To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human...
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![Page 1: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
To Err is HumanComputational Limits to Human Thinking :
Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces
Raj ReddyCarnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213March 16, 2000
www.rr.cs.cmu.edu
![Page 2: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Human Strengths and Human Limitations
Strengths: People communicate using speech and natural language tolerate errorful, ambiguous and imprecise input exploit vast amounts of knowledge learn from the environment
Limitations: People make errors tend to forget become impatient get confused need to collaborate tend to be lazy
![Page 3: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
WIMPy Interfaces have largely Ignored Human Strengths and Human Limitations
Need to move towards SILKy Interfaces: Speech, Image, Language and Knowledge based human centered interfaces
Video of Carnegie Mellon Communicator illustrating interactive spoken language dialog
![Page 4: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
To Err is Human
• Problem: – Catastrophic loss of data: “I didn’t mean to do that ”– Unanticipated side-effects: “how did that happen??”
• Causes:– Sensory, Cognitive and Motor overload– Information Overload: “Like being in a traffic jam”– Timing Errors: Simplify the task
• Present Solutions:– Partial Undo– Dialog Boxes
![Page 5: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
To Err is Human (Cont.)
• Future Opportunities:• Unlimited Undo
• Anytime Anywhere Abort
• DWIM (Do What I Mean)
• System Issues:• Require redesign at the OS level, network level
and the application level
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To Forget is Human
• Problem:– A non-expert occasional user can’t be expected
to remember the details
• Causes: – Forgetting is the loss of indexing structure– Redundancy in the indexing structure is the key
• Present Solutions:– Recognition vs. recall: GUIs and Menus– On-line manuals
![Page 7: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
To Forget is Human (Cont.)
• Future Opportunities:• Use of color, fonts, voice responses for focusing
attention
• Intelligent Help • “How do I” and “What if” MultiMedia documentation
• Learning by Doing and Learning by Example
• “Reference librarian” agent
• Chemical abstracts metaphor
• System Issues:• On-line help must change: enormous investment
![Page 8: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
To be Impatient is Human
• Problem: – Time to get the answer in interactive problem
solving• Reduce the response time
• Network operations: Unpredictable retrieval and browsing times
• Automatic MSN and AOL updates at login
• Present Solutions:– Hour glasses and wheels
• No idea how long it will take
– Progress bars
![Page 9: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
To be Impatient is Human (Cont.)
• Future Opportunities:• Updates in the background
• Learn from experience: self-aware systems
• Look ahead retrieval and computation
• Hurry-up algorithms
• Keystroke model
• Systems issues:• Introduction of monitors in OS and applications
• Background multitasking: intermixed packets
![Page 10: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
To be Confused is Human
• Problem: – Unable to deal with information clutter
• Causes:– Information overload– Computational constraints on human thinking– Incomplete and ambiguous information
• Present Solutions:– Hide and/or re-arrange windows– Illegal syntax– Restrict use of Natural Language
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To be Confused is Human (Cont.)
• Future Opportunities:• Infoglut: Filters and Agents
• Human Attention: Use multiple sensory modalities
• Incomplete and Ambiguous Information: clarification dialog
• System Issues:• Agent architecture and integration into Operating
Systems.
![Page 12: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
To Collaborate is Human• Problem:
– Many tasks which cannot be done by a single person• Causes:
– A single person may not have the skills to solve a given problem
– Independent / Loosely Coupled / Closely Coupled Interactions
• Present Solutions:– Instant Messaging and Chat Rooms– Serial sequential problem solving– Groupware
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To Collaborate is Human (Cont.)• Future Opportunities:
• Concurrent Engineering• Parallel Asynchronous Problem Solving
• Common Language and Conventions• Building a bridge or plane
• Distributed in Space• Distributed in Time and Space
• Systems Issues:• Systems need new representations and architectures
• Collaborative Writing: Transaction Files
• Collaborative Design: Structured Dialog Trees
• Collaborative Planning: Abstraction of Interactive Dialogs
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To be Lazy is Human
• Problem:– Most people use a minimal subset of functionality in
Word, PowerPoint, etc.– Most people avoid tasks requiring too much cognitive
effort• PGP - too much work
• FTP - too complex
• Causes:– Principle of least effort
• Present Solutions:– Tip of the Day in Word
![Page 15: To Err is Human Computational Limits to Human Thinking : Implications for the Design of Human Centered Interfaces Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cf75503460f949c7292/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
To be Lazy is Human (Cont.)• Future opportunities:
• Advice giving agents that look over your shoulder• Just-in-time learning• Gentle slope systems• Agents (wizards!) that know about PGP, FTP, or
whatever• Systems issues:
• Applications that know about their own functionality• End user agent creation technology• Intelligent tutoring tools