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Presented By:

Tonya Lee, Crystal Culpepper, LaurenRaulerson, and Nathan Brantley

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Tobacco has been variously hailed as agift from the gods, a miraculous cure-all

for lifes physical ills. It is common knowledge that cigarette

smoking is the single major cause of

cancer.

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The local oral effectsof various tobaccohabits have received

little attention outsideof the potentialcancer.

Tobacco stain, abrown/black extrinsic

stain, is typicallyfound on the enamelsurfaces of smokersand tobacco chewers.

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Squamous CellCarcinoma(OralCancer) is the mostworrisome mucosalchange.

At least 80% of oralcancer are smokers.

Oral patients whocontinue to smoke maydevelop a new head orneck cancer.

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Recurring ulcers, orcanker sores, are

exquisitely painful andvery common.

Smokeless tobaccousage does appear to

enhance to presenceof several periodontalpathogens.

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Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture oforganic and inorganic compounds

produced by the burning of tobacco andadditives. The smoke contains tar, whichis made up of more than 4,000 chemicals,including over 60 known to cause cancer.

Some of these substances cause heart andlung diseases, and all of them can bedeadly.

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You might be surprised toknow some of thechemicals found incigarette smoke. Theyinclude:Arsenic (used in rat

poison)

cyanide

Benzene (found in

rubber cement)

methanol wood alcohol) acetylene the fuel usedin welding torches) ammonia Cigarette smoke alsocontains the poisonousgases nitrogen oxide and

carbon monoxide. Itsmain active ingredient isnicotine, an addictivedrug.

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Nicotine is highly addictive.

Nicotine provides an almost immediate

kick because it causes discharge ofepinephrine from the adrenal cortex.

This stimulates the central nervous system

and other glands which causes release ofglucose.

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Nicotine is absorbed readily from tobacco smokein the lungs, and it does not matter whether

tobacco smoke is from cigarettes, cigars, orpipes.

With regular use of tobacco, levels of nicotineaccumulate in the body.

Daily smokers or chewers are exposed to theeffects of nicotine for 24hours each day.

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The tobacco industry is one of the mostprofitable businesses in the country,

making billions of dollars yearly. But thecosts of smoking are far higher than theincome from cigarette sales.

Smoking causes more than $150 billioneach year in health-related costs,including the cost of lost productivity dueto smoking.

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Smoking-related medical costs totaledmore than $75 billion in 1998 andaccounted for 8% of personal health care

medical expenditures. Death-related productivity losses due to

smoking among workers cost the U.S.economy more than $81 billion (average

for 1995-1999). For each pack of cigarettes sold in 1999,$3.45 was spent on medical care due tosmoking, plus $3.73 in lost productivity,for a total cost of $7.18 per pack.

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Behavioral economic studies find that alternative rewardsand reinforcers can reduce cigarette use.

Nicotine chewing gum is one medication approved by the

FDA. The success rates for smoking cessation treatment with

nicotine chewing gum vary considerably.

Another approach is the nicotine transdermal patch.

A skin patch that delivers a relatively constant amount of

nicotine to the person wearing it. These treatments are used to help people quit smoking by

reducing withdrawal symptoms and preventing relapsewhile undergoing behavioral treatment.

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Another tool in treating nicotine addictionis a medication called Zybane.

This works on other aspects of the brainand helps to make controllable nicotinecraving or thoughts about cigarette use.

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