To produce technical manpower of global standards in Electronics and

Communication Engineering with capabilities of adapting to new challenges to

address the societal needs.

1. Equipping faculty members with knowledge in cutting edge technologies

through various programmes.

2. Imparting quality education to meet the requirements of all stake-holders with

the help of well qualified and experienced faculty resources.

3. Nurturing competent professionals through extra and co-curricular activities.

4. To promote research and development activities by setting up new research

facilities and industrial interaction.

5. Accomplishing the technological needs of the society.

Heartily congratulations to the editorial team. It takes immense

pleasure for me to note that the effort is continuing and you are

bringing out the magazine, TECHNIK FREAKS, in its electronic

format inviting a wider readership in the Institute website. The

reputation of an institute depends on the calibre and achievements of

the students and teachers. The role of the teacher is to discover the

talents and nurture the skills of the students. This e-magazine is going

to showcase the strength of this Institute being a forum to exhibit the

potential of the folks with their literary skills and innovative ideas. I

extend my best wishes for the success of this endeavour.

SMART DUSTBIN

e realize that Garbage causes damage

to local ecosystems, and it is a threat to

plant and human life. To avoid all such

situations we are going to implement a

project called IoT Based” Smart Dustbin”.

The main aim of this project is to

enhancement of a smart city vision. Smart

cities don‟t only mean smart buildings and

smart parking areas but “smarter waste

management system” is also a major issue

to be addressed in developing a smart city.

In recent time Garbage waste collection

and its management is very critical issue.

For that In India 2nd October 2014 Indian

Prime Minister Mr. NarendraModi

announced Clean India Mission.

Convectional waste management systems

which are currently employed in India

have static routes and schedules where

garbage from containers are collected on

fixed schedules, regardless if they are full

or not.

The presence of garbage around the

dustbin and stinking condition from

containers and garbage bins, and send it to

servers in real time. An authorized phone

number which are present in Waste

Management Centres gather fill-level and

other information sent from multiple

containers which are situated throughout a

city/locality. The data acquired, can be

used to systematically plan route-map to

collect garbage. The information from bins

to the authorized number is sent using

communicating modules (GSM/GPRS

module).we will be using ultrasonic range

sensor to know the amount of garbage

collected in garbage containers. The entire

operation is controlled using Atmega328P

8-bit microcontroller. This report

showcases a potential design for an IoT

gateway that can be used to provide a

framework for a smart waste management

system.

When garbage is trashed into a dustbin the

bin ashes a unique code, which can be

used to gain access to free Wi-Fi. The

Sensor checks for the garbage fill in

dustbin and, a Router provides Wi-Fi to

the user. Major part of our project depends

upon the working of the Wi-Fi module

which is essential for its implementation.

Due to the wet waste present in the bin

many times the bin starts stinking, and the

smell may last for many days which in

turn affects the society. As a solution to

this, a Wet sensor is provided in the bin.

This sensor collects the information about

the wet waste present in the bin and if the

value is greater than the threshold level,

the message is sent to WMC to address the

dustbin. The SWM system reduces the cost

involved in collecting the garbage.

The movement of waste across the whole

city can be tracked and thus can be

monitored by a single system efficiently.

This system can prove to be a revolution

for the whole urban waste management

system of upcoming smart Cities. The

main aim is the enhancement of a smart

city vision. This Smart Dustbin can

contribute a lot towards clean and hygienic

environment in building a smart city.

ASHWATHI.A

JERLIN.A

II-ECE-A

AUTONOMOUS

CARS

One of the greatest inventions ever

in the history of mankind-“CARS”. Since

its inception in the 1890s cars have

become increasingly safe and convenient.

But while talking about today‟s lifestyle,

certain scenes capture our mind at this

point, imagine yourself driving the car

with one hand on the wheel and the other

holding a hotdog or working its way on

your daughter‟s hair or your mobile, laptop

etc. Man…it‟s a mess, a busy day ahead

beginning with traffic and there is always

this boss waiting to pull your leg as soon

as he sees you. Now this is how you could

define a “perfectly hectic day”.

Now such a hectic day can turn

into a tragedy with so much on your mind,

for example you could end up in an

accident. Let‟s imagine the best way out of

this .Well you needn‟t imagine anymore as

they are already on the roads. That‟s right

“AUTONOMOUS CARS” is the future.

Your car may need a licence soon too

.Equipped with an S3 LIDAR system for

sight, GPS for routing, RADAR and

ULTRASONIC SENSORS and of course

a CENTRAL COMPUTER SYSTEM for

overall analysis. So here are some of the

potential advantages namely higher speed

limit, fewer traffic collisions leading to a

smoother ride, reduction of space for

parking and need for traffic police and

vehicle insurance. We will come to know a

lot more about what makes them

autonomous and how they are safe on their

own.

Keywords: LIDAR system, GPS,

Ultrasonic sensors.

ECG T-SHIRT

The ECG T-SHIRT was developed with a

portable long term multichannel ECG

monitoring with active electrodes.

Unobtrusive sensing of vital signs, such as

cardiac activity and respiration, has been

increasingly applied in the past decade.

Increasing number of technical solutions,

the so-called personal healthcare systems,

are being developed. This portable

electrocardiography (ECG) device with 12

leads was found for long-time application.

These ECG recorders are often used to

diagnose cardiac conditions over the

duration of several days. For this, patients

wear the device while continuing their

daily routine. Commercial Holter devices

consist of a portable ECG recorder with

adhesive electrodes. However, these

electrodes have one major problem: the gel

that ensures good conductivity can lead to

skin allergies. Moreover, the longer the gel

is applied, the greater the possibility that

more problems arise. Signal quality is

deteriorated if the gel dries up, which is

highly probable during long-term

monitoring. In addition, in some cases

(e.g., if patients are sweating), the

electrodes detach themselves, requiring

reapplication. If this occurs, the patient

may not reattach them in the correct place.

The portable 12-lead ECG measurement

system consists of a T-shirt, active

electrodes and an ECG recorder. The

active electrodes of the capacitive

measurement system record the potentials

on the body‟s surface. The analogue

signals from the active electrodes are

digitalized in the ECG recorder, which

also calculates the 12 ECG leads. The

signals of the leads are then processed by a

microcontroller and stored on an SD card

in the ECG recorder. A 12-lead ECG

requires 10 electrodes on the patient‟s

limbs and chest: 10 physical channels are

recorded (3 limb leads, 6 thoracic leads, 1

Right Leg lead). The T-shirt is a

commercially available breathable sports

T-shirt. Ten textile patches made of

electrically conductive fabric serve as

electrodes. The patches (4cm 4 cm) are

sewn into the interior of the T-shirt. This

fabric is silver plated with 99% silver and

has been used as electrodes by two other

group. While other conductive textile

materials exist, silver coating was selected.

It was found that silver electrodes are

advantageous even at recording low

frequencies. The driven right leg (DRL)

electrode has a larger area to ensure good

contact (30 cm 5 cm). Each electrode has a

snap fastener connection, where the

amplifier boards (or in the case of the DRL

electrode, the cable) that lead to the ECG

recorder are fastened. The T-shirt needs to

fit relatively tightly, since signal quality

improves with contact pressure of the

electrodes. An active circuit PCB is placed

on the snap fasteners from the exterior.

Thus ECG T-shirt is of greater advantage

to monitor and diagnose our health in a

simple and easy way without affecting our

routine work. This also reduces the time to

be spent in the hospital to take an ECG.

M.SARANYAA

II ECE C

OCULUS’ NEXT VR

HAND

CONTROLLER

In December of last year, Oculus released

its Touch controllers for the Rift virtual

reality system, but a replacement may be

on the way sooner rather than later.

According to a patent application filed

with the USPTO by Oculus, the Facebook

team has designed a self-tracking VR

glove.

The patent titled Optical Hand Tracking in

Virtual Reality Systems is as follows:

“A system [that] tracks movement of the

VR input device relative to a portion of a

user’s skin, track movement of the VR

input device relative to a physical surface

external to the VR input device, or both.

The system includes an illumination

source integrated with a tracking glove

coupled to a virtual reality console, and

the illumination source is configured to

illuminate a portion of skin on a finger of

a user.

The system includes an optical sensor

integrated with the glove, and the optical

sensor is configured to capture a plurality

of images of the illuminated portion of

skin. The system includes a controller

configured to identify differences between

one or more of the plurality of images,

and to determine estimated position data

based in part on the identified

differences.”

As described above, this type of tracking is

quite different from Oculus‟ current

Constellation tracking system, in which

external optical sensors detect infrared

light pulses emitted by the object being

tracked to determine, where the device is

located in 3D space.

The difference between this patent and the

traditional Constellation system lies

mainly in the image capture devices,

which are not external sensors but are

instead attached directly to the glove itself.

Last week, an additional Oculus patent

provided a very vague look at an idea for

potential VR gloves, but this more recent

filing is much more detailed.

This is the second patent in as many weeks

concerning VR hand controllers for

Oculus. The Oculus Touch controllers

have been received well by customers and

critics as well. However, with other

companies like Valve teasing fresh takes

on hand tracking, Oculus can‟t afford to

rest on its laurels. We‟ve seen Oculus test

out temperature differentiation as well

as other glove-based devices recently in

the past, as well.

Next week is Facebook‟s F8 developer

conference in San Jose and rumours and it

is believed that that the company will be

showing fresh VR tech at the show. It‟s

possible we‟ll have more news or even see

a prototype of the new Oculus hand

controllers at that time.

FARMING

EMBRACES THE IoT

The farm is perhaps the last place where

you would look for advanced

technology. But pressures on food

production make agriculture a prime

candidate for harnessing the potential of

automation and the IoT. Real-time data

collection is the key to improving yields

and making the most of precious

resources.

n drought-prone areas, moisture sensors

buried in the soil can slash water

consumption and ensure none is wasted.

Traditionally, farmers will deploy

irrigation on a regular schedule based on

average weather and soil conditions. But

this leads to much of the water draining

away unproductively because the crops do

not need such a regular infusion.

Soil monitoring makes it possible to target

irrigation to where it is needed, when it is

needed. Moisture sensors use conductivity

to gauge the presence of water in the soil.

When the conductivity drops far enough,

the sensor can alert a remote control

system to the need for water. The

necessary irrigation can be delivered using

sprinklers, drip or furrow flooding

systems.

Moisture levels across a field may vary

widely, due to differences in exposure to

wind and sun as well as changes in soil

composition. To provide the degree of

precision required for irrigation, the pumps

and valves need to be managed by a

control system: opening them and closing

them as necessary.

Cellular, LoRaWAN and SIGFOX are

potential candidates for networking

sensors and actuators across a farm.

However, the balance of features points to

LoRaWAN being the best overall solution

for many applications. Although cellular

provides long range, its coverage in rural

areas can be patchy. Additionally, data sent

over the cellular network will incur a cost

based on the amount of data transmitted.

However, in an environment where

farmers have to manage many square

kilometres of fields, the inability to query

the status of pumps and valves or to

perform ad hoc tests on sensors can make

maintenance much harder and more

expensive. Developed by Semtech,

LoRaWAN provides IoT users with the

option of accessing the Internet through

their own network of base stations to

provide greater control, and potentially

lower operating costs or through a

burgeoning selection of commercial

operators. A number of groups are

minimising their network-setup costs

through the use of crowdsourcing. For

example, in the UK, communities in

Oxford, Calderdale and other locations

have set up LoRaWAN networks to help

with flood management. Farmers can

easily cooperate by sharing access to

LoRaWAN nodes that cover their fields.

Such a scheme lets a farmer access data

from sensors that are closer to a

neighbour‟s LoRaWAN router than their

own.

LoRaWAN has support from multiple

silicon providers. STMicroelectronics

offers a range of Nucleo development kits

for the network protocol in addition to

Microchip Technology's RN2483 LoRa

module and Semtech's own SX127x family

of interface devices. LoRaWAN also has

the benefit compared to traditional radio

systems of offering access to devices

buried below ground such as parking water

sensors and subsurface irrigation valves. In

addition, it has a transmit range on the

order of 10km. Resilience to interference

from other unlicensed-band users is helped

by the use of a spread-spectrum

modulation scheme. Achievable data rates

range from 300bit/s to 50kbit/s, similar to

that of existing GPRS connections.RF

choices may be deployment-specific.

Pycom boards fit well here as platforms

because there are versions for long-range

Wi-Fi, which support distances up to 1km,

SIGFOX and LoRaWAN. A fast and

affordable way of getting field data to

mission control is to set up several battery

operated modules connected to soil sensors

in the field with a module connected to a

Raspberry Pi in the farm, to deliver a real-

time dashboard to the farmer.

Another key wireless technology that is

making agriculture more efficient is the

GPS. The ability to detect position within a

field is helping to automate tasks such as

ploughing and the delivery of fertilisers

and pesticides. Gradually, the industry is

moving towards self-driving tractors and

robots. But even on manually driven

tractors, the presence of GPS makes it

possible to operate vehicles over longer

hours and when visibility would otherwise

be too low to allow activity. Even in good

conditions, GPS-assisted steering

improves the efficiency of operations by

ensuring vehicles remain on-track and

avoiding crop damage.

Technology is also enabling high-density

and urban farming – with producers

turning loft and roof spaces into

agricultural spaces. In these environments,

moisture and other sensors can, as with

outdoor fields, optimise irrigation to

ensure more efficient use of water and

nutrients.

A key technological change that has made

greenhouse farming much more attractive

is that of lighting. The shift to high-

efficiency LED lighting has made it

possible for greenhouse farmers to extend

their growing seasons. The lighting can be

activated on overcast days as well as at the

beginning and end of the day. Compared

with traditional light sources, LEDs have

the advantage of more easily tuning their

spectral output. Purple light has become a

popular choice for greenhouse farming, as

it provides ample illumination for

photosynthesis with low waste. In other

cases, green has been shown to be

effective for stimulating the production of

larger leaves.

One potential issue with greenhouse-based

farming is the faster spread of disease

among susceptible crops compared to

outdoor agriculture. IoT technology can

provide the basis for effective disease

management. Airflow, humidity and

temperature sensors above the soil layer

can help ensure conditions are optimal for

crop growth but not for the development of

fungi, which are often favoured by

stagnant conditions.

The rapid detection of disease is also vital

and can be handled by airborne drones that

fly over the rows of crops to check visually

for signs of infestation. When a drone

detects a discoloured leaf or another sign

of disease, it can send a signal that alerts a

member of staff to check on the plant and

remove it if necessary. In the future, robots

will be used to perform the checks,

removals and replantations automatically.

For outdoor farms, the combination of

roving sensors on drones and robotic

automation will also become increasingly

common. It will improve the targeting of

fertilisers and pesticides to where they are

needed. This will help reduce the runoff of

nitrates and phosphates into the water table

and the build-up of resistance among

weeds.

Thanks to sensor, positioning and

networking technology, farming is set to

begin its next revolution. It will ensure that

agriculture can continue to deliver the

quantity of food the world needs with the

minimum of resources and pollution.

FOG COMPUTING

“Computing is not about

computers anymore, it is about

living”.Fog computing also known as edge

computing or fogging is a distributed

computing infrastructure in which

application services are handled by the

edge networking Smart devices like

routers. Fog acts like an intermediate

between users and cloud. It extends the

services of cloud computing paradigms

and also provides data, computation,

applications and storage to end users.

Fogging means the cloud close to the

ground and its goal is to improve the

efficiency and reduce the amount of data

stored to the cloud by analysing and

filtering the data‟s. Fogging provides

improved security to the data by encoding

them and also it reduces the data

movement across the networks. Fog are

distributed in heterogeneous platforms in

Geographical environments so, fog has

high response time than cloud by

consuming less bandwidth and supports

mobility. Even though Fog performs well

than cloud it cannot be used to replace the

cloud entirely. The technical giants like

IBM, Microsoft, IEEE and CISCO are

working on the Fogging. Fogging has its

applications in the real scenarios like

Connected Cars, Smart traffic signals and

Smart grids and also in E-Governance,

Green city, Health care.

Key Words: Fogging, Edge Networks,

Internet of Things.

I. INTRODUCTION

"Fog Computing" is a highly virtualized

platform that provides compute, storage,

and networking services between end

devices and traditional Cloud Computing

Data Centers, typically, but not exclusively

located at the edge of network. The

following figure presents the idealized

information and computing architecture

supporting the future IoT applications, and

illustrates the role of Fog Computing.

FOG COMPUTING

Cloud and Fog are built around the same

basic services. “Edge of the Network”,

however, implies a number of

characteristics that make the Fog a non-

trivial extension of the Cloud.

II.ANALYTICS, AND THE

INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE FOG

AND THE CLOUD

While Fog nodes provide localization,

therefore enabling low latency and context

awareness, the Cloud provides global

centralization. Many applications require

both Fog localization, and Cloud

globalization, particularly for analytics and

Big Data. We consider Smart Grid, which

data hierarchies help illustrate further this

interplay.

Fog collectors at the edge ingest the data

generated by grid sensors and devices.

Some of this data relates to protection and

control loops that require real-time

processing (from milliseconds to sub

seconds). This first tier of the Fog,

designed for machine-to-machine (M2M)

interaction, collects, process the data, and

issues control commands to the actuators.

It also filters the data to be consumed

locally, and sends the rest to the higher

tiers. The second and third tier deal with

visualization and reporting (human-

tomachine [HMI] interactions), as well as

systems and processes (M2M). The time

scales of these interactions, all part of the

Fog, range from seconds to minutes (real-

time analytics), and even days

(transactional analytics). As a result of this

the Fog must support several types of

storage, from ephemeral at the lowest tier

to semi-permanent at the highest tier. We

also note that the higher the tier, the wider

the geographical coverage, and the longer

the time scale.

III. FOG PLAYERS-PROVIDERS

AND USERS:

It is not easy to determine at this early

stage how the different Fog Computing

players will align. Based on the nature of

the major services and applications,

however, we anticipate that:

Subscriber models will play a

major role in the Fog (Infotainment

in Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid,

Smart Cities, Health Care, etc.)

The Fog will give rise to new forms of

competition and cooperation between

arena as users and providers, including

utilities, car manufacturers, public

administrations and transportation

agencies. providers angling to provide

global services. New incumbents will enter

thearena as users and providers, including

utilities, car manufacturers, public

administrations and transportation

agencies.

IV. CONNECTIVITY AT FOG SCALE:

The presence of potentially tiny devices

everywhere is only one of the ingredients

of the fog. All the devices used for

fogging need to be connected. The sheer

volume of devices (50 billion handheld

user devices in 2020) together with

manymore sensing/acting devices of the

IoT which works 24/7 will likely dwarf

present connectivity and bandwidth

problems. A special report in The

Economist titled “Augmented Business”

described how cows will be monitored to

ensure healthier, more plentiful supply of

meat for people to consume. On average,

each cow generates about 200 MB of

information a year. By this,the devices

are connected at fog scale.

V. CHALLENGES AHEAD

Although the research efforts and user

trends described in previous sections are

pushing to bring the fog, the path is

farfrom paved. There are many open

problems that will have to be addressed

to make the fog a reality. It is necessary

to clearly identify them so future research

works have these problems into account.

The set of open challenges for the fog to

become a reality isis:

1) Discovery/Sync Applications running

on devices may need either some agreed

„centralised‟ point (e.g. establish an

“upstream” backup if there are too few

peers in our storage application);

2) Compute/Storage limitation Current

trends are improving this fact with

smaller, more energy-efficient and more

powerful devices.

3) Management In addition to setting up

the communication routes across end

nodes, IoT/ubiquitous computing nodes

and applications running on top need to be

properly setup and configured to operate as

desired.

4) Standarisation Today no standarised

mechanisms are available so each member

of the network (terminal, edge point...) can

announce its availability to host others‟

software components, and for others to

sent it their software to be run.

VI. CONCLUSION:

The fog is nothing but the convergence of

a set of technologies that have been

developing and maturing in an

independent manner for quite some time.

The integration of these into a single IT

scenario is an answer to the new

requirements introduced by device

ubiquity and demands for agile network

and service management and data privacy.

As a result the fog will dramatically shift

many of our current practices at almost

every layer of the IT stack, like apps

development, network traffic management,

network/service provision, accounting,

apps collaboration mechanisms, etc. This

article has provided a broad overview of

this convergence and what are the common

points that link all these technologies

together, creating a new paradigm that

some have already named as “fog”

computing.

AASHIKA R,

DENICA SHELUS R,

II ECE

This is how I come to know

“HOBBIT & HOBBYTE”

SPINTRONICS

Spintronics or spin electronics, is an emerg

ing field of basic and applied research

physics and

engineering that aims to exploit the role pl

ayed by electron spin in

solidstate materials.Spintronic devices mak

e use of spin properties instead of, or in ad

dition to electron charge to carry informati

on,thereby offering opportunities for novel

micro‐ and nanoelectronic devices.This art

icle reviews the background and current st

atus of this subject, and also some of the a

pplications of Spintronics.

Polarized electrons are used to control elec

tric current.The goal of Spintronics is to

develop a semiconductor that can

manipulate the

magnetism of an electron. Once we add the

spin degree of freedom to electronics, it w

ill provide significant versatility and

functionality to future electronic products.

Magnetic spin properties of

electrons are used in many applications suc

h as magnetic memory, magnetic recording

(read, write heads), etc.

The realization of semiconductors that are

ferromagnetic above room

temperature will

potentially lead to a new generation of Spi

ntronic devices with -

revolutionary electrical and optical

properties. The field of Spintronics was

born in the late 1980s with the discovery

of the giant magnetoresistance effect

The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effec

t occurs when a magnetic field is used to al

ign the spin of electrons in the material, in

ducing a large change in the resistance of a

material.

A new generation of miniature electronic d

evices like computer chip

lightemitting devices for displays,

and sensors to detect radiation, air pollutan

ts, light and magnetic fields are possible w

ith the new

generation of Spintronic materials.

In electronic devices, information is stored

and transmitted by the flow of

electricit in the form

of negatively charged subatomic particles

called electrons. The zeroes and ones of co

mputer binary code are represented by the

presence or absence of electrons within a s

emiconductor or other material. In

Spintronics, information is stored and trans

mitted using another property of electrons

calledsspin. Spin,is the intrinsic angular m

omentum of an electron, each electron acts

like a tiny bar magnet, like a

compass needle, that points either up or do

wn to

the spin of an electron. Electrons moving

through a nonmagnetic material

normally have random spins, so the net eff

ect is zero. External

magnetic fields can be applied so that the s

pins are aligned (all up or all down), allowi

ng a new way to

store binary data in the form of one‟s (all s

pins up) and zeroes (all spins down). The e

ffect was first

discovered in a device made of multiple la

yers of electrically conducting materials: al

ternating magnetic

and nonmagnetic layers.

The device was known as "spin valve" bec

ause when a magnetic field was

applied to the device, the spin of its electro

ns went from all up to all down, changing i

ts resistance so that the

device acted like a valve to increase or dec

rease the flow of electrical current

called Spin Valves.

The first scheme of Spintronics device bas

ed on the metal oxide semiconductor techn

ology was the first field effect spin transist

or proposed in 1989 by Suprio Datta and B

iswajit Das of Purdue University.One elect

rode acts as an emitter and the other as a c

ollector.The emitter emits electrons with th

eir spins oriented along the direction of ele

ctrodes magnetization, while the collector

acts as a

spin filter and accepts electrons with the sa

me spin only.

In the absence of any change to the spins d

uring transport, every emitted electron ente

rs the collector.This device is explained in

further detail

under the topic of spin transistors.

SPIN INJECTION:

SPIN TRANSISTOR:

The basic idea of a spin transistor, as prop

osed by Suprio Datta and Biswajit Das (Pu

rdue

University, USA) is to control the spin orie

ntation by applying a gate voltage. A spinF

ET, as depicted

below, consists of ferromagnetic electrode

s and a semiconductor channel that contain

s a layer of

electrons and a gate electrode attached to t

he semiconductor. The source and drain el

ectrodes are ferromagnetic (FM) metals.

The rotation can be controlled, in principle

,by an applied electric field through

the gate electrode.

If the spin orientation of the electron chann

el is aligned to the FM drain electrode, ele

ctronsare able to flow into the FM drain el

ectrode. However, if the spin orientation is

flipped in the electronlayer (as in the figur

e above), electrons cannot enter the drain e

lectrode (FM2). In this way, with the gate

electrode the rotation of the electron spin c

an be controlled. Therefore, in a spinFET t

he current flow is modified by the spin pre

cession angle. Since the spinFET concept

was published in 1990, there

has been a worldwide effort to develop suc

h a transistor. The success of such a projec

t cruciallydepends on efficient injection of

spin currents from a ferromagnetic metal i

nto a semiconductor, a seemingly formidab

le task.Intense research is under way to cir

cumvent problem by using (Ferro) magneti

c semiconductors such as GaMnAs

EXPECTATION FOR THE FUTURE:

Spintronics is one of the most challenging

and fascinating areas in nanotechnology. It

s impact is felt both in fundamental scienti

fic research and industrial applications. To

cope with its rapid progress in

pure and applied science, coordinated effor

ts by researchers from diverse fields includ

ing physics, chemistry, biology, materials

science and engineering are absolutely nec

essary. From today‟s read heads

to quantum information processing in the f

uture, the electron spin has exhibited the li

mitless potential

to impact our lives as we look through the

magical quantum world at the nanoscale, a

world that is not

much different from an Alice‐in‐wonderlan

d world that plays by its own rules. We are

yet to understand

fully most of those rules, but we are makin

g significant progress through research in

Spintronics.

CONCLUSION:

The GMR is the background to switch

from the “traditional” electronic to the spin

based

electronics. Spintronic has great potentialit

y for applications and it is the beginning of

its journey. The

realization of semiconductors that are ferro

magnetic above room temperature will pot

entially lead to a

new generation of spintronic devices with r

evolutionary electrical and optical properti

es.

CHITHRAPANDI.J

III ECE A

FUTURRE ON IMAGE

“The future is unfolding all around us.

Over the next decade we will see a slew

of Innovative technologies that we can

hardly imagine today”.

Image processing is a method to convert

an image into digital form and perform

some operations on it, in order to get an

enhanced image or to extract some useful

information from it. It is a type of signal

dispensation in which input is image, like

video frame or photograph and output may

be image or characteristics associated with

that image. Usually Image

Processing system includes treating

images as two dimensional signals while

applying already set signal processing

methods to them. It is among rapidly

growing technologies today, with its

applications in various aspects of a

business. Image Processing forms core

research area within engineering and

computer science disciplines too.

Research project: „„Document image

analysis on Tamil language‟‟. My research

is based on the improving the quality of

image from low resolution to high

resolution specifically on Tamil document

images, recognition of document images

have important applications in restoring

old and classical texts. The research in

Artificial Intelligence tackles the problems

where the humans can solve easily, but are

difficult for machines to solve. Rather than

hard-coding these tasks as computer

instructions, a learning based approach is

more sensible where computers learn from

and materialise to the real-world examples,

in a hierarchical manner, from simpler to

complex situations. This approach closely

resembles the way a person acquires

knowledge from the world to behave in an

“expected” or “sensible” manner. An

“intelligent” being perceives real world

information through its senses; but it is

difficult to formally provide such

information to the computers in its raw-

analogue form. Hence data is digitized and

further processed to more concise and

efficient-to-compute numeric-vector

format (called as feature-vector or more

concisely as features) to be handled by

training/learning algorithms. The choice of

representation of features has significant

effect on the performance of the machine-

learning algorithms. So a lot of effort

needs to be put in designing and hand-

coding the features. Lately, multi-layer

neural network based learning techniques,

also called “deep learning algorithms”,

which are gaining popularity as one need

not manipulate raw data to a great extent,

and training the network itself takes care

of generating features at different layers in

a hierarchy of complexity and suitable to

the task it is being trained for.

We use such techniques to enhance the

quality of low-resolution document-

images, we train a Convolution Neural

Network (CNN) to learn the mapping

between low and high- resolution example

images and generate high-resolution

images from the test dataset of low-

resolution images. Fully connected neural

network architecture does not take into

account the spatial structure of images. For

instance, it treats input pixels which are far

apart and close together in exactly the

same way. It is also much easier to train a

CNN than fully-connected dense

architectures due to lesser number of

model parameters.

Facebook has a facial recognition research project called as DeepFace. DeepFace, is now very nearly as accurate as the human brain. DeepFace can look at two photos, and irrespective of lighting or angle, can say with 97.35% accuracy whether the photos contain the same face. The DeepFace software, developed by the Facebook AI research group in Menlo Park, California, is underpinned by an advanced deep learning neural network. A neural network, as you may already know, is a piece of software that simulates a (very basic) approximation of how real neurons work. Deep learning is one of many methods of performing machine learning; basically, it looks at a huge body of data (for example, human faces) and tries to develop a high-level abstraction (of a human face) by looking for recurring patterns (cheeks, eyebrow, etc). In this case, DeepFace consists of a bunch of neurons nine layers deep, and then a learning process that sees the creation of 120 million connections (synapses) between those neurons, based on a corpus of four million photos of faces. Once the learning process is complete, every image that’s fed into the system

passes through the synapses in a different way, producing a unique fingerprint at the bottom of the nine layers of neurons. For example, one neuron might simply ask “does the face have a heavy brow?” — if yes, one synapse is followed, if no, another route is taken. This is a very simplistic description of DeepFace and deep learning neural networks.

Conclusion:

As future work, the performance of

dedicated networks trained on a particular

language will be further developed with

more advanced features for many other

languages.

SANTHOSH SUNDARAM S

III ECE A

Wirelessly sharing

your battery charge is

now here to happen..!!

On 2nd

March of 2017, Sony

officially got its license to begin a new

wireless world where we don‟t wanna

worry about our portable device‟s battery

life. Because you‟ll be having your good

friend to share his/her battery charge to

you. Not to mention it‟s completely

Wireless.

Phones could hunt down power

using a system similar to Wi-Fi hot-spot

and top up their phone's battery wirelessly

with charge from another person's

device.An image depicting the wireless

sharing of charge between mobile

phones (Photo: U.S. Patent & Trademark

Office)

The patent says that the technology

will use a chip equipped with Near Field

Communications (NFC), a technique that

allows data transfer over short distances.

NFC lets devices within 1.6 inches (four

centimetres) of each other to

'communicate'. This technology is

commonly used in contactless payment

systems and also for wirelessly sharing

contacts, photos and videos between

mobile devices.

It also says that “the method of

wireless power transfer comprises

identifying a plurality of antenna systems

including at least a first antenna system

and a second antenna system. The first

antenna system is cooperated with a first

CE device and the second antenna system

is cooperated with a separate second CE

device

wherein each of the antenna systems

comprises a power transfer antenna. The

antenna system also provides the benefit of

data communication between the devices”.

“A Graphical User Interface (GUI)

is developed to illustrate each of the

identified antenna systems, to receive user

instructions, to generate configuration

instructions in accordance with the user

instructions, and to configure selected CE

devices in accordance with the

configuration instructions”.

An image from a patent owned

by Sony, featuring the ability to transfer

power between devices like smart

phones. (Photo: U.S. Patent & Trademark

Office)

In simple words, the devices are

going to house an antenna system. This

antenna system will have at least two

antenna – one for wireless electricity

transfer and one for data transfer.

Searching for an antenna for wireless

electricity transfer is the same manner as it

is for searching a Wi-Fi hotspot. Further,

incase, like Wi-Fi hotspot, if you find

multiple devices capable of transferring

electricity wirelessly, you will have a say

to choose which among those you want to

receive power wirelessly. Through GUI

you will be able to control the speed,

amount of charge to be passed, etc.

The patent, filed in 2016, suggests

that “Sony is envisioning a future where

consumer electronics can transfer power

between one another without cords. This

would eliminate the need to always carry

around power banks, provided your friends

are willing to share or if you have multiple

devices that can boost one another‟s

charge to last the day”.

Wireless charging in mobile

phones isn't a new phenomenon. The

technology, called Quasi Static Cavity

Resonance (QSCR), uses magnetic fields

to transmit power to mobile devices, and is

being developed by scientists at Disney's

research lab in Pittsburgh.

While QSCR technology isn‟t

completed yet, let‟s at least have hope on

Sony for the practical implementation of

wireless power sharing.

Maalan K

III ECE B

WASTE TO CRAFT