TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.• Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic.• Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.

Ch. 6: ROME –From Republic… …to Empire !

Section 1: The Republic

Period

AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Hannibal” Textbook p. 144• INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments• DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet• MANDATORY TEXTBOOK CHECK TOMORROW !

AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History

Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50

http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?direct=History/Ancient_Civilizations/Ancient_Rome&img=

Getting started…Let’s Understand Where We’re Going

Ch. 6: ROME –

From Republic…[509 – 44 B.C.]

Republic – a type of government where power rests with the citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader, usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.

…to Empire ![43 B.C. – 476 A.D.]

Empire – when several territories, regions, peoples are placed under a single, sovereign authority creating one major political territory.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

See Timeline in Textbook, p. 138-139 or on front of your CH 6 packet.

CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.139; Packet p. 15

• Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Tiber R.

Greece

Carthage .

AFRICA

Alps Mts.

GAUL

SPAIN

Black Sea

EGYPT

Alexandria .

BRITAIN


753 B.C. Rome is founded, according to legend

1. How did geography affect the development of Rome? It’s strategic location on the sea

and fertile soil on the Tiber River.

The legend of Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess, were raised by a she-wolf. Textbook, p.


Textbook, p. 141 “Beginnings of Rome”

Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

• Latins- farmers and shepherds who wandered into Italy across the Alps and settled in a region they called Latium.

• Greeks- the Greeks settled about 50 colonies on the coasts of southern Italy and Sicily. The cities became prosperous and commercially active. They even taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives.


Textbook, p. 141 “Beginnings of Rome”

Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

• Etruscans - were native to northern Italy.

They were skilled metalworkers and engineers.

The Etruscans strongly influenced the development of Roman civilization.







600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome.

2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,

the arch in building, and religious ideas.

Did Latinevolve from old Etruscan writing?

Left: Bronze tablets from 6 century B.C. showing Etruscan writing bear striking similarity to Latin letters

Wanna learn some famous Latin quotes? Go Here:http://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.html

http://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.html




2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome?

Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet, the arch in building, and religious ideas.

Invention of Concrete! A Keystone! And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!

Roman military legions crossing a bridge in Spain – one of many Roman bridges that still stand today in Europe.

Legion – Roman military units.

A Keystone is the “secret” to an Arch-way.






Concrete! A Keystone! And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!

Right: A Roman Bath house.

Left: The Pantheon -Temple to “all the gods”

The Pantheon -Temple to“all the gods,” built by Emperor Hadrian in 118 A.D. It had the largest dome in the world until 1436. The Pantheon became a Christian Church in 609. Rome, Italy.


Besides the Etruscans, the Romans also borrowed religious ideas from the Greeks.









509 B.C. Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy and establish a republic.

3. Which were the main groups that competed for power in the early Roman republic?

Patricians (the upper class) and the Plebians (ordinary people)

Republic – a type of government where power rests with the citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader, usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.






Patricians lived well in Rome, and usually had several slaves.









451 B.C. Officials begin writing the Twelve Tables

“Twelve Tables” -the earliest law code, drawn from religious and secular custom. It was published on tablets of bronze or wood and placed in the Roman forum – the marketplace, or main public center of any Roman town.

4. What is the significance of the Twelve Tables in Roman law?

Became basis for all future Roman laws and established the principle that all citizens had a right to protection under the law !

In Rome, Italy today one can tour the ruins of the old Roman Forum.

See Models of Roman Forum, http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html http://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.html

See pic in textbook, p. 142

http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html

http://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.html

The Roman RepublicPacket, p. 3; Part B

JUDICIAL tribunes – Judges chosen from and for the plebians, their offices were established to protect the plebeians from arbitrary actions of patrician senators.

EXECUTIVE 2 consuls – two leaders! [hoping to prevent all-power residing in one single man] presided over the Senate, brought forward legislation (law proposals), served as generals in military campaigns, represented Rome in foreign affairs.

LEGISLATIVE Senate – representative body of appointed men who were the law-makers and principle decision-makers.

Dictator – in times of emergency / crisis, all power given to this one individual, and then, only for 6 months !

One of Rome’s many great legacies adopted later in the

legal principles and government

found in the United States today

is shown here.

What is it?

THE REPUBLICof the United States of America

JUDICIAL The Supreme Court, as well as state, and local justices.

EXECUTIVE The President

LEGISLATIVE the U.S. Congress (Senate and the House of Representatives)________________________________

See Chart Textbook

p. 143

The Roman Senate in session.


CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3

• Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Tiber R.

Greece

Carthage .

AFRICA

Alps Mts.

GAUL

SPAIN

Black Sea

EGYPT

Alexandria .

BRITAIN


390 B.C. – Gauls sack Rome. 5. How did Rome regain control of Italy after the sacking of the city by the Gauls?

Rebuilt city, conquered all rivals, and began empire-building with a lenient policy toward people it conquered.

More on the Roman legionaires…http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html


http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html

As Rome’s expansion begins… one Rival stands in her way…


Carthage .

• Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Alps Mts.

SPAIN

AFRICA


264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to war, and Punic Wars begin.

“Punic” was the Latin word for the “Phoenicians” / “purple”

6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?

Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean region.

The First Punic War, 264-241 BC, grew immediately out of a quarrel between the cities of Messana (now Messina) and Syracuse both on the island of Sicily. One faction of the Messanians called on Carthage for help and another faction called on Rome. The Strait of Messana, which separates the Italian Peninsula from Sicily, was of extreme strategic importance, and both powers responded. The Punic army arrived in Sicily first, arranged a peace between Messana and Syracuse, and established a garrison. Upon its arrival, the Roman army ejected the Carthaginians from the garrison, and thus the war began.

Roman legions occupied E. Sicily and took Palermo (254) but were effectively blocked farther west by the brilliant guerrilla warfare of Hamilcar Barca , and they failed to take Lilybaeum, the chief Punic base.

The Romans equipped a new fleet that destroyed the Punic fleet in 241 B.C. off the Aegates (now Aegadian Isles), and Carthage sued for peace.

In the First Punic War…..

ROME WINS! Gets Sicily !The terms were the payment of an indemnity

and the cession of Punic Sicily to Rome.


Carthage .

• Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Alps Mts.

SPAIN

AFRICA



1st War: Rome gains Sicily



• Sicily

218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. 7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?

Who was Hannibal?Textbook

p. 144

The famous Carthaginian GeneralHANNIBAL’S

Crossing of the Alps

Carthage .

• Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Alps Mts.

SPAIN

AFRICA






• Sicily

218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. 7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?

By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to defend Carthage.

2nd War: Rome gains Spain






218 B.C. Second Punic War begins.

202 B.C. Romans defeat Hannibal’s army.

7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?

By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to defend Carthage.

2nd War: Rome gains Spain

149 B.C. Third Punic War begins.8. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome?

3rd War: Rome brutally ends Carthage. N. Africa becomes a Roman province.

Rome’s expansion now gave it domination over all the Mediterranean Sea region.

"Carthago delenda est!” (Carthage must be destroyed.)

Cato the Elder, Roman SenatorPP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.• Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic.• Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.

Ch. 6: ROME –From Republic… …to Empire !

Section 1: The Republic

Period

AGENDA:• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Hannibal” Textbook p. 144• INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments• DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet• MANDATORY TEXTBOOK CHECK TOMORROW !



http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?direct=History/Ancient_Civilizations/Ancient_Rome&img=

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion.• Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire – including the role of Julius Caesar.• Describe the empire’s economy and government.

Ch. 6: ROME

Section 2: Roman Expansion

- Empire - Brings Challenges

AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Julius Caesar” Textbook p. 147

•DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 146 / packet p. 6• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet• Pre-A.P. - “Caesar” reading is due Tuesday !



CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6

ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMSThe Republic Becomes and Empire

CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B


I. Gap between Rich and Poor A. 1/3 of Rome’s population were slaves following it’s conquests in the Punic Wars and other conflicts

B. Small farmers lands were often devastated by the wars and they could not compete with the Rich landowners (Patricians) who had ample slave labor to work and produce large profitable crops each year on their Latifundia – huge estates.

(The rich gained these huge land acquisitions when the Roman armies would “occupy” conquered lands.)

C. Few jobs available for the land-less and unskilled workers in urban areas led to cities with high numbers of unemployed trouble-makers or, “urban discontent” Even returning soldiers had little to return to – no “veteran’s benefits”

D. The wealthy Romans were corrupted by money and luxury and ignored the plight of the poor.




II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus

Proud sons of one of Rome’s most noble families – Gaius – few menin Roman history had the unforeseen historical impact as the two brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. Caesar’s career is unthinkable without them; and the first Emperor, Caesar Augustus built upon what the Gracchi began.What did they do? Everything! Who did it effect? Everyone! What did it cost the two of them? Their lives.

Their careers marked ”…the beginnings of the Roman Revolution; the introduction of murder into politics; and the breakdown of the very principles upon which the Republic was based.” [Oxford Classical Dictionary]

“They were for giving citizenship to all Italians, extending it almost to the Alps, distributing the public domain, limiting the holdings of each citizen to five hundred acres, as had once been provided by law, establishing new customs duties, filling the provinces with new colonies, transferring the judicial powers from the senate to the equites, and began the practice of distributing grain to the people. They left nothing undisturbed, nothing untouched, nothing unmolested, nothing, in short, as it had been.”

Velleius Paterculus History of Rome, II, vi. 3-6

CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146-7; Packet p. 6


II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus

A. Proposed Reforms (Changes): - limiting the size of the rich estates (latifundia) - redistributing lands to the poor - A Welfare system : distributing grain to the poor.

B. Both were killed in moments of riot or political intrigue / assassination

C. CIVIL WAR

POLITICAL DYNASTIESIn the United States and Rome

The Gaius family of Rome is sometimes compared to the Kennedy’s of the United States – an aristocratic family with long ties to politics, with platforms that championed the rights of the poor and disenfranchised, and who, too, saw its share of tragedy – the assassinations of both John F. and Robert Kennedy. The outpouring of public sympathy for the Kennedy family was similar too for the Gaius family – and may explain the longevity of that “dynasty.” For it produced even more stars in the likes of Gaius Julius Caesar.




III. The Army situation: A. Rise of politically powerful military leaders

- They recruited soldiers from among the land-less, discontented poor, promising them land.

Consequently,

B. These soldiers scattered throughout Rome’s expanding conquered territory were more loyal to their commander… than they were to the Republic government back in Rome the capital!




III. The Army situation: C. CIVIL WAR, 88 – 82 B.C. fought between Gaius Marius (defending the lower classes / poor / of all Italia) and Lucius Sulla (defending the Senate and the elite patrician class)

" The long smoldering fires of an Italian war were now fanned into flame . . . all Italy took up arms against the Romans…the fortunes of the Italians was as cruel as their cause was just; for they were seeking citizenship in a State whose power they were being asked to defend by their arms…“

Velleius Paterculus, History , II, XV.


“Sulla was a man to whom, up to the conclusion of his victory in the Civil War, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after his victory, no condemnation can be adequate.” (II, XVII).

Once completely in charge of Rome, Sulla proceeded to butcher all his political opponents on a scale unmatched in Roman history. Plutarch describes the terror in which Sulla was held by the Rome government itself. The city was filled with murders and a young senator at one point asked Sulla when they could expect an end to the murders: "We are not asking you" he said "to pardon those whom you have decided to kill; all we ask is that you should free from suspense those whom you have decided not to kill." The next day Sulla posted lists of the condemned in the Roman Forum, of those to be killed and/or those who property would revert to the state. Informers were everywhere. Thousands perished. Informers were paid bounties for turning in the "disloyal"; instantly, untold numbers of innocent Romans were denounced and their property confiscated to the state and sold for a song to supporters of the current regime. A young Gaius Julius Caesar who had fought on the side of his uncle Gaius Marius barely escaped the list of names. In the next and succeeding generations, the inscrutable, remarkable, bloody man Sulla became the model of a Roman tyrant. When Caesar was commencing on his own struggle for absolute power in 49 B.C., Caesar quite specifically stated that he did not propose to emulate the notorious Sulla, settling instead on a policy of mercy and reconciliation.


JULIUS CAESAR100 - 44 B.C.

“When could they ever say, that talk’d of Rome, that her wide walks encompass’d but one man?”

The play, “Julius Caesar,” I, ii ~ William Shakespeare


"In the old days, every child born to a respectable mother was brought up not in the room of a bought nurse but at his mother's knee. It was her particular honor to care for the home and serve her children…and no one dared do or say anything improper in front of her. She supervised not only the boys' studies but also their recreation and games with piety and modesty. Thus, tradition has it, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, Aurelia, mother of Julius Caesar, and Atia, mother of Augustus, brought up their sons and produced princes.“

Tacitus, Dialogue 28, quoted in "Women's Life in Greece and Rome," Lefkowitz, Fant, 191.



IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the

A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers. B. He serves as consul with Pompey. C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul.


"For himself he wanted a high command, an army, and a war in some field where his

gifts could shine in all their brightness." Sallust, Conspiracy of Cataline, LIV.


IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul…

C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul.

In spite of their many "civilized" aspects, to Caesar and the Romans of his time the Gauls remained barbarians. There are frequent references to the Gallic character scattered throughout Caesar's famous “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars.” He considered them impulsive, emotional, easily swayed, fickle, and prone to panic.

Although it is obvious from his writings that Caesar viewed them with respect as worthy military adversaries, he coldly judged their struggle for freedom from Rome's sway as no more than unstable anger whipped up by agitators with ulterior personal motives. It apparently never occurred to Caesar that there were rational arguments against annexation by Rome.

D. Keeps journal about conquest of Gaul Published, it makes him very popular with Roman people Caesar’s “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars”

LEFT: "Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms At the Feet of Caesar”

L. Royer, 1888.

CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7

IV. JULIUS CAESARA military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers.

While Julius Caesar waged war in Gaul attempting to subdue the many tribes, Pompey busied himself in Rome with the construction of the mammoth complex later known as Pompey's Theater on the Campus Martius- not only the first permanent theater ever built in Rome, but an eye-popping complex of lavish porticoes, shops, and multi-service buildings.

Pompey was also busy with his new wife. At 53 he

had married Julius Caesar’s on daughter, Julia (23).

Meanwhile, back in Rome…

E. Pompey rises to power in Rome and fears Caesar’s rising popularity 1. The Senate orders Caesar to disband his Legions and return home from Gaul




B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesar’s rising popularity 1. Caesar is to disband his Legions and come home 2. “Crossing the Rubicon” with his army

"Let the dice fly high!" he said (quoting a half-line of his favorite Greek poet, Menander), as he crossed the Rubicon…the great gamble could now begin; for he was starting a civil war and, according to the view occasionally expressed in his own works, 'Luck is the greatest power in all things and especially in war.'





Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt

Pompey intended to fight Caesar in Asia, an area of the Roman world in which he had strong connections and many client-kings. Unfortunately, in the scramble to evacuate Rome, neither Pompey nor the Senators thought to take charge of Rome's treasury, stored under the Temple. Caesar arrives and impounds the treasury for his use.

Pompey flees


" But do you see what sort of man this is into whose hands the state has fallen, how clever, alert, well prepared?

I verily believe that if he takes no lives and touches no man's property those who dreaded him most will become his warmest admirers."

Cicero ,Selected Letters, 67.

The Roman orator Cicero and Caesar were great adversaries.


THE BATTLE OF PHARSALUS, August 9, 48 BC

A century after the Battle of Pharsalus, the poet Lucan considered it so pivotal to Roman history that he chose it for a poem-cycle of epic proportions, known as The Pharsalia.

"The loser bears the burden of defeat;

The victor wins, but conquest is a crime."

The Pharsalia, Lucan, VII, 144-5.

Its depiction of the war to the death between the “noble” Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) and the evil Gaius Julius Caesar may be simplistic in historical terms but the poem is fascinating in showing that later Roman generations clearly regarded the Civil War defeat of Pompey's armies by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus as a turning point in the death of the Roman Republic.

Pompey


“When Pompey’s left wing crumbled, even then the legionaries retreated step by step still locked in battle, while the allies retreated headlong, making no resistance and shouting 'We've lost.'…

Caesar then made a particularly shrewd move to avoid having to engage Pompey in yet another clash and to ensure that the result decided not an isolated battle, but the whole campaign. He sent heralds into the ranks all over the battlefield, who ordered the victors not to harm their fellow-countrymen, but attack only the allies…

Caesar's men, sweeping through them, began to kill the allies, who were unable to resist, and the most tremendous carnage ensued.”

Appian, The Civil War, II, 80


CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7



Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt

Pompey flees


46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome and is appointed dictator.

Bronze statue of Caesartoday in the Roman forum.



Cleopatra in Egypt becomes his AllyAfter he supports her side in a feud with her young brother Ptolemy for the throne.



IV. JULIUS CAESAR In 44 B.C. is named dictator for life.

F. His REFORMS: - grants broader citizenship to even conquered peoples - expands the size of the Senate to 300 men - helped the poor with jobs, creating government work

programs and building projects - the dole (welfare) - started colonies - increased pay for the legions - the Julian calendar



February, 44 B.C. The young Mark Antony – a distant relation of Caesar’s and a star general in his own right – is said to have offered Caesar a make-shift “crown” one day in the Senate.

Caesar refused it, but doubts remained that he had personally arranged for the public offer simply to feel out the reaction the crowd.Other historians think he staged the incident simply to destroy the rumors that he desired kingship.

As Napoleon noted succinctly, "If Caesar wanted to be king, he would have got his army to acclaim him as such."

Still, doubts in Rome lingered.

Mark Antony



March 44 B.C. - Two tribunes were seen pulling down crowns that had been placed on Caesar’s statues around the city. They were dismissed from office.

By dismissing them, Caesar attacked the protected position of Tribune of the plebs, the very point for which he claimed he fought in beginning the Civil War.

ASSASSINATION PLOT:

Marcus Brutus was felt out to remove the tyrant; Cassius joined; the conspirators grew, including Caesar’s most trusted subordinate and friend, Decimus Brutus.Brutus.

Marcus Brutus stated that he “loved Julius Caesar, but I

loved Rome more.”



G. The Assassination Plot : Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius

The Ides of March (March 15), 44 B.C. Julius Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate Chamber.

IV. JULIUS CAESAR


“Et tu Brute?” "When he saw that he was beset on every side by drawn daggers, he muffled his head in his robe, and at the same time drew down its lap to his feet with his left hand, in order to fall more decently, with the lower part of his body also covered. And in this wise he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering not a word, but merely a groan at the first stroke, though some have written that when Marcus Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, 'You too, my child?'"

~ Suetonius Life , LXXXII

What does this artist’s rendition of Caesar’s assassination say about the incident?Who wears the traditional white of the “good guys” and who wears black?

In your view, who is “good” and who is “bad in this event?Or should this event be described in such “black and white” terms?


Caesar is alleged to have said in the year before his murder,

"It is more important for Rome than for myself that I should survive. I have long been sated with power and glory; but, should anything happen to me, Rome will enjoy no peace.

A new Civil War will break out under far worse conditions than the last."

~ Suetonius

His words were prophetic.


TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion.• Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire – including the role of Julius Caesar.• Describe the empire’s economy and government.

Ch. 6: ROME



AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Julius Caesar” Textbook p. 147

• INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments• DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet• MAJOR QUIZ TUESDAY over Sections 1 – 2 !• Pre-A.P. - “Caesar” reading is due Tuesday !



TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion.• Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire – including the role of Julius Caesar.• Describe the empire’s economy and government.• Describe life in Imperial Rome.

Ch. 6: ROME



AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.• WARM-UP – Look over your notes from Friday for today’s MAJOR QUIZ!

• Finishing CH 6 Section 2, “Rome becomes an Empire”• Pre-A.P. Discussing “Caesar” by Colleen McCullough• MAJOR QUIZ over CH 6 Section 2

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 3 and complete p. 11 in packet• Pre-A.P. - Library Reserve article is due Thursday!



How much of the Roman storycan we learnby looking at maps alone?

http://intranet.dalton.org/global/imaps/romemap5.map

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule.• Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus.• Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul.• Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.

Ch. 6: ROME:

Section 3:

The Rise of Christianity

AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !• WARM-UP – Look at map on p. 156 in your textbook and answer:

1. What major cities had become Christianized by 325 A.D.2. Could a missionary reach all of these cities by sea?

• DISCUSSION of Section 3, Text p. 153 / packet p. 11

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 5 and complete p. 12 in packet• Pre-A.P.: Library reserve article is due tomorrow!



CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook map, p. 156; Packet p. 15

• Rome

EGYPT

Alexandria .

SPAIN

GAUL

• Jerusalem

PALESTINE / JUDEA

SINAI

Greece

BRITAIN

• Byzantium

Setting the Stage: Religion in Rome


• The worship of Roman gods was impersonal, practiced without a great deal of emotion. Priests used sacred rituals to intercede on behalf of worshippers.

• The religion Christianity, was born in Roman times as a movement (or sect) within Judaism, emphasized the personal relationship between God and people.

• It would attract many Romans seeking “hope” during difficult times in the Roman Empire’s latter 3 centuries.

During those difficult times, this new “faith” would spread like wildfire!

Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule


• Roman power spread to Judea, the homeland of the Jews, around 63 B.C. when Judea became a province of Rome.

• The ruler Herod, in Jesus’ day, for example, was a “Romanized” Jew.

• Jewish kings were allowed to rule as representatives of Rome. Some Jews allied with the Romans and accepted their plans to “Romanize” Jerusalem - the Jewish holy city.

His loyalites were divided between Rome and the Jewish people, but he ruled with an iron hand and angered many Jews.

• There were many Jewish resistors fighting against Roman occupation – particularly violent and militant were the “zealots.”


• Jewish resistance against Roman occupation was strong and a constant nuisance to the Romans. The zealots were a militant group of Jews who wished to rid their homeland of Roman occupation.

• Many devout Jews believed that the Messiah, or Savior sent by God, would be coming soon to save them from this Western Empire that was defiling their holy places.

According to their Biblical tradition, God had promised such a Messiah would come to restore the kingdom of the Jews.

Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule

“Therefore the Lord Himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a Virgin shall conceive, and bear a Son, and shall call his name Immanuel,” which means: God is with us.”

(Isaiah 7:14)

“In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that the whole world should be enrolled in a census…

so all went as required, each to his own town. And Joseph too went up from Galilee from the town of Nazareth

to Judea, to the city of David that is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of David,

to be enrolled with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child.

While they were there, the time came for her to have her child, and she gave birth to her firstborn son. 3

She wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger,

because there was no room for them in the inn.”

From the New Testament Gospel of Luke 2: 1-7 (New American Bible)

Painting of “The Nativity” 17th c. Louvre Museum, Paris France.

Augustus Caesar63 B.C. – 14 A.D.


CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 153; Packet p. 11

How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity?

1. Jesus of Nazareth He was a Jew. Became a rabbi, or Jewish teacher, at 30.

During his 3 – year ministry, he:Preached a message, emphasizing a personal relationship to God;

did good works;

purportedly performed miracles;

gained a large following because his message appealed to the poor and outcasts in Roman society;

Gathered around him 12 special disciples, or students.

Many began to suspect he was the long-awaited “Messiah” (saviour).


Ca. 6 B.C. – 30 A.D.

“Blessed are the poor, for they shall inherit the earth…”

The main source of information about Jesus’ life and teachings come from the Gospels – the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible.

The Gospel of Matthew

The Geneology of Jesus1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2 Abraham was the father of Isaac, and Isaac the father of Jacob, and Jacob the father of Judah and his brothers…1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom Jesus was born, who is called Christ. 1.17 So all the generations from Abraham to David were fourteen generations…1.18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child of the Holy Spirit; 1.19 and her husband Joseph, being a just man and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to divorce her quietly. 1.20 But as he considered this, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit; 1.21 she will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.“

The Gospel of Mark

John the Baptist 1.1The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. 1.2As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, who shall prepare thy way; 1.3the voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight--" 1.4John the baptizer appeared in the wilderness, preaching a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. 1.5And there went out to him all the country of Judea, and all the people of Jerusalem; and they were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. 1.6Now John was clothed with camel's hair, and had a leather girdle around his waist, and ate locusts and wild honey. 1.7And he preached, saying, "After me comes he who is mightier than I, the thong of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. 1.8I have baptized you with water; but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit."

The Baptism of Jesus 1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan…

The Gospel of LukeLuke's Prologue

1.1 Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things which have been accomplished among us, 1.2 just as they were delivered to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word, 1.3 it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent The-oph'ilus, 1.4 that you may know the truth concerning the things of which you have been informed.

The Gospel of John1.1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 1.2 He was in the beginning with God; 1.3 all things were made through him, and without him was not anything made that was made. 1.4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men. 1.5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. 1.6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. 1.7 He came for testimony, to bear witness to the light, that all might believe through him. 1.8 He was not the light, but came to bear witness to the light. 1.9 The true light that enlightens every man was coming into the world.


Some of the Gospels are thought to have been written by one or more of Jesus’ apostles – those who were former disciples / followers of Jesus.

The Gospel of Matthew

The Geneology of Jesus1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2 Abraham was the father of Isaac, and Isaac the father of Jacob, and Jacob the father of Judah and his brothers…1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom Jesus was born, who is called Christ. 1.17 So all the generations from Abraham to David were fourteen generations…1.18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child of the Holy Spirit; 1.19 and her husband Joseph, being a just man and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to divorce her quietly. 1.20 But as he considered this, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit; 1.21 she will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.“

The Gospel of Mark

John the Baptist 1.1The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. 1.2As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, who shall prepare thy way; 1.3the voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight--" 1.4John the baptizer appeared in the wilderness, preaching a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. 1.5And there went out to him all the country of Judea, and all the people of Jerusalem; and they were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. 1.6Now John was clothed with camel's hair, and had a leather girdle around his waist, and ate locusts and wild honey. 1.7And he preached, saying, "After me comes he who is mightier than I, the thong of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. 1.8I have baptized you with water; but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit."

The Baptism of Jesus 1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan…

The Gospel of LukeLuke's Prologue

1.1 Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things which have been accomplished among us, 1.2 just as they were delivered to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word, 1.3 it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent The-oph'ilus, 1.4 that you may know the truth concerning the things of which you have been informed.

The Gospel of John1.1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 1.2 He was in the beginning with God; 1.3 all things were made through him, and without him was not anything made that was made. 1.4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men. 1.5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. 1.6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. 1.7 He came for testimony, to bear witness to the light, that all might believe through him. 1.8 He was not the light, but came to bear witness to the light. 1.9 The true light that enlightens every man was coming into the world.




2. The JewsHe was a Jew. Became a rabbi, or Jewish teacher, at 30.

His ideas contained Jewish teachings – monotheistic, emphasized the 10 Commandments and other ethical guidelines to living one’s life.

Jesus sought to reform the Judaism of his day -which he believed to be too legalistic and staid -he never indicated a desire to start a “new” religion.


Jesus’ growing popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders.

They said his teachings were blasphemy, or contempt for God.

In a day when Roman Caesars were demanding “emperor-worship,” Jesus’ message appealed to large crowds in the cities to which he traveled and spoke. There was widespread resentment among many Jews toward the seemingly increasing secularism in society and apathetic acceptance of the Roman presence.

Those in power were afraid the type of “discontented” crowds Jesus attracted might be easily incited to mob behavior or rebellion…leading to a brutal response from Rome.

For this reason, it was believed he needed to be silenced.




3. Pontius PilateHe was the Roman governor to whom Jesus was brought and accused of blasphemy.

Pontius Pilate, after questioning Jesus, decided that, indeed, Jesus was challenging the authority of Rome.

Pilate sentenced Jesus to crucifixion – a form of capital punishment in Roman times where an individual was nailed to a cross.

After Jesus’ death, his body was removed from the cross and placed in a tomb.


• According to the Gospels, three days later his body was gone, and rumors spread that a living Jesus was was appearing to his followers. Today, Christians believe he was “resurrected” – or, rose from the dead.

• The apostles were more than ever convinced that Jesus was the Messiah.

• Out of this belief, Jesus came to be called by them – Jesus “Christ”

• “Christos” is the Greek word meaning “Messiah” or “savior.”

• The name “Christianity” was derived from this Greek title given to Jesus.

The cross on which Jesus had been crucified became a symbol of this new religious sect as well as the sign of the fish…

“I will make you fishers of men…”

Matthew 4:19PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.



4. PeterThe “first” apostle. Following Jesus’ death he helped spread the teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and began the first “community of believers” (church) in Jerusalem.


Most Christians today recognize Peter as the rock (“petra”) of whom Jesus spoke when he said:

"You are Peter and on this rock I will build my Church. I will give you the keys to the kingdom of Heaven: whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven; whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.“

Matthew 16:13-19

Francisco de Goya. St. Peter Repentant. c. 1823-25

REASONS FOR CHRISTIANITY’S WIDE APPEALTextbook, p. 156

Short Essay on Test!• embraced all people (universal) –

men, women, and slaves, the poor, and nobles.

• gave hope to the powerless.

• appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome.

• offered a personal relationship with a loving God.

• promised a life after death – a promise that gave much hope to those living under harsh circumstances in Rome at the time



How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?

4. Pax RomanaPeriod of peace provided ideal conditions for travel and exchange of ideas.




4. PaulPaul was a devout Jew whose Hebrew name had been Saul.

He never met Jesus, and according to the Christian New Testament, he once took part in persecuting followers of this unrecognized Jewish sect, Christianity. But then had a conversion experience.

His new vigor to spread the message of Jesus led him to have enormous impact on Christianity. His founding of churches throughout Greece and Rome, as well as his own “interpretations” of Jesus’ message, lead many to consider him the actual “founder of Christianity.”


“The Conversion of St. Paul,” Parmigianino.Oil on canvas, 177,5 x 128,5 cmKunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna



4. PaulHe wrote letters to the churches, called epistles, that had a major impact on defining Christian doctrine (teachings).


“The Apostle Paul in Prison,” VAN RIJN REMBRANDT, 1627 oil on panel, Stuttgart.

In his view, Jesus’ message was not only for Jews, but for everyone (even Gentiles, non-Jews).

This idea of Universal acceptance was an attractive doctrine that made it possible to bring in more converts.

“There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.”

Galatians 3:28

Jewish Rebellion• In 66 A.D., a band of Zealots rebelled

against Rome. • In 70 A.D., the Romans stormed Jerusalem

and destroyed the Temple complex. • All that remained was a western portion of

the wall, which today is the holiest Jewish shrine.

• The Jewish fortress near Masada held out until 73 A.D.

• About a half million Jews were killed in the course of this rebellion.

• Most Jews were driven from their homeland into exile.

• This dispersal of the Jews is called the Diaspora.


Persecution of the Christians

• Christians also posed a problem for Roman rulers because Christians refused to worship Roman gods.

• This refusal was seen as opposition to Roman rule.

• In A.D. 64, for example, when the emperor Nero was blamed for a disastrous fire in Rome, he said Christians were responsible and ordered them to be persecuted.

• Both the apostles Peter and Paul were put to death in Rome some time after A.D. 60.

Emperor Nero

Persecution of the Christians

• Thousands were crucified, burned, or killed by wild animals in the circus arenas.

• Other Christians and even some non-Christians regarded persecuted Christians as martyrs.

• Martyrs were people willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a belief or a cause.

• Despite persecution, Christianity became a powerful religious force.

• By the late third century A.D., there were millions of Christians in the Roman Empire.

Early Christian Church

• Christians soon began to give their religion a hierarchy, or structure, much as the Roman Empire had in its government.

• The local church level, a priest led each small group of Christians.

• A bishop, who was also a priest, supervised several local churches (diocese).

• Eventually, every major city had its own bishop. However, bishops of Rome later claimed to be the heirs of Peter.

• These bishops said that Peter was the first pope, the father or head of the Christian Church.

• They said that whoever was bishop of Rome was also the leader of the whole Church.

• Also, as Rome was the capital of the empire, it seemed the logical choice to be the center of the Church.

CHURCH HIERARCHY

Lay people (Laity)

Pope

Archbishop

Bishops

Priests

Constantine Accepts Christianity

• The Roman emperor Constantine was fighting three rivals

for his title.

• On the day before a major battle

Constantine prayed for divine help.

• He reported that he then saw

a cross of light in the heavens

bearing the inscription,

“In this sign, conquer

• Constantine and his troops were victorious in battle.

In the next year, A.D. 313, Constantine announced

an end to the persecution of Christians. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.



7. ConstantineEnded the persecution of Christians and declared Christianity was one of the approved religions in the empire.




8. TheodosiusThis Roman emperor made Christianity the sole / official religion of the empire in 380 A.D.


Discord and Harmony

• As Christianity grew, disagreements about beliefs developed among its followers.

• Church leaders called any belief that appeared to contradict the basic teachings a heresy.

• Church leaders sought to set a single, official standard of belief.

• In A.D. 325, Constantine decided to end the disputes and the disorder they caused.

• He called Church leaders to Nicaea in Anatolia.

• There they wrote the Nicene Creed, which defined the basic beliefs of the Church.


The Fathers of the Church

• One of the most important was Augustine, who became bishop of the city of Hippo in North Africa in 396.

• Augustine taught that while humans needed the grace of God to be saved, God was merciful and gave his grace freely.

• One of Augustine’s most famous books is The City of God.

• It was written after Rome was plundered in the fifth century.

• Augustine wrote that the fate of cities such as Rome was not important because the heavenly city, the city of God, could never be destroyed:


TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule.• Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus.• Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul.• Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.

Ch. 6: ROME:

Section 3:

The Rise of Christianity


1. What major cities had become Christianized by 325 A.D.2. Could a missionary reach all of these cities by sea?

• DISCUSSION of Section 3, Text p. / packet p. 11

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 5 and complete p.12 in packet• Pre-A.P.: Library reserve article is due tomorrow!



TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire.• Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.• Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.

Ch. 6: ROME:

Section 5:The Decline

of the Roman Empire


1. Which tribes of invaders reached Rome? 2. What can you infer about Rome’s military strength?

• SMALL GROUPS – Analyzing causes of the Fall• DISCUSSION of Section 4, Text p. 158 / packet p. 12• Pre-A.P.: Library Reserve article is due!

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 4 and complete p. 12 in packet



Emperor Diocletion284-305 A.D.

CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 12

1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?

a. Disruption of trade Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.

CONDITION CAUSE

Rome’s over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret – even to Rome’s enemies.

“Choking off” that supply /Disrupting that trade…

…had devastating consequences.


From what foreign territories was Rome getting it’s grain

from?




THINKABOUT

IT

CONDITION CAUSE

Rome’s over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret – even to Rome’s enemies. “Choking off” that supply had devastating consequences.

Today, is there a resource that the United States is over-dependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?

What is that resource?


According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, in 2003, the United States consumed 19.656 million barrels of petroleum (crude oil and petroleum products) per day, or about one-quarter of total world oil production. More than half (62%) was imported oil.

As sources of domestic oil supplies disappear, the nation's increasing reliance on imported oil makes the United States vulnerable to oil supply disruptions, and threatens America's economic and energy security.

U.S. Military and Oil U.S. dependence on the oil supplies and production facilities concentrated in the Persian Gulf make defense of this area a high priority for the U.S. military. There is no doubt that a portion of the U.S. military budget is used in large part to protect our access to Persian Gulf oil.

~ U.S. Department of EnergyU.S. forces aim a howitzer at Iraqi forces during the Persian Gulf War in 1991.




THINKABOUT

IT

CONDITION CAUSE

Rome’s over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret – even to Rome’s enemies. “Choking off” that supply had devastating consequences.

Today, is there a resource that the United States is over-dependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?

What is that resource?





CONDITION CAUSE


b. Gold & Silver drain Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was being spent outside of Rome…not in Rome.

THINKABOUT

IT

What comparisons can be made here to the United States?

What costly wars has the United States engaged in recently?

What types of items do Americans purchase that are produced mainly in foreign countries?




CONDITION CAUSE


b. Gold & Silver drain Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was being spent outside of Rome…not in Rome.THINK

ABOUT IT

PPI | Trade Fact of the Week | January 14, 2004

The U.S. Trade Imbalance Has Grown From $100 Billion to $500 Billion Since 1997

Likely U.S. Exports, 2004: $1.0 trillion Likely U.S. Imports, 2004: $1.5 trillion

TRADE IMBALANCES were a Problem in Rome Too!The first writer to complain about trade deficits seems to have been Pliny the Elder in 75 A.D. Gloomily cataloguing luxury imports -- Persian perfumery, Chinese silks, Indian diamonds, Arabian incense and pearls -- he blamed Roman women for costing the Empire 100 million sesterces a year. Pliny, apparently a bit of a kill-joy, considered silk immoral -- "we seek this material from the end of the earth, so Roman ladies can show off their see-through clothes in public" -- and called perfume "the most pointless of all luxuries."




CONDITION CAUSE



c. Inflation To pay off debt, the gov’t. raised taxes and coined more money but with less silver content. This “devalued”

currency led to a rise in prices, or inflation.

Budget office projects U.S. deficit to hit $477 billionWASHINGTON (AP) -- The federal deficit will hit a record $477 billion this year and get worse if lawmakers cut taxes or increase spending, the Congressional Budget Office projected Monday in a report sure to become ammunition

in the election-year fight over red ink….




CONDITION CAUSE



c. Inflation To pay off debt, the gov’t. raised taxes and coined more money but with less silver content. This “devalued”

currency led to a rise in prices, or inflation.

d. Decline of loyalty and discipline in the military.

The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops for it’s thinned and spread out military. Rome began to

recruit mercenaries – soldiers for hire – who had little loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among military commanders for the throne of Rome.



CONDITION CAUSE



The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops for it’s thinned and spread out military. Rome began to recruit mercenaries – soldiers for hire – who had little loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among military commanders for the throne of Rome.

THINKABOUT

IT

Do you find any similarities here to the present Pax Americana?

“U.S. forces proved quite sufficient to conquer Afghanistan and Iraq, but may be too small to keep the peace once the tyrants are gone… Deep inside the Pentagon, where young colonels arrive before dawn to revise once more the short list of available combat units ready to deploy overseas, a nightmare scenario hangs in the air, unmentioned but unmistakable. With 140,000 U.S. troops tied down stabilizing Iraq, 34,000 in Kuwait, 10,000 in Afghanistan and 5,000 in the Balkans, what good options would George W. Bush have if, say sometime next spring, North Korea's Kim Jong Il decided to test the resilience of the relatively small " trip-wire" force of 37,000 American troops in South Korea? Where would the Pentagon turn if it had to rush? The answer may be the draft…



CONDITION CAUSE



The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops for it’s thinned and spread out military. Rome began to recruit mercenaries – soldiers for hire – who had little loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among military commanders for the throne of Rome.

e. Citizen indifference and loss of patriotism.

Corruption and scandals in Rome, the weak economy, crumbling infrastructure, military and social conditions, all contributed to cynicism and apathy among Romans.

THINKABOUT

ITU.S. Voter Turnout

“Panem et circenses”- the Roman poet Juvenal

As things grew worse in the Empire, the Roman citizens were fed their regular “bread and circuses”

- kept “pacified” or “placated” with entertainment and the dole (welfare) In this way it was hoped they were less likely to think about or discuss

the serious problems facing the empire.THINK

ABOUT IT



2. What steps did Diocletian take to restore order and reform the empire?


Doubled the size of the army, fixed prices, ordered farmers to stay on their lands, claimed he descended from the gods (to restore respect to his office),

And he divided the Empire into two parts:In the West the capital would remain Rome.In the East the capital would be Byzantium.

Diocletian284-305 A.D.

Read “History Makers,” Text p. 159

CONSIDER:How well do you think this solution of Diocletian’s worked? Two capitals? Two emperors?

The differences between East and West were growing increasingly more apparent…

“The West was breathing it’s last, the East had just taken a new fresh breath.”



3. What did Constantine do to reform the empire?


Extended the reforms of Diocletian but restored the concept of One ruler and moves the capital to Byzantium – renaming the city Constantinople.

Constantine“First Christian

Emperor of Rome”284-337 A.D.


The Arch of Constantine in Rome Italy today.

Which two tribes actually

made it to Rome?


3. What caused the final collapse of the western Roman Empire?


The Germanic tribes (Visigoths) and the Huns invaded. As things grew worse in the West, the wealthier Eastern half broke away and became the new Byzantine Empire.

B. Identify:

Attila – leader of the Huns, an Asiatic tribe.Alaric – leader of the VisigothsOdovacer – German general who overthrew the last Roman emperorRomulus Augustulus – the last Roman emperor, 14 years old.

"The western Empire of the Roman people, which first began with Octavian Augustus, the first of the emperors, perished with this

Augustulus.... From this point on Gothic kings held power in Rome.“ ~ Count Marcellinus, 5th c. A.D.

The FALL of the Western Roman Empire – 476 A.D.


FOR TUESDAY: Read Chapter 6, Section 5; “The Legacy of Rome”Begin reviewing for Thursday’s TEST!

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire.• Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.• Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.

Ch. 6: ROME:

Section 5:The Decline

of the Roman Empire


1. Which tribes of invaders reached Rome? 2. What can you infer about Rome’s military strength?

• SMALL GROUPS – Analyzing causes of the Fall• DISCUSSION of Section 4, Text p. 158 / packet p. 12• Pre-A.P.: Library Reserve article is due!

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 6, Section 4 and complete p. 12 in packet



Emperor Diocletion284-305 A.D.

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire.• Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.• Trace the fall of the Western Roman empire.

Ch. 6: ROME

Section 4: The Decline of the Roman Empire

AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !• WARM-UP – Textbook p. S21; Answer the questions.• Read about “Rome’s Last Emperor” p. 162• VIDEO, “Rome: The Fall”• Pre-A.P. - Drafting Initial Copy of CH 6 Test Essay; Packet p. 14B

FOR TUESDAY:• Read Chapter 6, Section 5 •CHAPTER 6 Test is next THURSDAY! •Study over the weekend!• Pre-A.P. – Read article, “Why Empires Don’t Last”• Write Essay!



Romulus AugustulusThe Last Roman Emperor

in the West

http://www.crystalinks.com/romearchitecture.html

http://www.anastos.nd.edu/walking_tour_5.html

http://killeenroos.com/1/Romefall.htm

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Describe the legacy of the Greco-Roman civilization.• Identify Roman achievements in the arts, sciences, and law.

Ch. 6: ROMESection 5: The Roots

Of Western

Civilization

AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !• WARM-UP – Check out Architecture: “The Colosseum,” p. 166

• PAIR-WORK; “Rome’s Cultural Achievements” Chart, packet p. 13• REVIEW for Chapter 6 Test

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• CH 6 TEST is Thursday!• Pre-A.P. Pre-Written Essay is Due!



Today’s WARM-UP QUIZOpen Textbook to CH 6 ; Take out a sheet of notebook paper and answer:

Section 1, p. 1411. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River. A. Constantine

B. DiocletianSection 2, p. 148 C. Paul2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity D. Pax Romana during the Roman Empire was known as __________. E. Tiber

Section 3, p. 1553. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is due in large part to the enormous influence of _______. He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.

Section 4, p. 159 – 1604. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________.

5. The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________.

He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.


• Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Tiber R.

Greece

Carthage .

AFRICA

Alps Mts.

GAUL

SPAIN

Black Sea

EGYPT

Alexandria .

BRITAIN

Today’s WARM-UP QUIZOpen Textbook to CH 6 ; Use the small strip of paper on your desk to answer:









4. Pax Romana200 year period of peace provided ideal conditions for travel and exchange of ideas.




4. PaulPaul was a devout Jew whose Hebrew name had been Saul.

He never met Jesus, and according to the Christian New Testament, he once took part in persecuting followers of this unrecognized Jewish sect, Christianity. But then had a conversion experience.

His new vigor to spread the message of Jesus led him to have enormous impact on Christianity. His founding of churches throughout Greece and Rome, as well as his own “interpretations” of Jesus’ message, lead many to consider him the actual “founder of Christianity.”


“The Conversion of St. Paul,” Parmigianino.Oil on canvas, 177,5 x 128,5 cmKunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna



4. PaulHe wrote letters to the churches, called epistles, that had a major impact on defining Christian doctrine (teachings).


“The Apostle Paul in Prison,” VAN RIJN REMBRANDT, 1627 oil on panel, Stuttgart.

In his view, Jesus’ message was not only for Jews, but for everyone (even Gentiles, non-Jews).

This idea of Universal acceptance was an attractive doctrine that made it possible to bring in more converts.

“There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.”

Galatians 3:28


2. What steps did Diocletian take to restore order and reform the empire?


Doubled the size of the army, fixed prices, ordered farmers to stay on their lands, claimed he descended from the gods (to restore respect to his office),

And he divided the Empire into two parts:In the West the capital would remain Rome.In the East the capital would be Byzantium.

Diocletian284-305 A.D.


CONSIDER:How well do you think this solution of Diocletian’s worked? Two capitals? Two emperors?

The differences between East and West were growing increasingly more apparent…

“The West was breathing it’s last, the East had just taken a new fresh breath.”



3. What did Constantine do to reform the empire?


Extended the reforms of Diocletian but restored the concept of One ruler and moves the capital to Byzantium – renaming the city Constantinople.

Constantine“First Christian

Emperor of Rome”284-337 A.D.


The Arch of Constantine in Rome Italy today.

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Students will exhibit mastery of content learned about the Roman period in history.

Ch. 6: ROME

TEST DAY

AGENDA: Please Review your CH 6 notes !• TEST DAY !• Please pick up your new Chapter 10 Packet on front table!

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 10, Section 1; Do p. 3 in your packet!



TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.

Documents

Transcript of TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.