TOA Psycho&Society

7/25/2019 TOA Psycho&Society

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THEORY ON NEEDS

Self-Actualization

Esteem Needs

Social Acceptance/ Affiliation

Security

Physiological

MASLOWS

HIERARCHY

OF NEEDS


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PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES

ON SPACES


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THEORY ON NEEDS

Self-Actualization

Esteem Needs


Security

Physiological

MASLOWS

HIERARCHY

OF NEEDS


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THEORY ON NEEDS

Self-Actualization

Esteem Needs


Security

Physiological

MASLOWS

HIERARCHY

OF NEEDS


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THEORY ON NEEDS

Self-Actualization

Esteem Needs


Security

Physiological

MASLOWS

HIERARCHY

OF NEEDS


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THEORY ON NEEDS

Self-Actualization

Esteem Needs


Security

Physiological

MASLOWS

HIERARCHY

OF NEEDS


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SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS

.

Cognition:

the mental processby which knowledgeis acquired .


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.

Symbol: somethingthat representssomething else by

association,resemblance, orconvention, especiallya material object usedto represent

something invisible orimmaterial, derivingits meaning chieflyfrom the structure inwhich it appears


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.

Semiotics:

the science ofsigns

All cultural phenomenon are

systems of signs

Culture can be understood as

communication


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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

.

Gestalt: objectsobserved have innatequalities that make

them independent ofthe perceiver and theenvironment

The theory or doctrinethat physiological orpsychological phenomenondo not occur through thesummation of individualelements, as reflexes orsensations, but throughgestalts functioningseparately or inter-relatedly


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.

Ecological:conditions inthe

environmentaffect the wayan object isperceived


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.

Ecological:conditions inthe

environmentaffect the wayan object isperceived


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.

Transactional:recognizes the roleof experience; there

exists a dynamicrelationship betweenthe person and theenvironment;

perception is activerather than passive;perception isgoverned byexpectancies andpre-dispositions.


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Speculative

Aesthetics:relies on the

introspectiveanalysis of theindividual.

Sensory values

Formal values Expression or

associationalvalues: Aesthetic,Practical,

Negative Values


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Speculative

Aesthetics:relies on the

introspectiveanalysis of theindividual.

Sensory values

Formal values Expression or

associationalvalues: Aesthetic,Practical,

Negative Values

Generated by pleasurable sensations

The object is perceived as a system of

relationships that exist in patterns

arise from images evoked by sensory values


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Empirical

Aesthetics:relies on scientific

techniques in theanalysis of aestheticexperience

INDEPENDENT

VARIABLE

The formal or

structural aspects

of objects

DEPENDENT

VARIABLE

Peoples

subjective

feelings about

them


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Information

Theory:the environment as

a set of that act asstimuli

ENVIRONMENT

EFFECT OF

MESSAGES

PERCEIVER: processes

and restructures


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Semantic

Theory:focuses on the

meaning ofelements of theenvironment and noton the patterns ofthe structures per

se

ENVIRONMENT

EFFECT OF

MESSAGES

PERCEIVER: interprets

meanings


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Meanings:learned associationsbetween the object

and an idea

ENVIRONMENT

EFFECT OF

MESSAGES

PERCEIVER: interprets

meanings


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Meaning of

Built

Environment:Results from thecombination ofFORM with aparticularMEANING


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Figure-

ground: aproperty of

perception in whichthere is a tendencyto see parts of avisual field as solid,well-definedobjects standingout against a lessdistinctbackground.


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Cognition:the mental processby which knowledgeis acquired


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Cognition:the mental processby which knowledgeis acquired


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Behavior

Settings:are stable

combinations ofactivity andplace


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Behavior

Settingsconsist of :

a recurrent activity- a standingpattern of behavior

a particular layout of theenvironment- the milieu

a congruent relationship betweenthe two- a synomorphy

a specific time period


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

The same physicalsettingmay be partof more than one

behavior setting ifdifferent standingpatterns ofbehavioroccurwithin it at

different times


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

A standing pattern ofbehavior may consistof a number ofdifferent behaviors

occurringsimultaneously:

overt emotionalbehavior

problem-solving

behavior gross motor activity

interpersonalinteraction

manipulation of

objects.


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Rationale for

Designing

Spaces: toprovide forsome existing orpotential set ofhuman

activities.


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

NEED

GENERAL

ACTIVITY

SPECIFIC

ACTIVITY

GROSS

MOTOR

ACTIVITY

e.g. Self- Study Read Sit/ Hold a bookesteem

Social Interaction Attend Party DanceAcceptance


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

The attainment of almost all

human needs involves somesort of gross motor activityor Movement.

e.g., survival needs, access

to other people,developmental opportunities


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Ecological Psychology- forces ofthe extra-individual rather thanon individual behavior.

Behavior SettingActivity-Space Relationship


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

The Built

Environment-

consists of astructured set ofsurfaces of variousqualities:

EnclosureAestheticAffordance


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Physical settings or

milieus are usuallyarchitecturallydifferentiated


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

One behavior setting enables aperson to achievemultiplicity of

satisfactions

Same behavior setting- meetdifferent needs of different

people

Same behavior setting- meetdifferent needs for anindividual at different times


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Behavior setting boundary-where behavior stops

Boundary problem-insufficient segregation ortoo much segregation

Individual differences/Personalities- differentboundary requirements


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Demand

Qualities:

afford only onetype of activityor a limited setof activities


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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Invitational

Qualities:

afford varioustypes ofactivities


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KINESTHETIC QUALITIES


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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

Social

Organization

Webster: A systemof continuouspurposive activity of aspecific kind

Richard Hall: A

collectivity withrelatively identifiableboundary, a normativeorder, authority ranks,common system


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Reciprocitybetween the builtenvironment and

behavior


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Affording

interaction

functional distancefunctional centrality


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Formal &

Informal

interactions

opportunities to seeand be seen-prerequisite toinformal interaction


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Collection

Points

NodesElevators

Lobbies

Canteens

Bundy clocks

Corridors with alcoves

Seats

Acoustics

Clustering


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Socio-petal

Space

Layouts where it iseasy to maintain face-to-face contact


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Socio-fugal

Layouts where it iseasy to avoidinteraction


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PRIVACY,

TERRITORIALITY,

DEFENSIBILE SPACES


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PERSONAL SPACE

invisible boundary surrounding

the persons body into which

intruders may not come


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4 DISTANCE ZONES

Intimate Distance

Personal Distance

Social Distance

Public Distance


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PRIVACY

the ability of an individual or groups

of individuals to control their visual,

auditory, olfactory interactions with

others

the ability to have options and to

achieve desired level of interactions


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KINDS OF PRIVACY

Solitude: state of being free fromobservation by others

Intimacy: state of being with another person

but free from the outside world

Anonymity: state of being unknown even in

a crowd

Reserve: state in which a person employs

psychological barriers to control unwantedintrusions


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CROWDING

associated with a feeling of lack ofcontrol over the environment

leads to negative behavior because

they are related to social overload

results from overmanning of

behavior settings


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DESIGN IMPLICATIONS

need for privacy greater forintroverts than for extroverts

extroverts like contrast with the

environment

introverts like courtyards


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DESIGN IMPLICATIONS

extroverts like strong centralplans

introverts like complex

internal relationships and clear

territorial patterns

people under stress need

more privacy for workplaces


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LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND

CULTURE

traditional Islamic dwelling

vs.traditional American

dwelling

the delineation of spaces inthe traditional bahay kubo, the

bahay the bato


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LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND

CLIMATE

trade-offs between privacy and

comfort

physiological comfort vs.

cultural requirements


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PERSONALIZATION

staking claims to places

manifestation of desire for

control and expression of

aesthetic tastes

effort to make an environment

fit activity better

done for psychological security


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TERRITORIALITY

a delimited space that aperson or a group uses and

defends as an exclusive

preserve

involves psychologicalidentification with a place


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BASIC CHARACTERISTICS

OF TERRITORIES

ownership of and rights to a place

personalization of marking of an

area

defense against intrusions

serve functions ranging from

physiological to self-actualization


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SYSTEM OF HUMAN

TERRITORIES

Defensible Space: a space

that affords easy

recognition and control of

activities

Levels:

visual access

adjacency

monitored by computers

or cameras


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TERRITORIAL VARIATION

as a factor of:

social class

civil status

religion


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SOFT ARCHITECTURE

the building or environment

can be personalized without

damage to them or without

difficult surgery


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