanceâ toâ Governmentsâ andâtoâ shipmastersâ withâ regardâ toâ humanitarianâ obligationsâ andâ obligationsâ underâ theâ relevantâinternationalâlawârelatingâtoâtreatmentâofâpersonsârescuedâatâsea.âTheâobligationâofâtheâmasterâtoâ renderâ assistanceâ shouldâ complementâ theâ correspondingâ obligationâ ofâ InternationalââMaritimeâ Organizationâ membersâ toâ coordinateâ andâ cooperateâ inâ relievingâ theâ masterâ ofâ theâresponsibilityâ toâ provideâ follow-upâ careâ ofâ survivorsâ andâ toâ deliverâ theâ personsâ retrievedâ atâseaâtoâaâplaceâofâsafety.âTheâGuidelinesâareâintendedâtoâhelpâGovernmentsâandâmastersâbetterâunderstandâtheirâobligationsâunderâinternationalâlawâandâprovideâhelpfulâguidanceâwithâregardâtoâ carryingâ outâ theseâ obligations.
Forâ moreâ informationâ onâ thisâ regime,â seeâ www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_âid=1396.â
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Promising practices
Sicilian trawler and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees help in the rescue of 27 Somalis
SicilianâfishingâboatâcaptainâGaspareâMarroneâwasâfishingâwithâhisâcrewâsouthâofâLampedusaâIsland,â whenâ theyâ spottedâ aâ boatâ inâ distress.âTheâ Siciliansâ startedâ bringingâ theâ 30â Somaliâpassengersâonâboard,âbutâinâtheâprocessâtheâboatâcapsizedâandâthreeâpeopleâwereâunaccountedâfor.â NicolaâAsaro,â anotherâ Sicilianâ captainâ fishingâ inâ theâ area,â calledâ Lauraâ Boldrini,â SeniorâRegionalâPublicâInformationâOfficerâofâtheâOfficeâofâtheâUnitedâNationsâHighâCommissionerâforâRefugees,âbyâsatelliteâphoneâandâtoldâherâthatâMarroneâandâhisâcrewâwereâtryingâtoâmountâaâ rescueâ operationâ butâ wereâ havingâ difficulties.â Boldriniâ passedâ theâ informationâ (includingâcoordinatesâ ofâ Marroneâsâ fishingâ boat)â toâ theâ Italianâ coastguardâ andâ navy,â whichâ sentâ help.âMarroneâ detachedâ hisâ boatâ fromâ theâ tunaâ penâ itâ wasâ towingâ andâ rescuedâ 20â menâ andâ 7âwomen.âTheâmigrantsâ wereâ takenâ toâPortoâEmpedocleâ inâSicilyâ afterâ theyâwereâmovedâontoâaâ navyâ vessel.â
BothâAsaroâandâMarroneâwereâpresentedâwithâtheâPerâMareâAwardâforâ theirâefforts.âTheâPerâMareâ Awardâ wasâ establishedâ inâ responseâ toâ aâ trendâ wherebyâ boatâ peopleâ inâ distressâ inââtheâ Mediterraneanâ areâ oftenâ ignoredâ byâ commercialâ vessels,â theâ crewsâ ofâ whichâ fearâ facingâinvestigationsâ forâ theirâ roleâ inâ illegalâmigration.
Australian presence in the Torres Straight
Australiaâ hasâ noâ landâ borders.âThisâ meansâ thatâ allâ arrivalsâ toâ Australiaâ areâ viaâ seaâ orâ air.âParticularâchallengesâareâposedâbyâtheâTorresâStraitâislands,âwhereâborderâmanagementâobjec-tivesâmustâbeâbalancedâbyâtheâchallengesâofânotâinterferingâwithâtheâmovementsâofâtraditionalâinhabitantsâ ofâ theâ islands.â
TheâTorresâStraitâ liesâoffâtheâfarânorth-easternâtipâofâAustralia.âItâ isâaâpassageâ150âkilometresâwideâ betweenâ Capeâ Yorkâ Peninsulaâ andâ theâ southwestâ coastâ ofâ Papuaâ Newâ Guinea.â Itââcomprisesâ aâ seriesâ ofâ 100â islands,â reefsâ andâ cays,â approximatelyâ 22â ofâ whichâ areâ inhabitedâbyâ aboutâ 8,000â people.âThirteenâ ofâ theâ inhabitedâ islandsâ areâ locatedâ withinâ theâ ProtectedâZone.âThursdayâ Island,â whichâ isâ aboutâ 25â kilometresâ fromâ theâ Australianâ mainland,â isâ theâgovernmentâ administrativeâ centreâ forâ theâTorresâStrait.
TheâdepartmentâsâNorthâQueenslandâDistrictâhasâfull-timeâofficersâbasedâonâThursdayâIslandâwhoâ provideâ aâ fullâ rangeâ ofâ immigrationâ services,â includingâ visasâ issue,â citizenshipâ andââresidencyâapplications.âTheâofficersâalsoâmanageâaânetworkâofâMovementâMonitoringâOfficers,âmonitoringâ issuesâ arisingâ fromâ theâTorresâ StraitâTreatyâ andâ theâ traditionalâ flowâ ofâ peopleâ inâtheâ Torresâ Strait.â Theyâ makeâ regularâ visitsâ toâ theâ islandsâ andâ participateâ inâ treatyâdiscussions.â
Theâ officersâ areâ basedâ onâ theâ 14â inhabitedâ islandsâ andâ playâ anâ importantâ roleâ inâ borderâprotection.â Theâ networkâ ofâ officersâ operatesâ asâ aâ dispersedâ group,â integratedâ intoâ localââcommunities,âprovidingâconsiderableâcoverageâthroughoutâtheâTorresâStrait.âNotâonlyâareâtheyâexpertsâ inâ theirâ localâ communities,â butâ theyâ alsoâ actâ asâ aâ conduitâ forâ widerâ communityâinformation.â Theâ officersâ workâ closelyâ withâ islandâ chairpersonsâ andâ theirâ communityâ toââmanageâ theâ traditionalâ flowâ ofâ peopleâ andâ reportâ onâ anyâotherâmovementâ inâ theâ region.
TheâTorresâStraitâTreatyâ(MiscellaneousâAmendments)âActâ1984âsetsâoutâtheâagreedâpositionâofâAustraliaâ andâ Papuaâ Newâ Guineaâ inâ relationâ toâ sovereigntyâ andâ maritimeâ boundariesâ inâ
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theâTorresâ Strait.âTheâ islandsâ overâ whichâAustraliaâ hasâ sovereigntyâ continueâ toâ beâ regardedâasâ partâ ofâ Queensland.âArticleâ 16â ofâ theâ treatyâ seeksâ toâ ensureâ thatâ bothâ signatoriesâ inâ theâadministrationâ ofâ theirâ respectiveâ immigration,â customs,â quarantineâ andâ healthâ lawsâ doâ notââpreventâorâhinderâfreeâmovementâorâperformanceâofâtraditionalâactivitiesâinâandâinâtheâvicin-ityâ ofâ theâProtectedâZoneâbyâ theâ traditionalâ inhabitantsâ ofâ theâ otherâ partyâ.
Source:âwww.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/72torres.htmâ
The United States Coast Guard
TheâUnitedâStatesâCoastâGuardâsâoverarchingâstrategyâisâto,âthroughâaâlayeredâsecurityâarchi-tecture,ââpushâoutâourâbordersâ.âTheâNationalâStrategyâforâMaritimeâSecurityâemphasizesâtheâneedâ toâ patrol,â monitorâ andâ exertâ controlâ overâ maritimeâ bordersâ andâ maritimeâ approaches.âItâgoesâonâtoâemphasizeâthatâat-seaâpresenceâreassuresâUnitedâStatesâcitizens,âdetersâadversar-iesâ andâ lawbreakers,âprovidesâbetterâmobileâ surveillanceâcoverage,â addsâ toâ theâwarningâ time,âallowsâ seizingâ theâ initiativeâ toâ influenceâ eventsâ atâ aâ distanceâ andâ facilitatesâ theâ capabilityâ toâsurpriseâandâengageâadversaries.âTheâCoastâGuardâoperatesâinâeveryâmaritimeâlayerâinâantici-pationâ of,â orâ inâ responseâ to,â changingâ threats,â adversaryâ tacticsâ andâ operationalâ conditions.âDuringâ theâcourseâofâ routineâoperations,âasâwellâasâ specifiedâsecurityâmissions,âCoastâGuardâcuttersâ andâaircraftâ operateâ inâ theâoffshoreâwatersâofâ theâAtlanticâ andâ theâPacificâ andâ inâ theâCaribbeanâSeaâtoâprovideâMaritimeâDomainâAwareness,âcommandâandâcontrolâandâcapabilityâtoâ respondâ toâmaritimeâ threats.
www.uscg.mil/â
Recommended resources
Forâ moreâ onâ cooperationâ withâ respectâ toâ smugglingâ ofâ migrantsâ byâ sea,â seeâToolâ 6,âsectionâ11.â
Commissionâofâ theâEuropeanâCommunities.âCommunication from the Commission to the Council, Reinforcing the Management of the European Unionâs Southern Maritime Borders.
TheâCommissionâofâ theâEuropeanâCommunitiesâ releasedâ aâCommunicationâ fromâ theâCommissionâ toâ theâ Council,â reinforcingâ theâ managementâ ofâ theâ Europeanâ UnionâsâSouthernâMaritimeâBorders.â
Theâ communicationâ stressesâ theâ needâ forâ allâ Statesâ toâ ratifyâ theâ Organizedâ CrimeââConventionâandâtheâSmugglingâofâMigrantsâProtocol,âandâsetsâoutâstrategiesâforâensuringâthatâ theâmanagementâofâ externalâ seaâbordersâ isâ approachedâcooperatively.â
Thisâ communicationâ isâ availableâ from:â www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,POLICY,EUCOMMISSION,,,4693a4fd2,0.html.â
UnitedâNations.âLegislative Guides for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols theretoâ (SalesâNo.âE.05.V.2).â
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TheâmainâpurposeâofâtheâLegislative GuidesâisâtoâassistâStatesâseekingâtoâratifyâorâimple-mentâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Conventionâ againstâTransnationalâ Organizedâ Crimeâ andâ itsâProtocols.âTheâGuidesâhaveâbeenâdraftedâtoâaccommodateâdifferentâlegalâtraditionsâandâvaryingâlevelsâofâinstitutionalâdevelopmentâandâprovide,âwhereâavailable,âimplementationâoptions.
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/legislative-guide.htmlâ
UnitedâNationsâOfficeâonâDrugsâandâCrime.âModel Law against Smuggling of Migrants.â
TheâModel Law against Smuggling of MigrantsâhasâbeenâdevelopedâbyâUNODCâtoâassistâStatesâinâimplementingâtheâprovisionsâcontainedâinâtheâSmugglingâofâMigrantsâProtocolâsupplementingâ theâ Organizedâ Crimeâ Convention.â Itâ aimsâ toâ facilitateâ theâ reviewâ andâamendmentâofâexistingâlegislation,âasâwellâasâtheâadoptionâofânewâlegislation.âTheâModel Lawâcoversânotâonlyâ theâcriminalizationâofâsmugglingâofâmigrantsâandârelatedâoffences,âbutâalsoâtheâdifferentâaspectsâofâassistanceâtoâvictims,âasâwellâasâestablishingâcooperationâbetweenâdifferentâStateâauthoritiesâandânon-governmentalâorganizations.âEachâprovisionâisâ accompaniedâ byâ aâ detailedâ commentary,â providingâ severalâ optionsâ forâ legislators,â asâappropriate,â andâ legalâ sourcesâ andâ examples.
TheâModel Lawâisâcurrentlyâbeingâprepared.âForâmoreâinformation,âvisitâwww.unodc.orgâorâ contactâ [email protected].
Internationalâ Maritimeâ Organizationâ andâ theâ Officeâ ofâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ HighââCommissionerâ forâRefugees.âRescue at Sea: A Guide to Principles and Practices as Applied to Migrants and Refugees.
Theâleaflet,âjointlyâpreparedâbyâtheâInternationalâMaritimeâOrganizationâandâtheâOfficeâofâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Highâ Commissionerâ forâ Refugees,â isâ intendedâ forâ shipmasters,âshipâ owners,â governmentâ authorities,â insuranceâ companiesâ andâ anyâ otherâ interestedâpartiesâ involvedâ inâ rescueâ atâ sea.â
Theâ leafletâprovidesâguidanceâonârelevantâ legalâprovisionsâandâonâpracticalâproceduresâtoâ ensureâ theâ promptâ disembarkationâ ofâ survivorsâ ofâ rescueâ operationsâ andâ measuresâtoâmeetâ theirâ specificâneeds,â particularlyâ inâ theâ caseâ ofâ refugeesâ andâ asylum-seekers.â
Theâpamphletâ isâ availableâ inâ severalâ languagesâ fromâwww.imo.org.
ToâseeâtheâprinciplesâofâtheâInternationalâMaritimeâOrganizationârelatedâtoâadministrativeâproceduresâ forâ disembarkingâ personsâ atâ sea,â visit:â www.imo.org/includes/blastData.asp/doc_id=11064/194.pdf.â
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7 .22 Detention of smuggled migrants
Articleâ 16,â paragraphâ5,â ofâ theâSmugglingâ ofâMigrantsâProtocolâ reads:
âInâ theâ caseâofâ theâdetentionâofâ aâpersonâwhoâhasâbeenâ theâobjectâofâ conductâ setâ forthâinâarticleâ6âofâthisâProtocol,âeachâStateâPartyâshallâcomplyâwithâitsâobligationsâunderâtheâViennaâConventionâonâConsularâRelations,7âwhereâapplicable,âincludingâthatâofâinformingâtheâpersonâconcernedâwithoutâdelayâaboutâ theâprovisionsâconcerningânotificationâ toâandâcommunicationâwithâ consularâ officers.â
Whenâ foreignâ nationalsâ areâ arrestedâ orâ detained,â articleâ 36â ofâ theâViennaâ Conventionâ onâConsularâ Relationsâ 1963â providesâ that,â ifâ requested,â theâ authoritiesâ ofâ theâ receivingâ Stateâmustâ notifyâ theâ Consulateâ ofâ theâ sendingâ Stateâ withoutâ delayâ thatâ itsâ nationalâ hasâ beenâdeprivedâofâhisâorâherâ liberty.âAnyâcommunicationâshallâbeâ facilitatedâandâconsularâaccessâ toâtheâdetaineeâ shallâ beâ granted.
http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_2_1963.pdfâ
Theâ followingâ guidelinesâ relateâ toâ conditionsâ ofâ detention:
âąâ Personsâ shouldâ onlyâ beâdetainedâ inâ officiallyâ recognizedâplacesâ ofâ detention
âąâ Detaineesâshouldâbeâkeptâinâasâhumaneâfacilitiesâasâpossible,âdesignedâtoâaccommodateâhumanâbeings,â andâbeâprovidedâwithâ adequateâ food,âwater,â shelter,â clothing,âmedicalâservices,â exerciseâ andâ personalâ hygieneâ items
âąâ Untriedâprisonersâmust,â exceptâ inâ exceptionalâ circumstances,âbeâkeptâ segregatedâ fromâconvictedâpersonsâandâmustâbeâsubjectâtoâseparateâtreatment.âWomenâmustâbeâseparatedâfromâmen,â andâ childrenâ fromâadults
âąâ Detainedâ personsâ shouldâ beâ allowedâ toâ informâ familyâ ofâ detention,â andâ shouldâ beâgivenâ reasonableâ facilitiesâ forâ communicatingâ withâ legalâ representatives
âąâ Religiousâ andâ moralâ beliefsâ ofâ detaineesâmustâ beâ respected
âąâ Personsâ arrestedâ orâ detainedâ withoutâ chargeâ mustâ beâ accordedâ theâ sameâ protectionsâandâ facilitiesâ asâ pretrialâ prisonersâ andâ thoseâ awaitingâ trialâ
â 7ââUnitedâNationsâTreaty Series,â vol.â 596,âNo.â 8638.
Recommended resources
GeneralâAssemblyâ resolutionâ 43/173,â annex.â Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment.â
www.un.org/documents/ga/res/43/a43r173.htmâ
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Theâ resourceâ isâ alsoâ containedâ inâ theâ UNODCâ Compendium of United Nations Standards and Norms in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.â
Unitedâ Nationsâ Officeâ onâ Drugsâ andâ Crime.â Compendium of United Nations Standards and Norms in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.âNewâYork,â2006.
Theâ Compendiumâ ofâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Standardsâ andâ Normsâ inâ Crimeâ Preventionâ andâCriminalâJusticeâcontainsâinternationallyârecognizedânormativeâprinciplesâandâstandardsâinâcrimeâpreventionâandâcriminalâ justice.âTheâCompendiumâconsistsâofâ fourâkeyâ sections:â
âąâ Standardsâ andâ normsâ relatedâ primarilyâ toâ personsâ inâ custody,â non-custodialâsanctions,â juvenileâ justiceâ andâ restorativeâ justiceâ
âąâ Standardsâ andâ normsâ relatedâ primarilyâ toâ legal,â institutionalâ andâ practicalâarrangementsâ forâ internationalâ cooperationâ
âąâ Standardsâ andâ normsâ relatedâprimarilyâ toâ crimeâpreventionâ andâ victimâ issuesâ
âąâ Standardsâ andâ normsâ relatedâ primarilyâ toâ goodâ governance,â theâ independenceâofâ theâ judiciaryâ andâ theâ integrityâ ofâ criminalâ justiceâ personnelâ
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/compendium.htmlâ
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7 .23 Return of smuggled migrants
Theâ followingâ excerptâ isâ fromâ theâSmugglingâ ofâMigrantsâProtocol:
Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
Article 18. Return of smuggled migrants
1.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ agreesâ toâ facilitateâ andâ accept,â withoutâ undueâ orâ unreasonableâ delay,â theâreturnâofâaâpersonâwhoâhasâbeenâtheâobjectâofâconductâsetâ forthâ inâarticleâ6âofâ thisâProtocolâandâwhoâ isâ itsâ nationalâ orâ whoâ hasâ theâ rightâ ofâ permanentâ residenceâ inâ itsâ territoryâ atâ theâ timeâ ofâreturn.â
2.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ shallâ considerâ theâ possibilityâ ofâ facilitatingâ andâ acceptingâ theâ returnâ ofâ aâpersonâ whoâ hasâ beenâ theâ objectâ ofâ conductâ setâ forthâ inâ articleâ 6â ofâ thisâ Protocolâ andâ whoâ hadâtheâ rightâ ofâ permanentâ residenceâ inâ itsâ territoryâ atâ theâ timeâ ofâ entryâ intoâ theâ receivingâ Stateâ inâaccordanceâwithâ itsâ domesticâ law.â
3.â Atâ theâ requestâ ofâ theâ receivingâ Stateâ Party,â aâ requestedâ Stateâ Partyâ shall,â withoutâ undueâ orâunreasonableâ delay,â verifyâ whetherâ aâ personâ whoâ hasâ beenâ theâ objectâ ofâ conductâ setâ forthâ inâarticleâ 6â ofâ thisâ Protocolâ isâ itsâ nationalâ orâ hasâ theâ rightâ ofâ permanentâ residenceâ inâ itsâ territory.â
4.â Inâorderâ toâ facilitateâ theâ returnâofâaâpersonâwhoâhasâbeenâ theâobjectâofâconductâ setâ forthâ inâarticleâ 6â ofâ thisâ Protocolâ andâ isâ withoutâ properâ documentation,â theâ Stateâ Partyâ ofâ whichâ thatâpersonâ isâ aâ nationalâ orâ inâ whichâ heâ orâ sheâ hasâ theâ rightâ ofâ permanentâ residenceâ shallâ agreeâ toâissue,âatâ theârequestâofâ theâreceivingâStateâParty,âsuchâtravelâdocumentsâorâotherâauthorizationâasâmayâbeâ necessaryâ toâ enableâ theâpersonâ toâ travelâ toâ andâ re-enterâ itsâ territory.â
5.â Eachâ Stateâ Partyâ involvedâ withâ theâ returnâ ofâ aâ personâ whoâ hasâ beenâ theâ objectâ ofâ conductâsetâ forthâ inâ articleâ 6â ofâ thisâ Protocolâ shallâ takeâ allâ appropriateâ measuresâ toâ carryâ outâ theâ returnâinâ anâorderlyâmannerâ andâwithâ dueâ regardâ forâ theâ safetyâ andâdignityâ ofâ theâperson.â
6.â Statesâ Partiesâmayâ cooperateâwithâ relevantâ internationalâ organizationsâ inâ theâ implementationâofâ thisâ article.â
7.â Thisâ articleâ shallâ beâ withoutâ prejudiceâ toâ anyâ rightâ affordedâ toâ personsâ whoâ haveâ beenâ theâobjectâofâconductâsetâforthâinâarticleâ6âofâthisâProtocolâbyâanyâdomesticâ lawâofâtheâreceivingâStateâParty.â
8.â Thisâ articleâ shallâ notâ affectâ theâ obligationsâ enteredâ intoâ underâ anyâ otherâ applicableâ treaty,âbilateralâ orâ multilateral,â orâ anyâ otherâ applicableâ operationalâ agreementâ orâ arrangementâ thatââgoverns,â inâ wholeâ orâ inâ part,â theâ returnâ ofâ personsâ whoâ haveâ beenâ theâ objectâ ofâ conductâ setâforthâ inâ articleâ 6â ofâ thisâ Protocol.â
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Inâ articleâ 18,â eachâStateâ partyâ isâ required:
âąâ Toâacceptâwithoutâundueâdelayâandâ facilitateâ theâ returnâofâaâ smuggledâpersonâwhoâ isâaâ nationalâ ofâ theâStateâ partyâ orâ hasâ theâ rightâ ofâ permanentâ residenceâ (para.â 1)
âąâ Toâ verifyâ withoutâ unreasonableâ delayâ whetherâ aâ smuggledâ personâ whoâ isâ aâ nationalâorâ hasâ theâ rightâ ofâ permanentâ residenceâ andâ issueâ theâ travelâ documentsâ requiredâ forâre-entryâ (paras.â 3â andâ4)
âąâ Toâ carryâ outâ theâ returnâ inâ anâ orderlyâ mannerâ withâ dueâ regardâ forâ theâ safetyâ andâdignityâ ofâ theâpersonâbeingâ returnedâ (para.â 5)
Statesâ partiesâ areâ requiredâ toâ cooperateâ inâ theâ identificationâ orâ determinationâ ofâ statusâ ofâtheirâ nationalsâ andâ residents.
Statesâpartiesâareâalsoârequiredâtoâcooperateâinâ(âfacilitateâandâacceptâ)âtheâreturnâofânationalsâandâtoâconsiderâcooperationâinâtheâreturnâofâthoseâwithâsomeârightsâofâresidencyâwithoutâactualâcitizenship,âincludingâbyâtheâissuanceâofâdocumentsâneededâtoâallowâtheâtravelâofâsuchâpersonsâbackâ fromâ countriesâ toâ whichâ theyâ haveâ beenâ smuggled.â Inâ mostâ States,â conformityâ withââtheseâ requirementsâ wouldâ involveâ primarilyâ theâ issuanceâ ofâ administrativeâ instructionsâ toâ theâappropriateâofficialsâandâensuringâthatâtheânecessaryâresourcesâareâavailableâtoâpermitâthemâtoâprovideâ theânecessaryâ assistance.
LegislativeâamendmentsâmightâbeârequiredâinâsomeâStatesâtoâensureâthatâofficialsâareârequiredâtoâ actâ (or,â inâ appropriateâ cases,â toâ considerâ acting)â inâ responseâ toâ requestsâ andâ thatâ theyâhaveâ theâ necessaryâ legalâ authorityâ toâ issueâ visasâ orâ otherâ travelâ documentsâ whenâ aâ nationalâorâ residentâ isâ toâ beâ returned.â Inâ draftingâ suchâ legislation,â officialsâ shouldâ bearâ inâ mindâ thatâanyâobligationsâ inâ internationalâ lawâgoverningâ theâ rightsâorâ treatmentâofâ smuggledâmigrants,âincludingâthoseâapplicableâtoâasylum-seekers,âareânotâaffectedâbyâtheâProtocolâorâtheâfactâthatâtheâ Stateâ concernedâ hasâ orâ willâ becomeâ aâ partyâ toâ itâ (art.â 18,â para.â 8,â ofâ theâ Protocolâ andâtheâ interpretativeânotesâ (A/55/383/Add.1),â para.â 116).âLegislaturesâ mayâwishâ alsoâ toâ consultâtheâprovisionsâofâtheâInternationalâConventionâonâtheâProtectionâofâtheâRightsâofâAllâMigrantâWorkersâandâMembersâofâTheirâFamilies,8âwhichâprovidesâforâmeasuresâthatâgoâbeyondâthoseâsetâ outâ inâ theâ Protocol.â (Inâ particular,â articleâ 67â callsâ forâ cooperationâ âwithâ aâ viewâ toââpromotingâ adequateâ economicâ conditionsâ forâ âŠâ resettlementâ andâ toâ facilitatingâ âŠâ durableâsocialâ andâ culturalâ reintegrationâ inâ theâStateâ ofâ originâ.)
Theâ requirementsâ toâ acceptâ theâ returnâ ofâ nationalsâ andâ toâ considerâ acceptingâ theâ returnâ ofâthoseâ withâ someâ rightâ ofâ residencyâ turnâ onâ theâ statusâ ofâ thoseâ individualsâ atâ theâ timeâ ofâreturn.âParagraphâ 111âofâ theâ interpretativeâ notesâ shouldâbeâ takenâ intoâ account:â
âTheâtravauxâprĂ©paratoiresâshouldâindicateâthatâthisâarticleâisâbasedâonâtheâunderstandingâthatâStatesâPartiesâwouldânotâdepriveâpersonsâofâtheirânationalityâcontraryâtoâinternationalâlaw,â therebyâ renderingâ themâ stateless.â
Theâ notesâ alsoâ indicateâ thatâ returnâ shouldâ notâ beâ carriedâ outâ untilâ anyâ relevantâ nationalityâorâ residencyâ statusâ hasâ beenâ ascertainedâ (A/55/383/Add.1,â para.â 113).
Whereâ feasible,â Statesâ shouldâ alsoâ considerâ trainingâ forâ officialsâ likelyâ toâ beâ involvedâ inâ theâreturnâ ofâ smuggledâ migrants,â bearingâ inâ mindâ theâ requirementâ ofâ articleâ 16â toâ ensureâ thatâ
â 8âUnitedâNationsâTreaty Series,â vol.â 2220,âNo.â 39481.
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basicârightsâareâpreservedâandârespectedâandâtheârequirementâofâarticleâ18,âparagraphâ5,âthatâreturnsâmustâinvolveâanyâmeasuresânecessaryâtoâensureâthatâtheyâareâcarriedâoutâinâanâorderlyâmannerâ andâwithâdueâ regardâ forâ theâ safetyâ andâdignityâ ofâ theâperson.
TheâfollowingâexcerptâisâfromâHumanâRightsâCommitteeâGeneralâCommentâ27â(CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9),â paragraphâ 21â (onâ returnâofâmigrants):â
21.â Inâ noâ caseâ mayâ aâ personâ beâ arbitrarilyâ deprivedâ ofâ theâ rightâ toâ enterâ hisâ orâ herâownâcountry.âTheâreferenceâtoâtheâconceptâofâarbitrarinessâ inâthisâcontextâ isâ intendedâtoâemphasizeâ thatâ itâ appliesâ toâ allâ Stateâ action,â legislative,â administrativeâ andâ judicial;â itâguaranteesâ thatâ evenâ interferenceâprovidedâ forâbyâ lawâ shouldâbeâ inâ accordanceâwithâ theâprovisions,âaimsâandâobjectivesâofâ theâCovenantâandâshouldâbe,â inâanyâevent,â reasonableâinâ theâ particularâ circumstances.â Theâ Committeeâ considersâ thatâ thereâ areâ few,â ifâ any,âcircumstancesâ inâ whichâ deprivationâ ofâ theâ rightâ toâ enterâ oneâsâ ownâ countryâ couldâ beâreasonable.âAâStateâpartyâmustânot,â byâ strippingâ aâpersonâofânationalityâ orâbyâ expellingâanâ individualâ toâaâ thirdâcountry,â arbitrarilyâpreventâ thisâpersonâ fromâreturningâ toâhisâorâherâ ownâ country.
Promising practices
Back to Armenia (Centre for Assistance to Migrants)
Backâ toâ Armeniaâ isâ aâ multilingualâ websiteâ forâ personsâ whoâ wantâ toâ orâ haveâ toâ returnâ toâArmenia.â
TheâwebsiteâisâaâproductâofâaâprojectâentitledââSupportâtoâmigrationâpolicyâdevelopmentâandârelevantâ capacity-buildingâ inâArmeniaâ,âwhichâpursuesâ theâ goalsâ of:
âąâ Preventingâ illegalâmigration
âąâ Assistingâ inâ theâ increaseâ ofâ efficiencyâ ofâ theâ returnâ andâ reintegrationâprocess
âąâ Bringingâ migrantâ policyâ andâ legislationâ intoâ conformityâ withâ universallyâ recognizedânormsâ andâprinciplesâ ofâmigrationâ lawâ
Theâobjectivesâ ofâ theâprogrammeâ are:
âąâ Toâ increaseâ theâ levelâ ofâ publicâ awarenessâ ofâ illegalâ migrationâ andâ theâ risksâ andââconsequencesâ thereof
âąâ Toâ presentâ theâ currentâ Armenianâ situationâ andâ opportunitiesâ toâ Armenianâ citizensâlivingâ abroad,âwithâ aâ viewâ toâpromotingâ theirâ return
âąâ Toâ strengthenâ institutional,â consultativeâ andâ technicalâ capacitiesâ ofâ theâ MigrationâAgencyâ ofâ theâRepublicâ ofâArmenia,âMinistryâ ofâTerritorialâAdministrationâ
âąâ Toâ establishâ aâ systemâ ofâ communicationâ withâ theâ returningâ migrantsâ thatâ operatesâusingâ aâ telephoneâhotline
âąâ Toâensureâanâeffectiveâdialogueâbetweenâtheâorganizationsâdevelopingâandâimplementingâtheâmigrationâpolicyâ andâ theâ relevantâpublicâ structures
âąâ Toâpromoteâelaborationâofâaâmigrationâpolicyâthatâwillâbeâconsistentâwithâinternationalâlawâ andâwillâ takeâ intoâ accountâ theâ currentâ social-economicâ situationâ inâArmeniaâ
âąâ Toâ establishâ aâ higherâ levelâ ofâ developmentâ inâ cooperationâ withâ Governmentâ bodiesâandânon-governmentalâ structures
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Thereâ areâ threeâ componentsâ ofâ thisâ programme:â
âąâ Raisingâpublicâ awareness
âąâ Capacity-buildingâ forâ theâ institutionsâ assistingâ withâ returnâ andâ reintegration
âąâ Establishingâdialogueâonâpolicy
Inârelationâtoâ theâsecondâofâ theseâcomponents,âaâcentreâ forâassistanceâ toâmigrantsâwasâsetâupâatâtheâMinistryâofâTerritorialâAdministration,âwhichâcanâprovideâpeopleâthatâhaveâleftâArmeniaâwithâcomprehensiveâinformationâonâanyâmigration-relatedâproblemâtheyâmayâhave.âTheâCentreâisâ inâ directâ contactâ withâ otherâ Governmentâ bodiesâ andâ canâ thereforeâ provideâ responsesâ toâproblemsâ afterâ consultationâwithâ competentâ authorities.â
TheâBackâ toâArmeniaâwebsiteâ isâ availableâ inâArmenian,âEnglishâ andâRussian.
www.backtoarmenia.am
Bali Process Returns Project
Theâmainâ objectivesâ ofâ theâBaliâProcessâReturnsâProjectâwere:â
âąâ ToâexamineâpoliciesâandâactivitiesâofâGovernmentsâwhenâtheyâreturnâpeopleâwhoâhaveânoâ legalâ authorityâ toâ remainâ inâ theirâ territoryâ toâ anotherâ country
âąâ ToâcollectâandâdisseminateâinformationâthatâmayâassistâGovernmentsâwhenâtheyâdevelopârelevantâ policies,â draftâ bilateralâ agreementsâ andâundertakeâ returnsâ
Theâ firstâ phaseâ ofâ theâ projectâ wasâ aâ surveyâ ofâ returnâ policiesâ andâ practicesâ inâ Baliâ Processâcountries,âwhichâwasâ concludedâ inâMarchâ2003.âTheâ secondâphaseâwasâ aâworkshopâ (hostedâbyâAustraliaâ asâ Coordinatorâ ofâ theâ Returnsâ Project)â heldâ jointlyâ withâ theâ Budapestâ Processâinâ Perth,â Australiaâ inâ Mayâ 2004.âTheâ thirdâ phaseâ isâ theâ establishmentâ ofâ aâ repositoryâ ofâinformationârelatedâtoâreturnsâonâtheâwebsiteâ(www.baliprocess.net),âincludingâaâcollectionâofâmodelâ paragraphsâ forâ useâ inâdraftingâbilateralâ agreements.
Theâ Baliâ Processâ websiteâ providesâ informationâ aboutâ relevantâ internationalâ andâ regionalâinstruments,â asâwellâ asâ variousâ publicationsâ andâ agreementsâ concerningâ return.
www.baliprocess.net/index.asp?PageID=2145831425â
Recommended resources
Practical tools
Officeâofâ theâUnitedâNationsâHighâCommissionerâ forâRefugees.âGeneva,â 2004.
Theâ Handbookâ forâ Repatriationâ andâ ReintegrationâActivitiesâ isâ aâ guideâ forâ staffâ ofâ theâOfficeâofâ theâUnitedâNationsâHighâCommissionerâ forâRefugeesâandâpartnerâ staffâ inâ theâfieldâ toâ plan,â implement,â monitorâ andâ evaluateâ repatriationâ andâ reintegrationâ activities.âTheâ Handbookâ shouldâ beâ usedâ inâ conjunctionâ withâ theâ Officeâ ofâ theâ Unitedâ NationsâHighâCommissionerâforâRefugeesâHandbook on Voluntary Repatriationâ(issuedâinâ1996âandâunderâ revision),âwhichâaddressesâ repatriationâ issuesâ inâmoreâdetail.
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TheâHandbookâ isâ dividedâ intoâ threeâparts:
PartâA:âUnderstandingâ theâ context:âwhereâ repatriationâ andâ reintegrationâfit
Partâ B:â Howâ toâ plan,â implement,â monitorâ andâ evaluateâ repatriationâ andâ reintegrationâoperations
Partâ C:â Institutionalâ supportâmechanisms
www.unhcr.org/411786694.htmlâ
CouncilâofâEurope.âForced Return: 20 Guidelines adopted by the Council of Ministers (2005)
Nationalâ authoritiesâ inâ chargeâ ofâ elaboratingâ orâ implementingâ theâ effectiveâ returnâ ofâirregularâ migrantsâ areâ oftenâ facedâ withâ sensitiveâ andâ complexâ issues:â howâ toâ ensureâthatâ noâ individualâ isâ sentâ backâ toâ aâ placeâ whereâ hisâ orâ herâ lifeâ orâ securityâ isâ atâ risk;âunderâwhatâconditionsâshouldâdetentionâpendingâremovalâbeâallowed;âwhatâinformationâcanâ beâ providedâ toâ theâ Stateâ ofâ origin.â Thisâ typeâ ofâ issueâ was,â toâ aâ largeâ extent,âaddressedâbyâ theâCommitteeâ ofâMinistersâ ofâ theâCouncilâ ofâEuropeâwhen,â onâ4âMayâ2005,â itâ adoptedâ 20â guidelinesâ onâ forcedâ return.âTheseâ guidelinesâ offerâ aâ systematicâoverviewâ ofâ theâ standardsâ developedâ inâ thisâ fieldâ byâ theâ differentâ bodiesâ withinâ theâCouncilâ ofâEurope.
Theâ 20â guidelinesâ onâ forcedâ returnâ serveâ asâ aâ practicalâ guideâ toâ beâ usedâ bothâ byââGovernmentâofficialsâandâbyâallâthoseâdirectlyâorâindirectlyâinvolvedâinâreturnâoperationsâinâEurope.
http://book.coe.int/EN/ficheouvrage.php?PAGEID=36&lang=EN&produit_aliasid=1963â
Councilâ ofâEurope.âThe Return of Rejected Asylum Seekers: Recommendation No. R (99) 12 and Explanatory Memorandum (2000)
Theâ aimâ ofâ theâ recommendationâ isâ toâ facilitateâ theâ returnâ ofâ rejectedâ asylum-seekersâandâtoâprovideâmemberâStatesâwithâcertainâguidelinesâwhenâtheyâreturnârejectedâasylum-seekersâ fromâ theirâ territoryâ toâ theâ countryâ ofâ whichâ suchâ personsâ areâ nationalsâ orânon-nationalâ formerâhabitualâ residentsâ (theirâ countryâ ofâ origin).
http://book.coe.int/EN/ficheouvrage.php?PAGEID=36&lang=EN&produit_aliasid=792
Legal instruments
Thereâ areâ severalâ internationalâ legalâ instrumentsâ thatâ areâ relevantâ toâ theâ returnâ ofâsmuggledâ migrants.âThereâ areâ severalâ suchâ instrumentsâ providedâ inâToolâ 3,â sectionâ 4.âSeeâ also:â
Conventionâ relatingâ toâ theâStatusâ ofâRefugeesaâ
www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3b66c2aa10.pdf
â aUnitedâNationsâ Treaty Series,â vol.189,âNo.â 2545.â
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Declarationâ onâTerritorialâAsylumâ (GeneralâAssemblyâ resolutionâ2312â (XXII)
www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3b00f05a2c.htmlâ
Conventionâ againstâTortureâ andâ Otherâ Cruel,â Inhumanâ orâ DegradingâTreatmentâ orâPunishmentbâ
www.hrweb.org/legal/cat.htmlâ
Internationalâ Covenantâ onâCivilâ andâPoliticalâRightscâ
http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/26137/12047261163ICCPR.pdf/ICCPR.pdf
Internationalâ Conventionâonâ theâEliminationâofâAllâFormsâofâRacialâDiscriminationdâ
www.hrcr.org/docs/CERD/cerd.html
Conventionâ onâ theâRightsâ ofâ theâChildeâ
www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htmâ
UniversalâDeclarationâ ofâHumanâRightsâ (GeneralâAssemblyâ resolutionâ217Aâ (III))
www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/â
Internationalâ Conventionâ onâ theâ Protectionâ ofâ theâ Rightsâ ofâ allâ MigrantâWorkersâ andâMembersâ ofâTheirâFamiliesfâ
www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cmw.htmâ
Conventionâ relatingâ toâ theâStatusâ ofâ Statelessâ Personsgâ
www2.ohchr.org/english/law/stateless.htmâ
ChicagoâConventionâ onâ InternationalâCivilâAviationâ
http://avisupser.dgrsolutions.com/airlaws/chicago1944_e.htmlâ
â bâIbid.,â vol.â 1465,âNo.â 24841.â câIbid.,â vol.â 999,âNo.â 14668.â dâIbid.,â vol.â 660,âNo.â 9464.â eâIbid.,â vol.â 1577,âNo.â 27531.â fâIbid.,â vol.â 2220,âNo.â 39481.â gâIbid.,â vol.â 360,âNo.â 5158.
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Protocolâ toâ Prevent,â Suppressâ andâ Punishâ Traffickingâ inâ Persons,â Especiallyâ Womenââandâ Children,â supplementingâ theâ Unitedâ Nationsâ Conventionâ againstâ TransnationalâOrganizedâCrimehâ
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.htmlâ
Protocolâagainstâ theâSmugglingâofâMigrantsâbyâLand,âSeaâandâAir,â supplementingâ theâUnitedâNationsâConventionâ againstâTransnationalâOrganizedâCrimeâ
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.htmlâ
Policy guidance
European Council on Refugees and Exiles
TheâEuropeanâCouncilâonâRefugeesâandâExilesâisâaâpan-Europeanânetworkâofâ69ârefugee-assistingâ non-governmentalâ organizationsâ thatâ promotesâ aâ humaneâ andâ generousââEuropeanâ asylumâpolicy.â
Togetherâ withâ ourâ members,â weâ promoteâ theâ protectionâ andâ integrationâ ofâ asylum-seekers,â refugeesâ andâ internallyâ displacedâ personsâ basedâ onâ valuesâ ofâ humanâ dignity,âhumanâ rightsâ andâ anâ ethicâ ofâ solidarity.
Theâ Councilâ hasâ writtenâ aâ policyâ paperâ onâ theâ issueâ ofâ return,â availableâ fromââwww.ecre.org/topics/returnâ
Humanâ RightsâWatch.â Common principles on removal of irregular migrants and rejected asylum-seekers, 31â Augustâ 2005,â availableâ fromâ www.hrw.org/en/news/2005/08/31âcommon-principles-removal-irregular-migrants-and-rejected-asylum-seekers
Internationalâ Centreâ forâ Migrationâ Policyâ Development.â Prague Ministerial Meeting Recommendations
TheâConferenceâofâMinistersâonâtheâPreventionâofâIllegalâMigrationâheldâinâtheâcontextâofâ theâ Budapestâ Processâ (Theâ Pragueâ Ministerialâ Meeting)â onâ 14â andâ 15â Octoberâ1997â resultedâ inâ severalâ recommendations.â Recommendationsâ 24-38,â concerningâ theâreturnâofâmigrants,â readâ asâ follows:
Return to countries of origin and obligation to readmit
â24.â RecommendâthatâparticipatingâStatesâasâfarâasâpossibleâgiveâdueâconsiderationâtoâ theâ primaryâ optionâ ofâ returningâ personsâ concernedâ directlyâ toâ theirâ countriesâofâ origin,â asâ thisâ inâmostâ casesâ constitutesâ theâ appropriateâ solution;
â25.â Recommendâ thatâ participatingâ Statesâ cooperateâ inâ demandingâ thatâ theâauthoritiesâofâ countriesâofâoriginâextendâ theirâ servicesâ inâascertainingâ theâ identityâofâundocumentedâillegalâmigrantsâwhoâseeminglyâareâtheirâcitizens,âandâinârespond-ingâ toâ suchâ readmissionâ requestsâwithinâ reasonableâ timeâ limits;
â hâIbid.,â vol.â 2237,âNo.â 39574.â
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26.â RecommendâthatâparticipatingâStatesâalsoâcooperateâinâdemanding,âwhenâtheâcitizenshipâ hasâ beenâ recognizedâ orâ isâ evident,â thatâ theâ countryâ ofâ originâ issuesâ aâconsularâlaissez-passerâorâaâdocumentâwhichâentitlesâforâreadmissionâatâtheâshortestâpossibleâdelay,âandâwithinâtheâtimeâlimitsâgivenâbyânationalârulesâ forâdetentionâonâadministrativeâ groundsâwhichâ areâ validâ inâ theâ requestingâState;
â27.â Recommendâ thatâ participatingâ Statesâ identifyâ theâ countriesâ whichâ causeââproblemsâ inâtermsâofâreadmittingâtheirâownâcitizensâandâthatâ theyâconsiderâtakingâjointâmeasuresâ vis-Ă -visâ theseâ countries;
â28.â Recommendâ thatâ participatingâ Statesâ facilitateâ theâ transitâ ofâ aliensâ whoâ areâbeingâ returnedâ toâ theirâ countryâ ofâ origin,â assistingâ interâ aliaâ whenâ transportââproblemsâ ariseâ andâ inâ providingâ escort,â underâ cost-sharingâ arrangements,â asâappropriate;
â29.â Recommendâ thatâ participatingâ Statesâ agreeâ uponâ aâ formatâ forâ aâ standardâdocument,âsimilarâtoâtheâoneâagreedâuponâamongâEUâStates,âtoâserveâasâaâconsularâlaissez-passer,â soâ asâ toâ facilitateâ transferâ toâ theâ countryâ ofâ destination;
â30.â RecommendâthatâtheâauthoritiesâofâparticipatingâStatesâcooperateâwithâthoseâofâ theâ countriesâ ofâ originâ withâ aâ viewâ toâ facilitatingâ theâ readmissionâ ofâ personsâconcernedâ inâ theirâ country;
â31.â RecommendâthatâparticipatingâStatesâcooperateâ inâdemandingâthatâcountriesâofâ destinationâ andâ ofâ originâ cooperateâ inâ facilitatingâ voluntaryâ return;
â32.â Recommendâthatâ interestedâStatesâmakeâuseâofânationalâprogrammesâand/orâtheâ servicesâ ofâ IOMâ inâ enhancingâ voluntaryâ returnâ directlyâ toâ theâ countryâ ofâorigin;
Readmission agreements
â33.â Recommendâ thatâ participatingâ Statesâ continueâ theirâ effortsâ toâ concludeâreadmissionâagreements,âwhichâshouldâcontainâclausesâonânationals,âonâcitizensâofâthirdâcountries,âonâtransitâforâtheâsakeâofâreturnâandâonâtheâprotectionâofâpersonalâdata;
â34.â RecommendâthatâparticipatingâStatesâapplyâaâstandardâformatâforâreadmissionâagreements,â takingâ intoâ accountâ theâ specimenâ bilateralâ readmissionâ agreementâ ofâtheâEuropeanâ Unionâorâ anyâ otherâmodelâ acceptableâ toâ allâ participatingâ States;
â35.â Recommendâ thatâ Statesâ makeâ useâ ofâ theâ mostâ flexibleâ andâ rapidâ formsâ ofâreadmission,â i.e.â readmissionâ onâ theâ basisâ ofâ aâ minimumâ ofâ formalitiesâ betweenâcompetentâauthorities,âdeterminedâcontactâpoints,âstandardâformsâinâtwoâlanguages,âsimplifiedâ recognitionâ ofâ proofs,â asâ wellâ asâ otherâ measuresâ contributingâ toâ theâefficiencyâofâtheâimplementationâofâagreementsâandâtoâreducingâtheâtimeâinâdealingâwithâ cases;
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â36.â RecommendâthatâwhenâparticipatingâStatesâconsiderâ theâabolishmentâofâvisaâobligationsâwithâregardâtoâanotherâState,âdulyâtakingâintoâaccountâalsoâtheâinterestâofâotherâparticipatingâStates,âtheyâconcludeâaâreadmissionâagreementâwithâtheâStateâconcerned,â asâ appropriate;
â37.â Recommendâ thatâ readmissionâ clauses,â relatingâ toâ bothâ nationalsâ andâ thirdâcountryâ citizens,â beâ insertedâ inâ generalâ cooperationâ agreementsâ withâ countriesâwhichâareâsourcesâofâirregularâmigration,âsuchâasâagreementsârelatingâtoâeconomicâorâ politicalâ cooperation;
38.â RecommendâthatâtheâInter-governmentalâConsultationsâcontinueâtoâmaintainâanâ inventoryâ ofâ readmissionâ instrumentsâ concludedâbyâEuropeanâStates.
Toâ downloadâ allâ recommendations,â visit:â www.icmpd.org/846.html?&tx_icmpd_pi2%5Bdocument%5D=434&cHash=90aa64d1f1
Commissionâ ofâ theâ Europeanâ Communities.â Communication from the Commission on Policy Priorities in the Fight against Illegal Immigration of Third-Country Nationals.
Fromâ theâCommunication:
g.â Returnâpolicy
42.â Return,â inâ fullâ respectâ ofâ fundamentalâ rights,â remainsâ aâ cornerstoneâ ofââEuropeanâ Unionâ migrationâ policy.â Anâ effectiveâ returnâ policyâ isâ keyâ inâ ensuringâpublicâ supportâ forâ elementsâ suchâ asâ legalâmigrationâ andâ asylum.
43.â Theâ conclusionâ ofâ readmissionâ agreementsâ willâ alsoâ remainâ aâ priority.ââOngoingâ negotiationsâ shouldâ beâ completedâ andâ newâ negotiatingâ mandatesâ beâadopted,âstartingâwithâtheâWesternâBalkanâcountriesâand,âasâsoonâasâpossible,âwithâselectedâNeighbourhoodâ countries.
44.â TheâproposalâforâaâDirectiveâonâcommonâstandardsâandâproceduresâinâMemberâStatesâ forâ returningâ illegallyâ stayingâ third-countryâ nationalsâ isâ currentlyâ underââdiscussionâinâtheâEuropeanâParliamentâandâCouncil.âItâprovidesâforâcommonârulesâconcerningâ return,âuseâofâ coerciveâmeasures,â temporaryâ custodyâ andâ re-entry.
45.â Withâ theâ futureâ Returnâ Fund,â theâ Communityâ willâ beâ endowedâ withâ anââinstrumentâtoâsupportâandâencourageâtheâeffortsâmadeâbyâMemberâStatesâtoâimproveâtheâ managementâ ofâ returnâ inâ allâ itsâ dimensions,â includingâ enhancedâ cooperation,âwhichâwillâ furtherâ increaseâ solidarityâbetweenâ them.
46.â Theâorganisationâofâ jointâ returnâflightsâ isâ supportedâ throughâ threeâelements;âCouncilâ Decisionâ 2004/573/ECâ setsâ outâ aâ legalâ basisâ forâ suchâ flights;â returnââpreparatoryâ actionsâ andâ theâ futureâ returnâ fundâ provideâ inâ financialâ terms;â andâcommunicationâ supportâ providedâ byâ theâ ICONetâ web-basedâ networkâ allowsâ forânecessaryâ informationâ exchangeâ betweenâ Memberâ States.â Theseâ constituteâ theââ
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currentâ basisâ forâ cooperation.â Frontexâ willâ provideâ theâ necessaryâ assistanceâ forâorganisingâ andâ coordinatingâ theâ jointâ returnâ operationsâ ofâ Memberâ States.ââFurthermore,â Councilâ Directiveâ 2003/110/ECâ strengthensâ cooperationâ amongâMemberâ Statesâ inâ casesâ ofâ transitâ byâ air.âTheâ Commissionâ willâ considerâ furtherâproposalsâ buildingâonâ theâ2003âCouncilâ conclusionsâ encouragingâMemberâStatesâtoâ facilitateâ short-termâ transitâ byâ landâorâ sea.
47.â Lackâ ofâ documentationâ remainsâ anâ obstacleâ toâ theâ effectiveâ returnâ ofâ illegalâmigrants,âinâparticularâasâtheâEuropeanâUnionâtravelâdocumentâisâstillânotâacceptedâbyâaâlargeânumberâofâthirdâcountries.âTheâcurrentâEuropeanâUnionâtravelâdocumentâisâbasedâonâaâ1994âCouncilârecommendation,âandâtheâCouncilâadoptedâconclusionsâinâJuneâ2004âonâitsâre-examination.âFrontexâisâtoâundertakeâworkâonâtheâidentifica-tionâofâbestâpracticeâonâtheâacquisitionâofâtravelâdocumentsâandâtheâreturnâofâthirdâcountryânationals.
48.â Commonâstandardsâ forâ theâ trainingâofâofficersâ responsibleâ forâ returnâshouldâalsoâ beâ established,â forâ instanceâ throughâ theâ elaborationâ ofâ aâ commonâ trainingâmanualâ andâ EuropeanâUnion-wideâ standardisedâ andâ specialisedâ seminars.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc=COMfinal&an_doc=2006&nu_doc=402
âProposalâ forâ aâ comprehensiveâ planâ toâ combatâ illegalâ immigrationâ andâ traffickingâ ofâhumanâ beingsâ inâ theâ Europeanâ Unionâ,â Official Journal of the European Communities,âCâ142,â 14â Juneâ 2002.â
The Journalâ notesâ inâ itsâ partâ II,â sectionâ E,â onâ readmissionâ andâ returnâ policy,â thatâfurtherâ actionâ mustâ beâ takenâ withâ respectâ toâ establishingâ aâ returnâ policy.â Itâ alsoâ setsâoutâ someâpracticalâmeasuresâ forâ implementation,â concerning:
ââI.â âEstablishingâaâjointâapproach/cooperationâbetweenâtheâMemberâStatesâforâtheâpurposesâ ofâ implementingâ returnâmeasuresâ
âII.â Readmissionâ agreementsâwithâ thirdâ countries
III.â Transitâ ofâ returnees
IV.â Commonâ standardsâ forâ returnâprocedures
Toâ readâ theâ fullâ proposal,â see:â
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2002:142:0023:0036:âEN:PDF