Tool Steels(Brief Guide)
Transcript of Tool Steels(Brief Guide)
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Tool Steels
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Tool Steels
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Tool Steels
Technically any steel used as a
component part of a tool could
be called a tool steel. This is avague definition, as almost any
steel could be used for certainparts of a tool.
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Tool Steels
To be more specific, a steel
containing alloying elements that
enable it to be heat-treated toobtain desirable characteristics
such as strength, hardness,strength, hardness,
toughness, and wear resistancetoughness, and wear resistance
could be referred to as a tool steel
.
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Tool Steels
The term tool steel as used in
present-day industry refers to a
group of high-quality, carefullymanufactured steels that are
characterized by high hardness a
resistance to abrasion.
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Tool Steels
Certain groups of tool steels also
have a high resistance to softening
at high temperatures. They areseparated from alloyed and heat-
treatable constructional steels by
precise production and quality
control methods.
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Tool SteelsThe high price ofalloying elementsand precise production requirementsand quality control are the reasons for
the high cost of tool steels. However,when we stop to consider that toolsteels are made into a complicated
tool or die which has requiredhundreds of man-hours in itsmanufacture and will produce
thousands or even millions of parts, it
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Tool Steels Classification
In the past tool steels have beenclassified in several ways. One
common method has been to classify
them according to the method of
quenching, such as water-hardening
steels, oil-hardening steels, and air-hardening steels.
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Tool Steels Classification
Another method is to classify themaccording to alloys, such as carbon
tool steels and alloy tool steels. Still
another method has been toclassify them according to
applications such as shock-
resisting steels, cold-work steels,
hot-work steels, die-casting die
steels, drill steels, tool and die
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Tool Steels
Classification
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Tool Steels Classification
The American Iron and SteelInstitute (AISI) and
The Society of AutomotiveEngineers (SAE) have developeda system of classifying tool steels
which groups grades of similarproperties as shown
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W- Water-hardening Tool Steels.
O- Oil hardening Tool Steels.
A- Air hardening Die Steels
D- High carbon High chromium Die Steels
S- Shock resisting Tool SteelsT and M- Tungsten and Molybdenum High-speed Steels.
L-Low Alloy (Special Purpose)
H- Hot Working Steels.
P- Pre hardened Steels
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Tool Steels Classification
W- Water-hardening Tool Steels.
W1 and W2 are both readily available and of
low cost. W2 contains vanadium and is more
uniform in response to heat treatment; it is of a
finer grain size with a higher toughness. Both
are shallow-hardening and, when hardened
with a hard case and a softer internal core,have high toughness. They are quenched in
water or brine
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W-Water hardening
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo Ni Co
W1 1.05 0.25 0.20 - 0.20 - 0.05
W2 1.00 0.25 0.20 - - - 0.20
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Tool Steels Classification
O- Oil hardening Tool Steels.Steels O1 and O2 have, for many years, beenthe workhorses of the die-steel industry and are
known familiarly as manganese oil-hardeningtool steel. Readily available and of low cost,these steels, which are hardened in oil, haveless movement than the water-hardening steels
and are of equal toughness when the water-hardening steels are hardened throughout. Forspecial applications, type O6, which containsfree carbon in the form of graphite, has been
used successfully.
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O-Oil hardening
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo V others
O1 0.90 1.25 0.30 0.50 0.50 - 0.05
O2 0.90 1.60 - - - - -
O3 1.45. 0.80. 1.10 - - 0.25 -
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Tool Steels Classification
A- Air hardening Die Steels.The principal air-hardening die steel employed is steel
A2- This steel has a minimum movement in hardening
and has higher toughness than the oil-hardening diesteels, with equal or greater wear resistance. It has a
slightly higher hardening temperature than the
manganese types. The availability of the popular A2
steel is excellent- Type A8 is the toughest steel in thisgroup, but its low carbon content makes it less wear-
resistant than A2.
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A-Air hardening
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo V others
A2 1.00 0.60 0.30 - 5.25 1.10 0.25
A8 0.55 - 1.00 1.25 5.00 1.25 -
A9 0.50 - 1.00 - 5.20 1.40 1.00 1.40
Ni
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Tool Steels ClassificationD- High carbon High chromium Die Steels.
The principal steels of wide application for long-run dies are steels in this group. Grade D2containing 1.50% carbon is of moderatetoughness and intermediate wear resistance,whereas steels D3, D4, and D7, containingadditional carbon, are of very high wearresistance and somewhat lower toughness.
Selection between these is based on the lengthof run desired and machining and grindingproblems. D2 and D4, containing molybdenum,are air-hardening and have minimum
movement in hardening.
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D-High Carbon High
Chromium Die SteelAISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo V others
D
2 1.55 0.30 0.40 - 11.5 0.80 0.90
D3 2.10 0.40 0.90 0.80 11.70 - -
D4 2.25 0.35 0.5 - 11.5 0.80 0.20
D7 2.30 0.40 0.40 - 12.5 1.10 4.00
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Tool Steels Classification
S- Shock resisting Tool Steels.These steels contain less carbon and have
higher toughness. They are employed
where heavy cutting or forming operations
are required and where breakage is a
serious problem with higher-carbon
materials that might have longer life
through higher wear resistance alone.
Choice among the grades is a matter of
ex erience.
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S-Shock Resisting
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo V others
S1 0.50 - 0.50 2.25 1.30 - 0.25
S5 0.60 0.85 1.9 - 0.20 0.50 0.20
S7 0.50 0.75 0.30 - 3.25 1.40 -
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Tool Steels Classification
T and M. Tungsten and Molybdenum High-speed Steels.Steels T1 and M2 are equivalent inperformance and represent standard high-speed steels which have excellent properties
for cold-working dies. They have highertoughness than many of the other die steels,combined with excellent wear resistance. Whilethey are expensive, they are readily available.
T15 and M4 are hardened by the standardmethod rather than carburizing, because theyalready have a very high carbon contentcombined with a high vanadium content.
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T-Tungsten base High Speed
steel
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo Ni Co
T1 0.75 - - 18.00 4.00 - 1.10
T15 1.55 - - 12.25 4.00 - 5.00 5.00
Co
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Tool Steels ClassificationT and M. Tungsten and Molybdenum High-speed Steels.
Type Ml may occasionally be used in place ofT1 and M2, but it is more susceptible to
decarburization. Steel T15 is the most wear-
resistant of all steels in the list, and steel M4 isslightly greater in wear resistance than a steel
such as D4. These steels are more difficult to
machine and grind than the other high-speed
steels, but the improved performanceobtainable very often justifies the extra
machining expense.
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M-Molybdenum base High
Speed steelAISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo Ni Co
M1 0.80 - - 1.50 3.75 8.50 1.05
M2 0,85 - - 6.25 4.15 5.00 1.90
M4 1.30 - - 5.50 4.00 4.50 4.00
M7 1.00 - - 1.70 3.75 8.75 2.00
M42 1.08 - - 1.50 3.75 9.50 1.10 8.00
Co
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Tool Steels Classification
L- Low alloy Tool Steels.Of the many low-alloy steels effective as
die materials, steel L6 is a chromium-
nickel steel. In large sizes it is water-quenched and has a hard case and a soft
core, with an attendant high overall
toughness. In small sizes it may be oil-quenched
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L-Low Alloy
(Special Purpose)
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo Ni Co
L6 0.75 0.70 - - 0.80 0.30 - 1.50
Ni
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Tool Steels Classification
H- Hot Working Steels.
Die casting dies. extrusion dies, hot
forming dies, and hot drawingmandrels are typical hot-work
applications.
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H-Hot Working
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo V others
H12 0.35 - 1.00 1.25 5.00 1.35 0.30
H13 0.38 - 1.00 - 5.20 1.25 1.00
H21 0.30 0.25 0.30 9.00 3.25 - 0.25
H26 0.53 - - 18.00 4.00 - 1.00
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Tool Steels Classification
P- Pre hardened Steels.
Steels which are pre hardened from arange of 28-33 HRc is available for
plastic components.
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P-Pre hardened
AISISTEEL
TYPE
C Mn Si W Cr Mo V others
P4 0.07 - - - 5.00 - -
P5 0.10 - - -- 2.25 - -
P6 0.10 - - - 1.50 - 0.20 3.50Ni
P20 0.30 - - - 0.75 0.25 -
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Effects of alloying elements
NICKEL (Ni)It is added to steel generally with
Chromium.It helps to produce fine grain in
the steel.This leads to lesser distortionduring quenching.Nickel improves
resistance to corrosion.An alloy called invar
having 35 to 36% Nickel has nearly zeroco-efficient of thermal expansion. This alloy
is used to manufacture measuring
instruments.
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Effects of alloying elements
NICKEL (Ni)It is added to steel generally with
Chromium.It helps to produce fine grain in
the steel.This leads to lesser distortionduring quenching.Nickel improves
resistance to corrosion.An alloy called invar
having 35 to 36% Nickel has nearly zeroco-efficient of thermal expansion. This alloy
is used to manufacture measuring
instruments.
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Effects of alloying elements
CHROMIUM(Cr)
Small quantities of Chromium is added to
Carbon Steel to increase its hardness.However ductility is reduced. Chromium
promotes grain growth in steel.Two of the
most important properties of Steelscontaining chromium are wear resistance
and cutting ability. Chromium also increases
the corrosion resistance of steel.
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Effects of alloying elements
MOLYBDENUM(Mo)It is often used in conjunction with
Chromium. It is used in tool steels because
it increases the hot hardness. Within the
temperature range where it is effective it is
twice as strong and much cheaper than
Tungsten. It is commonly used in forging
dies that must resist impact and abrasion at
elevated temperature
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Effects of alloying elements
VANADIUM (V)It acts as a deoxidizer and also
removes Nitrogen from steel. It forms
complex carbides with Carbon. These
carbides together with chromium and
nickel greatly strengthen the steel. A0.3 to 0.25% Vanadium increases the
elastic limit, yield point and impact
strength, with almost no loss in ductility
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Effects of alloying elements
MANGANESE (Mn)It is usually present in all commercial
steels. It reduces the harmful effect of
Sulphur by forming Manganese
Sulphide. 11 to 14% Manganese and 1
to 1.4 Carbon Alloy is resistant to wearand abrasion under high impact stress.
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Effects of alloying elements
SILICON (Si)
When added to Steel it is a more
efficient deoxidiser than Manganese.Addition of small percentage of Silicon
increases the strength with little loss in
Ductility, ill is used in spring steels
which contain about 2% Silicon, 0.8%
Manganese and 0.6% Carbon.
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Effects of alloying elements
TUNGSTEN (W)
It is more effective than molybdenum in
retaining hardness at very hightemperatures. It is a primary alloying
element in tool steels, that must
maintain their hardness at high
operating temperatures.
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Effects of alloying elements
SILICON (Si)
When added to Steel it is a more
efficient deoxidiser than Manganese.Addition of small percentage of Silicon
increases the strength with little loss in
Ductility, ill is used in spring steels
which contain about 2% Silicon, 0.8%
Manganese and 0.6% Carbon.
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Effects of alloying elements
COBALT (Co)
Cobalt is added to high speed steel from 1to 12% for the purpose of obtaining a
cutting tool with a sharp edge. It is also
used for making magnet steels containingabout 35% Cobalt.
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Effects of alloying elements
TITANIUM (Ti)
It is the strongest carbide former. It is
added to fix carbon in stainless
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Effects of alloying elements
COPPER (Cu)
Copper imparts atmospheric corrosionresistance to Steel. About 0.1 to 0.4% is
only added
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Effects of alloying elements
SULPHUR (S)
Sulphur is harmful to steel as it makes the
steel brittle at higher temperatures aproperty called "hot shortness". However
about 0,3% Sulphur is added to free cutting
steels to increase machinability
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Effects of alloying elements
PHOSPHOROUS (P)
Phosphorous, when dissolved in ferrite,
increases strength, hardness andresistance to corrosion. It is added to low
carbon steels upto 0.12%. It is undesirable
to have phosphorous in high strength andhigh carbon steels, because it makes steel
brittle at low temperatures, a property called
"cold shortness.
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Effects of alloying elements
TITANIUM (Ti)
It is the strongest carbide former. It is
added to fix carbon in stainless
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TYPICALANALYSIS
OF EN
STEELS
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EN STEELSMaterial
C Si Mn Cr Ni VHardening
TempoC
EN-8 0.35-0.45
0.05-
0.35
0.60-
1.00- - - 830-
860
EN-9 0.50-
0.60
0.05-
0.35
0.50-
0.80
- - - 810-
940
EN-16 0.30-0.40
0.10-
0.35
1.30-
1.80- - - 830-
860
EN-24 0.35-0.45
0.10-
0.35
0.45-
0.70
0.90-
1.40
1.30-
1.80
0.20-
0.35
820-
850
EN-31 0.95-1.10
0.15-
0.35
0.50 1.30-
1.60- - 800-
840
EN-36 0.12-0.18
0.30-
0.60
0.30-
0.60
0.60-
1.10
3.00-
3.75- 750-
820
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Steels for blanking and
forming tools
tee s or an ng an
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tee s or an ng an
forming toolsIn selecting steel for blanking and forming tools, anumber of factors must be taken into account.
The tool-user and the toolmaker have differentdemands. A good steel must meet the demands
of both. Steel manufactures has therefore
developed steel grades in close cooperation with
toolmakers and users in order to find the optimum
solutions for various areas of application for
blanking and forming tools.
St l f bl ki d
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Steels for blanking and
forming toolsFor the tool-user
Hardness/Compressive strength
Wear resistance
Toughness
St l f bl ki d
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Steels for blanking and
forming toolsFor the toolmaker:Machinability
Grindability
Stock standard sizes
Heat treatment properties
Surface treatment properties
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Good resistance to thermal shockand thermal fatigue
Good high-temperature strength
Good toughness and ductility Good machinability, Good polishability
Good through-hardening properties Good dimensional stability duringhardening
Hot work tool steel-H13
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Application Tools for die casting
Tools for hot pressing
Tools for extrusion
Tools for drawing
Plastic moulds
Hot shearing
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AISI H13
Hot work tool steel-H13
W302
8407/QRD-90 Supreme
C
0.37
Si
1.0
Mn
0.40
Cr
5.3
Mo
1.4
V
1.0
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Good resistance to thermal shockand thermal fatigue
Good high-temperature strength
Good toughness and ductility Good machinability, Good polishability
Good through-hardening properties Good dimensional stability duringhardening
Cold work steel-D3
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AISI P20
Pre-hardened tool steel
~M200
718
C
0.35
Si
0.3
Mn
0.7
Cr
1.8
Ni
0.7
Mo
0.3
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AISI P20
Pre-hardened tool steel
~M200
718
C
0.35
Si
0.3
Mn
0.7
Cr
1.8
Ni
0.7
Mo
0.3
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AISI P20
Pre-hardened tool steel
~M200
718
C
0.35
Si
0.3
Mn
0.7
Cr
1.8
Ni
0.7
Mo
0.3
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forming tools
TITANIUM (Ti)
It is the strongest carbide former. It is
added to fix carbon in stainless
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forming tools
TITANIUM (Ti)
It is the strongest carbide former. It is
added to fix carbon in stainless