Tomahawk
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Tomahawk Cruise Missile
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Transcript of Tomahawk
Tomahawk Cruise Missile
INTRODUCTION
The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long range, subsonic cruise missile used for land attack warfare, launched from U. S. Navy surface ships and submarines.
History• In 1916,
Lawrence Sperry patented and built an "aerial torpedo", a small biplane carrying a TNT charge, features are autopilot and a barometric altitude control. Inspired by these experiments, the US Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug.
•During the Cold War period both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented further with the concept, deploying early cruise missiles from land, submarines and aircraft. The main outcome of the U.S. Navy submarine missile project was the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile, based upon the V-1.`
•In the year 1970, General Dynamics introduced medium- to long-range, low-altitude missile that could be launched from a submerged submarine. This was called “TOMAHAWK”
•First operational use was in the Operation Desert Storm(1991).•Designed to fly at extremely low altitudes at high subsonic speeds.•Are piloted over an evasive route by several mission tailored guidance systems. •Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) and Global Positioning Satellite System guidance capability is coupled to the Block II guidance systems for precision navigation
Background
• Because of its long range, lethality, and extreme accuracy, Tomahawk has become the weapon of choice for the U.S. Department of Defense.
Primary Function: long-range subsonic cruise missile for striking high value or heavily defended land targets.Contractor: Raytheon Systems Company, Tucson, Ariz.Unit Cost: approximately $569,000 (FY99 $)Power Plant: Block II/III TLAM-A, C & D - Williams International F107 cruise turbo-fan engine ; ARC/CSD solid-fuel boosterBlock IV TLAM-E - Williams International F415 cruise turbo-jet engine ; ARC solid-fuel boosterLength: 18 feet 3 inches (5.56 meters); with booster: 20 feet 6 inches (6.25 meters)Weight: 2,900 pounds (1,315.44 kg); 3,500 pounds (1,587.6kg) with boosterDiameter: 20.4 inches (51.81 cm)Wing Span: 8 feet 9 inches (2.67 meters)
General Characteristics
Comprised of four major components:
•Tomahawk Missile •Theater Mission Planning Center (TMPC)/Afloat Planning System (APS)•Tomahawk Weapon Control System (TWCS) for surface ships•Combat Control System (CCS) for submarines
Tomahawk Weapon System
– 1 by Land– 2 by Sea– 3 by Air
1
2 3
Launch
• Ships and submarines have different launch systems. A vertical launching system (VLS) accommodates missile stowage and launch on ships. • In case of submarines, missiles are launched from torpedo tubes (with stowage in the torpedo room); in addition, some attack submarines have Vertical launching systems, located external to the pressure hull, which will handle both stowage and launch.
Launch system
• Each missile is stored and launched from a pressurized canister that protects it during transportation and storage and acts as a launch tube.
• For submarine-launched missiles (called UGM-109s), after being ejected by gas pressure (vertically via the VLS) or by water impulse (horizontally via the torpedo tube), the missile exits the water and a solid-fuel booster is ignited for the first few seconds of airborne flight until transition to cruise.
• After achieving flight, the missile's wings are unfolded for lift, turbofan engine takes control of flight.
• Over water, the Tomahawk uses GPS to follow a preset course; once over land, the missile's guidance system is aided by Terrain Contour.
• The Fire Control Systems (FCS) on both ships and submarines perform communications management, database management, engagement planning, and launch control functions.
• These systems provide the interface between the missile and FCS for missile initialization and launch as well as environmental protection.
Fire Control Systems
Tomahawks in Action
Working of tomahawk
GPS
TERCOM
DSMAC
Tomahawk – GPS’ role
• This technology would be impossible without the use of GPS guiding the missile from its launch point to targets sometimes over 1000 miles away
• The continuing advancement in GPS and other related technologies has dramatically decreased the cost of a standard cruise missile.
• Cruise missiles receive an initial thrust from a detachable booster before onboard systems take over. Once airborne, it releases its wings and switches on navigational and communication systems.
• The missile is guided at this early stage by GPS and onboard calculations based on its movements since launch.
Tomahawk – TERCOM
• TERCOM – Terrain Contour Matching
• Tomahawk missiles carries a 3-D map of its route.
• In theory, TERCOM allows cruise missiles to avoid detection.
Tomahawk - DSMAC• DSMAC – Digital Scene
Matching Area Correlation• Basically a search and
destroy system• It has images of target
stored inside. • It keeps capturing images of
objects during flight, it strikes once the image on board matches with the image taken by the camera matches.
Tomahawk layout• LENGTH: 5.56 meters (18ft) • WEIGHT: 1,300kg (aprox 2,200 lbs) • WING SPAN: 2.67 meters (nearly 9ft) • RANGE: 1,600km • SPEED: 880km/h (550mph) • 1. Infrared imagery sensor
2. "DSMAC" guidance system 3. Data/Communications link4. 1,000lb conventional warhead5. "DSMAC" illuminator6. Fuel cell7. "TERCOM" terrain matching system8. Turbojet subsonic engine
Source: BBC
Tomahawk – Final Destination
• US military claims missiles are 98% accurate.
• 1,000lb warhead detonates.
Future Outlook
• The next generation Tomahawk cruise missile adds the capability to reprogram the missile while in-flight to strike any of 15 pre-programmed alternate targets or redirect the missile to any Global Positioning System (GPS) target coordinates
• Able to loiter over a target area, and with its on-board camera, will allow the war fighting commanders to assess target battle damage.
Types of TOMAHAWK:• There have been several variants of the BGM-109 Tomahawk employing various
types of warheads.• AGM-109H/L Medium Range Air to Surface Missile (MRASM) - a shorter range,
turbojet powered ASM• BGM-109A Tomahawk Land Attack Missile - Nuclear (TLAM-N) with a W80
nuclear warhead• BGM-109C Tomahawk Land Attack Missile - Conventional (TLAM-C) with a
unitary warhead• BGM-109D Tomahawk Land Attack Missile - Dispenser (TLAM-D) with sub
ammunitions• BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM)]] • RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti Ship Missile (TASM) - radar guided anti-
shipping variant• RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM Block IV) - improved
version of the TLAM-C
Tactical TOMAHAWK:
• A major improvement to the Tomahawk is its network-centric warfare-capabilities, using data from multiple sensors (aircraft, UAVs, satellites, foot soldiers, tanks, ships) to find its target. It will also be able to send data from its sensors to these platforms. It will be a part of the networked force being implemented by the Pentagon.
• ”Tactical Tomahawk” equips the TLAM with a TV-camera for battlefield observation loitering that allows warfighting commanders to assess damage to the target and to redirect the missile to an alternative target. Additionally the Tactical Tomahawk is able to be reprogrammed in-flight to attack one of 16 predesignated targets with GPS coordinates stored in its memory or to any other GPS coordinates. Also, the missile can send data about its status back to the commander. It entered service with the US Navy in late 2004.
• In May 2009, Raytheon Missile Systems proposed an upgrade to the Tomahawk Block IV land-attack cruise missile that would allow it to kill or disable large, hardened warships at 900 nautical miles (1,700 km) range.[4]
Operators:United States Navy:• In the 1991 Persian Gulf War, 288
Tomahawks were launched. The first one was fired by the cruiser USS San Jacinto on January 17, 1991. The attack submarines USS Pittsburgh and USS Louisville followed. This was repeated during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The United States Navy has a stockpile of around 3,500 Tomahawk cruise missiles of all variants.
• US has been planning to retire TLAM-N considering the mass devastation it can produce.
•The United States agreed to sell more than 60 Tomahawks to the United Kingdom in 1995 for use with Royal Navy nuclear submarines. The first missiles were acquired and test-fired in 1998.•In 2004, the UK and US governments reached an agreement for the British to buy 64 of the new generation of Tomahawk missile – the Block IV or Tactical Tomahawk missile. •The Royal Navy has recently purchased the Block IV tomahawk which entered service as of the 27th March 2008, three months ahead of schedule.
•All Royal Navy submarines are currently (as of 2010) Tomahawk capable, including the new Astute class attack submarine.
Royal navy:
•Tomahawk is the only network enabled attack missile.•Tomahawk has the ability to change the target once it is activated.•Tomahawk can loiter around the target and provide to the command base the necessary information like destruction to be caused to the target.•Tomahawk can capture the images of the target and send it to the command base.•Tomahawk can make last minute weapon changes depending on the position of the target.•Tomahawk’s accuracy is more than all previous cruise missiles.
Advantages
• The only manufacturing base is in The US of A.•The unit cost is v high, around $569,000.•The UK and the USA are the only countries using it.
Disadvantages
[1.] JP 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (April 14, 2006),http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/c/01434.html[2.] Thomas G. Mahnken, The Cruise Missile Challenge (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, March 2005), 9-13, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/Archive/R.20050310.CruiseMiss/R.20050310.CruiseMiss.pdf. [3.] World Air Distance Locator, (mapsofworld.com, 2006), http://www.mapsofworld.com/utilities/world-airdistance-locator.htm. [4.] National Air and Space Intelligence Center, Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat (Wright-Patterson AFB: National Air and Space Intelligence Center, 2006): 25, http://www.nukestrat.com/us/afn/NASIC2006.pdf. [5.] National Air and Space Intelligence Center, Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat, (Wright-Patterson AFB: National Air Intelligence Center, 1998), http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/missile/naic/index.html. [6.] National Air and Space Intelligence Center, Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat, (Wright-Patterson AFB: National Air Intelligence Center, 2000), http://www.nukestrat.com/us/afn/NAIC2000.pdf. [7.] “BrahMos,” BrahMos.com, May 11, 2006http://www.brahmos.com/missile_tech.html. [8.] “Iran Test-Fires New Cruise Missile,” IranFocus.com, April 5, 2006,http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=6601. [9.] Russian Federation Missiles,” Softwar.net, September 30, 2005, http://www.softwar.net/rfed.html.
References
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