Exercise J.A

Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.

QuESTIONS 1- 2 Before television and computers, our most powerful communication tool was language.

However, the supremacy of language bas been challenged by the introduction of images-powerful, realistic, moving images- into our everyday communication. The advent of television and computing in the twentieth century marked a new period in communication technology, the Information Age. The marriage of words and images offered by television, together with the interactive power of the computer, have profoundly affected the nature of our society.

In its short life of half a century, the computer has revolutionized the way we communicate. In the workplace, businesses rely on computers for communication and for performing routine tasks such as record keeping, accounting, and inventory. Computing has spawned new forms of media, such as the worldwide network of millions of computers called the Internet. By the mid-1990s, the general public was using the Internet for education, entertainment, and business, making it the fastest-growing medium today.

I. According to the passage, how has the technology of the lnfom1ation Age changed our daily communication?

2. What new communication medium did the computer generate?

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It helps us learn language more easily. It combines language with visual images. It improves our ability to think logically. It makes routine tasks more interesting.

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Language Television Record keeping The Internet

QUESTIONS 3-4 It was not until enterprising sea captains imported exotic animals to sell to traveling

showmen that words such as lion or polar bear had much meaning to Americans. In 1789 the first large collection of exotic wild animals was put on permanent ex~ibit in New York. By the 1830s, most circuses had a collection of animals that generally included elephants, camels, lions, tigers, kangaroos, and apes. These animal shows served as traveling zoos where many Americans saw their f irst exotic animal. The creatures made such an impression that American English began to acquire new phrases.

To monkey around and monkey business are expressions of the early 1800s, and to make a monkey out of someone is from 1899, all being terms based on the increasing number of monkeys seen in circuses and zoos. A large or uncouth man was called a big ape by 1831, and gorilla was used to mean a hairy, tough man by the 1860s and a thug by 1926.

Nofrijon SofyanTypewritten TextReading Practice

3. According to the passage, what was one effect of traveling animal shows?

0 New laws regulated the importation of exotic animals.

0 There was an increase in popular forms of entertainment.

People worked to improve the living conditions of animals. American English acquired many new words and phrases.

QUESTIONS 5-7

4. What point does the author make in paragraph 2?

0 Monkeys were the most popular animals in circuses and zoos.

0 Several expressions reflect an interest in monkeys and apes.

There are many similarities between monkeys and humans. Many words to describe large men are considered vulgar.

The cells of a plantare organized into three tissue systems: dermal, vascular. and ground tissue. Each tissue system is continuous throughout theplant's body. The specific characteristics of each tissue, however, are different in the di fferent organs of the plant.

The dermal tissue system is the "skin" of the plant. The dermal system, or epidermis, is a single layer of cells covering the entire body of the plant. The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plant. The epidermis also has special ized characteri.stics for the particular organs it covers. For example, the epidermis of leaves and stems has a waxy coating that helps the plant conserve water, and the epidermal cells near the tips of the plant's roots help the plant absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

The second tissue system- the vascular system- is the transportation system for water and nutrients. Vascular tissue also helps to support the plant's structure. The third system-the ground tissue-makes up the bulk of a plant, filling all of the spaces between the dermal and vascular tissue systems. Ground tissue functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support.

5. How are the three tissue systems of a p lant similar co each other?

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They a ll continue throughout the plant's body. They a ll have a protective waxy coating. They all consist of a s ingle layer of cells. They a ll perform the same bodily functions.

6. Which of the following statements best describes the plant's epidermis?

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It helps the plant to stand upright. It transports water and nutrients. It covers the plant's entire body. It is found only in young plants.

7. Which type of tissue does a plant's body mainly consist of?

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Dermal Vascular Epidermis Ground

Q UESTIONS 8-10 By the decades just before the Civil War of the 1860s, the Southern states had

developed an economic culture distinct from that of the North. The economy of the South depended largely on two things: cotton and slave labor. Because of the rising demand for cotton from the mills of England, and the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, the cotton production of the South increased tremendously. ln 1790, cotton output had been 9,000 bales a year, but by the 1850s, output had soared to five million bales. In the South, cotton was "king." The most readily available source of labor was the institution of slavery. Thus, cotton and slavery became interdependent, and the South grew more reliant on both.

This was in sharp contrast to the North, where farming was becoming more mechanized and diversified. Northern farmers would boast of improvements in the form of new roads, railways, and machinery, and of the production of a variety of crops. In the South, however, farmers bought laborers instead of equipment, and a man's social status depended on the number of slaves he owned. The economic differences between the two regions would ultimately lead to armed conflict and the social restructuring of the South.

8. Why did the Southern output of cotton greatly increase between I 790 and 1850?

I 0. The author argues that the Civi l War between the North and the South

m Southern farmers invested in transportation. Mills in England demanded more cotton. The South was trying to dominate the North. Solithern cotton was superior to Northern cotton.

9. What was associated more with the North in the period discussed?

m Farm machinery Slave labor Military service Reliance on one crop

0 was a conflict over control of the cotton trade

0 began in I 790 and lasted almost seventy years

@ was largely the result of economic differences

forced the South to produce different crops

Exercise 1. 1. B

Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.

QUESTIONS 1-3 Erik Erikson believed that personality development is a series of turning points, which

he described in terms of the tension between desirable qualities and dangers. He.emphasized that only when the positive qualities outweigh the dangers does healthy psychosocial development take place.

Ao important turning point occurs around age six. A ch ild entering school is at a point in development when behavior is dominated by intellectual curiosity and performance. He or she now learns to win recognition by producing things. The child develops a sense of industry. The danger at this stage is that the chi ld may experience feelings of inadequacy or inferiority. If the child is encouraged to make and do things, allowed to finish tasks, and praised for trying, a sense of industry is the result. On the other hand, if the child's efforts are unsuccessful, or if they are criticized or treated as bothersome, a sense of inferiority is the result. For these reasons, Erikson called the period from age six to eleven lndusuy vs. Inferiority.

I. According to Erikson's theory, what desirable quality should develop in a child who is six to eleven years old?

m A liking for school A feeling of inadequacy An ability to finish tasks A sense of industry

2. According to Erikson's theory, what will happen if a child's efforts are criticized?

m The child will dislike his teacher. The child will avoid other children. The child will try harder to win recognition. The child will feel inferior.

3. Industry vs. Inferiority is an example of

@ the tension between a positive quality and a danger

a personality disorder in children 0 the difference between a child of six and

a child of eleven an educational strategy

QUESTIONS 4-6

In the storytelling traditions of West Africa, the tiny rabbit appears frequently as a rascal who teases or plays jokes on bigger animals. In one story, Mr. Rabbit tricks Mr. Elepbam and Mrs. Whale into a tug of war with each other. Such tales about Mr. Rabbit continue to be pa.rt of the oral traditions of the Wollof people of Senegal.

The African-American folktales of the U.S. South also feature a trickster rabbit in the character of Brer Rabbit. In his American incarnation, Brer Rabbit uses his wits to overcome circumstances and even to enact playful revenge on his larger, stwnger adversaries, Brer Fox, Brer Wolf, and Brer Bear. Although he is not always successful , Brer Rabbit's efforts make him both a folk hero and a friendly comic figure. Joel Chandler Harris, a journalist in Georgia, had heard old men tell Brer Rabbit tales by the fireside when he was a young boy. Harris wrote down and published many of the stories, popularizing them for the general public.

A folklorist named A Ieee Fortier recorded very simi lar versions of the same stories in southern Louisiana, where the rabbit character was known as Compair Lapin in Creole French. Today, the rabbit enjoys another incarnation as the cartoon character Bugs Bunny-a rascally rabbit who causes trouble, tricks the bunter, and always gets the final word.

4. What trait belongs to the rabbit character in tales of West Afiican origin?

6. What do Brer Rabbit, Compair Lapin, and Bugs Bunny have in common?

m Storytelling ability Very keen eyesight Ability to fool others Strong, athletic body

5. How did a wide audience of people know about the Brer Rabbit stories?

m All are cartoon characters. All play tricks on others. All save others from trouble. All speak Creole French.

m They studied the oral traditions of West Afiica. They heard old men tell the stories by the fireside. They read the stories published by a journalist. They listened to recordings from southern Louisiana.

QUESTIONS 7-10 A hot spot is a giant underground caldron of molten rock in one of the world 's many

volcanically active areas. The steamy geysers, thermal pools, and mud pots ofYellowstone National Park owe their origins to hot spots.

Annually, more than 200 geysers erupt in Yellowstone, making this one of the most interesting places in the world for geologists. Over 100 geysers lie within the Upper Geyser Basin, a one-square-mile area near Old Faithful, the most famous geyser in the world. The Yellowstone hot spot was created around ten million years ago, and the center of the park is still volcanically active, with molten rock only a mile or two beneath the Earth's surface.

When rain and melted snow seep down through tiny cracks in the Earth, the water eventually reaches underground chambers of lava- heated rock. The rock heats the water, and the boiling water and steam often make their way back up to the surface in the form of a geyser, a thermal pool, or a mud pot.

In a geyser, water trapped in an underground chamber heats up beyond the boi ling point and forms steam. Since steam takes up 1,500 times more space than water, pressure builds up, eventually forcing the superheated water to burst to the surface as a geyser. A thermal pool is formed when the water from the hot spot reaches the surface before cooling off. If the water does not make it all the way to the surface, steam and gases may dissolve rock's and form a bubbling mud pot instead.

7. Where do hot spots occur? 9. How do hot spots contribute to the formation of geysers?

0 Hot spots melt all of the snow falling into a volcano's crater. m

In rocky regions near the equator Below the ground near active volcanoes A )lout a mile above a volcano's crater In the center of ancient volcanoes Water is trapped in an underground chamber

and cannot escape. 8. According to the passage, why is

Yellowstone National Park an interesting place for geologists?

ffi There are 100 square miles of hot spots. Over 200 geysers erupt there each year. There are more than I 00 different kinds of geysers.

More than 200 types of rock are found there.

@ Hot rocks create boiling water, steam, and pressure underground.

Water from hot spots rises to the surface before it cools off.

I 0. When do mud pots form?

0 When steam and gases dissolve rocks near the surface

When underground water exceeds the boiling point

@When snow melts in Yellowstone 's geyser basins

When superheated water bursts to the surface

Exercise I. /. C Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.

QUESTIONS 1-3 Most matter exists as compounds--combinations of atoms or oppositely charged

ions of two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions by chemical bonds. Compounds are classified as organic or inorganic. Organic compounds contain atoms of the element carbon, usually combined with itself and with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine. Many materials important to us-food, vitamins, blood, skin, cotton, wool, paper, oil, plastics- are organic compounds.

Larger and more complex organic compounds, called polymers, consist of a number of basic structura l units linked together by chemical bonds. Important organic polymers inc lude carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, such as the complex starches in rice and potato plants, are composed of a number of simple sugar molecules. Proteins are produced in plant and animal cells by the linking of different numbers and sequences of about twenty different structural units known as amino acids. Most animals. including humans, can manufacture about ten of these amino acids in their cells, but the other ten, called essential amino acids. must be obtained from food in order to prevent protein deficiency. Nucleic acids are composed of hundreds to thousands of four different units cal led nucleotides linked together in different numbers and sequences. DNA and RNA in plant and animal cells are nucleic acids.

I. Which of the following statements applies to all organic compounds?

3. Why is it important for humans to obtain some amino acids from food?

0 They are composed of carbon and one or more other elements. 0 They contain atoms of the seven most abundant elements.

@ They have stronger chemical bonds than inorganic compounds do.

They are produced by linking several simple sugar molecules.

2. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are types of

~ elements inorganic compounds polymers amino acids

0 Without certain amino acids, humans store too much fat.

0 Organically grown food is the only source of amino acids.

@) Sufficient amino acids are necessary for DNA production.

Humans cells cannot make the ten essential amino acids.

QUESTIONS 4-6 By the 1840s, British North America had developed a vibrant commercial economy

based on its abundant natural resources and a growing international trade. Fish, furs, timber, and grains represented over 90 percent of all economic activity. The oldest of the resource commodities, fish, was traditionally associated with Newfoundland and continued to dominate that colony 's economy throughout the nineteenth century. The other traditional resource, fur, had a much smaller economic value compared to other resources. However, the fur trade was of tremendous value politically because it provided the means for Great Britain to retain its claim over much of Canada, and also formed the basis of the relationship between the British and the aboriginal peoples.

Timber and grain eventually replaced fish and fur in economic importance. Every province of British North America except Newfoundland was involved in the timber trade. In New Brunswick, the timber industry controlled every aspect of life, and settlement was closely connected to the opening of new timber territory. In the extensive agricultural lands of the St. Lawrence Valley and Upper Canada, wheat quickly became the dominant crop. Wheat met a growing demand abroad and it transported well as either grain or flour.

4. Which resource was the earliest to contribute to the economy of British North America?

m Timber from New Brunswick Fur from across Canada Fish from Newfoundland Wheat from Upper Canada

5. According to the passage, what is the main reason for the importance of the fur trade?

0 Fur had more economic value than any other natural resource.

0 Fur forn1ed the basis of the local economy everywhere in Canada.

The fur trade supplied all of the fur needed in Great Britain.

The fur trade allowed Great Britain to control a large part of Canada.

6. Which statement best describes the British North American economy around 1840?

0 Four important resources supported most of the commercial activity.

0 The economy was based mainly on the exportation of timber and wheat.

Economic activity varied greatly from one province to another.

Great Britain maintained strict control over all aspects of the economy.

QUESTIONS 7- 10 The youngest child of a prosperous Midwestern manufacturing fami ly, Dorothy Reed

was born in 1874 and educated at home by her grandmother. She graduated from Smith College and in 1896 entered Johns Hopkins Medical School. After receiv ing her M.D. degree, she worked at Johns Hopkins in the laboratories of two noted medical scientists. Reed's research in pathology established conclusively that Hodgkin 's disease, until then thought to be a form of tuberculosis, was a distinct disorder characterized by a specific blood cell, which was named the Reed cell after her.

In 1906, her marriage to Charles Mendenhall took Reed away from the research laboratory. For ten years, she remained at home as the mother of yotmg children before reUJrning to professional life. She became a lecturer in Home Economics at the University of Wisconsin, where her principal concerns were collecting data about maternal and child health and preparing courses for new mothers.

Dorothy Reed Mendenhall's career interests were reshaped by the requirements of marriage. Her passion for research was redirected to public health rather than laboratory science. Late in life, she concluded that she could not imagine life without her husband and sons, but she hoped for a future when marriage would not have to end a career of laboratory research.

7. What was Dorothy Reed 's area of research at Johns Hopkins?

9. What did Dorothy Reed Mendenhall conclude about marriage?

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ManufacUiring Pathology Tuberculosis Maternal health

8. Why did Reed stop working in the research laboratory?

0 Marriage required that she remain at home. She became more interested in public

health. Johns Hopkins did not like women

doing research. Her work on Hodgkin's disease was completed.

0 Marriage inspired her passion for laboratory research.

It was a mistake for her to give up her career for marriage.

Marriage need not keep women from careers in laboratory science. Women cannot have both a happy marriage and a succe,ssful career.

10. Which fact should be included in a biography of Dorothy Reed Mendenhall?

0 She was the first woman in her family to earn a degree in medicine.

Marriage and motherhood prevented her from resuming her career.

She proved that Hodgkin's disease was characterized by a certain blood cell.

Her career was devoted to finding a cure for tuberculosis in children.

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