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Chemical Hazards

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What are Chemicals?

Substances with a distinctmolecular composition thatis produced by or used in achemical process

Chemicals are the mostcommon and significanthealth hazards

Chemicals can behazardous for numerousreasons and can combinewith other chemicals tomake new hazards

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Physical Classification

Solids Aerosols

Liquids Vapours

Chemicals may befound in solid,liquid, aerosol, orgas and vaporform.

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Physical Classification

Not all forms of a chemical pose a health hazard.

For example, a lead pipe is not a significant healthhazard.

However, the lead can become a human healthhazard if the pipe is sanded or welded, producinglead dust or fumes.

The dust or fumes can become airborne and beinhaled, or it can leach into water and be ingested.

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Solids A chemical may be hazardous even in solid

form.

For example, individuals who are sensitizedto nickel may develop dermatitis from skincontact with the metal.

Fuming solids emit toxic vapors that may beinhaled.

Some materials, such as pesticides, canevaporate directly from solid form.

Some solids are not a hazard alone butbecome hazardous when they come intocontact with other chemicals (e.g., acid incontact with iron can release hydrogen gas).

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Liquids

Many liquids are hazardous incontact with the skin. They eitherdamage the skin or they are easilyabsorbed through the skin.

Chemicals that can damage or beabsorbed through the skin and willhave this effect on all skin, not justthe hands.

The degree of hazard associatedwith a liquid depends on itscharacteristics and how it ishandled.

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Aerosols

Aerosol is a term used to describefine particles (solid or liquid)suspended in air.

Examples of aerosols include dust,fumes, mist, fog, smoke, and smog.

Knowing how various aerosols aregenerated will help you anticipatewhere aerosol hazards may exist in

the field

Aerosols may be a hazard to theeyes, skin, and the respiratorysystem.

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Symbols and Type ofEffects

Corrosive

Chemical cause

burns if it comes intocontact with theskin.

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Highly Flammable

Can easily catch

fire.

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Toxic

Could cause harm if

the chemical comesinto contact withskin, if ingested or ifvapors are breathed

in.

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Harmful to theEnvironment

Will cause harm toliving organism ifreleased into theenvironment

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Irritant

Damages skin or

eyes if they comeinto contact with thechemical

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Explosive

Chemical could

cause an explosion

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Carcinogen

Chemical can cause

cancer if it comes tocontact with thebody or is ingested.

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Chemicals at Home

Chemicals can be

found not only inlaboratories but alsoin our house.

Examples

Irritant

Bleach is a form ofhypochloric acid thatis usually dilute butis classed as an

irritant

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Chemicals at Home

Chemicals can be


Examples

Harmful to theEnvironment

If used motor oil is

poured down thedrain, it can causeproblems in riversand streams.

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Chemicals at Home

Chemicals can be


Examples

Explosive

We use gas to heatour houses and alsoto cook food, but it isan explosive gas.

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Chemicals at Home

Chemicals can be


Examples

Carcinogen

Smoking cigarettescauses lung cancer.

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Chemicals at Laboratory

ACIDS

It can irritate or damage skin.

It can also cause minor skin burns.

ALKALIS It can damage the skin.

GASEOUS BROMINE

Inhaling it should be avoided. It is toxic.

REAGENTS

These can be corrosive and flammable.

Examples are toluene, methanol and ethanol.

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- Every worker has the right to know about hazardous chemicalsin the workplace. It is the duty of every employer to inform the

workers about the substances which they may come into contact

with and to provide and train workers about and necessary

protective equipment required to perform their job. Workershave a duty to wear this equipment and to follow proper job

procedures.

- Workers may need to wear appropriate protective gloves.Hands must be washed with soap and water before eating or

drinking or smoking, even if gloves were worn while handling the

chemical.

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Examples of Hazardous situations relating to chemicals:

- New workers working with paints might be exposed topaint thinners and solvents that they could breathe in or

get on their hands.

- Workers who work as cleaners will

likely be exposed to cleaning solvent

solutions like ammonia, which can be

harmful if it is inhaled or gets on the skin,or if it is mixed with other chemicals.

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Many employers do not dispose of chemical wastes safely.

Many employers are not aware of the hazards associated withtoxic chemicals and often do not know how to dispose ofchemical wastes safely employers also need to be educatedabout chemical hazards.

Employers often dump waste chemicals into the environment.

Chemicals that are improperly disposed of may eventually getinto your drinking water and your food. Chemical wastes shouldonly be disposed of in approved and well-maintained disposalsites.

Do not take workplace hazards home with you! To prevent bringing workplace chemicals home to your family,

wash/shower and change your clothes when necessary beforeyou leave work. Leave your dirty clothes at work. If you mustwash them at home, wash them separately never with the

family wash!

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Modes of Entry

Chemicals can enter the body by

Inhalation Through lungs

Absorption Through the skin or hands

Ingestion Through the mouth

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Modes of Entry

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ExposureRoute

Lung

Ear EyeNoseMouth

Musculo-

skeletal

Skin Whole body

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Target Organs

Lung Heart

Digestive tractLiver

Kidneys

Ear

Eye

Skin

NoseMouth

Reproductive

system

CNS

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Handling Chemical Hazards

At Laboratory

Carefully read the label of each chemical bottleto be use. When in doubt, verify with theinstructor.

Acids must be handled properly. If they splashon the skin, wash the skin immediately withwater and soap.

Alkalis may damage the skin. Wash the skinimmediately with plenty of water and then with1% acetic acid solution, if not available, vinegarwill do.

Avoid inhaling gas. Use a nose cover to avoidsuffocation.

Corrosive and flammable reagents should bestored in close containers and not subjected toopen flame.

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Handling Chemical Hazards

At home

Hazardous chemicals should belabeled and stored properly.

It should be placed in closedcontainer.

It should be kept out of reach ofchildren.

After cooking, LPG tanks should be

turn off.

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Six basic steps to safely manage chemicalsin the workplace

1. Policy and program.

2. Joint consultation.

3. Worker training.

4. Identify and assess the risks in the workplace.

5. Use adequate risk control measures, includingappropriate storage and emergency plans.

6. Promote, maintain and improve this includes

monitoring, record keeping and accidentreporting.

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Step 1Policy and Program

The first step in achieving improvements inworkplace health and safety, including the use ofhazardous substances, is to have anoccupational health and safety policy.

Your health and safety policy is a statement ofa principle that your organization upholds. It

should state your belief and intent, give a cleardirection from management and include the entireorganization. It will also be the basis for anaction.

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Chemical safety programThe principal aim of a chemical safety program is to systematicallyinvestigate potential chemical hazards in order to minimize the risk ofadverse health and safety effects due to exposure to hazardous substances in

the workplace.

Larger workplaces should have a chemical safety program which consists of: an action plan which details the part that employers, employees and thehealth and safety committee are each expected to play a list of program procedures

organization charts showing lines of responsibility emergency plans audit reports records of any accidents or potentially hazardous incidents.

For very small workplaces, some of the items of this program may not be

practical.The program should also aim to ensure that employees with potential forexposure to hazardous substances used at work are provided with educationand training. This should cover the nature of hazards and means of assessingand controlling exposure to workplace hazardous substances.

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Step 2Joint consultation

The Regulation requires employers to consult with employees(who are likely to be exposed to risks) on all aspects of theRegulation and any changes to work practices. Exposure oftendepends on the way the chemicals are used. When doing anassessment, involve the people working with the product in helpingto identify the hazards.

Consult employees, supervisors and others with knowledgeand expertise, including plant managers, production managers,floor supervisors, union representatives and members of theworkplace OHS committee.

Health and safety procedures, such as exposure control

measures, should not be introduced without first consulting allpeople likely to be affected by any hazardous substance. Thisincludes determining the likely exposure of people working near towhere hazardous substances are used, as well as those who usethem directly.

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Step 3

Training

Information must be given to workers,through training. To ensure that everyonein the workplace receives relevant

information, a formal, regularly updatedtraining program must be developed. Thetraining program should be related to theactivities in the workplace and cover:

how chemical exposures can occur

the possible results of chemical exposure how to read chemical labels and MSDS how to follow safe working procedures how to use protective equipment emergency and first aid procedures.

Training should also explain the need forworkplace monitoring and

health checks in relevant cases.

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Step 4Identify and assess workplace

risksInformation about a chemical used in a workplace is found:

on the label of the container;

on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS); and in publications such as codes of practice and standards.

The label on the container is the first point wherepeople get information about the chemicals they are using.

In many situations, you can tell if substances arehazardous from the labels on containers arriving in yourworkplace.

L b l

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Labels

You must make sure that containers of chemicals and other hazardoussubstances in your workplace are labeled. Labels identify the product and

provide safety information including:

the dangerous goods diamond and/or the poisons label, where appropriate the chemical name(s) of the ingredient(s) the trade name of the substance possible harmful effects of the substance how to use the substance safely.

If the label does not give you this information, contact the supplier ormanufacturer. You must ensure that the labels on containers of hazardoussubstances are appropriate. If you produce hazardous substances, you shouldlabel them according to Work safe's Code of Practice for the Labeling of

Workplace Substances.Process containers, such as vats and pipes, should be labeled to identify thecontents.

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Material safety data sheets MSDS

The material safety data sheet (MSDS) should provide detailed informationabout:

the substances trade name and chemical name(s) (including ingredientsin mixtures) health hazard information precautions for use safe handling of the substance.

The MSDS must be readily available so that workers can get informationabout health hazards in addition to that provided on the label. Themanufacturer or supplier of the chemical must provide an MSDS with everysubstance that is classified as hazardous. Manufacturers and importers areresponsible for preparing MSDS.

The MSDS should meet the standard laid down in Worksafes Code ofPractice for the Completion of a Material Safety Data Sheet. For importedsubstances, ILO (International Labour Organisation) and EU (EuropeanUnion) formats are acceptable.

A th i k i k l

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Assess the risks in your workplace

People can be exposed to the same hazardous substance in different ways.The level of exposure may vary depending on factors such as how close to a

process a person is working, or the effectiveness of ventilation.Under the Regulation, you must assess the exposure risks of each hazardoussubstance, for each person in the workplace. The results will indicate theareas where control measures are necessary.

Riskis the likelihood that harm will result from use of the substance.Hazard is a basic property of a substance. The degree of risk depends on the

dose .To assess the risk of exposure:

a. identify the hazardous substances used in the workplace and list them in

an inventory;b. obtain information about the hazards to health and safety presented bythese substances;c. determine the degree of exposure to the hazardous substances;d. assess the risk to the health and safety of each employee, ande. decide actions necessary to control risks.

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Identify substances

It is important for you to know exactly what hazardous substances are in use in the

workplace. Initially check if everything is labelled. Make a list of all hazardous substances toform an inventory. Dont forget to consider dusts and other emissions produced in the

workplace. A mixture counts as one substance.

Adopt a system that will ensure all new chemicals entering the workplace are addedto the inventory and that MSDS are obtained and filed with the inventory, forming a register.This task may be easier if you divide your workplace up into areas or work activities and doeach one separately.

Determine exposureCheck who is using which hazardous substance and how. Then identify

those employees who may be exposed to each hazardous substance in an

amount which is likely to harm health. Consider the routes of entry, that

is the ways the substance may enter or touch the body. These include skincontact; inhalation (breathing in) through the nose or mouth; and ingestion

(swallowing) through the mouth.

A h i k h l

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Assess the risk to each employeeThe Regulation requires you to minimize the health risks - this means that exposure

should be as low as possible in your working situation. If a maximum exposure level hasbeen set for the substance, you can usually find this on the MSDS. You must not exceedthe exposure limit listed in the Work safe Standard, Exposure Standards for AtmosphericContaminants in the Occupational Environment. These exposure standards are regularlyupdated.

For a small number of hazardous substances, regular health checks of workers maybe required. The assessment report should determine if this is required. Furtherinformation is given in the next section, Decide action to control risks. If the exposure of anemployee reaches the exposure standard, or there are health indications that exposure istoo high, immediate action must be taken to reduce the health risk. An example of actionto be taken is to improve control measures.

Decide action to control risksIf the assessment shows that there is a risk to health or safety, you will need

to:

record the assessment and conclusions about control;

select control measures;

ensure that those control measures are properly used and maintained;

arrange induction and training; and

determine if monitoring or health surveillance are required

St 5

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Step 5Risk control

The Regulation requires you to implementcontrol measures to keep exposure to hazardoussubstances as low as practicable, when anassessment has shown the need. The Control

code of practice outlines the various measureswhich can be used to eliminate or reduceexposure. These measures are listed in order ofpriority, so the higher up the control appears on

the following list, the better it is.

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EliminationWhere a task involves the use of a hazardous substance that is not essential,

the hazardous substance should be eliminated, if practicable. An example of

elimination is cleaning by the use of ultrasound instead of chemicals - this isa physical rather than a chemical process

Safe work practicesSafe work practices are administrative practices which require people to work

in safer ways. Examples include: permit to work systems; excluding any nonessential

access; providing means for safe storage and disposal of hazardous

substances; banning eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas;

vacuuming dust from areas where cutting processes take place; keeping lids

on containers when they are not in use; and using facilities for effective

decontamination.

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Ensure correct storageCheck the MSDS for advice on storage and chemical compatibility.

All substances which are classed as dangerous goods should be stored

in accordance with the Regulations of the Dangerous Goods Act, 1975.Dangerous goods entering the workplace are usually identified by the class

(diamond) label on the container.

Establish emergency plansYou should establish and write down an emergency plan and procedures in

case of leaks, spills or other uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances.

The procedures should cover: first aid, emergency showers, evacuation

procedures, safe disposal methods, identifying source(s) of release, repairs

and follow-up.

The plan should be revised from time to time. Details of the plan should be

included in employee training.

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Step 6Promote, maintain

and improve

Monitoring and health surveillance

Record keeping

Accident reporting procedures

Checking your workplace

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PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

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GlovesAlways wear unlined, elbow length chemical-resistant gloves when

handling all pesticides except those that are relatively nontoxic(category IV or lower toxicity). The elbow length gloves protect yourwrists and prevent pesticides from running down your sleeves intoyour gloves.

Body CoveringRegular work attire of long pants and a long-sleeved shirt, shoes,and socks are acceptable for slightly toxic (category III) and

relatively non-toxic (category IV) pesticides. Many applicators preferwork uniforms and cotton coveralls that fit the regular-work-attiredescription and provide equal protection. Applicators should reserveone set of clothing for pesticide use only. Launder and storeseparately from all other clothing.

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ApronWear a chemical-resistant apron when repairing or cleaning spray

equipment and when mixing or loading. This is a good practice for allpesticides. It is essential for pesticides of category I and II toxicity. Apronsoffer excellent protection against spills and splashes of liquidformulations, but they are also useful when handling dry formulationssuch as wettable powders. Aprons can be easily worn over other

protective clothing and are comfortable enough for use in warm climates.Choose an apron that extends from the neck to at least the knees. Someaprons have attached sleeves.

BootsWear unlined chemical-resistant boots which cover your ankles when

handling or applying moderately or highly toxic pesticides. Purchaseboots with thick soles. Use them only for pesticide applications. It is wiseto keep two pair of boots on hand in case of accidental contamination.Boots should be replaced at least yearly. As a reminder, write the date ofpurchase on the boot.

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Goggles or Face ShieldWear shielded safety glasses; a full-face respirator; snug-fitting, non-

fogging goggles; or a full-face shield whenever the chemical couldpossibly contact your eyes. Always wear goggles or full-face respiratorwhen you are pouring or mixing concentrates or working in a highlytoxic spray or dust. In high exposure situations when both face and eyeprotection are needed, a face shield can be worn over goggles.

Head and Neck Coverings

The hair and skin on your neck and head must be protected too. This is

most important in situations where exposure from overhead dusts orsprays is possible, such as in airblast spraying operations or flagging.Chemical-resistant rain hats, wide brimmed hats, and washable hardhats (with no absorbing liner) are good. In cool weather, chemical-resistant parkas with attached hoods are a good choice. If the attachedhood is not being used, tuck it inside the neckline so that it will not

collect pesticides. Do not use cotton or felt hats; they absorb pesticides.

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RespiratorsRespirators protect you from inhaling toxic chemicals. The label will

tell you if a respirator is required. Consider wearing one during anylengthy exposure with a high risk of pesticide inhalation. Always weara respirator while mixing or filling highly toxic pesticides. Applicatorswho will be constantly exposed to small amounts of moderately toxicpesticides for a day or several days, should also wear a respirator.

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ADDITIONAL SAFETY

PRECAUTIONS

(DOS AND DONTS)

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THANK YOU

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THANK YOU

for listening

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