ToK Rationalism: the use of reason
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Transcript of ToK Rationalism: the use of reason
ToK Rationalism: ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonthe use of reason
Rational & EmotionalRational & EmotionalRational & EmotionalRational & Emotional
If you want to annoy someone, explain to them, logically and rationally, why they are wrong.
J Baylock
If you want to annoy someone, explain to them, logically and rationally, why they are wrong.
J Baylock
ToK Rationalism: introductionToK Rationalism: introduction
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
Rational & EmotionalRational & EmotionalRational & EmotionalRational & Emotional
What has reason told us about prehistoric man?What has reason told us about prehistoric man?
How might our emotions inform us about prehistoric man?
How might our emotions inform us about prehistoric man?
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
ReasoningReasoningReasoningReasoning
• Reasoning and deduction….• Reasoning and deduction….Example:
A: All humans are mortal
B: I am human
C: (deduction)I am mortal
Example:
A: All humans are mortal
B: I am human
C: (deduction)I am mortal
Example:
A: I am either a schnooglepopper or a birshteinwaller, or both
B: I am not a schnooglepopper
C: I am a birshteinwaller
Example:
A: I am either a schnooglepopper or a birshteinwaller, or both
B: I am not a schnooglepopper
C: I am a birshteinwaller
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
In groups of 3 or 4, In groups of 3 or 4, please please
A.A.Make up 2 other Make up 2 other absolutely convincing absolutely convincing examplesexamples
B.B. Make up 2 Make up 2 arguments which arguments which seem convincing, but seem convincing, but in fact, are notin fact, are not
In groups of 3 or 4, In groups of 3 or 4, please please
A.A.Make up 2 other Make up 2 other absolutely convincing absolutely convincing examplesexamples
B.B. Make up 2 Make up 2 arguments which arguments which seem convincing, but seem convincing, but in fact, are notin fact, are not
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
•Reasoning and induction…•Reasoning and induction…All adult swans are whiteAll adult swans are white
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
•Reasoning and induction…•Reasoning and induction…
It’s induction because…
The speaker has drawn a general conclusion from many specific sightings – maybe thousands(remember induction in science?)
It’s induction because…
The speaker has drawn a general conclusion from many specific sightings – maybe thousands(remember induction in science?)
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
•Reasoning and induction…•Reasoning and induction…
The problem with The problem with induction?induction?
The problem with The problem with induction?induction?
The way it has been, may not be the way it always will be…..
The way it has been, may not be the way it always will be…..For example, there is a species of black swan
For example, there is a species of black swan
Australian Black Swan chicks
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
Reasoning and deductiondeduction again.. Reasoning and deductiondeduction again..
Example:
A: No emperors are dentists
B: All children fear dentists
C: No children fear emperors
Example:
A: No emperors are dentists
B: All children fear dentists
C: No children fear emperors
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
Reasoning and deductiondeduction again.. Reasoning and deductiondeduction again..
Example:
A: No monkeys are soldiers
B: All monkeys are smelly
C: Some smelly creatures aren’t soldiers
Example:
A: No monkeys are soldiers
B: All monkeys are smelly
C: Some smelly creatures aren’t soldiers
Soldiers
Smelly creatures
Monkeys
Soldiers
Smelly creatures
Monkeys
Venn diagramVenn diagram
Once you understand Once you understand the logic, try drawing the logic, try drawing
your own for the your own for the examples on page 78 in examples on page 78 in
books..books..
Once you understand Once you understand the logic, try drawing the logic, try drawing
your own for the your own for the examples on page 78 in examples on page 78 in
books..books..
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
DeductionDeduction truth and validity… DeductionDeduction truth and validity…Example:
A: All students are lazy
B: I am a student
C: I am lazy
Example:
A: All students are lazy
B: I am a student
C: I am lazyTruth of premises
Validity of logic
True False
Valid Conclusion must be T
Conclusion must be T or F
Invalid Conclusion must be T or F
Conclusion must be T or F
ToK Rationalism: the use of ToK Rationalism: the use of reasonreason
Once you understand Once you understand the logic, do the the logic, do the exercises on p79exercises on p79
Once you understand Once you understand the logic, do the the logic, do the exercises on p79exercises on p79