Today:Today:- - AnnouncementsAnnouncements- Nutrient Lab Check-up- Nutrient Lab Check-up- Lifecycle Review- Lifecycle Review- Flowering Plant - Flowering Plant Diversity Diversity and and ReproductionReproduction

Events | Exhibits | Visit the Burke

Mushroom MayniaSun., May 15, 10 am – 4 pm Burke Museum Come celebrate the “fun” in “fungi” at the Burke Museum! Activities and talks for all ages and interests await intrepid foragers at Mushroom Maynia! Mushroom hat-making, spore prints, and other crafts for kids. Get a starter kit to cultivate your own oyster mushrooms. Learn which mushrooms are safe to eat and how to grow your own. Activities and talks from mycology experts all day long.

Are you planning to major in science, engineering Are you planning to major in science, engineering or math? or math? Apply for NSCC’s Onsight Scholarships!Apply for NSCC’s Onsight Scholarships!

Onsight Scholars receive support through membership in the RST Onsight Scholars receive support through membership in the RST Academy, including a faculty mentor and up to $2000/quarter to help Academy, including a faculty mentor and up to $2000/quarter to help

with your expenses!with your expenses!

Who’s eligible? You must:Who’s eligible? You must:•Be pursuing a degree in science, engineering or mathBe pursuing a degree in science, engineering or math•Be a US citizen or permanent residentBe a US citizen or permanent resident•Demonstrate financial need (complete your FAFSA)Demonstrate financial need (complete your FAFSA)•Submit your completed application by Submit your completed application by May 27, 2011May 27, 2011

Scholarships Available!

To learn more, check out http://seattlecolleges.com/RST

Or contact Ann Murkowskiamurkowski@sccd.ctc.edu

Checking in on our Nutrient Checking in on our Nutrient Deficiency Experiment…Deficiency Experiment…

Due Thursday:•A 1-2 paragraph description of your nutrient and effects of deficiency in this nutrient.•Start collecting your sources! Include 2+ references with this description. (3+ are required for the final paper).

Report Out: Report Out:

Thoughts/Comments on Sexual Encounters of the Floral Kind or our greenhouse tour?

Lifecycle Review:Lifecycle Review:

1. With a partner, complete lifecycle 1, a generic plant lifecycle for all plants. What does each structure represent? Are they diploid or haploid? Sporophyte or gametophyte?

2. Show Ann and move to lifecycle 2, a quick review. Again, label parts and ploidy.

3. Move to lifecycle 3!

Double

Lab Review:Lab Review:

What is this? What’s shown at the arrow? Is this haploid or diploid? Explain.

More on the Angiosperms!More on the Angiosperms!

Minor Minor ModificationModification

ssBothBoth

gymnosperms gymnosperms and and

angiosperms angiosperms use use tracheidstracheids in their xylemin their xylem

Angiosperms also Angiosperms also use use vessel vessel

elementselements, and , and reinforce with reinforce with fiber cellsfiber cells!!

Major Major Modification: Modification: the Flower the Flower4 circles of

modified leaves:

1.Sepals

2.Petals

3.Stamens

4.Carpels

Fruits are Mature OvariesFruits are Mature Ovaries

Fruits protect seeds and aid in their Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersaldispersal

Ovary wall becomes the Ovary wall becomes the pericarppericarp (thickened wall of the fruit)(thickened wall of the fruit)

Fruits are Mature OvariesFruits are Mature Ovaries

Hypothetical Origin of the CarpelHypothetical Origin of the Carpel

Types of FruitTypes of Fruit1. 1. Simple Fruit-Simple Fruit- derived from a single ovary derived from a single ovary

2. 2. Aggregate Fruit-Aggregate Fruit- derived from a single derived from a single flower with several carpelsflower with several carpels

3. 3. Multiple Fruit-Multiple Fruit- develops from a group of develops from a group of flowers tightly clustered together flowers tightly clustered together (inflorescence)(inflorescence)

Inferior or Superior Ovaries?

The AngiospermsThe Angiosperms

Evolution of the Flower!Evolution of the Flower!

Traditional taxonomy = 2 ClassesTraditional taxonomy = 2 Classes

Monocots Monocots

and and

DicotsDicots

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum

Not Monophyleti

c!

Angiosperms Shape Angiosperms Shape EvolutionEvolution

By the end of the By the end of the Cretaceous (65 mya) Cretaceous (65 mya) angiosperms are the angiosperms are the dominant plants on dominant plants on

Earth.Earth.

Plants and their pollinators Plants and their pollinators and dispersers are a and dispersers are a

good example of good example of coevolutioncoevolution (mutual (mutual

evolutionary influence)evolutionary influence)

Examples??Examples??

Other Notes about Other Notes about AngiospermsAngiosperms

- - Ecologically importantEcologically important

- Major human food - Major human food sourcesource

- Source of unique - Source of unique secondary compounds secondary compounds (drugs!)(drugs!)

Diversity is a non-renewable Diversity is a non-renewable resource!resource!

A Closer Look at A Closer Look at Angiosperm Angiosperm

Reproduction:Reproduction:

What’s unusual What’s unusual about fertilization about fertilization

in this group?in this group?

A Closer Look A Closer Look at Angiosperm at Angiosperm ReproductionReproduction

The division into the terminal and basal

cells establishes the polarity of the embryo.

As it matures, the seed As it matures, the seed dehydrates, entering dehydrates, entering dormancydormancy

Seeds respond to a Seeds respond to a variety of signals to end variety of signals to end dormancy (rainfall, fire, dormancy (rainfall, fire, light, digestionlight, digestion

This allows for This allows for seed seed banksbanks within soils! within soils!

A Closer Look at Angiosperm A Closer Look at Angiosperm Reproduction: Seed DevelopmentReproduction: Seed Development

Germination Germination also depends also depends in in imbibition imbibition (uptake of (uptake of water)water)

A Closer Look at Angiosperm A Closer Look at Angiosperm Reproduction: Seed DevelopmentReproduction: Seed Development

Role of Asexual ReproductionRole of Asexual Reproduction

This creosote bush is believed This creosote bush is believed to have germinated from a to have germinated from a single seed 11,700 years ago!single seed 11,700 years ago!

47,000 stems of 47,000 stems of genetically identical genetically identical (male) aspens?!(male) aspens?!

What are two serious

limitations of this strategy?

Asexual Reproduction via Asexual Reproduction via Apomixis!Apomixis!

2n egg is formed and develops 2n egg is formed and develops without ever being fertilizedwithout ever being fertilized

Cells from the 2n ovule develop Cells from the 2n ovule develop into an embryointo an embryo

In a rare cypress, the pollen grains In a rare cypress, the pollen grains are 2n and can develop into an are 2n and can develop into an embryo when they land on either embryo when they land on either female cones of their own species, female cones of their own species, or cones of a more common or cones of a more common species of cypress!! (paternal species of cypress!! (paternal apomixis)apomixis)

Preventing Self-FertilizationPreventing Self-Fertilization

• What do you notice about the flowers from these two, separate, holly plants?• Is self-fertilization possible??• Is this plant monoecious or dioecious?

Preventing Self-FertilizationPreventing Self-Fertilization

Preventing Preventing Self-Self-

FertilizationFertilization

Self-incompatibility (SI) is the most

common mechanism to prevent self-fertilization

Preventing Preventing Self-Self-

FertilizationFertilization

Timing can also prevent self-

fertilization. In this eucalyptus flower, the anthers mature

long before the stigma is receptive.

Photo: Brian Johnston

Other Forms of “Reproduction”Other Forms of “Reproduction”

Other Forms of “Reproduction”Other Forms of “Reproduction”

This ability to grow an entire plant from single cell enables transgenic plants to be created much more

easily!

Plant Biotechnology?Plant Biotechnology?

One Application: BiofuelsOne Application: BiofuelsOne Approach:1. Find, breed, or modify plants to have weaker cell

walls.2. Use cellulase enzymes to convert the cellulose into sugar.2.Ferment the sugar into ethanol.

Switchgrass in the research lab of Professor Pam Ronald at UC Davis.

One Application: Insect One Application: Insect ResistanceResistance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbxA4WlkUP8&feature=related

One Application: Increased One Application: Increased Nutrition?Nutrition?

One Application: Increased One Application: Increased Nutrition?Nutrition?

Risks and Concerns?Risks and Concerns?

• Human Health Impacts?

• Effects on Non-Target Organisms?

• Transgene escape?