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![Page 1: Today and Tomorrow 12 th Edition Understanding Computers Chapter 13: Program Development and Programming Languages.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e025503460f94aec235/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Today and Tomorrow 12th Edition
Understanding Computers
Chapter 13:
Program Development and Programming
Languages
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 2
Learning Objectives
• Understand the differences between structured programming, object-oriented programming (OOP), aspect-oriented programming (AOP), and adaptive software development.
• Identify and describe the activities involved in the program development life cycle (PDLC).
• Understand what constitutes good program design and list several tools that can be used by computer professionals when designing a program.
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 3
Learning Objectives• Explain the three basic control structures and how
they can be used to control program flow during execution.
• Discuss some of the activities involved with coding, debugging, maintaining, documenting, and ensuring the quality of programs.
• List some tools that can be used to speed up or otherwise facilitate the program development process.
• Describe several programming languages in use today.
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 4
Overview• This chapter covers:
– The most common approaches to program design and development
– The steps in the program development life cycle (PDLC)
– Tools that can facilitate program development
– Popular programming languages
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 5
Approaches to Program Design and Development
• Procedural programming: Focuses on the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer what to do– Uses procedures (modules, subprograms): Smaller
sections of code that perform particular tasks– Allows each procedure to be performed as many
times as needed without requiring multiple copies of code
– Prior to procedural programming, programs were one large set of instructions containing statements that sent control to different parts of the program as needed (i.e. GOTO statements)
– Structured programming: Breaks the program into small chunks
• Top-down design
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 6
Approaches to Program Design and Development
– Variables: Named memory locations that are defined for a program
• Used to store the current value of data items used in the program
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 7
Approaches to Program Design and Development
• Object-oriented programming (OOP): Programs consist of a collection of objects
– Objects: Contain data and methods to be used with that data
– Class: Group of objects that share some common properties
– Instance: An individual object in a class
– Attributes: Data about the state of an object
– Methods: Perform actions on an object
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 8
Approaches to Program Design and Development
• Aspect-oriented programming (AOP): Breaks program into small pieces that overlap in functionality as little as possible
– Program components can be developed and modified individually, and easily reused
• Adaptive software development: Designed to make program development faster and more efficient and focus on adapting the program as it is being written– Iterative: Cyclical approach that allows the
repetition of steps and tasks as needed– Incremental: Developing one piece at a time– Includes RAD (rapid application development) and
extreme programming (XP)– More recent adaptive software development
approaches are called agile software development
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 9
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program development: The process of creating application programs
• Program development life cycle (PDLC):The steps involved with creating programs:
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 10
• Problem analysis: The problem is considered and the program specifications are developed
– Specifications developed during the SDLC are reviewed by the systems analyst and the programmer (the person who will code the program)
– Goal: To understand the functions the software must perform
– Documentation: Includes program specifications (what it does, timetable, programming language to be used, etc)
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 11
• Program design: The set of steps needed in order for the program to perform the tasks it is supposed to perform (algorithm) is developed
– Good program design is extremely important
– Program design tools
• Structure charts: Depict the overall organization of a program
• Flowcharts: Show graphically step-by-step how a computer program will process data
• Use special symbols andrelational operators
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 12
Flowcharts
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 13
• Pseudocode: Uses English-like statements to outline the logic of a program
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 14
• Unified Modeling Language (UML) Models: Set of standard notations for creating business models
– Widely used in object-oriented programs– Includes class diagrams, use case diagrams,
etc.• Business Processing Modeling Notation
(BPMN): Graphical notation used to depict the steps in a business process
– Expresses business processes graphically using Business Process Diagrams
– Look similar to flowcharts– Designed to be understood by everyone
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 15
Unified Modeling Language (UML) Models
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 16
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Control structure: A Pattern for controlling the flow of logic in a computer program
• Sequence control structure: Series of statements that follow one another
• Selection control structure: Multiple paths, direction depends on result of test
– If-then-else
– Case
• Repetition control structure: Repeat series of steps
– Do-while
– Do-until
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 17
Control Structures
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 18
Control Structures
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 19
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Good program design: • Saves time• Creates better programs
– Good program design principles:• Be specific
– All things the program must do need to be specified
• One-entry-point/one-exit-point rule• No infinite loops or other logic errors
– Infinite loop: Series of steps that repeat forever
– Design should be tested to ensure logic is correct• Desk check; tracing tables
– Documentation: Includes design specifications
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 20
Good Program Design
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 21
Program Design Testing
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 22
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program coding: The process of writing the programming language statements to create a computer program– When choosing a programming language,
consider:• Suitability to the application• Integration with other programs• Standards for the company • Programmer availability• Portability if being run on multiple platforms• Development speed
– Coding creates source code
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 23
Coding Standards– Coding standards: A list of rules designed to
standardize programming styles• Make programs more universally readable and
easier to maintain• Includes the proper use of comments to:
– Identify the programmer and last modification date
– Explain variables used in the program– Identify the main parts of the program
– Reusable code: Generic code segments that can be used over and over again with minor modifications
• Can greatly reduce development time– Documentation: Includes documented source code
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 24
Coding Standards
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 25
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program debugging and testing: The process of ensuring a program is free of errors (bugs) and works as it is supposed to
– Before they can be debugged, coded programs need to be translated into executable code
• Source code: Coded program before it is compiled
• Object code: Machine language version of a program
• Language translator: Program that converts source code to machine language
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 26
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Types of language translators:
– Compilers: Combines program with other object modules and creates a finished executable program
– Interpreters: Translates one line of code at one time
– Assemblers: Convert assembly language programs into machine language
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 27
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
E Preliminary debugging: Finds initial errors• Compiler errors: Must be corrected before the
logic of the program can be tested• Syntax errors: Occur when the programmer
has not followed the rules of the programming language
E Program won’t run; usually an error message is displayed
• Run time error: Occurs when the program is running
E Often logic errors: Program will run but produces incorrect results
E Dummy print statements can help locate logic errors and other run time errors
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 28
Preliminary Debugging
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 29
Preliminary Debugging
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 30
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Testing occurs after the program appears to be correct to find any additional errors
• Should use good test data • Tests conditions that will occur when the
program is implemented• Should check for coding omissions (product
quantity allowed to be < 0, etc.)• Alpha test (inside organization)• Beta test (outside testers)
– Documentation: Completed program package (user’s manual, description of software commands, troubleshooting guide to help with difficulties, etc.)
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 31
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program implementation and maintenance: Installing and maintaining the program
– Once the system containing the program is up and running, the implementation process is complete
– Program maintenance: Process of updating software so it continues to be useful
• Very costly
– Documentation: Amended program package
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 32
Tools for FacilitatingProgram Development
• Application Lifecycle Management (ALM): Creating and managing an application during its entire lifecycle, from design through testing
– Tools include:
• Requirements management: Keeping track of and managing the information needs of users
– Requirements definition software
– Requirements management software
• Configuration management: Keeping track of the progress of a program development project
• Program design tools to generate diagrams, code, etc.
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 33
Tools for FacilitatingProgram Development
• Application generator: Software product that enables users to code new applications quickly– Macro recorders: Record and play back a series of
keystrokes
– Report and form generators: GUI tools that enable individuals to prepare reports and forms quickly
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 34
Tools for FacilitatingProgram Development
• Device software development tools: Assist with developing software to be used on devices, such as cars, ATM machines, consumer devices, etc
• Software development kits (SDK): Programming package designed for a particular platform that enables programmers to develop applications more quickly and easily– Released by hardware or software companies
(Microsoft, Apple, etc.)• Application Program Interfaces (API): An interface
designed to help applications interface with a particular operating system– Often used in conjunction with Web sites
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 35
Programming Languages• Programming language: A set of rules used to write
computer programs– To write a program, you need appropriate software
for the programming language you will be using• Categories of programming languages
– Low-level languages: Difficult to code in; machine dependent
• Machine language: 1s and 0s• Assembly language: Includes some words and
symbols
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 36
Programming Languages
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 37
Programming Languages– High-level languages: Closer to natural languages
and so are easier to write in• Machine independent• Includes third-level procedural languages such
as FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, and C, as well as newer object-oriented languages such as Visual Basic, C++, C#, Python, Ruby, and Java
– Fourth-generation languages (4GLs): Even closer to natural languages and easier to work with than 3GLs
• Declarative rather than procedural• Includes structured query language (SQL) used
with databases
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 38
Programming Languages
– Natural programming languages: Users can communicate in their native language
• Doesn’t have to follow program syntax• In the infancy stage
– Visual programming languages: Uses a visual programming environment
• User can use mouse and graphical interface and the code is automatically generated
• Visual versions of many programming languages
• Visual programming environment (VPE): Use visual elements to assist in program development but still require some coding
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 39
Common Programming Languages
• FORTRAN: High-level programming language used for mathematical, scientific, and engineering applications
– Efficient for math and scientific applications
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 40
Common Programming Languages• COBOL: Designed for business transaction
processing– Makes extensive use of modules and submodules– Being phased out in many organizations
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 41
Common Programming Languages• Pascal: Created as a teaching tool to encourage
structured programming– Contains a variety of control structures used to
manipulate modules systematically
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 42
Common Programming Languages• BASIC: Easy-to-learn, high-level programming
language that was developed to be used by beginning programmers
– Visual Basic: Object-oriented version of BASIC which helps programmers quickly and easily create programs through the use of a visual environment
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 43
Common Programming Languages• C: Designed for system programming
• C++, and C#: Object-oriented versions of C
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 44
Common Programming Languages
• Java: High-level, object-oriented programming language frequently used for Web-based applications– Platform independence is one of Java’s biggest
advantages– Any operating system or browser that understands
Java (compiled Java programs) can run Java bytecode applications
– Is one of the most popular programming languages today
– Can be used to write Java applets
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Common Programming Languages
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 46
Common Programming Languages• Python: Open-source, dynamic, object-oriented
language that can be used to develop a variety of applications– Gaming, scientific, database, and Web applications– Only recently gaining a following
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 47
Common Programming Languages• Ruby: Open-source, object-oriented language that can
be used to create general-purpose or Web applications
– Uses a syntax that is fairly easy to read and write, allowing programmers to create database-driven Web applications easily and quickly
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Chapter 13 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 48
Summary• Approaches to Program Design and Development
• The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Tools for Facilitating Program Development
• Programming Languages