Tolerance and Tolerance and Public Administration Public Administration in in IIntegrated Europentegrated Europe

Assoc.Prof. Selçuk ÇolakoğluAssoc.Prof. Selçuk ÇolakoğluAdnan Menderes UniversityAdnan Menderes University

5 June 2010, Bialystok5 June 2010, Bialystok

What Is Diversity?What Is Diversity?Being diverse, difference, unlikeliest, Being diverse, difference, unlikeliest,

varietyvariety Racial/EthnicRacial/Ethnic ReligiousReligious CulturalCultural AgeAge GenderGender DisabilityDisability

What is tolerance?What is tolerance?

To understand and embrace people from To understand and embrace people from different backgrounds and those who different backgrounds and those who have different beliefs; not judging have different beliefs; not judging others based on superficial qualitiesothers based on superficial qualities..

In practice, "tolerance" indicates support In practice, "tolerance" indicates support for practices that prohibit ethnic and for practices that prohibit ethnic and religious discrimination. religious discrimination.

Intolerance refers to the discriminatory Intolerance refers to the discriminatory practices. practices.

Aspects of Culture or Aspects of Culture or EthnicityEthnicity

HistoryHistory Social StatusSocial Status Social Group Social Group

Interaction PatternsInteraction Patterns Value OrientationsValue Orientations Language and Language and

Communication: Communication: Verbal and Verbal and NonverbalNonverbal

Family Life ProcessesFamily Life Processes

Healing Beliefs Healing Beliefs and Practicesand Practices

ReligionReligion Art and Art and

Expressive FormsExpressive Forms Diet/FoodsDiet/Foods RecreationRecreation ClothingClothing

Cultural DimensionsCultural Dimensions

PERSONAL

CORPORATE

ETHNIC

GENERATIONAL

RELIGIOUS

CLASS

GENDER

REGIONAL

NATIONAL

PROFESSIONAL / EDUCATIONAL

Am I Diverse?Am I Diverse?

Who am I?Who am I? What about my family?What about my family? Who are my Who are my friendsfriends?? Who do I associate with?Who do I associate with?

Do I think Diverse?Do I think Diverse?

What am I comfortable with?What am I comfortable with? Am I willing to go outside the box?Am I willing to go outside the box? Can I change myself?Can I change myself? Can I go beyond tolerance?Can I go beyond tolerance?

What isWhat is ethnicity ethnicity??

From From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community. ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community.

““Ethnie“ Ethnie“ is isa named human population with myths of common a named human population with myths of common

ancestry, shared historical memories, ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a one or more elements of common culture, a link with a

homelandhomeland,, a sense of solidarity among at least some membersa sense of solidarity among at least some members.. - - covers both majority and minority population.covers both majority and minority population.

vsvs multiple identities, multiple identities,

situational (transcending) ethnicitiessituational (transcending) ethnicities, hybridity, hybridity

What is rWhat is raceace?? RRace remains a legitimate concept for ace remains a legitimate concept for

sociological analysis because social actors sociological analysis because social actors treat is as real and organise their lives and treat is as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to itpractices by reference to it.. (van den Berghe) (van den Berghe)

RRace is only an ideological construct that is ace is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the used by social scientists for legitimising the status quostatus quo.. ((Robert MilesRobert Miles))

Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there arebehave as if there are. (. (D. D. MasonMason))

Race vs Race vs EEthnicitythnicity

Race is often treated as ideology Race is often treated as ideology ethnicity as a real phenomenon.ethnicity as a real phenomenon.

Racial refers mainly to physical terms, Racial refers mainly to physical terms,

ethnic rather to cultural terms. ethnic rather to cultural terms.

Race refers to them, Race refers to them, ethnicity to us. ethnicity to us.

Both concepts always imply social relationship.Both concepts always imply social relationship.

What is mWhat is minorityinority??

group of people distinguished by physical or group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristicscultural characteristics

subject do different and unequal treatment subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live by the society in which they live

and who regard themselves as victims of and who regard themselves as victims of collective collective ddiscriminationiscrimination

1945 Louis Wirth1945 Louis Wirth

MinorityMinority must be a 'nonmust be a 'non dominant' group; dominant' group; its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or

linguistic characteristics differing from those of the linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚rest of the population‚

must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' traditions, religion or language'

Also Also non non dominant groups that may be a numerical dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, majority in a state,

those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state where they reside.of the state where they reside.

Different minority groupsDifferent minority groups-- DDifferent claims and ifferent claims and

expectationsexpectations National minoritiesNational minorities Indigenous peopleIndigenous people ImmigrantsImmigrants RefugeesRefugees GuestworkersGuestworkers Descendants of Descendants of

slavesslaves RomaRoma Religious groupsReligious groups

AutonomyAutonomy

Fair terms of Fair terms of integrationintegration

InclusionInclusion Affirmative actionAffirmative action Cultural rightsCultural rights

Integration ModelsIntegration Models

TThree models of minority integration:hree models of minority integration:

Assimilation (majority- comformity)Assimilation (majority- comformity) Amalgamation (melting pot)Amalgamation (melting pot) Accommodation (pluralism) Accommodation (pluralism)

(multiculturalism)(multiculturalism)

Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperationMulticulturalism = diversity + cooperation

Parillo, 1997Parillo, 1997

Discrimination:Discrimination:Personal – Cultural - StructuralPersonal – Cultural - Structural

NeilNeil Thompson Thompson

P

C

S

RacismsRacisms

PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination InequalityInequality

RRacismacism involves involves (a)(a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority stereotypes about difference and inferiority (b)(b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugateuse of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate

The Parekh Report, 2000The Parekh Report, 2000

AttitudesAttitudesBehaviourBehaviourStructuresStructures

Assimilation and RacismAssimilation and Racism (B(Bauböcauböck)k)

 

 

assimilation is possibleassimilation is possible

yes no

assimilation assimilation is requiredis required

yes compulsory assimilation

racist double-bind

no pluralism segregation

 

Assimilationist modelAssimilationist model

DIFFERENCEDIFFERENCE DEFICITDEFICIT

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION      

COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMESCOMPENSATORY PROGRAMMESDoes the individual fitDoes the individual fit

into the System or ‘Institution’?into the System or ‘Institution’?    

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION

Multiculturalism Multiculturalism MModelodel

Cultural EffectsCultural Effects

  CULTURESCULTURES

LIFESTYLES LIFESTYLES ATTITUDESATTITUDES

PLURALISTPLURALIST

TOLERANCE AND HARMONYTOLERANCE AND HARMONY  Does the organisation of this ‘institution’Does the organisation of this ‘institution’

recognise Diversity ?recognise Diversity ?      

PLURALISTPLURALIST

Equity/Rights ModelEquity/Rights Model

Social and Political EffectsSocial and Political Effects

  EQUITY EQUITY PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION

ANTIDISCRIMINATORYANTIDISCRIMINATORY

LIFE CHANCESLIFE CHANCESAre people enabled in thisAre people enabled in this ‘institution’?‘institution’?

Do the structures allow forDo the structures allow for

achievement, growth and opportunities?achievement, growth and opportunities?

ANTIDISCRIMINATORYANTIDISCRIMINATORY

EU’s Legal Base of anti-EU’s Legal Base of anti-discriminationdiscrimination

Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) TTwo Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)wo Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC) European Framework Convention for protection of European Framework Convention for protection of

national minoritiesnational minorities (FCNM) (FCNM)CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.

i.e. i.e. fframework for public policies ramework for public policies

promoting positive interethnic relations,promoting positive interethnic relations, e elimination limination of discrimination and racism.of discrimination and racism.

Green paper on Equality and non-Green paper on Equality and non-ddiscrimination in an enlarged Eiscrimination in an enlarged EU in 2000U in 2000

The EU adopted two Directives (Directive The EU adopted two Directives (Directive 2000/43/EC and and 2000/78/EC) prohibiting ) prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination on direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation.orientation.

These texts contain precise definitions of These texts contain precise definitions of direct and indirect discrimination and of direct and indirect discrimination and of harassment. harassment.

EUEU’s’s Race Directive Race Directive

The The EUEU rejects theories rejects theories which attempt to which attempt to determine the determine the existence of separate existence of separate human races. human races.

Race is a social Race is a social construct, i.e. a construct, i.e. a category without any category without any biological biological underpinningunderpinning..

The European Council of Religious Leaders –Istanbul Declaration on Tolerance on 26-28 April

2010 Traditional European cultures are faced Traditional European cultures are faced

with new challenges. with new challenges. In the first decade of the 21st century In the first decade of the 21st century

religion came to be recognised as an religion came to be recognised as an important force in European societies. important force in European societies.

There are tragic examples of strained There are tragic examples of strained relationships between people of relationships between people of different faiths, but more often religious different faiths, but more often religious people live peacefully together, and people live peacefully together, and initiatives for interreligious dialogue and initiatives for interreligious dialogue and cooperation are multiplying. cooperation are multiplying.

Religious HarmonyReligious Harmony

Tolerance requires mutuality and is a precondition for a culture of peace

- -  Tolerance is an active recognition of Tolerance is an active recognition of diversity and means respecting the otherness diversity and means respecting the otherness in terms of religion and culture. in terms of religion and culture.

-  Tolerance means respecting the other’s -  Tolerance means respecting the other’s human rights, but not necessarily sharing his human rights, but not necessarily sharing his or her viewpoints. or her viewpoints.

-  Tolerance implies that all may speak -  Tolerance implies that all may speak openly and freely, also when their views are openly and freely, also when their views are controversial. controversial.

-  Tolerance meets its most difficult challenge -  Tolerance meets its most difficult challenge when faced with the intolerant. when faced with the intolerant.

A cohesive and peaceful society must protect A cohesive and peaceful society must protect itself and its institutions against intolerance.itself and its institutions against intolerance.

Commitments to interreligious tolerance in Europe

In our teaching, preaching and in exercising our In our teaching, preaching and in exercising our leadership roles we will emphasise mutual respect leadership roles we will emphasise mutual respect and acceptance.and acceptance.

We can We can try try to to preventprevent any form of hate speech, any form of hate speech, whether it is in the form of whether it is in the form of anti-semitismanti-semitism, , IIslamophobiaslamophobia, , attacks on Christians attacks on Christians oror any other any other religionreligion. .

We will work for the rights of all religions to be We will work for the rights of all religions to be visible in the public squarevisible in the public square,, includingincluding religious religious symbols, wearing religious dress, establishing symbols, wearing religious dress, establishing schools for the education, and building places of schools for the education, and building places of worship. worship.

We will support further efforts to establish a We will support further efforts to establish a Universal Code on Holy Sites Universal Code on Holy Sites likelike places of worship, places of worship, shrines and cemeteries. shrines and cemeteries.

Group StudyGroup Study Discuss: What are the problems of Discuss: What are the problems of

different groups?different groups? What is your solution to get a more What is your solution to get a more

multicultural and peaceful society?multicultural and peaceful society? 1. National minorities1. National minorities 2. Religious minorities2. Religious minorities 3. Migrant workers3. Migrant workers 4. Racial (black/white/Asian) 4. Racial (black/white/Asian)

discriminationdiscrimination 5. 5. Country-level regional discriminationCountry-level regional discrimination