Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9....
Transcript of Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9....
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Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012
• Problem 2.27
• Problem 2.33
• Hilbert space
Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators providedReading Assignment: Chapter 3.3-3.5
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 1 / 11
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Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012
• Problem 2.27
• Problem 2.33
• Hilbert space
Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators providedReading Assignment: Chapter 3.3-3.5
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 1 / 11
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Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012
• Problem 2.27
• Problem 2.33
• Hilbert space
Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators providedReading Assignment: Chapter 3.3-3.5
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 1 / 11
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Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012
• Problem 2.27
• Problem 2.33
• Hilbert space
Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators providedReading Assignment: Chapter 3.3-3.5
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 1 / 11
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Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012
• Problem 2.27
• Problem 2.33
• Hilbert space
Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided
Reading Assignment: Chapter 3.3-3.5
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 1 / 11
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Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012
• Problem 2.27
• Problem 2.33
• Hilbert space
Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators providedReading Assignment: Chapter 3.3-3.5
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 1 / 11
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Problem 2.27
Consider the double delta-function potential
V (x) = −α[δ(x + a) + δ(x − a)],
where α and a are positive constants.
How many bound states does this potential posess? Find the allowedenergies for α = ~2/4ma and for α = ~2/4ma, and sketch the wavefunctions.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 2 / 11
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Problem 2.27
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
z
e-z
cz-1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
z
e-z
1-(0.3)z
1-(1.0)z
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 3 / 11
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Problem 2.27
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
z
e-z
cz-1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
z
e-z
1-(0.3)z
1-(1.0)z
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 3 / 11
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Problem 2.33
Determine the transmission coefficient for a rectangular barrier (same asEq. 2.145, only with V (x) = +V0 > 0 in the region −a < x < a). Treatseparately the three cases E < V0, E = V0, and E > V0 (note that thewave function in the region of the barrier is different in the three cases).
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 4 / 11
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Problem 2.33
0
1
0 2V0 4V0
T
E
Finite barrier
0
1
0 2V0 4V0
T
E
Finite well
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 5 / 11
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Problem 2.33
0
1
0 2V0 4V0
T
E
Finite barrier
0
1
0 2V0 4V0
T
E
Finite well
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 5 / 11
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Problem 2.33
0
1
0 2V0 4V0
T
E
Finite barrier
0
1
0 2V0 4V0
T
E
Finite well
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 5 / 11
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Similarity to linear algebra
Wave functions are math-ematically identical tovectors in linear algebra.
Wave functions have in-ner products.
Operators act on wavefunctions as linear trans-formations.
|α〉
→ a =
a1a2...aN
〈α|β〉 = a∗1b1 + a∗2b2 + · · ·+ a∗NbN
T |α〉 → Ta =
t11 · · · t1Nt21 · · · t2N...
...tN1 · · · tNN
a1a2...aN
However, wave functions are not defined on an N-dimensional space buton infinite dimensional spaces of the continuous variable x .
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 6 / 11
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Similarity to linear algebra
Wave functions are math-ematically identical tovectors in linear algebra.
Wave functions have in-ner products.
Operators act on wavefunctions as linear trans-formations.
|α〉 → a =
a1a2...aN
〈α|β〉 = a∗1b1 + a∗2b2 + · · ·+ a∗NbN
T |α〉 → Ta =
t11 · · · t1Nt21 · · · t2N...
...tN1 · · · tNN
a1a2...aN
However, wave functions are not defined on an N-dimensional space buton infinite dimensional spaces of the continuous variable x .
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 6 / 11
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Similarity to linear algebra
Wave functions are math-ematically identical tovectors in linear algebra.
Wave functions have in-ner products.
Operators act on wavefunctions as linear trans-formations.
|α〉 → a =
a1a2...aN
〈α|β〉
= a∗1b1 + a∗2b2 + · · ·+ a∗NbN
T |α〉 → Ta =
t11 · · · t1Nt21 · · · t2N...
...tN1 · · · tNN
a1a2...aN
However, wave functions are not defined on an N-dimensional space buton infinite dimensional spaces of the continuous variable x .
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 6 / 11
![Page 17: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Similarity to linear algebra
Wave functions are math-ematically identical tovectors in linear algebra.
Wave functions have in-ner products.
Operators act on wavefunctions as linear trans-formations.
|α〉 → a =
a1a2...aN
〈α|β〉 = a∗1b1 + a∗2b2 + · · ·+ a∗NbN
T |α〉 → Ta =
t11 · · · t1Nt21 · · · t2N...
...tN1 · · · tNN
a1a2...aN
However, wave functions are not defined on an N-dimensional space buton infinite dimensional spaces of the continuous variable x .
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 6 / 11
![Page 18: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Similarity to linear algebra
Wave functions are math-ematically identical tovectors in linear algebra.
Wave functions have in-ner products.
Operators act on wavefunctions as linear trans-formations.
|α〉 → a =
a1a2...aN
〈α|β〉 = a∗1b1 + a∗2b2 + · · ·+ a∗NbN
T |α〉
→ Ta =
t11 · · · t1Nt21 · · · t2N...
...tN1 · · · tNN
a1a2...aN
However, wave functions are not defined on an N-dimensional space buton infinite dimensional spaces of the continuous variable x .
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 6 / 11
![Page 19: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Similarity to linear algebra
Wave functions are math-ematically identical tovectors in linear algebra.
Wave functions have in-ner products.
Operators act on wavefunctions as linear trans-formations.
|α〉 → a =
a1a2...aN
〈α|β〉 = a∗1b1 + a∗2b2 + · · ·+ a∗NbN
T |α〉 → Ta =
t11 · · · t1Nt21 · · · t2N...
...tN1 · · · tNN
a1a2...aN
However, wave functions are not defined on an N-dimensional space buton infinite dimensional spaces of the continuous variable x .
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 6 / 11
![Page 20: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Similarity to linear algebra
Wave functions are math-ematically identical tovectors in linear algebra.
Wave functions have in-ner products.
Operators act on wavefunctions as linear trans-formations.
|α〉 → a =
a1a2...aN
〈α|β〉 = a∗1b1 + a∗2b2 + · · ·+ a∗NbN
T |α〉 → Ta =
t11 · · · t1Nt21 · · · t2N...
...tN1 · · · tNN
a1a2...aN
However, wave functions are not defined on an N-dimensional space buton infinite dimensional spaces of the continuous variable x .
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 6 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: addition
|α〉+ |β〉 = |γ〉
addition is commutative
addition is associative
the null vector exists
every vector has an inverse
|α〉+ |β〉 = |β〉+ |α〉
|α〉+ (|β〉+ |γ〉) = (|α〉+ |β〉) + |γ〉
|α〉+ |0〉 = |α〉
|α〉+ | − α〉 = |0〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 7 / 11
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 8 / 11
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 8 / 11
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉
(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 8 / 11
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉
0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 8 / 11
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉
1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 8 / 11
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉
| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 8 / 11
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Vector properties: scalar multiplication
a|α〉 = |γ〉
scalar multiplication is distributive
scalar multiplication is associative
a(|α〉+ |β〉) = a|α〉+ a|β〉(a + b)|α〉 = a|α〉+ b|α〉
a(b|α〉) = (ab)|α〉0|α〉 = |0〉1|α〉 = |α〉| − α〉 = (−1)|α〉 = −|α〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 8 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Hilbert space
Therefore, we need to apply certain restrictions when we use the languageof linear algebra in quantum mechanics.
A physically meaningful wave functionmust be normalized.
Our vector space is therefore the set ofall square integrable functions f (x) on aspecified interval, such that
In quantum mechanics we call this aHilbert space and all wave functions ex-ist in this space.
The inner product of two functions is
∫|Ψ|2 dx = 1
∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx <∞
〈f |g〉 ≡∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 9 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g)
= |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by
∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space.
The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:
∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Properties of Hilbert space
The inner product is guaranteed to exist in a Hilbert space if all functionsare square integrable.
Show that the sum of any two functions in Hilbert space is also a functionin the space
h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
|h|2 = (f + g)∗(f + g) = |f |2 + |g |2 + f ∗g + g∗f
Thus the square integral of h(x) is given by∫|h|2 dx =
∫|f |2 dx +
∫|g |2 dx +
∫f ∗g dx +
∫g∗f dx
The first two terms are finite since both f (x) and g(x) are defined asbeing part of the Hilbert space. The last two terms are finite because ofthe Schwartz inequality:∣∣∣∣∫ b
af (x)∗g(x) dx
∣∣∣∣ ≤√∫ b
a|f (x)|2 dx
∫ b
a|g(x)|2 dx
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 10 / 11
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Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx
=
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 58: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 59: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is
real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx
=
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 60: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is
real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 61: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 62: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0.
Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 63: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 64: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 65: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
![Page 66: Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_10.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 24, 2012 Problem 2.27 Problem 2.33 Hilbert](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77612d177d836470ab8e6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x)
, cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11
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Inner products
〈g |f 〉 =
∫ b
ag∗f dx =
(∫ b
af ∗g dx
)∗= 〈f |g〉∗
The inner product of f (x) with itself is real, non-negative, and zero onlywhen f (x) = 0.
〈f |f 〉 =
∫ b
af ∗f dx =
∫ b
a|f |2 dx
f (x) is normalized if the inner product with itself is 1 and two functionsare orthogonal when their inner product is 0. Two functions areorthonormal when
〈fm|fn〉 = δmn
A set of functions is complete if any other function in the Hilbert spacecan be written as
f (x) =∞∑n=1
cnfn(x) , cn = 〈fn|f 〉
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 24, 2012 11 / 11