To sense 2
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Transcript of To sense 2
Presented by :Oscar Yustino Carascalao
To sense (Discourse studies)
outline
Sense Properties Stereotypes Sense relation 1 (Identity and similarity) Sense relation 2 (Oppositeness and dissimilarity)
In everyday life, people reach practical agreement on the meaning of almost all the words they use. Thus it evokes the successful communication.
In order to be able to talk meaningfully about anything, it is necessary to agree on the meaning of the words involved.
If not, it will be like this example below:A: ‘I saw something strange in the garden this morning.’B: ‘Oh! What was it?’A: ‘An animal perched on top of the clothes pole.’B: ‘How do you know it was an animal?’A: ‘I saw it. It was a cat.’B: ‘You might have seen a cat, but how can you be sure it was an
animal?’A: ‘Well, of course it was an animal, if it was a cat.’B: ‘I don’t see how that follows.’
The kind of meaning we are talking about is the kind associated with words and sentences by langauge system, not the speaker meaning. It is so-called sense.
The Sense of an expression is the hard core of meaning.
Sense of an expression = sense of properties + Sense relations with other expression
analytic (True)
Synthetic (either true or false)
Contradictory (false)
Example: All the cats are animals (A), that man is human (A) Rifatun is from Sumenep (S), that man is tall (S) This animal is fruit (C),that man is a woman (C)
Practice: Madura is an island A/S Madurese never feels sad A/S No Madurese likes traveling A/S Madura is not a province A/S John killed that bird, which remained alive for many days after
A/S/C Some teachers are patient A/S/C My bag is heavy A/S/C Tyas is a man A/S/C
Exception from the elaboration above is: The figurative use:that man is not a human Imperative: please carry this with you! Interrogative:has he finished the experiment?
A NECESSARY CONDITION on the sense of a predicate is a condition (or criterion) which a thing MUST meet in order to qualify as being correctly described by that predicate.
A SUFFICIENT SET OF CONDITIONS on the sense of a predicate is a set of conditions (or criteria) which, if they are met by a thing, are enough in themselves to GUARANTEE that the predicate correctly describes that thing.
Example: square necessary condition = ‘Four-sided’ ‘Plane figure, four-sided, equal-sided, and containing right angles’ is a
sufficient set of conditions since if anything meets all of these conditions, it is guaranteed to be a square.
‘Four-sided and containing right angles’ is not a sufficient set of conditions for square. Many non-square shapes, such as rectangles and trapezoids, meet these conditions.
‘Three-sided’ is not a necessary condition for square.
One of the best-known arguments (by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein) against the idea that definitions of the meanings of words can be given in the form of sets of necessary and sufficient conditions involves the word game (an amusement or a contest).
STEREOTYPE
The STEREOTYPE of a predicate is a list of the TYPICAL characteristics or features of things to which the predicate may be applied.
The stereotype of cat would be something like: Quadruped, domesticated, either black, or white, or grey, or tortoise-shell, or marmalade in colour, or some combination of these colours, adult specimens about 50 cm long from nose to tip of tail, furry, with sharp retractable claws, etc., etc.
Prototype Stereotypes
One typical thing
a set/ list of characteristics
Particular onewithin the range
a range of possibilities
Explained Explaining
Sense Relations
Similarity Between predicates synonymy and hyponymy Between sentences or propositions paraphrase and entailment
Dissimilarity Between predicates antonymy Between sentences or propositions contradictoriness
Synonymy
Synonymy similar sense between predicates, not between words, cause a word may have many different senses, each distinct sense is a predicate E.g. : hide1 intransitive verb
hide 2 transitive verbhide 3 noun
The examples of synonymy:Adj – adj deep – profoundVerb – adj sleeping – asleepNoun – noun teacher – educator
Hyponymy
Hyponymy the inclusion of the sense of one item in the sense of another
In other word, hyponymy refers to a set or a group of words that are included in a higher term or word; the higher or upper term is called as superordinate, and the lower term is called as hyponymy.vegetable
Carrot cabbages spinach
Red
Scarlet maroon
Paraphrase
Paraphrase sentence which express the same proposition as another sentencee.g:- Tom is always on time is a paraphrase of Tom is never late.- - Some countries have no coastline is a paraphrase of Not all countries
have a coastline.
Entailment
Entailment proposition that follows another propositione.g. :the entailment of Paul is an orphan, can be:Paul does not have a father anymore. Paul does not have a mother anymore. Paul does not have a father and mother anymore.
Antonyms
Binary antonymy if the one predicate is applicable, then the other cannot be, and vice versae.g. : true – false (if a sentence is true, it cannot be false, it cannot be true)
same – different, dead - alive Converseness
same relationship between two things(one order – opposite order)e.g. : parent – children
X is the parent of YY is the child of X
Gradable antonymy they are at opposite ends of a continues scale of values
e.g. : hot – cold long – short
Contradictory it is impossible for them both to be true at the same time and of the same circumstances
e.g. : The beetle is alive. The beetle is dead.
Ambiguous
Cases of ambiguous Words and phrases
Polysemy Homonymy
Sentences Lexical ambiguous Grammatically ambiguous e.g.: old men and women
Polysemy
Polysemy a word has several very closely related sensee.g. :eye human eye
the eye of needle
mouth mouth of a river mouth of an animal
Homonymy
Same in both written and spoken with two or more unrelated meaning.
Bank (of a river) Bank (of financial institution)
Thank You