Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture...
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Transcript of Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture...
![Page 1: Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfd01a28abf838caaab2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tone, Accent and Quantity
October 19, 2015
Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.
![Page 2: Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfd01a28abf838caaab2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Announcements• I’m postponing the mid-term!
• If this causes a serious problem for you, please come talk to me.
• Today and Wednesday: we will talk about the suprasegmental features of language--
• tone, accent, stress and quantity
• The transcription exercise on tone is now due on Friday.
• Yoruba and a mystery tone language!
• This will be posted to the course website after today’s class.
• We’ll have time for review questions about the mid-term on Friday, as well.
![Page 3: Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfd01a28abf838caaab2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Tone• Tone is the linguistic use of fundamental frequency to signal important differences in meaning.
• Note:
• Acoustic = Fundamental Frequency
• Perceptual = Pitch
• Linguistic = Tone
• English is a tone language…
• Sort of. For one set of words only.
![Page 4: Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfd01a28abf838caaab2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A Typology• F0 generally varies in three different ways in language:
1. Tone languages (Chinese, Navajo, Igbo)
• Lexically determined tone on every syllable or word
2. Accent languages (Japanese, Swedish)
• The location of an accent in a particular word is lexically marked.
3. Stress languages (English, Russian)
• It’s complicated.
![Page 5: Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfd01a28abf838caaab2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mandarin Tone
ma1: mother
ma2: hemp
ma3: horse
ma4: to scold
• Mandarin (Chinese) is a classic example of a tone language.
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Mandarin Sentences
ma1-ma0 ma4 ma3. “Mother scolds the horse.”
ma3 ma4 ma1-ma0. “The horse scolds mother.”
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How to Transcribe Tone• Tones are defined by the pattern they make through a speaker’s frequency range.
• The frequency range is usually assumed to encompass five levels (1-5).
• (although this can vary, depending on the language)
1
2
3
4
5Highest F0
Lowest F0
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• In Mandarin, tones span a frequency range of 1-5
• Each tone is denoted by its (numerical) path through the frequency range
• Each syllable can also be labeled with a tone number (e.g., ma1, ma2, ma3, ma4)
Tone
1
2
3
4
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How to Transcribe Tone• Tone is relative
• i.e., not absolute
• Each speaker has a unique frequency range. For example:
1
2
3
4
5Highest F0
Lowest F0
Female
Male
~100 Hz
~200 Hz
~350 Hz
~150 Hz
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Relativity, in Reality• The same tones may be denoted by completely different frequencies, depending on the speaker.
• Tone is an abstract linguistic unit.
female speaker
male speaker
ma, tone 1 (55)
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How To Transcribe Tone
female speaker
male speaker
ma, tone 4 (51)
Some speakers also use more of their frequency range.
![Page 12: Tone, Accent and Quantity October 19, 2015 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfd01a28abf838caaab2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Even More Tones
level tones
contour tones
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Variations• Other tone languages only have two or three tone targets
• These are transcribed as sequences of High (H) and Low (L) tones. (or also Mid (M) tones)
• They can also be labeled with accents over vowels
• High = ´
• Low = `• In these languages, tone can be used for grammatical markers (tense, possession)
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Ibibio Tones• Ibibio is spoken in southern Nigeria
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Accent Languages• In accent languages, there is only one pitch accent associated with each word.
• The pitch accent is realized on only one syllable in the word.
• The other syllables in the word can have no accent.
• Accent is lexically determined, so there can be minimal pairs.
• Japanese is a pitch accent language…
• for some, but not all, words
• for some, but not all, dialects
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Japanese• Japanese words have one High accent
• it attaches to one “mora” in the word
• A mora = a vowel, or a consonant following a vowel, within a syllable.
• For example:
• [ni] ‘two’ has one mora.
• [san] ‘three’ has two morae.
• The first mora, if not accented, has a Low F0.
• Morae following the accent have Low F0.
It’s actually slightly more complicated than this; for more info, see: http://sp.cis.iwate-u.ac.jp/sp/lesson/j/doc/accent.html
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Japanese Examples• asa ‘morning’ H-L
• asa ‘hemp’ L-H
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• “chopsticks” H-L-L
• “bridge” L-H-L
• “edge” L-H-H
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Length Distinctions• Another suprasegmental linguistic feature is quantity.
• Note:
• Quantity = Linguistic
• Length = Perceptual
• Duration = Acoustic
• Quantity distinctions are also relative.
• depend on speaker
• depend on speaking rate
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Danish Vowels
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= 150 milliseconds
= 275 milliseconds
• Differences in quantity between segments translates to relative differences in duration.
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Italian• Italian contrasts both long and short vowels and consonants.
• Note: Italian has both palatal nasals and palatal laterals.
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Syllables and Stress
October 19, 2015
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What is Stress?• Examples of stress in English:
(V) vs. (N)
(V) vs. (N)
• Phonetically, stress is hard to define
• I.e., it is hard to measure.
• It seems to depend on an interaction of three quantifiable variables:
• Pitch
• Duration
• Loudness
• And also: quality
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Loudness
• How do we measure how loud a sound is?
• Recall: one parameter of a sinewave is its amplitude.
• Peak amplitude (for sound) is the highest sound pressure reached during a particular wave cycle.
peak-to-peak amplitude
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Amplitude/Loudness Examples• The higher the peak amplitude of a sinusoidal sound, the louder the sound seems to be.
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RMS amplitude• Peak-to-peak amplitude is sufficient for
characterizing the loudness of sinewaves, but speech sounds are more complex.
• Another method of measuring loudness:
root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude
• To calculate RMS amplitude:
1. Square the pressure value of the waveform at each point (sample) in the sound file
2. Average all the squared values
3. Take the square root of the average
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RMS example
pressure 1 0.707 0 -0.707 -1 -0.707 0 0.707 1sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
• A small sampling of a “sinewave” has the following pressure values:
• It looks like this (in Excel):
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RMS calculationspressure 1 0.707 0 -0.707 -1 -0.707 0 0.707 1sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
• To calculate RMS amplitude for this sound, first square the values of each sample:
• Then average all the squared values
(1 + .5 + 0 + .5 + 1 + .5 + 0 + .5 + 1) / 9 = 5/9 = .555
• Then take the square root of the average
• RMS amplitude = .745
square 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Another example• What about the RMS amplitude of this sound wave?
•It looks like this (in Excel):
pressure 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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More Complex Waveforms• The following waveforms all have the same peak-to-peak amplitude: