TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE in Slovenian … · 2016. 8. 9. · FOREWORD TOBACCO, ALCOHOL...
Transcript of TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE in Slovenian … · 2016. 8. 9. · FOREWORD TOBACCO, ALCOHOL...
TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE in Slovenian Population and Inequalities and Combinations of Use
FOREWORD
TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE AMONG ADULT SLOVENIAN POPULATION
TOBACCO
ALCOHOL
ILLICIT DRUGS
COMBINATIONS OF TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND CANNABIS USE
1
2
4
8
14
20
CONTENTS
The numbers in the monograph are mostly rounded.In some cases, total percentages may exceed 100 % due to rounding up.
1
Tobacco smoking, excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages, binge drinking and the use of illicit drugs are related to serious harmful consequences for health and wellbeing of the population, to morbidity and premature mortality as well as to high fi nancial costs for the individual and the society. In order to effectively design, implement and monitor comprehensive programmes for the reduction of the use of psychoactive substances and their consequences, it is necessary to regularly monitor the prevalence and characteristics of the use in population and to identify risk groups.
EVERY FIFTHuses any kind of combination2 of tobacco, alcohol (excessive drinking, binge drinking) or cannabis.
EVERY FOURTHsmokes tobacco.
EVERY TENTHdrinks alcoholic beverages excessively.
EVERY OTHERengaged in binge drinking at least once in the past year1.
EVERY SIXTH used one of the illicit drugs or new psychoactive substances at least once in lifetime. The most commonly used illicit drug is cannabis, which is followed by ecstasy/amphetamine, cocaine and heroin.
HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF MEN THAN WOMEN smokes or engages in excessive or binge drinking or uses illicit drugs or any combination of these.
The percentages of tobacco use, excessive drinking and continuation of cannabis use3 are higher in groups with lower socio-economic position compared to groups with higher socio-economic position.
2
TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE AMONG ADULT SLOVENIAN POPULATIONTobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use is common among adult Slovenian population.
RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA, AGED 15-64 YEARS
24.0
26.8
21.1
10.5
13.0
7.7
46.5
55.8
36.6
16.1
19.8
12.2
15.8
19.5
11.8
21.1
26.6
15.1
3
RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA, AGED 15-64 YEARS
Image 1: Prevalence of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use among residents aged 15-64 years, in total and by gender
1. Binge drinking is drinking six units of alcohol or more on one occasion for men and four units or more on one occasion for women.2. The use of tobacco, alcohol or cannabis in combinations could occur at the same time on one occasion or on different occasions.3. The residents, who are continuing using cannabis, are those who used cannabis in the past 12 months out of all who ever used
cannabis.
SMOKINGevery day or occasionally
EXCESSIVE DRINKINGin the past 12 months
BINGE DRINKINGat least once in the past 12 months
ILLICIT DRUG USEat least once in lifetime
CANNABIS USEat least once in lifetime
A COMBINATION OF AT LEAST TWO RISK BEHAVIORS(smoking, excessive drinking, binge drinking, cannabis use)
Total
Men
Women
24 % current smokers
23 % ex smokers
53 % never smoked tobacco
The percentage of smokers is HIGHER AMONG MEN compared to women.
TOBACCO
4
MEN 15-64
smokers
27 %
ex smokers
25 %
never-smokers
48 %never-smokers
58 % ex smokers
21 %
smokers
21 %
WOMEN 15-64
RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA, AGED 15-64 YEARS
Image 2: Prevalence of smoking among men and women aged 15-64 years
men
with
seco
ndary
education or lower unemployed men and women
men
and
wom
en fr
om lo
wer
cla
ss
5
Population groups, which are less likely to quit smoking, are men and women aged 15-24 years, those in education process, men and women with lowest educational level and men and women, living without a partner.
GROUPS WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF TOBACCO
SMOKERS
and
women
w
ith se
condary education
acc
ordin
g to
mat
eria
l sta
tus
men living without a partner
m
en liv
ing
alon
e
TOBACCO
Socio-economic inequalities in smoking are more prominent among men than among women. They are more prominent among younger population (aged 25-44 years) compared to older population (aged 45-64 years), which indicates recent increase in inequalities in smoking.
6
SUBSTANTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES ARE PRESENT IN TOBACCO USE
AGE GROUP 25-44 YEARS
Residents with lower socio-economic position and those with higher number of indicators of lower socio-economic position are more likely to be ever smokers, to be current smokers and are less likely to quit smoking.
The percentage of smokers is 3-times higher among men with lowest education compared to those with highest education, while it is 2-times higher in case of women.
The percentage of those, who have ever smoked, is more than 2-times higher among men with lowest education compared to men with highest education, while it is 1.5-times higher in case of women.
The percentage of residents, who have smoked in the past and have later quit, is more than 2-times lower among men with lowest education compared to men with highest education, while it is 1.5-times lower in case of women.
3x 2x
153547 385564 6036270
10
20
30
40
50
(%)
60
70
80
90
100
the percentage of smokers the percentage of ever smokers
the percentage of those, whohave quit smoking out of all who
have smoked at any point in their lives
Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
142932 365255 634542
(%)
the percentage of smokers the percentage of ever smokers
the percentage of those, whohave quit smoking out of all who
have smoked at any point in their lives
Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more
7
MEN 25-44
WOMEN 25-44
Image 3: Percentage of smokers by education among men and women aged 25-44 years
68 % are moderate drinkers
11 % are excessive drinkers*
21 % are abstainers
Prevalence of excessive drinkers* is HIGHER AMONG MEN than among women.
RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA, AGED 15-64 YEARS
ALCOHOL
8
MEN 15-64 WOMEN 15-64
Image 4: Percentages of abstainers, moderate and excessive drinkers among men and women, aged 15-64 years
Abstainers
27 %
Moderate drinkers
66 %
Abstainers
17 %
Moderate drinkers
70 %
Excessive drinkers Excessive drinkers
13 % 8 %
9
GROUPS WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGES OF EXCESSIVE
DRINKERS*
* Under-aged persons, who drink alcohol, are defi ned as excessive drinkers.
men and women in education process
m
en an
d wom
en liv
ing
with
out a
par
tner
men
and w
omen with primary men and women aged
men
from
low
er c
lass
,
educ
ation
or lower 15-17 years and 18-24 years
a
ccor
ding
to m
ater
ial s
tatu
s
ALCOHOL BINGE DRINKING
10
MEN 15–64
Image 5.2: Frequency of binge drinking in females, aged 15-64 years, in the past 12 months
Image 5.1: Frequency of binge drinking in males, aged 15-64 years, in the past 12 months
daily or almost every day
daily or almost every day
0,1 %
1 %
1 %
3 %
7 %
13 %
1- to 3-times per week
1- to 3-times per week
1- to 3-times per month
1- to 3-times per month
less than once per month
less than once per month
did not engage in binge drinking in the past year
did not engage in binge drinking in the past year
abstainers
abstainers
WOMEN 15–64
28 %39 %
16 %
29 %
In the past twelve months, 47 % of Slovenian residents, aged 15-64 years, engaged in binge drinking at least once. The prevalence was higher among men compared to women.
40 %
24 %
48 % OF RESIDENTS ARE HAZARDOUS DRINKERS (ARE EXCESSIVE DRINKERS AND/OR HAVE ENGAGED IN BINGE DRINKING AT LEAST ONCE ON ONE OCCASION IN THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS).
11
GROUPS WITHHIGHER PERCENTAGE OF RESIDENTS, WHO
HAVE ENGAGED IN BINGE DRINKING AT LEAST ONCE
IN THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS
in education process eastern part of th
e cou
ntry
with
out a
par
tner
men and women women livi
ng in
men
and
wom
en li
ving
m
en w
ith se
condary education men and women
m
en fr
om m
iddl
e cl
ass
and
and w
omen with secondary aged 18-24 years
w
omen
from
upp
er c
lass
,
ed
ucatio
n or higher
a
ccor
ding
to m
ater
ial s
tatu
s
ALCOHOL
12
Socio-economic inequalities are present in men and women, in younger and in older residents. Socio-economic inequalities are most obvious in relation to educational level. Among the residents with lowest education, the percentage of abstainers is 3-times higher, the percentage of excessive drinkers is 1.6-times higher and the percentage of persons, who have engaged in binge drinking at least once on one occasion in the past twelve months is 1.4-times lower compared to those with highest education.
SUBSTANTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES ARE PRESENT IN ALCOHOL USE
AGE GROUP 25-64 YEARS
Residents of Slovenia, aged 25-64 years, with lower socio-economic position are more likely to be excessive drinkers, while those with higher socio-economic position are more likely to engage in binge drinking.
The percentage of abstainers is almost 3-times higher among men and more than 3-times higher among women with lowest education compared to those with highest education.
The percentage of excessive drinkers is 1.7-times higher among men with lowest education compared to those with highest education, while it is 1.6-times higher among women with lowest education compared to those with secondary education.
The percentage of persons, who have engaged in binge drinking at least once on one occasion in the past 12 months, is 1.3-times higher among men with secondary education compared to those with lowest education, while it is 1.7-times higher among women with highest education compared to least educated women.
1.7x
1.3x
1.6x
1.7x
13
101727 8913 5255440
10
20
30
40
50
(%)
60
70
80
90
100
abstinence excessive drinking binge drinkingin the past 12 months
Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
152650335
363221
(%)
abstinence excessive drinking binge drinkingin the past 12 months
Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more
MEN 25-64
WOMEN 25-64
Image 6: The percentages of abstainers, excessive drinkers and persons, who have engaged in binge drinking at least once on one occasion in the past 12 months, according to education among men and women, aged 25-64 years
ILLICIT DRUGS
14
16 % used illicit drug at least once in lifetime
72 %
The percentage of illicit drug users is HIGHER AMONG MEN compared to women.
RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA, AGED 15-64 YEARS
The most commonly used illicit drug among Slovenian population is cannabis, which is followed by ecstasy/amphetamine, cocaine and heroin.
Age period for the initiation of most illicit drugs use is 18-22 years.
of those, who have ever used an illicit drug, quit the use
15
MEN 15-64
WOMEN 15-64
Image 7.2: The percentage of women, aged 15-64 years, who have ever used illicit drug and those among them, who have continued with the use in the past year
Image 7.1: The percentage of men, aged 15-64 years, who have ever used illicit drug and those among them, who have continued with the use in the past year
24 %have quit using
76 %
30 %have quit using
70 %
have never used
80 %
have never used
88 %12 %
20 %
have used at least once have continued using
have used at least once have continued using
ILLICIT DRUGS CANNABIS
16
15.84.42.3
0 10 20 30 40 50(%) 60 70 80 90 100
15-64 years
15-24 years
25-34 years
Last month
Last year
Lifetime7.5
27.315.0
29.76.9
3.7
3.3
5.9
19.5
1.2
2.8
11.8
0 10 20 30 40 50(%) 60 70 80 90 100
Last month
Last year
Lifetime
men
women
THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE BY AGE GROUPS
THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE BY GENDER
Image 8: The percentage of lifetime, last year and last month cannabis use by age group and gender
Average age of fi rst cannabis use is 18 years.
The prevalence of cannabis use is higher among younger Slovenian population compared to older and among men rather than women.
17
There are some differences in groups with highest percentages of last year and last month4 cannabis use compared to groups with highest percentages of lifetime cannabis use. By age, the youngest age group, 15-25 years, has the highest percentage of last year and last month cannabis use; by education, residents with secondary or lower education stand out; by employment status, unemployed stand out next to those in education process; none of the classes stand out by material status.
GROUPS WITHHIGHER PERCENTAGE
OF LIFETIMECANNABIS USE
4. The groups with highest percentages of last year and last month cannabis use cannot be shown by gender due to small shares.
part of the country households living without a partner
d
ing to
mat
eria
l sta
tus
living in western men from one-parent men and women
fro
m upp
er c
lass
acc
or-
m
en a
nd w
omen
m
en and women
men
and
wom
en
men and women men and women men and wom
en
an
d 25
-34
year
s
or higher populated areas
a
ged
15-2
4 ye
ars
with high education in education process living in densely
ILLICIT DRUGS CANNABIS
18
Residents with lower socio-economic position and those with higher number of indicators of low socio-economic position are more likely to continue using cannabis.
Socio-economic inequalities are generally more prominent by education. They are also more prominent among women, aged 15-34 years, compared to men.
The percentage of those, who are continuing with cannabis use among all who have ever used cannabis, is 2.4-times higher among men with lowest education compared to men with highest education; in women it is 3.8-times higher.
The percentage of lifetime cannabis use among men with highest education is 1.5-times higher compared to men with lowest education; in women it is 1.8-times higher.
SUBSTANTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES ARE PRESENT IN CANNABIS USE
Residents, aged 15-34 years, who have highest education, are from upper class according to material status, are unemployed and those, living without a partner are most likely to use cannabis at least once in lifetime.
The percentage of those who quit using cannabis, among all who have ever used cannabis, is 2.3-times higher in men and women with highest education compared to those with lowest education.
19
413226 294169 7159310
10
20
30
40
50
(%)
60
70
80
90
100
the percentage of those whohave ever used cannabis
the percentage of those,who have continued to use
cannabis among all who have ever used cannabis
the percentage of those who havequit using cannabis among allwho have ever used cannabis
Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more
MEN 15-34
WOMEN 15-34
Image 9: The percentage of ever cannabis users and those among them, who have continued with the use in the past year and those who have quit using cannabis, by education among men and women, aged 15-34 years
282415 173365 8367350
10
20
30
40
50
(%)
60
70
80
90
100
the percentage of those whohave ever used cannabis
the percentage of those,who have continued to use
cannabis among all who haveever used cannabis
the percentage of those who havequit using cannabis among allwho have ever used cannabis
Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more
20
COMBINATIONS OF TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND CANNABIS USE
42 %do not smoke, did not engage in excessive drinking in the past 12 months or binge drink-ing at least once in the past 12 months, and did not use cannabis in the past 12 months
37 % report one of the observed risk behaviours*
21 % report two observed risk behaviours or more (combination)
The percentage of combination users is HIGHER AMONG MEN compared to women.
RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA, AGED 15-64 YEARS
MEN 15-64 WOMEN 15-64
Image 10: The percentage of men and women, aged 15-64 years, by number of observed risk behaviours*
two or more
15 %two or more
27 %one
33 %one
41 %
none
52 %
none
33 %
21
GROUPS WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF
COMBINATION USE*
* Observed risk behaviours are smoking, excessive drinking in the past 12 months, binge drinking at least once in past 12 months and cannabis use in the past 12 months. If individual reports two or more selected risk behaviours, we used terms ‘’combination of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use’’ and ‘’combination use’’.
men and women in education process m
en and women livi
ng w
ithou
t a p
artn
er
and women with secondary education or less
yo
unge
r men
and w
omen
(15-34 years) men with primary school education or less
22
COMBINATIONS OF TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND CANNABIS USE
AGE GROUP 15-64 YEARS
Socio-economic inequalities are also seen in the prevalence of combination use (smoking, excessive drinking in past 12 months, binge drinking at least once in the past 12 months, cannabis use at least once in the past 12 months).
The percentage of combination use is 2-times higher among men with lowest education compared to those with highest education, while it is 1.7-times higher among women this age.
2x 1,7x
1216201828370
10
20
30
40
50
(%)
60
70
80
90
100
the percentage of combination use among women
the percentage of combination use among men
Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more
MEN AND WOMEN 15-64
Image 11: The percentage of combination use by education among men and women, aged 15-64 years
Residents with lower education are more likely to be combination users than those with higher education.
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Data portal
TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUGS USE IN SLOVENIAN POPULATION AND INEQUALITIES AND COMBINATIONS OF USE
Authors: Helena Koprivnikar, Maja Zorko, Marjetka Hovnik Keršmanc, Andreja Drev
Design: Gorazd Učakar
Translation: Mihaela Tornar
Published by: National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana
Place and date of publishing: Ljubljana 2016
Electronic source.
Web page http://www.nijz.si/
Adapted from:
Koprivnikar H, Zorko M, Drev A, Hovnik Keršmanc M, Kvaternik I, Macur M. Uporaba tobaka, alkohola in prepovedanih drog med prebivalci Slovenije ter neenakosti in kombinacije te uporabe. Ljubljana: Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, 2015.
The research “Survey on tobacco, alcohol and other drugs” was fi nanced by the Ministry of Health.
Copyright
© 2015 NIJZ
All rights reserved. Reproduction in part or whole in any way and by any media without the written consent of the author is prohibited. Violations are sanctioned in accordance with copyright and criminal law.