TO: Justin Huss; Parks and Recreation Commission FROM...

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO: Justin Huss; Parks and Recreation Commission

FROM: Springs, Gardens and Greenhouse Committee

SUBJECT: Garden Restoration Update

DATE: September 5, 2019

On June 17, 2019 the City Gardener proposed the preparation of a comprehensive plan for

each the City gardens. Pursuant to that proposal the Springs, Gardens and Greenhouse

Committee (hereinafter “the Committee”) has met several times, including: (i) regularly-

scheduled meetings; (ii) a tour of the gardens to inventory our current assets and determine

what changes are appropriate; and, (iii) a tour of Crystal Bridges and Compton Gardens to

inspire ideas for inclusion in the garden plans.

These meetings resulted in the following suggestions:

I. Immediate Implementation of General Guidelines: While we believe that a

detailed written plan, including to-scale plan views of each garden, is essential, such a

detailed plan will take considerable time and effort. Progress on the gardens’

restoration should not be delayed due to a lack of such a detailed, written plan. Until a

more-detailed and comprehensive plan is prepared and adopted, the following general

guidelines should be adopted:

A. Guidelines for all Gardens:

Prohibited Plants: Plants identified as “invasive” will be prohibited

from being planted in the City Gardens, and they should be

expeditiously removed where they currently exist. The Fayetteville City

Council adopted Ordinance #5820 on November 3, 2015, establishing a

list of eighteen invasive plants. This list was developed through a

comprehensive public process, and given Fayetteville’s proximity to

Eureka Springs and similar growing conditions, we should adopt that

list, with a few additional plants identified by the Committee.1

1 The following link includes detailed information on these invasive species and recommended

replacements: https://www.fayetteville-ar.gov/DocumentCenter/View/8500/Invasive-Species-

Educational-Packet?bidId=

2

1. The following plants are to be considered “invasive”:

Plants on Fayetteville’s List:

Asian Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis, Wisteria floribunda) Note: given the

size of the wisteria on the trellis at Crescent Spring, it will not be

removed, but it will be replaced with an appropriate substitute if it

dies.

Bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.)

Bigleaf Periwinkle (Vinca major)

Callery/Bradford Pear (Pyrus calleryana)

Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus)

Bush Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Lonicera fragrantissima)

Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense)

Creeping Euonymus (Euonymus fortune)

English Ivy (Hedera helix)

Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica)

Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)

Kudzu Pueraria (Montana var. lobate)

Littleleaf Periwinkle (Vinca minor)

Mimosa, Silktree (Albizia julibrissin)

Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)

Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneate)

Shrubby Lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor)

Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

Additional Plants Identified by the Committee:

Japanese Bloodgrass (Imperata cylindrica)

Japanese Stiltweed (Microstegium vimineum)

Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)

Alligator Weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)

2. “Favored” Plants: Plants designated as “favored” may be used without prior approval. This list has been compiled with consideration of

aesthetics, preference for native species and preference for perennials.

Groundcover:

Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus syn. Packera aurea) Likes wet

feet

Robin’s Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus)

Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense)

3

Flowers and Bushes:

Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) 2’-3’

Astilbe (nonnative, shade-loving genus with several species). 6’-2’

Bee Balm (red) (Monarda didyma) 2’-5’

Bee Balm (Monarda fistulosa) 2’

Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa/Actaea racemosa): 1’-2’

Shade, plant in groups

Black Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) 2’-5’

Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) 3’ Likes wet feet

Brown Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia fulgida) 2’-5’

Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) 6’-12’ Likes wet feet and

full sun.

Campanula (Campanula americana) 2’-6’

Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis) 2’-3’

Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) 2’-3’

Coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria) 18”-24”

Cream False Indigo (Baptisia bracteata) 1’-2’

Crested iris (Iris cristata) Shade. Purple flower. 3”-4”

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis) 6’-12’

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) 1’

Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) 1’-2’

Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) 5’-8’

Indian Pink (Spigelia marilandica) 1’-2’

Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) 3’-5’ Wet, shady areas

Joe Pye weed (Eupatorium purpureum) 5’

Blazingstar (Liatris species native to NW Arkansas) 3’-5’

Milkweed (Asclepias species native to NW Arkansas)

Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) 5’-8’

Obedient Plant (Physostegia virginiana) 2’-4’

Phlox (Phlox glaberrima) 24”-40”

Poke (Phytolacca americana) 5’-10’

Prairie Blazingstar (Liatris pycnostachya) 3’-5’

Purple poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrata and C. digitata) 1’

dry/sunny locations

Rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium) 2’-3’ Dry, sunny

locations

Rose Verbena (Glandularia canadensis) 1’

Skullcap (Scutellaria species native to NW Arkansas) 2’-3’

Spiderwort (Tradescantia ernestiana) 1’-2’

Spotted Joe Pye Weed (Eupatorium maculatum) 5’

Tall Bellflower (Campanula americana) 2’-5’

White Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis) 4’5’

Wild geranium- (Geranium maculatum) 1’-3’

Wood (celandine) poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum) 1’

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) 1’

4

Woody plants:

Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis)

Leatherwood (Dirca palustris)

Musclewood (American Hornbeam (Carprinus caroliniana var.

virginiana) shade, understory 35’-45’

Water Plants:

Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)

Grasses and Ferns:

Bottlebrush Grass (Histrix patula) 2’-5’

Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides)

Sea Oats (Chasmanthium latifolium) 3’-4’

Horsetail (Equisetum hymale) 3’

3. Aesthetics is a prime objective. Each garden should be visually appealing and maximize color and interest throughout the year.

4. Ease of maintenance. Maximum use of perennials should be employed. Plants should be allowed to grow in thick enough to discourage weed

growth, but aggressively-spreading plants should be controlled to avoid

intermixing.

5. A strong preference will be afforded to native species.

6. Each garden should have space for colorful annuals and bulbs, but these areas should be kept segregated from the perennials to avoid damage to

the perennials as annuals are rotated into the beds.

5

B. Guidelines for Specific Gardens:

1. Sweet Spring: Theme: Pollinator Attractors

a. Front Bed (along the street)

The phlox on the east end is in very poor shape. Remove and replace

with something low-growing and which can handle the heat and dry

conditions along the road.

The large juniper (at the back of this photo) has since been removed and

will be replaced with annuals or a small shrub. Leave the crêpe myrtles

and rose of Sharon. Remove the second juniper in the future. This

portion of the bed needs some low-growing, colorful plants along the

road and will be kept for rotation of annuals.

To the left of the rose of Sharon (facing the bed from the road) are a few

roses. Remove the roses, as they do not perform well here. Over time,

remove one or more boxwoods. Leave the peonies. Leave the anise

hyssop. Leave the Spirea and the Shasta daisies. The area along the road

should be used for a rotation of colorful annuals.

b. Circular bed. (No photo)

6

Upon identifying a suitable small native tree such as Redbud or

Dogwood, remove the boxwoods and the urn to create space for the tree.

There is a St. John’s wort and three Coreopsis that should be

transplanted elsewhere if they are dug up.

c. “Pollinator“ bed.

The following two photos are opposite ends of the same bed.

7

Over time, remove the boxwoods, but only one or two at a time to avoid

creating too much space. Remove the rose, as it does not perform well

there. This area will be filled with pollinator attractors. The right-hand

corner (where the pink petunias are in the above photo) should contain

low-growing flowering natives, such as Wild Geranium, Bottle Gentian

or Pussytoes, with a higher-growing species behind that (i.e., Tall Blue

Larkspur (Delphinium exaltatum) or Tall Bellflower (Campanula

americana).

Beyond that, the boxwoods will be removed and replaced with

pollinator-attractors such as Joe Pye Weed, Skullcap and Monarda

punctata. Leave the existing red bee balm.

There are several clusters of lilies and irises. These will be removed

and transplanted elsewhere.

Keep the crêpe myrtle. Remove the urn. Keep the Shasta daisies where

they are, but plant additional low-growing pollinator attractors around

them.

Add three or more varieties of milkweed throughout.

Keep the phlox that is planted in the left-rear portion of the bed, as well

as the coneflower.

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d. Rear-bed.

On top of the rocks were several irises, but since this photo was taken,

they have been removed, as they were inappropriate here. We planted

two witch hazels and two beauty berries. In the future, consider

removing the tall boxwood, and one or more of the other boxwoods.

Replace boxwoods with yaupon holly or a suitable alternative.

Keep the front portion of the bed open for annual color rotation, but the

area stays very shady, so consider that in the selection of annuals. Move

the urn out of this area. Plant a Leatherwood in the right-rear corner.

e. The Spring and the wall above it:

9

Remove the existing plants (other than the ferns) and fill this area with

a variety of ferns. Ferns are doing very well down here and it would be

unique.

The semicircle above the spring area should have vines such as leather

flower (Clematis versicolor) growing along the wall and low-growing,

colorful groundcover such as purple poppy mallow. The area is very

dry at times, and it would be difficult to water or add irrigation lines, so

whatever may be planted here should be tried on a small scale first.

Create beds in front of the fence. Native honeysuckle has been planted

here already to climb the fence. The remaining areas within the beds

will be used for rotations of colorful annuals. Consider a vine such as

passion flower to grow up the two posts that support the Archway.

Consistent with the theme of “pollinator attractors,” mount mason bee

houses high up on the posts.

f. The two beds on either side of the stairwell

Planted with a variety of pollinator plants but leave some space for

annuals.

As one ascends the stairs, to the left is a small bed that has been empty

until recently. Since this photo has been taken, a beauty berry has been

planted and a drip line has been added to water it. Also fill the bed with

groundcover such as Purple Poppy Mallow or Ajuga. (The purple

poppy mallow sports nice color and will cascade somewhat over the

edge of the stone, but the ajuga would make a better groundcover).

10

2. Harding Spring:

Theme: Our Healing Waters

Plant a short-growing vine such as Leather Flower at the street sign post.

Keep it maintained to prevent it from obscuring the street signs.

The large yew at right-hand side of the garden, along Howell Street, and

a boxwood, have been removed since this photo was taken. The

hydrangea has already been cut down because it was performing so

poorly. Dig out the roots and replace it with something low-growing,

but colorful, such as rose verbena, purple poppy mallow or coneflower.

It should be noted that since this photograph was taken, the stonework

has been repaired and raised in order to level this bed.

Leave the peonies. Use low-growing plants and groundcover to fill the

remainder of the area.

11

In the front bed, along Spring Street, just behind the water are two

cardinal flowers. Leave them, but consider also planting water-tolerant

ground cover or other low-growing plants such as golden ragwort, or

wild ginger. A few groupings of ferns and hostas might be used in spots

that have some shade. In less-shady areas that are not damp, use Robin’s

Plantain and yarrow.

A few Butterfly Weeds and goldenrod have been planted behind the

rocks. They will remain, but plant low-growing ground cover in front

of it. Leave the Peony to the right. Behind the butterfly weed are two

boxwoods and a lilac. Let the lilac remain, but consider replacing the

boxwoods with yaupon holly over time.

Leave the Phlox to the left of the boxwoods. A very large boxwood is

to the left of that. Consider removing that and replacing with yaupon

holly. Leave the crepe myrtle to the left of that and the tall, conical

Japanese boxwood. Leave the rose of Sharon, but add low-growing

colorful bushes or groundcover.

In front of the “river” is another conical boxwood and a shorter

boxwood to the right of that. Over time remove the shorter boxwood.

This area should be reserved for low-growing annual color, but select

plants which can handle the relatively intense sun and the heat from the

roadway.

To the left of the Japanese boxwood is a large patch of Black Eyed

Susans which do very well. To the left of that is open space that should

be filled with low-growing native plants in the back, but leave the front

for colorful annual rotation and bulbs.

12

Leave the large yew at the left corner of the bed for now. It has become

too large and will be unable to be pruned back to a manageable size.

Removing it will leave a large space in a garden that has already had a

lot of shrubs removed. Also, consider in the future whether to remove

the large, ugly cedar.

Several years ago, a large sycamore tree fell down. Consider planting a

small-growing native tree such as musclewood (American Hornbeam).

This decision, however, should be a committee decision.

The back portion of this garden needs to be filled in with more Solomon

seal, goldenseal, jewel weed and similar plants to the right side. To the

left we will add clusters of black cohosh and goat’s beard. This area is

relatively shady. A Leatherwood tree would be appropriate there if a

suitable specimen can be located.

This entire area along the cliff at the rear of the garden should be filled

with spring ephemerals, including Large-Flowered Trillium, Red

Trillium, Bloodroot and Bellwort.

13

Behind the iron fence has a pretty-well establish stand of horse tail. The

problem with it in the past was that it, coupled with other easy-spreading

plants, created a mass of confusion. Let the horse tail take over here

and remove the remaining plants, other than the weeping Pine that’s

against the cliff.

The bed to the left of this park will need some work, but the wild ginger,

maidenhair ferns, and hardy begonias are doing very well there.

Consider letting them continue, and adding a few additional clumps of

shade-loving plants such as Solomon seal, goldenseal and wild

geraniums.

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3. Crescent Spring: Theme: Historical “Watering Hole”

Given that a large portion of the garden at Crescent Spring is elevated

approximately five feet above the sidewalk, we should focus on plenty

of color in these areas. These areas had very poor results the summer

of 2019, primarily because of lack of water; however, the irrigation lines

have now been dug in to remedy that situation.

The front portions of this garden, above the wall, should be mostly low-

growing, flowering natives, such as Purple Poppy Mallow, Wild

Geranium, Bottle Gentian, Yarrow and Pussytoes, with a higher-

growing species behind that (i.e., Tall Blue Larkspur (Delphinium

exaltatum), Tall Bellflower (Campanula americana), Brown-eyed

Susans, Purple Coneflower, Shasta Daisies and Obedient Plant, with

clusters of bulbs and colorful annuals as well. The whiskey barrels

throughout Crescent Spring Garden should be rotated with colorful

annuals.

This area to the right of the gazebo (shown above) should have plenty

of colorful annuals rotated throughout the year; however, several small

groupings of colorful perennial native plants such as those listed in the

previous paragraph should be planted here as well. Behind the rocks

15

there are three boxwoods. They will be left, but a few small perennial

native bushes such as beautyberry and Spicebush (adequately watered)

should be planted, with some tall, flowering natives like Joe Pye Weed

and White Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis) to fill the space behind it.

The area behind the gazebo is very shady and should be filled with

shade-loving plants such as golden ragwort, wild ginger, ferns and

hostas. In less-shady areas, use Robin’s Plantain and Yarrow.

The long stretch of elevated area south of the gazebo (partially shown

above) will have plenty of colorful annuals rotated throughout; however

16

they should be approximately equally divided with colorful perennial

natives such as coreopsis, black eyed Susans, and coneflower.

The area under the wisteria-covered trellis is very shaded and should be

covered with native groundcover such as golden ragwort, wild ginger

and hardy begonias.

In the above-photo, the area behind the rocks but in front of the

boxwoods is a good location for a small perennial shrub. There is a

remnant of a cedar that was cut down. This must be removed and

replaced with something else. Either a small native shrub, or a cluster

of tall, flowering plants like Joe Pye Weed, White Beardtongue

(Penstemon digitalis), Tall Blue Larkspur (Delphinium exaltatum) or

Tall Bellflower (Campanula americana).

In the forefront we should focus on annuals and bulbs. There are two

Lenten Roses that should be removed because they are doing very

poorly.

17

The oval-shaped bed surrounded by rocks contains two sweetspires.

They will remain, but the surrounding area should be filled with

perennial, native ground covers. In front of that bed is a 2-foot-deep bed

approximately 10 feet wide that has, since this photo has been taken,

been planted with mums and ornamental grasses.

Behind the boxwoods several native bushes will be added. Behind the

junipers there is another small bed filled with weeds and a large tree.

The weeds need to be removed and that area filled with small shrubs

and groundcover.

18

At the corner of the park adjacent to the library there is room for colorful

annuals. This area should constantly be rotated with spectacular color

as it is the first thing that is seen as one drives past the library annex and

approaches the park. The tall grasses should remain and additional

grasses should be added. Use grasses that are tall so they will be visible

behind the existing grasses.

19

Along the roadway are several beds planted predominantly with liriope,

crepe myrtles, black eyed Susans and various other plants. Being the

most-visible portion of the garden, these beds should have colorful

annuals rotated throughout the year.

20

4. Magnetic Spring:

Theme: Karst Awareness

The bed along the road, in front of the pavilion, has poor soil and

receives a lot of heat due to the roadway and sunny location. It is

impossible to irrigate without cutting pavement and/or concrete. It is

also very prominent, being the bed that is closest to the road.

Accordingly, we need plants that provide color or other interest, but

which can tolerate hot and dry conditions. Purple poppy mallow will

provide color and can tolerate the heat and dry conditions, so some

clumps of it should be included. Yarrow will be included, and to

provide some year-round green, add ajuga or similar groundcover.

21

The bed in front of the spring, at street level, has two boxwoods and two

yews that are well-established. They should remain, at least for now,

but one or more of them may be replaced later, perhaps with yaupon

holly.

To the left of the yews is a bed that has an unimpressive mixture of

spiraea, salvia and other annuals and a few volunteer perennials that are

all intermixed. Much of this should be removed. Towards the rear of

22

the bed, in front of the stone wall, add clumps of Tall Blue Larkspur

(Delphinium exaltatum) and/or Tall Bellflower (Campanula

americana). In front of that, leave room for rotations of colorful

annuals.

To the left of this, and still at street level is a bed with well-established

Black-Eyed Susans. These should remain. Some tall asters are there as

well, which should be thinned. This bed also has a considerable amount

of chameleon plant. This would be difficult to eradicate and makes a

nice groundcover, so let it be. However, attempts should be made to

keep it from mixing with other plants, as this has been a problem in this

area.

23

Above the street-level front beds is a large area filled with several

boxwoods, an urn and some ornamental grasses. The area immediately

in front of the urn has recently been planted with cardinal flowers, which

can tolerate the standing water that is there. Behind the urn, buttonbush

should be planted to fill the space. It can withstand the wet conditions

there.

Not much can be done to the right of the urn, unless boxwoods are

removed.

There is a little space to the left of the urn, beyond a large boxwood,

where some native grasses are planted, and some space remains for a

shrub or more ornamental grasses. Beautyberry is a good option. Also

to the left of the urn, but towards the front, a false indigo and three

pincushion flowers have recently been planted. These will remain.

24

To the left of the spring is a planter with a large yew, and space for

shade-loving groundcover. Fill it with Golden Ragwort, Solomon Seal

and perhaps a fern or two.

Closer to the spring is a small bed that is very damp and shady. Plant

ferns, wild ginger or hostas here.

25

On the right side of the spring is an area with even more shade and

standing water. Since this photograph was taken, Red-Stemmed

Sagittaria and Arrow Arum (Peltandra virginica) have been planted.

26

5. The Grotto:

Theme: Pending Committee Discussion

The beds on each side of the stairs contain a mixture of boxwoods and

hydrangeas. The bed on the left has three boxwoods and no hydrangeas.

It also contains two Black Cohoshes. The bed to the right has two

boxwoods and a large hydrangea. The two beds should be as uniform

as possible, since they frame the entrance to the grotto. Remove the

middle boxwood and plant more black cohosh in the left bed. Remove

the hydrangea in the right bed, as deer eat it, and add Black Cohosh there

as well.

27

The bed to the right of the stairs will receive more Solomon’s seal, as

well as clusters of Goldenseal and/or Black Cohosh. If room allows,

add some Wild Ginger and/or Golden Ragwort.

The circular bed near the road, to the left of the stairs, contained a

dogwood tree and a miserable assortment of annuals, Solomon Seal and

Dead Nettle. Some of this has been removed and replaced with

Lungwort (Pulmonaria). After the annuals have expired, fill the

remainder of the bed with additional Lungwort.

The bed to the left of the circular bed has boxwoods and an assortment

of groundcover and a few annuals that have performed poorly. Add to

the Solomon Seal here, and plant hardy Begonias for some perennial

color.

28

The far-right side of the garden has a pedestal that needs an urn, and a

concrete bench is in front of it. Hardy Begonia has been planted here,

and some sort of garden art such as a bust or small statue will be placed

on the pedestal.

29

The long bed, adjacent to the street, has a long line of boxwoods, with

liriope behind it. The right side of the bed has some wild ginger, which

has done very well. Annuals were planted here but failed to thrive, likely

because there was no irrigation here. That has been remedied. Attempt

some colorful annuals here and determine if they will thrive with

adequate irrigation. If annuals do not perform well here, fill the area

with Wild Ginger, Robin’s Plantain, Ajuga and/or Golden Ragwort.

Attachment 1

List of Native Plants and Their Characteristics (NOTE: Derived from multiple sources that may vary – for use as general reference only)

Common Botanical Height Spread Bloom

Time-Frame Bloom

Description Sun Water Attracts

American Alumroot

Heuchera americana

1-2' 1.5' May-Jun Greenish White Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

American Beakgrain

Diarrhena obovata

1.5-2' 1.5-2' Aug-Sep Grass Light Shade-Shade

Average

American Beautyberry

Callicarpa americana

3-6’ 3-6’ June-Aug Lavender, Pink Part Shade to Full Sun

Medium Birds

American Bell Flower

Campanulastrum americanum

3-4' 8"-1' Jul-Sep Blue Sun-Medium Shade

Avg-Moist

American Ipecac

Gillenia stipulata 2.5-3’ 1-2’ May-Jun White Part Shade Medium

American Spikenard

Aralia racemosa 3-5' 3-5' July-Aug Green Light Shade-Shade

Avg-Moist

Arkansas Ironweed

Vernonia arkansana

4-6’ 3-4’ Aug-Sep Pink-Purple Full Sun Medium-Wet

Aromatic Aster Symphyotrichum oblongifolium

1-3’ 1-3’ August-Sep Blue, Purple Full Sun Dry-Medium

Birds And Butterflies

Arrow-Leaved Aster

Aster drummondii 2-3' 1.5-2' Aug-Sep White-Lavender Light Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg

31


Time-Frame Bloom


Arrowwood Viburnum

Viburnum dentatum

6-10' 6-10' May-Jun White Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Birds, Butterflies

Ashy Sunflower Helianthus mollis 2-3' 2-4' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Atlantic Goldenrod

Solidago arguta 2-3' 2-2.5' Aug-Sep Yellow Light Shade-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Azure Blue Sage Salvia azurea 3-5.0’ 2-4’ Jul-Oct Azure Blue Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Baldwin's Ironweed

Vernonia Baldwinii 3-5’ 1-1.5’ Jul-Sep Full Sun Dry-Medium

Barbara's Buttons Puffballs

Marshallia caespitosa

1-1.5' .5-1' Apr-Jun White Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Big Bluestem Andropogon gerardii

4-6’ 2-3’ Sep-Feb Purplish Red Full Sun Dry-Medium

Bigleaf Aster Eurybia macrophylla

2-4’ 2-4’ Sep-Oct Violet to Pale Blue with Yellow Center

Part Shade to Full Sun

Medium Butterflies

Black Chokeberry

Aronia melanocarpa

3-6’ 3-6’ May White Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Birds

Black-Eyed Susan

Rudbeckia hirta 1.5-3' 1.5-2' Jun Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Average

Blue Lobelia Lobelia siphilitica 2-3’ 1-1.5’ Jul-Sep Blue Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium-Wet

32


Time-Frame Bloom


Blue Vervain Swamp Verbena

Verbena hastata 2-6' 1-2.5' July-Sep Blue Sun Avg-Wet

Blue Wild Indigo

Baptisia australis 2.5'-5' 3'-4' May-Jun Blue Sun Dry-Avg

Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod Wreath Goldenrod

Solidago caesia 2-3' 1-1.5' Aug-Oct Yellow Light Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg

Bottlebrush Blazing Star Cusp Blazing Star

Liatris mucronata 1.5-2.5' 1-1.5' Jul-Aug Purple Sun Dry

Bradbury's Monarda (Short) Beebalm, Eastern

Monarda bradburiana

1-2’ 1-2’ May Pink to White with Purple

Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies, Hummingbirds

Brown Fox Sedge

Carex vulpinoidea 1-3' .5-2' May-Jul Sedge Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Wet

Brown-Eyed Susan

Rudbeckia triloba 2-3’ 1-1.5’ Jul-Oct

Yellow Rays with Brown-Purple Center Disk

Full Sun Medium Butterflies

33


Time-Frame Bloom


Buckley's Goldenrod

Solidago buckleyi 2-3’ 1-1.5' Sept-Oct Yellow Light Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg

Bush'S Poppy Mallow

Callirhoe bushii 2-2.5' 1.5-2' Jun-Jul Magenta Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Butterfly Milkweed

Asclepias tuberosa 2-3' 1.5-2.5' Jun-Jul Orange Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Butterfly Milkweed

Asclepias tuberosa 1-2.5’ 1-1.5’ Jun-Aug Yellow/Orange Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis

5-12' 4-8' Jun White Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium-Wet

Butterflies

Canada Wild Rye

Elymus canadensis 2-5' 2-3' Jun-Jul Grass Sun-Shade Dry-Moist

Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardinalis 2-4’ 1-2’ Jul-Sep Scarlet Red, White or Rose

Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium-Wet

Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Carolina Buckthorn

Rhamnus caroliniana

1-2'’ 1-2'’ May-June Creamy White Full-Part Shade

Medium Birds

Carolina Buckthorn

Rhamnus caroliniana

1-2' 1-2' May-Jun Creamy White Full-Part Shade

Medium Birds

Cedar Sedge Bristleleaf Sedge

Carex eburnea .5’ .5-1’ May-Jul Sedge Light-Medium Shade

Dry-Avg

Celandine Poppy

Stylophorum diphyllum

1.5-2' 1.5-1.5' Apr-May Yellow Shade Avg-Moist

34


Time-Frame Bloom


Cliff Goldenrod Wringleleaf Goldenrod

Solidago drummondii

1.5-2.5' 1.5-2' Sep-Oct Yellow Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Closed Bottle Gentian

Gentiana andrewsii

1-1.5' 1-1.5' Aug-Oct Blue Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Moist

Closed Bottle Gentian

Gentiana andrewsii

1-2’ 1-1.5’ Oct Dark Blue Part Shade Medium

Common Blue Violet

Viola sororia .5-.75’ .5-.75’ Apr-Aug White, Blue Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Butterflies

Common Boneset

Eupatorium perfoliatum

4-6’ 3-4’ Jul-Sep White Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium-Wet

Butterflies

Common Milkweed

Asclepias syriaca 2-3’ .75-1’ Jun-Aug Pink, Mauve, White

Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Compassplant Silphium laciniatum

5-9' 1.5-3' Jul-Aug Yellow Sun Average Butterflies

Copper Iris Iris fulva 1.5-2' 1.5-1.5' May Copper Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Moist

Cream Wild Indigo

Baptisia bracteata 2-2.5’ 2-2.5’ May-Jun Creamy White Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Cream Wild Indigo Longbract Wild Indigo

Baptisia bracteata 1-1.5' 1.5-2' Apr-Jun Cream Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

35


Time-Frame Bloom


Crimson-Eyed Rose Mallow

Hibiscus moscheutos

3-7' 2-4' Aug-Sep White-Rose/Crimson

Sun Avg-Wet Butterflies

Culver’s Root Veronicastrum virginicum

4-7’ 2-4’ Jun-Aug White-Pale Blue Full Sun Medium-Wet

Butterflies

Cup Plant Silphium perfoliatum

4-8’ 1-3’ Jul-Sep Yellow Full Sun Medium-Wet

Birds, Butterflies

Curlytop Ironweed

Vernonia arkansana

4-6' 3-4' Jul-Aug Purple Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Dayflower Commelina erecta 1-3’ May-Oct Blue Part Shade Dry

Dense Blazing Star

Liatris spicata 2-4’ .75"-1.5’ Jul-Aug Red-Purple Full Sun Medium Birds, Butterflies

Ditch Stonecrop Penthorum sedoides

8"-1' 8"-1.5' Jul-Sep Green Sun-Light Shade

Moist-Wet

Dittany Cunila origanoides .75-1.5' .75-1.5' Jul-Sep Lavender Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Downy Mint Wood Mint

Blephilia ciliata 1-2.5’ .75-1’ May-Aug Blue, Purple Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Downy Phlox Phlox pilosa 1-1.5' 1-1.5' Apr-May Pink-Purple Sun-Med Shade

Average

Downy Ragged Goldenrod

Solidago petiolaris 1.5-3' 1.5-2' Aug-Oct Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Downy Skullcap Scutellaria incana 2-3’ 1.5-2’ Jul-Sep Blue Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Dwarf Dandelion

Krigia biflora 1-1.5' 1-1 Apr- May Yellow/ Orange Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

36


Time-Frame Bloom


Eastern Bee Balm, Hosermint

Monarda bradburiana

1.5-2' 1-1.5' May-Jun Lavender Sun-Shade Average

Eastern Blazing Star

Liatris scariosa 2-4' 1-2' Aug-Sep Purple Sun-Light Shade

Avg Birds, Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Eastern Blue Star

Amsonia tabernaemontana

3-4' 2-3' May Light Blue Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Wet

Eastern Bottlebrush Grass

Elymus hystrix 2-3' 1.5-2' Aug-Sep Grass Light Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg

Elderberry Sambucus canadensis

5-12' 5-12' Jun-Jul White Full-Part Shade

Medium-Wet

Birds, Butterflies

Fall Glade Onion

Allium stellatum 1-2' 3-6 Aug-Sep Pink Sun Dry

False Aloe Manfreda virginica

3-6’ 3-4’ Jul-Oct Yellow-Green Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

False Blue Indigo

Baptisia australis 3-4’ 3-4’ May-Jun Indigo Blue Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

False Indigo Baptisia alba 2-4' 2-2.5' Jun-Jul White Sun Average Butterflies

Fame Flower Rock Pink

Talinum calycinum 6"-1' 4-6" May-Sep Magenta Sun Dry

Fire Pink Silene virginica 1-1.5' .75-1.5' Apr-May Red Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Foxglove Beardtongue

Penstemon digitalis

2.5'-4' 1.5-1.5' May-Jun White Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

37


Time-Frame Bloom


Foxglove Beardtongue

Penstemon digitalis

3-5’ 1.5-2’ Apr-Jun White Full Sun Dry-Medium

Birds, Butterflies

Fringed Poppy Mallow

Callirhoe digitata 2.5'-5' 1.5-1.5' Jun-Aug Magenta Sun Dry-Avg

Garden Phlox Phlox paniculata 2.5'-4' 2-2.5' Jul-Sep Pink-Purple Sun-Shade Avg-Moist

Gattinger's Goldenrod

Solidago gattingeri

1.5-2' 1-1.5' Sep-Oct Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Glade Coneflower

Echinacea simulata

2-3' 1-2' Jun Pink-Purple Sun Dry-Avg Birds, Butterflies

Goat's Rue Tephrosia virginiana

1-1.5' 1-1.5' Jun Pink / Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry

Golden Alexander

Zizia aurea 1.5-2' 1.5-2' Apr-Jun Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Golden Aster Heterotheca camporum

1-3’ 1-2’ Jul-Sep Yellow Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Golden Glow Rudbeckia laciniata

2-4' 1.5-3' Jul-Sep Yellow Sun-Med Shade

Average

Golden Groundsel

Senecio aureus 1-1.5' 1-1.5' Apr-May Yellow Light Shade-Med Shade

Avg-Moist

Gray Goldenrod Solidago nemoralis

.5-2’ .5-2’ Aug-Sep Yellow Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Gray Sedge Carex grayi 1.5-2.5' 1.5-2' Jun-Aug Sedge Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Wet

Gray-Head Coneflower

Ratibida pinnata 3'-5' 1.5-2' Jun-Jul Yellow Sun-Med Shade

Average Butterflies

38


Time-Frame Bloom


Great Blue Lobelia

Lobelia siphilitica 1.5-2' 1-1.5' Sep-Oct Blue Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Great St. Johnswort

Hypericum pyramidatum

2.5'-4' 1.5-2' Jun-Aug Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Green Antelopehorn Milkweed

Asclepias viridis 1.5-2’ 1-2’ May-Jul Green with Purple Hood

Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Hairy Alumroot Heuchera villosa 1.5-2.5’ 1-2’ Jul-Sep White to Pink Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium

Hairy Goldenrod

Solidago hispida 1.5-2.5' 1-2' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Hairy Mountain Mint

Pycnanthemum pilosum

2-4' 1.5-2' Jul-Sep White Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Heartleaf Skullcap

Scuttelaria ovata 1.5-2' 1-1.5' Jun-Aug Blue-Purple Light Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg

Heart-Leafed Golden Alexanders

Zizia aptera 1-3’ 1-1.5’ May Yellow Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium

Heart-Leaved Aster Common Bluewood Aster

Symphyotrichum cordifolium

2-5’ 1-2’ Aug-Sep Pale Blue to Rich Blue with Yellow Centers

Full-Part Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Helen's Flower Helenium autumnale

2-4' 2-3' Aug-Oct Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

39


Time-Frame Bloom


Hoary Annual Vervain

Verbena stricta 2-4’ 1.5-2’ May-Sep Blue-Purple Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Hollow-Stemmed Joe Pye Weed

Eupatorium fistulosum

2-4' 1-2' Jul-Sep Pink-Purple Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Moist Butterflies

Indian Blanket Gaillardia pulchella

1-1.5’ .5-1’ Jun-Frost

Red, Yellow on Red/Yellow Bicolor with Dark Centers

Full Sun Medium Birds, Butterflies

Indian Grass Sorghastrum nutans

3-5’ 1-2’ Sep-Feb Light Brown with Yellow Stamens

Full Sun Dry-Medium

Birds

Indian Pink Spigelia marilandica

1.5-2' 1.5-2' Jun-Jul Red / Yellow Light Shade-Shade

Avg-Moist

Indigo Bush Amorpha fruiticosa

4-12’ 6-15’ Apr-Jun Purple with Orange-Yellow Anthers

Full Sun Medium-Wet

Butterflies

Inland Sea Oats Chasmanthium latifolium

2-5’ 1-2.5’ Aug-Sep Green Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium-Wet

Jacob's Ladder Polemonium reptans

1-1.5' 1-1.5' Apr-Jun Blue Shade Avg-Moist

Jewell Weed Impatiens capensis

3-4' 2' Jul-Sep Orange Light Shade-Shade

Avg-Moist

June Grass Koeleria macrantha

1-1.5' 1-1.5' Jun-Jul Grass Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

40


Time-Frame Bloom


Kankakee Mallow

Iliamna remota 4-6' 2-3' Jul-Aug Pale Pink Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Wet

Lanceleaf Coreopsis

Coreopsis lanceolata

1.5-2' 1-2' May-Jun Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Lanceleaf Tickseed

Coreopsis lanceolata

1-2’ 1-1.5’ May-Jul Yellow Full Sun Dry-Medium

Late Figwort Scrophularia marilandica

5-10' 3-6’ Jul-Sep Greenish-Purple Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium

Late Flowering Boneset Late Flowering Thoroughwort

Eupatorium serotinum

1-2’ 1-2’ May Pink to White with Purple

Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies, Hummingbirds

Lavender Aster Aster turbinellus 1.5-2.5' 1-2' Sept-Oct Lavender Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Lead Plant Amorpha canescens

2-3’ 2-2.5’ Jul-Sep Purple, Blue Full Sun Dry-Medium

Birds, Butterflies

Lemon Beebalm Monarda citriodora

1-2.5' .75-1' May-Aug Lavender-White Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Limestone Calamint

Calamintha arkansana

.5-1’ 1-1 Jun-Sep Light Purple Sun Dry-Avg

Little Bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium

2-4’ 1.5-2’ Aug-Feb Purplish Bronze Full Sun Dry-Medium

Long Spiked Tridens

Tridens strictus 2-3' 1.5-2' Jul-Oct Grass Sun Dry-Avg

41


Time-Frame Bloom


Longhead Coneflower

Ratibida columnifera

1.5-3' 1.5-2' Jun-Sep Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Lyre-Leaf Sage Salvia lyrata 1-2’ .75-1’ Apr-Jun Purple Full Sun Medium-Wet

Butterflies

Many-Rayed Aster

Aster anomalus 2-3' 1.5-2' Sep-Oct Blue Light Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg

Marbleseed Onosmodium molle

2-3’ 2-3’ Jun-Jul Creamy White – Yellowish Green

Full Sun- Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Marsh Blazing Star

Liatris spicata 2-3' 1-1.5' Jul-Aug Purple Sun Avg-Moist

Maximilian Sunflower

Helianthus maximiliani

3-10' 2-4' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun Dry-Avg Birds, Butterflies

Meadow Beauty

Rhexia virginica 1-3’ .5-.75’ May-Sep Pink-Purple Part Shade Wet Bees

Missouri Evening Primrose

Oenothera macrocarpa

.75-1' 1-1.5' May-Jun Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Missouri Black-Eyed Susan

Rudbeckia missouriensis

2-2.5' 1.5-2' Jul-Aug Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Missouri Goldenrod

Solidago missouriensis

1.5-3' 1.5-2' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Mistflower Conoclinium coelestinum

1.5-3’ 1.5-3’ Jul-Oct Blue Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Butterflies

Monkey Flower Mimulus ringens 2-3' 1-1.5' Jun-Sep Lavender Sun Moist-Wet

Muhly Grass Muhlenbergia capillaris

2-3’ 2-3’ Sep-Nov Pink-Pinkish Red Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

42


Time-Frame Bloom


Narrow-Leaved Vervain

Verbena simplex 1-2' 1-1.5' Jun-Aug White Sun Dry-Avg

New England Aster

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

3-6’ 2-3’ Aug-Sep Deep Purple-Pink

Full Sun Medium Butterflies

New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus

3-4’ 3-5’ May-Jul White Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Nodding Wild Onion

Allium cernuum 1-1.5' 3-6 Jul-Aug Blush Pink-White

Sun Dry-Avg

Obedient Plant Physostegia virginiana

3-4' 2-3' Jul-Sep Pink/White Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist Hummingbirds

Ohio Horse Mint

Blephilia ciliata 1.5-2' 1-1 May-Jul Lavender Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Ohio Spiderwort

Tradescantia ohiensis

2-3' 1.5-2.5' May-Jul Purple Sun-Med Shade

Average

Old Plainsman Hymenopappus scabiosaeus

3' 1-1.5' Jul-Sep White Sun Dry-Avg

Onion, Nodding Allium Cernuum

Allium cernuum 1-1.5’ .25-.5’ Jun-Aug Pink Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Orange Coneflower

Rudbeckia fulgida var. umbrosa

1.5-2' 1-1.5' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Orange Coneflower

Rudbeckia fulgida 2-3’ 2-2.5’ Jun-Oct Yellow Full Sun Medium Butterflies

Ox-Eye Sunflower

Heliopsis helianthoides

2-4' 1.5-2.5' Jun-Sep Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Moist

43


Time-Frame Bloom


Pale Beardtounge

Penstemon pallidus

1.5-2.5' 1-1.5' May-Jun White Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg Butterflies

Pale-Purple Coneflower

Echinacea pallida 2-3' 1-1.5' Jun Pink-Purple Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg Butterflies

Palm Sedge Carex muskingumensis

1-2' 1-1.5' Jun-Sep Sedge Sun-Shade Avg-Moist

Persimmon Diospyros virginiana

35-60' 25-35' May-Jun White Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Petunia, Wild Ruellia humilis 1.5-2’ 1.5-2’ May-Oct Lavender/Lilac-Blue

Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Pinnate Prairie Coneflower

Ratibida pinnata 3-5’ 1.5-2’ Jun-Aug Yellow Full Sun Medium Butterflies

Plains Coreopsis Coreopsis tinctoria 2-3' 1.5-2' Jul-Aug Yellow/Red Sun Dry-Avg

Plam Sedge Carex muskingumensis

2-3’ 2-3’ May-Sep Yellow Full Sun Medium-Wet

Prairie Alumroot

Heuchera richardsonii

1-1.5' 1-1.5' May-Jun Cream Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Prairie Beardtongue

Penstemon tubaeflorus

2.5'-4' 1-1.5' Jun White Sun Dry-Avg

Prairie Blazing Star

Liatris pycnostachya

2-5’ 1-2’ Jul-Aug Lilac-Purple Full Sun Dry-Medium

Birds, Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Prairie Blue-Eyed Grass

Sisyrinchium campestre

.5-1' .25-.5' Apr-Jun Blue Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Prairie Clover, White

Dalea candida 1-2’ .75-1.5’ May-Jul White Full Sun Medium Butterflies

44


Time-Frame Bloom


Prairie Coreopsis

Coreopsis palmata 1.5-2' 1.5-2' Jun-Jul Yellow Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Prairie Dock Silphium terbinthinaceum

2-3' 1.5-2.5' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Prairie Dropseed

Sporobolus heterolepis

1.5-2.5' 2-2.5' Aug-Oct Grass Sun Dry-Avg

Prairie Indian Plantain

Cacalia plantaginea

3-4' 2-3' Jun-Jul White Sun Dry-Moist

Prairie Larkspur Delphinium carolianianum

1.5-3' 1-1.5' Jun-Jul Blue Sun Dry

Prairie Rose Gentian

Sabatia angularis 1-3’ 1-2’ Jun-Sep Pink Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Butterflies

Purple Beardtongue Cobaea Beardtongue

Penstemon cobaea

1-2’ 1-1.5’ Jun White, Pink to Violet

Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Purple Coneflower

Echinacea purpurea

2.5'-3.5' 1.5-2' Jun-Aug Pink-Purple Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Moist

Purple Daisy Aster patens 1.5-2' 1.5-1.5' Aug-Oct Purple Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Purple Meadow Rue

Thalictrum dasycarpum

3-5’ 3-4’ May-Jun Purple White Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium

Purple Milkweed

Asclepias purpurascens

2-4' 1.5-2' May-Jun Rose-Purple Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

45


Time-Frame Bloom


Purple Passionflower

Passiflora incarnata

6-8’ 3-6’ Jul-Sep White with Purple Crown

Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium

Purple Poppy Mallow

Callirhoe involucrata

.5-1' .5-3' Jun-Jul Magenta Sun Dry-Avg

Purple Prairie Clover

Dalea purpurea 1.5-2' 1.5-1.5' Jun-Jul Purple Sun Dry-Avg

Purple Top Grass

Tridens flavus 3-5’ 3-4’ Aug-Nov Red-Purple Full Sun-Part Shade

Moist-Dry Butterflies

Purple-Headed Sneezeweed

Helenium flexuosum

2-4' 1-1.5' Jun-Aug Yellow/Brown Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Pussy Toes Antennaria parlinii .5-1' .75-1.5' Apr-May White Sun-Med. Shade

Dry-Avg Butterflies

Rattlesnake Master

Eryngium yuccifolium

4-5’ 2-3’ Jun-Sep Greenish White Full Sun Dry-Medium

Red Columbine Aquilegia canadensis

2-3’ 1-1.5’ Apr-May

Light Pink/Yellow to Blood Red/Yellow

Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Hummingbirds,

Red Mulberry (Super Dwarf)

Morus rubra 2-3' 2-3' Mar-Apr Green Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Birds

Red Whiskers Polanisia dodecandra

1.5-2' 1-1.5' Jun-Oct Light Pink Sun Dry-Avg

Riddell'S Goldenrod

Solidago riddellii 2-3' 1.5-2' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist Butterflies

Rigid Goldenrod Solidago rigida 3-5' 1.5-2' Sep Yellow Sun Average Butterflies

46


Time-Frame Bloom


River Oats Chasmanthium latifolium

2-3' 1.5-1.5' Jul-Aug Grass Sun-Shade Avg-Moist

Robin's Plantain Erigeron pulchellus

1.5-2' 1.5-2' Apr-May White Light Shade-Med Shade

Average Butterflies

Rock Pink Phemeranthus calycinus

.5-.75’ .75-1’ Jul Rose Pink, Rose Red

Full Sun Dry-Medium

Rose Turtlehead Chelone obliqua 2-3' 1.5-2.5' Aug-Sep Rose Light Shade-Med Shade

Avg-Moist

Rose Verbena Glandularia canadensis

.5-1.5' 1-2' Mar-Nov Lilac-Rose Sun Dry-Avg

Rough Blazing Star Tall Blazing Star

Liatris aspera 2-3’ 1-1.5’ Aug-Oct Purple Full Sun Dry-Medium


Round-Fruited St. John's Wort

Hypericum sphaerocarpum

1-2' 1-1.5' Jul Yellow Sun Dry

Round-Leaved Ragwort Groundsel

Packera obovata 1-1.5' .5-1' Apr-May Yellow Med Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg Butterflies

Royal Catchfly Silene regia 3-4’ 1.5-2’ Jul-Aug Scarlet Full Sun Dry-Medium

Hummingbirds

47


Time-Frame Bloom


Sawtooth Sunflower

Helianthus grosseserratus

3-1’ 3’ Aug-Oct Yellow Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium

Honeybees, Bumblebees, Miner Bees. Gamebirds, Songbirds, Birds , Butterflies

Scaly Blazing Star

Liatris squarrosa 2-4’ 1-2’ Aug-Oct Purple Full Sun Dry-Medium


Seedbox Ludwigia alternafolia

2-2.5' 1-2' Jul-Aug Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Shining Bluestar Ozark Bluestar

Amsonia illustris 2-3’ 1-1.5’ May Light Blue Full Sun-Part Sun

Medium Butterflies

Short's Aster Symphyotrichum shortii

2.5-3’ 2-2.5’ Jul-Nov Violet-Purple Full Sun Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Short's Sedge Carex shortiana 1-2' 1-1.5' Mar-Apr Sedge Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Wet

Short-Toothed Mountain Mint

Pycnanthemum muticum

1-3’ 1-3’ Jul-Sep Pink Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Butterflies

Showy Goldenrod

Solidago speciosa 2-4' 1.5-2' Sep-Oct Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Shrubby St. John’S Wort

Hypericum prolificum

1-5’ 1-4’ Jun-Aug Yellow Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Birds

Side Oats Grama

Bouteloua curtipendula

1.5-2.5’ 1.5-2’ Jul-Aug Purplish Full Sun Dry-Medium

Birds

48


Time-Frame Bloom


Silky Aster Aster sericeus 1-1.5' 1-2' Set-Oct Lavender Sun Dry-Avg

Sky Blue Aster Aster oolentangiensis

1.5-3' 1-1.5' Sep-Oct Blue Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Slender Blazingstar

Liatris cylindracea 1.5-2' .5-1' Jul-Sep Purple Sun Dry-Avg Birds, Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Slender Mountain Mint

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium

2-3’ 2-3’ Jul-Sep White Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Smoke-On-The-Prairie

Euphorbia marginata

2.5'-4' 1-2' Jun-Sept Greenish Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Smooth Aster Aster laevis 1.5-2.5' 1.5-1.5' Sep-Oct Lavender Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Smooth Phlox Phlox glaberrima 2-3' 2-2.5' Jun-Aug Pink Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Smooth Rose Mallow

Hibiscus laevis 4-6' 2-3' Aug-Sep White/Pink Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Wet Butterflies

Soft Rush Juncus effusus 2-3' 1-1.5' Jun-Sep Rush Sun Moist-Wet

Southern Blue Flag

Iris virginica 2.5'-3.5' 1.5-2' May Blue Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Southern Prairie Aster

Aster paladosus 1-1.5' 1.5-1.5' Aug-Sep Violet-Blue Sun Dry-Avg

Spicebush Lindera benzoin 6-12' 6-12' Mar Greenish Yellow Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium Birds, Butterflies

Spider Milkweed

Asclepias viridis 1.5-2' 1.5-2' May-Jun Green Sun Dry-Avg

49


Time-Frame Bloom


Spiked Lobelia Lobelia spicata 2-3' 1-1.5' May-Jul Light Blue Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Spotted Joe Pye Weed

Eupatorium maculatum

5-8' 4-5' Jul-Sep Pink Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium-Wet

Birds, Butterflies, Bees

St. Andrew's Cross

Hypericam hypericoides

3-4' 3' Jul-Sep Yellow Light Shade-Shade

Dry-Avg Butterflies

Star Tickseed Coreopsis pubescens

1.5-3' 1-2' Jun-Aug Yellow Sun-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Starry Campion Silene stellata 1.5-2.5' 1-1.5' Jun-Aug White Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Average

Starry Rosinweed

Silphium asteriscus

2-5' 1-2' May-Sep Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg Butterflies

Stemless Evening Primrose

Oenothera triloba 0-1' 1-1.5' May Yellow Sun Dry

Stiff Aster Ionactis linariifolius

1-1.5' 1-1.5' Sep-Oct Violet Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Stiff Goldenrod Solidago rigida 3-5’ 1.5-2.5’ Aug-Sep Yellow Full Sun Medium Butterflies

Strawberry Bush

Euonymous americanus

4-6’ 4-6’ May-Jun

Green to Greenish-Yellow with Purple Stamens

Part Shade Medium Birds

Swamp Milkweed

Asclepias incarnata

4-5’ 2-3’ Jul-Aug White, Pink, Mauve

Full Sun Medium-Wet

Butterflies

50


Time-Frame Bloom


Sweet Coneflower

Rudbeckia subtomentosa

3-5’ 1-2’ Jul-Oct Yellow Rays And Brownish Purple Center Disks

Full Sun-Part Shade

Medium

Sweet Coneflower

Rudbeckia subtomentosa

3-5' 1-2' Aug-Sep Yellow Sun-Med Shade

Avg-Moist

Switch Grass Panicum virgatum 3-6' 2-3' Jul-Aug Copper Fall Color

Sun Dry-Moist Birds

Tall Bee Balm Wild Bergamot

Monarda fistulosa 2-4’ 2-3’ Jul-Sep Lavender, Pink Part Shade to Full Sun

Medium Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Tall Coreopsis Coreopsis tripteris 3.5'-11' 1.5-2' Jul-Aug Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Tall Green Milkweed

Asclepias hirtella 2-3' 1-1.5' Jun-Jul White / Green Sun Dry-Avg

Tall Larkspur Delphinium exaltatum

4-6' 1-2' Jul-Aug Blue Light-Medium Shade

Dry-Avg Butterflies

Texas Green Eyes

Berlandiera texana

1.5-4' 1.5-2' Jun-Sep Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Thimbleweed Anemone virginiana

1.5-2' 1-1 May-Aug White Sun-Med. Shade

Dry-Avg

Thread-Leaved Blue Star

Amsonia ciliata var. filifolia

1-1.5' 1.5-2' Apr-May Light Blue Sun Dry

Trumpet Honeysuckle Vine

Lonicera sempervirens

8-15' 3-6’ May-Jun Scarlet Orange Full Sun Medium Birds, Hummingbirds, Butterflies

51


Time-Frame Bloom


Virginia Bunch Flower

Melanthium virginicum

3-5' 1-2' Jul Cream Sun Avg-Moist

Virginia Mountain Mint

Pycnanthemum virginianum

1.5-3' 2-3' Jul-Aug White Sun-Part Sun Avg-Moist

Western Sunflower

Helianthus occidentalis

2.5'-3.5' 1-1.5' Jul-Aug Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Western Wallflower

Erysimum capitatum

1-2' .5-1' Jun-Aug Yellow-Orange Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

White Frostweed Crownbeard

Verbesina virginica

3-6’ Aug-Nov White Part-Full Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

White Goat's Beard

Aruncus dioicus 4-6' 2-4' Jun Cream Sun-Shade Avg-Moist

White Prairie Clover

Dalea candida 1.5-2' 1.5-1.5' Jun-Jul White Sun Dry-Avg

White Turtlehead

Chelone glabra 2-3' 1.5-2.5' Aug-Oct White Light Shade-Med Shade

Avg-Moist

White Upland Aster

Oligoneuron album

1.5-2' 1-1.5' Aug-Sep White Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

White Wild Indigo

Baptisia alba 2-4’ 2-2.5’ Apr-May Creamy White Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Whiteleaf Mountain Mint

Pycnanthemum albescens

1-4' 2-2.5' Jul-Sep White Light Shade-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

Whorled Milkweed

Asclepias verticillata

1-2.5'' 1-2' Jun-Sep White Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

52


Time-Frame Bloom


Wild Bergamont Monarda fistulosa 2-4' 2-3' Jun-Jul Lavender Sun-Light Shade

Average Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Wild Geranium Geranium maculatum

1.5-1.5' 1-1.5' Apr-May Pink Light Shade-Shade

Avg-Moist

Wild Ginger Asarum canadense

.5-1' 1-1.5' Apr-May Maroon Shade Avg -Moist

Wild Hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens

3-5’ 3-5’ Jun-Sep White Part Shade Medium

Wild Petunia Ruellia humilis 1-1.5' 1-1.5' Jun-Sep Lavender-Purple Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Wild Quinine Parthenium integrifolium

1.5-2' 1-1.5' Jun-Jul White Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Wild Senna Senna marilandica 3-6' 2-3' Jul-Aug Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Wild Senna Senna marilandica 3-6’ 2-3’ Jul-Aug Yellow Full Sun Medium

Wild Stonecrop Three-Leaved Stonecrop

Sedum ternatum .25-.5' .5-.75' May White Light Shade-Medium Shade

Avg Butterflies

Wild Yellow Indigo

Baptisia sphaerocarpa

2-3’ 2-3’ May-Jun Yellow Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Willow-Leaf Aster

Aster praeltus 2-5' 1.5-2' Aug-Oct Purple Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Moist

Winged Loosetrife

Lythrum alatum 1.5-2.5' 1.5-2' Jun-Aug Pink Sun-Light Shade

Avg-Wet

Woodland Spiderwort

Tradescantia ernestiana

6-1' 1-1 Apr-May Purple Shade Avg-Moist

53


Time-Frame Bloom


Woolly Vervain Verbena stricta 2-3' 1.5-2' Jul-Aug Lavender Sun Dry-Avg

Wreath Goldenrod

Solidago caesia 1.5-3’ 1.5-3’ Aug-Sep Yellow Full Sun-Part Shade

Dry-Medium

Butterflies

Yarrow Achillea millefolium

2-2.5' 1.5-2' May-Jul White Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Yellow Coneflower Bush's Purple Coneflower

Echinacea paradoxa

2-3’ 1-1.5’ Jun-Aug Yellow Full Sun Dry-Medium

Yellow Crownbeard

Verbesina occidentalis

3-4' 2-3' Jun -Jul Yellow Sun-Light Shade

Dry-Avg

Yellow Indigo Baptisia sphaerocarpa

2-2.5' 2-2.5' Jun-Jul Yellow Sun Dry-Avg

Zig Zag Spiderwort

Tradescantia subaspera

2-2.5' 2-2.5' May-Aug Purple Light Shade-Shade

Average

Zigzag Goldenrod

Solidago flexicaulis

1.5-2.5' 1.5-2' Aug-Oct Yellow Light-Med Shade

Dry-Avg

TO: Justin Huss; Parks and Recreation Commission FROM...

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