TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION ON OUTDOOR PATIOS – AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUTION OF THE SMOKE-FREE ONTARIO...
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Transcript of TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION ON OUTDOOR PATIOS – AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUTION OF THE SMOKE-FREE ONTARIO...
TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION ON OUTDOOR PATIOS –
AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUTION OF THE SMOKE-FREE ONTARIO ACT
Ryan David Kennedy*, MAES, Department of Psychology, University of WaterlooGeoffrey T. Fong, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of WaterlooAndrew Hyland, PhD, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New YorkMark J. Travers, MS, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New YorkSeema Mutti, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo
BACKGROUNDPATIOS:
From the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion
“Smoking is prohibited if an outdoor patio has a roof, even where the roof partially covers the patio.
A roof includes an awning, tarp, canvas sheeting or other permanent or temporary covering that is capable of excluding rain or impeding airflow, or both.
A stand-alone umbrella covering a single table would not be considered a roof. However, if umbrellas are used in such a way so as to serve as a roof, an inspector may view it as such and act accordingly.”
http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/health/smoke_free/fact_sheets/employersandemployees.asp
RESEARCH QUESTIONSQuantify how different patio structures and their
configurations may affect TSP concentrations on a patio
Quantify the movement of TSP to adjacent indoor areas
SURVEY METHODSPatio Location secured
20 feet to edge of patio
seated X
seated X
10.5 feet to centre of door
X seated
inside area inside area
14 f
eet
20 Feet
6.5 feet to edge of door
Table B -- 1RA
bannister is 3.5 feet high
Table D -- 1 RA
Table A - 1RA
TABLE E -- SidePak1 and Qtrak -- centre of patio (10 feet from edge, 7 feet from
centre of door)
X seated
SET UP of PATIO doors Closed Scenario
Table C -- 1RA
Table F -- Inside -- 7 feet in from door -- SidePak 2
8 feet door area -- 4 feet of open area
PATIO ENVIRONMENT
SURVEY METHODSScenarios Studied:
Open AirPatio Umbrellas – not touchingPatio Umbrellas – touching (not compliant SFOA)Awnings – no tables underneathAwnings – tables underneath (not compliant SFOA)
SURVEY METHODSProtocol followed
Baseline readings (background PM2.5)BURN 1 – 20 minutesDispersionBURN 2 – 20 minutesDispersion
8 cigarettes burning during burns – all extinguished at 20 minute mark
SMOKE REGIME AND SAMPLING METHODS
Cigarettes were smoked using a hand-held 60mL syringe with a Cress mouthpiece attached via PVC tubing.
8 cigarettes smoked by 4 research assistantsHealth Canada testing protocol followed
55mL puffs drawn over 2 seconds every 30 seconds
PM2.5 READINGS and Air Quality Ontario Ministry of Environment
Air Quality Index (AQI)
PM 2.5
Readings (g/m3)
AQI value
AQI Description
Health Information
1-11 1-15 Very Good Sensitive populations may want to exercise caution. 12-22 16-31 Good Sensitive populations may want to exercise caution. 23-45 32-49 Moderate People with respiratory disease at some risk.
46-89 50-99 Poor People with respiratory disease should limit prolonged exertion; general population at some risk.
>90 >=100 Very Poor
Serious respiratory effects even during light physical activity; people with heart disease, the elderly and children at high risk; increased risk for general population.
RESULTS – Open Air
All baseline PM2.5 readings were good or very good.
In each scenario studied, PM2.5 levels were very good or good at baseline (using the Ontario Air Quality Index).
During 12 open air tests (no structures) average readings were 41 g/m3 above background during the periods where cigarettes were smoked
One test produced levels 59 g/m3 above background
RESULTS – Open Air
DateTrial
Average PM2.5
Attributed to TSP12-Jul 1 3312-Jul 2 3513-Jul 3 3519-Jul 4 5920-Jul 5 258-Aug 6 289-Aug 7 41
10-Aug 8 4913-Aug 9 5714-Aug 10 5215-Aug 11 4616-Aug 12 33
mean 41max 59min 25
ONTARIO OPEN AIR
ONTARIO OPEN AIR SCENARIO -- July 13 2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
3:15
:00 P
M
3:22
:29 P
M
3:29
:59 P
M
3:37
:29 P
M
3:44
:59 P
M
3:52
:29 P
M
3:59
:59 P
M
4:07
:29 P
M
4:14
:59 P
M
4:22
:29 P
M
4:29
:59 P
M
time
Aer
oso
ls -
- P
M2.
5 (m
icro
gra
ms/
m^
3)
RESULTS – Umbrellas
All baseline PM2.5 readings were good or very good.
Scenarios with patio umbrellas produced the highest PM2.5 levels, with readings in the poor range (82 g/m3 above background).
Monday July 23, 2007 TEST 1 TEST 2Ontario Quebec
NOT TOUCHING TOUCHINGBASELINE 7 7
BURN 1 79 87DISPERSION 8 7
BURN 2 82 76DISPERSION 8 8
UMBRELLA STUDIES
RESULTS – UmbrellasTo touch or not to touch….
RESULTS – Umbrellas
Monday July 23, 2007 TEST 3 TEST 3QUEBEC QUEBEC
Touching OUTSIDE Touching INDOORSBASELINE 7 7
BURN 1 75 26DISPERSION 9 17
BURN 2 58 44DISPERSION 11 19
UMBRELLA STUDIES
RESULTS - Umbrellas
All baseline PM2.5 readings were good or very good.
Scenarios with umbrellas
ONTARIO UMBRELLAS (not touching) Scenario July 20 2007
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
TIME
14:2
2:29
14:2
9:59
14:3
7:29
14:4
4:59
14:5
2:29
14:5
9:59
15:0
7:29
15:1
4:59
15:2
2:29
15:2
9:59
15:3
7:29
15:4
4:59
time
PM
2.5
(mic
rog
ram
s/m
^3)
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
RESULTS - Awnings
All baseline PM2.5 readings were good or very good.
4 scenarios to test this:
Baseline Burn (Ontario Open Air)Awning (Smokers not under)Awning (Smokers not under) – Doors OpenAwning (Smokers under) – Doors Open
RESULTS – AwningsOUTSIDE Impact
AWNING SCENARIOS
Ontario Open AirAwning (compliant)
5262
PM2.5 Attributable to TSP in
micrograms/m3
Outside
RESULTS – AwningsOUTSIDE and INSIDE Impact
AWNING SCENARIOSOUTSIDE
Awning Compliant Doors Open 71Awning Non-Compliant Doors Open 63
1735
PM2.5 Attributable to TSP in
micrograms/m3
INSIDE
KEY FINDINGSOpen Air Scenarios can still experience elevated
levels of TSPThe presence of umbrellas and awnings on a patio
increase the TSPThere is negligible difference in levels observed
when umbrellas are touching or not touching.There is negligible difference in levels observed
when smokers sit under or not under an awning
KEY FINDINGSTSP drifts from patios to indoor areas if a doorway is
openTSP in indoor areas do not dissipate as quickly as
outdoor areas
THANK YOUFunding for this research project provided by OTRU CIHR Doctoral Research Grant
Thank you to the Research Assistants who helped with this – Kathleen, Amelia, Pavani, Krystal, Zac, Erica, Seema, & Simon
Thank you to the team of speech pathologists from Freeport Hospital and the Stroke Prevention Clinic who helped get me ready for this!
THANK YOU
This research is funded through the strategic initiative Advancing the Science to Reduce Tobacco Abuse and Nicotine Addiction. This initiative is a partnership of government and non-profit organizations under the coordination of the Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative (CTCRI). www.ctcri.ca