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Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 �

© 2005 GMT Games, LLC 0505

A RICHARD H. BERG GAME DESIGN

VOLUME #2 of THE ANCIENT WORLD SERIES

CR �.0 Introduction ................................................... 2CR 2.0 Components ................................................... 2 CR 2.� The Maps ................................................ 2 CR 2.2 Counters ................................................. 2 CR 2.3 Player Aids ............................................. 4CR 3.0 The Sequence of Play .................................... 4The Roman Political and Command System ............ 5 CR 5.� The Magistrates of Rome ....................... 5 CR 5.2 Elections and Assignment of Magistrates . 7 CR 5.3 Prorogue of Imperium ............................ �0 CR 5.4 Magistrate Restrictions .......................... �0 CR 5.5 Magistrates in General ........................... �� CR 5.6 The Senate .............................................. �2 CR 5.7 The Carthaginian Political System ......... �3CR 6.0 Movement ...................................................... �6CR 7.0 The Advanced Naval System ......................... �7 7.� Fleets and Naval Construction .................... �7 7.2 Fleet Commanders ....................................... �8 7.3 Naval Operations ......................................... �8 7.4 Naval Combat .............................................. 20 7.5 Raids ............................................................ 2�

SCENARIO BOOK 7.6 Naval Transport ........................................... 2� 7.7 Port Harbor Capacity and Winter ................ 22CR 8.0 Land Combat ................................................. 23CR 9.0 Cities and Sieges ............................................ 23CR �0.0 Manpower .................................................... 24 �0.� Raising Legions ......................................... 24 �0.2 Placement of Roman Manpower ............... 25 �0.3 Legion Training ......................................... 25 �0.4 Carthaginian Manpower ............................ 25 �0.5 Carthaginian Army Efficiency ................... 26CR �2.0 Diplomacy ................................................... 27

SCENARIOS: The Mercenary War, 241 B.C. ........................... 28 Agathocles, 311 B.C. ......................................... 29 Hiero, Hero or Gyro? 264–263 B.C. ................. 32 The First Punic War, 264 to 241 B.C. ................ 34Consul Historical Information Table ......................... 39Extended Example of Play ........................................ 40Carthage Rules Index ................................................ 46Carthage Gazetteer .................................................... 48

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Version 2.0 July, 20�3

Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 20132

© 2005 GMT Games, LLC

(1.0) INTRODUCTION Carthage (Volume II of The Ancient World series) simulates the first war of the three separate wars that comprised the �00+ year long disagreement between Rome and Carthage as to who would rule the western Mediterranean, plus some of the wars fought in and around Sicily and Africa prior to the 2nd Punic War.

The rules, below, are in addition to those in the basic, Ancient World Rules book.

(2.0) COMPONENTS CR contains the following:

� 22” x 33” Game Maps (AW Maps: IT [Italy])� �7”x22” Game Map (AW map: CR [Carthage])4 Full Counter Sheets (��20 counters)2 Tables and Charts Folders (4-sides each)� Augury Event Chart (2 sides)� Advanced Naval Rules Charts & Tables Card (2-sides)� Roman Political Charts & Tables Card (2-sides)� Carthaginian Political Charts & Table Card (2-sides)� Carthaginian Political and Manpower Display (�-side)� Roman Army Display (2-side) � Carthaginian Army Display (2-side)� Roman City/Port Display (2-side)� Carthaginian City/Port Display (2-side)� Basic, Ancient World Rules Booklet, v.2.2� Carthage Rules Booklet, v.2.0 � �0-sided dice

(CR 2.1) THE MAPS The maps are covered with hexagons (hexes), used to regulate move-ment. The land areas are further divided into Provinces, which have a greater effect on play than individual hexes.

ItalyThe map of Italy in the Roman era is based on the tribal/provincial divisions that prevailed in the heyday of the Roman Republic. These rules apply to Rome and her geography. During the period of The Punic Wars, many of the individual provinces—e.g., Apulia—were no longer independent areas, but were instead allied to Rome.

For the purposes of Roman Magistrate assignment and use of Im-perium and, in some instances, determining Manpower, many of the smaller areas designated on the map as provinces are combined into larger administrative (and assignment/imperium) areas. On the Italy map, these areas are:

• Roman Italy: includes all provinces on mainland Italy south of and excluding Gallia Cispadana and Liguria Friniates.

• Sicily: includes East and West Sicilia. The Liparae Ins., and Melita are part of (East) Sicilia.

• Sardinia: includes Northern and Southern Sardinia• Liguria: includes Liguria Taurini and Liguria Friniates

Italy, itself, includes Roman Italy (above), Liguria Taurini, Liguria Friniates, Gallia Cispadana, Gallia Transpadana, and Venetia.

Corsica, and the Gallic provinces west of Roman Italy/Liguria are treated individually.

See the individual scenarios for specific rules on Control.

Carthage The Carthage map is divided into four game provinces: Carthage, Tripolitana, Numidia and Mauretania. The actual political boundaries of what we know as the country of Carthage are a bit problematical to discern. The Carthage map uses the “Ditch” boundary (as noted on the terrain legend). It seems that Carthage defined her home territory by digging a protective ditch at the edges of her domain, although exactly what protection it would offer is open to specula-tion (probably of the Line in the Sand variety) While we do not know the exact places of this boundary, we have a pretty good idea (according to several of the sources we read) and have noted this on the map. For the Punic Wars scenarios, Carthage will be considered to lie within the Ditch Boundary, although, at various times, she will hold Numidian towns.

To which we must add that during this period, and even while she was fighting Rome, Carthage was always seeking to extend her boundar-ies... to the west, into Numidia, and to the south and southeast, into the Libyan-populated area known as Tripolitana.

Numidia had a rather dichotomous relationship with Carthage. While it often supplied her with troops, it also was in constant border war-fare with Carthage. By the end of the Punic wars, Numidia, under its great king, Masinissa, controlled much of northern Africa.

Mauretania, to the west, was pretty much on its own.

Africa includes the provinces of Carthage, Tripolitana, Numidia, and Mauretania

Seas The seas are divided into areas (usually identified by mare, Latin for Sea), and the hexes therein are either Coastal (including shipping lanes) or All-Sea hexes.

RoadsThe “C” roads are not used in any scenario in Carthage.

(CR 2.2) COUNTERS

LegionsRoman combat units are grouped into Legions. Legions are self-con-tained organizations consisting of a specific number of infantry and cavalry SP. In Carthage, each Legion is composed of two elements representing separately the Roman Citizens and the Roman Allies (Ala Sociorum). These elements each have their own organizational counter to differentiate the combat units. These two organizational counters have the same Legion number and make up a single Legion. Thus the Roman player would use the organizational markers I RL and I AL for Legion I. The maximum strength of each Legion by element is: • Roman Citizens: 9 Legion Infantry SPs, � Legion Cavalry SP• Roman Allies: 9 Legion Infantry SPs, 3 Legion Cavalry SPs

The Roman player may either place the appropriate combat units either under their respective Legion counters, or use the Roman Army Display.

Roman Citizens Roman Allies

These two units compriseLegion I

Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 3


Important Rules Note: Whenever you see the word Legion in the rules, it means the combat units associated with both the RL and AL elements of the same Legion. For those familiar with RRR, this was called a double Legion and was used synonymously with term Legion (to the confusion of many).

HISTORICAL & DESIGN NOTE: The “paper” numerical strength of legions varied from decade to decade, consul to consul, campaign to campaign, battle to battle. However, except for the Samnite era, the “standard” numerical composition of the legion appears to have been 4200 infantry... although, sometimes, the “allied” legions would be “reinforced” up to 6000 foot. As for cavalry, the citizen legions of the republic were notoriously short ... and when they weren’t (e.g., some sources state that, at Ausculum [Pyrrhus, 279 B.C.], the Roman legions had a 40% ratio of cavalry to infantry, a figure we find rather difficult to swallow), they were usually so poorly handled-a Roman tradition-that they might as well have had half the numbers ascribed.

ArmiesEach power in play as one or more Army counters to represent his combat units/Legions on the map. The combat units/Legions themselves are kept in the corresponding box on the player’s Army Display (see below). For the non-Roman player, an Army can hold any type and number of land combat units. For the Roman player, a Consular Army must contain two Legions (and their associated combat units). In addition, the Roman player has a Legion box that can be used for a Praetor-led force. Both types of boxes can hold any number of Auxiliaries or Allies in addition to the Legions. There is also a Legion marker for each Legion that can be used to represent the Legion on the game map when operating independently from its army or when its not part of a Consular Army.

Squadrons and FleetsEach naval unit represents a number of Naval Squadrons equal to the value on the counter. Each Naval Squadron strength point represents �0 war galleys. The galleys in the squadrons are considered either all quinqueremes or all triremes as noted on the counterSquadrons are always grouped into Fleets and each Fleet has an assigned Crew rating to express the level of capability of the men in that Fleet. Generally only the Fleet counter will be placed on the map with the associated Squadron counters and Crew Rating marker kept on the corresponding box on the player’s Army Display (see below).

Roman LeadersThe “in-depth” rules for these leaders are given below. What we wish to note here is that each leader has a three-digit ID number. This allows you (and us) to identify the different leaders as to when they can be used, without resorting to their actual names-many of which sound pretty much the same. The first digit identifies the scenario for which the consuls are used. In Carthage, which covers the �st Punic war, that format is 3xx.All leaders in the game are actual, historical Roman consuls ... each and every one who served as a consul (or militarily active proconsul, praetor or dictator) in that period. We’ve even provided a complete list of all these distinguished patricians for the truly curious among you.

Historical Magistrate Usage: For those of you wishing to play with the actual magistrates from the years in which they served, use the Roman Magistrate Chart to locate these men. In such a usage, you will need to conduct elections only to fill spaces that play of the game creates.

Consul Names: The Romans actually had a system of sorts when it came to “names”, a system quite similar to what the western world uses today. Essentially-and somewhat simplistically-the first “name” was the given name, the second the all-important “family” (gens) name, and the third, if any, a sort of identifier (cognomia), or nickname, if you will. The first name was usually written as a simple initial. Romans tended to use the same names a lot ... maybe George Foreman is Roman. As for the cognomia, the Romans thought themselves a rather witty lot. For example, the consul who finally defeated Pyrrhus, Dentatus, was so-called because of his immense, bucked teeth. Somewhat confusing is the number of consuls with the same name. The Romans were not overly inventive when it came to names, and the use of the same name by a family descendant kept that family’s traditions-and patrician status-alive. This tended to be more prevalent before the end of the tribal wars, when a small group of patrician families controlled the Senate and the government. But starting with Appius Claudius Caecus, the number of “New Men”—families ap-pearing on the Senatorial rolls for the first time- starts to grow, as more plebians graduate to patrician level. When in doubt, use the ID# on the counter ...the “You’ve seen one Mus you’ve seen them all” theory.

Roman Magistrate and Imperium MarkersThe counter mix includes markers for each of the Roman magistra-cies (Rome Consul, Proconsul, Praetor, etc.) and markers to denote the magistrate’s assigned province. These markers are either stacked with a leader to indicate is office/assignment or placed on the Army Display with the Army he commands to indicate the same. This is de-tailed in the Roman Political and Command System rules below.

RomanConsular

Army Marker

CarthaginianArmy

Marker

RomanLegionMarker

Fleet Marker Crew RatingMarker

Squadron

NameGuile Points Leader ID#

Mortality Rating

Battle Letter

CampaignRating

InitiativeRating

Roman Leader



Carthaginian GeneralsIf you thought the Romans used similar names, you haven’t wan-dered into the Carthaginian lists. Multiple Hannibals, Hannos, Hamilcars, and who knows what, many with the same family name. (Maybe George Foreman was Carthaginian?) We’ve tried to sort them out, but that is often not easy. As with the Romans, we’ve numbered the applicable Carthaginian field commanders with a numerical system similar to the above.. We have also noted which Family they are aligned with a colored stripe—red for Magonid, blue for Barcid—for use with the Car-thaginian Political system. DESIGN NOTE: Finding the Political/Familial affiliation of many of these men was difficult, and some guesses were made.

(CR 2.3) PLAYER AIDS Carthage includes several player aids to help manage the large stacks of units and markers. Each player has an Army Display and City Occupation Display, the former for keeping track of which combat units belong to which Legion/Army/Fleet, while the latter holds the various city garrisons. Both displays are back printed and each are identified as to which scenario they are used.

Army Display: Each display includes a series of boxes for the player’s Armies and Fleets. Each box has a corresponding marker that is used to represent the combat units, squadrons, other leaders, and markers in the display box on the game map. For the non-Roman armies and all Fleets, simply place the units/markers in the box. The Armies on the Roman Display are a bit more complicated in that they are further subdivided into a row of boxes for each Legion and within the row, boxes for both Legion components.

EXAMPLE: The Roman player raises two new Legion, I & II (which are placed in Rome), and assigns them to the Rome Consul as his Consular Army. The Consular Army I box is available so he takes the Consular Army marker and places it and the Rome Consul in Rome. The Legion I, Legion I RL, and Legion I AL markers are placed in the Legion Marker box in the top row of boxes of the Consular Army I display box. He places 9 Legion infantry SPs and 1 Legion Cavalry SP in the Legion RL box on the same row, and then places 9 Legion Infantry SPs and 3 Legion cavalry SPs in the Legion AL box in that same row. He repeats the above for the Legion II markers and combat units using the second row in the Consular Army I box. Lastly, he places the Rome Consul magistrate marker in the markers area of the Consular Army I box.

City Occupation Display: Each display has an Attrition Point Track for keeping tabs on a force’s accumulated Attrition. The remainder of the display includes a series of boxes either a particular city name or a generic number. If a named city on the display has a garrison, put those troops on the display. If a garrisoned city is not named on the display, take one the numbered city control markers and place on the hex of the garrisoned city. The troops go in the box with the same number. For ease of reference, named cities have their IDS listed in the upper left hand corner and their Port Capacity in the right

hand corner. The IDS and Port Capacity for all other cities depends on the city and port size as listed in the scenario.

Carthage Political and Manpower Display: This display has a number of tracks used by the Carthaginian player to note the Fam-ily in Power, Political Climate, and various Manpower levels and their maximums.

(CR 3.0) THE SEQUENCE OF PLAY A. The Upgrade Phase 1. City Rebuild. Rebuild sacked cities one level if they are not in a Devastated province (9.86).

2. Carthaginian Army Efficiency. Increase the Efficiency rating of all Carthaginian Armies, as per CR �0.53

B. Strategic Decision Phase:1. Disband Legions. See CR �0.�8 for the Why and How of this.

2. Imperium Prorogue. The Roman player decides which Consuls will stay in office as Proconsuls (or Praetors) and which Praetors will stay on as Praetors (CR 5.3). The Roman player may also set aside a magistrate (other than a Praetor) that earned a Triumph in the prior turn for possible selection as Consul during the Elections Segment. All other magistrates are placed in the pool of leaders available for election. Those magistrates that will stay in office remain where they are on the map. Their assignment and placement for the upcoming turn is determined in the Election Segment.

3. A Visit from Pluto. The Roman player rolls on the Leader Loss Table (8.6) for each magistrate not placed in the pool in step #2:• if the result is Leader Wounded, the magistrate is removed and

placed, after all leaders are selected, in the Leader Pool for the following turn.

• if the result is Leader Killed, he has taken the HMS Hades across the Styx and is removed from the game.

DESIGN & HISTORICAL NOTE: No, he has not gone to Disney World. Pluto was the Roman god of the “Underworld”. This rather morbid rule applies only to the Romans because they have so many leaders.

4. Roman Elections. The Roman player chooses new magistrates (CR 5.2).

5. Carthaginian Political Climate. The Carthaginian Player deter-mines which Family is in Power (CR 5.7�), and then the Political Outlook the Council has, as per CR 5.72. He also Disbands his Armies (CR 5.73) during this segment and returns any Wounded Leaders at this time if their Army/Fleet is still in play. Leaders are appointed for Armies/Fleets that have no commanders.

PLAY NOTE: The Carthaginian Player may perform this step while the Roman Player is undertaking steps 1-4.

6. Force Increase Determination. Both Players decide if they wish to build/increase their land forces or their navies, or expand their Port harbor facilities (CR 7.72). They cannot increase both land and naval forces in this phase. If a Player decides to so build, he does so in this Phase. See CR 7.�6 et seq.

7. Remove Raid Markers.

NameGuile Points

Family Indicator stripeLeader ID#Mortality Rating

Battle Letter

CampaignRating

InitiativeRating

Carthaginian Leader



C. The Initiative Phase 1. LAM Pool Segment. Each player places all the LAMs available for every leader he has in play in a cup or similarly opaque container. In addition, place the Augury marker -if the scenario requires it- and the three (3) Siege Attrition markers in the same cup. Each player places his Duumvirs on the map and adds his Duumvir LAM to the pool (CR 7.22).

2. Initiative Determination Segment. Either player, blindly and randomly, draws one marker from the cup. If it is a LAM or a Siege Attrition marker, go to the Operations Phase (D). If it is the Augury marker, go to the Augury Phase (E). If there are no LAMs in the cup, proceed to the Devastation Phase (F).

D. The Operations Phase �. The player who controls the leader drawn from the pool may do anything with that Leader that the rules (5.5) allow. The phase ends when the leader is Finished. Play now reverts to C/2.

2. If the LAM says Siege Attrition, the players resolve that and play then reverts to C/2.

E. The Augury Phase If the player has drawn the Augury marker he rolls on the Augury Tables and the players follow the instructions contained therein. If there are LAMs left, return to C/2.

F. Devastation Phase 1. Devastation Recovery Segment. Players roll to see if Devastated provinces can recover (6.7).

2. Devastation Attempt Segment. Players, if they wish, may attempt to Devastate provinces (6.7).

G. End-Turn Phase 1. Inertia Attrition Segment. Players roll for the effects of Attrition on those units that have remained in the same province this turn (6.46) or are currently Scattered (CR 7.32).

2. Port Segment. All Fleets must return to a friendly Port (CR 7.75).

3. Legion/Crew Training. The Players finish training of their legions (CR �0.3) and Crews (CR 7.�4).

4. Recovery from Battle. Forces can improve their After Battle Status (see 8.56).

5. Victory Determination. Check scenario victory rules to see if either player satisfied automatic victory conditions. If not, the turn is over; start another beginning with Rebuild Phase (A).

ROMAN LEADER ACTIVATION MARKERS (CR 4.�6) The Roman Player does not have “named” LAMs. He uses the Magistrate LAMs instead. He includes as many of each type of markers as the magistrates that hold those offices have Initia-tive Rating points, except for Praetors who receive only one LAM regardless of the leader’s actual Initiative Rating.

PLAY NOTE: There will usually be two consuls and often more than one proconsul in play. The Roman player receives a number of Consul/Proconsul LAMs equivalent to the combined Initiative Ratings of the leaders holding those respective magistrates.

(CR 4.17) Whenever a Magistrate LAM marker is picked, the Ro-man player activates the magistrate who holds the office. If there is more than one available, the player may choose any of them, however, no leader may undertake more Operations Phases than his Initiative Rating allows.

EXAMPLE: (Initiative Ratings are in parentheses) Aquilius [Rome] (1) and Servilius [Field] (2) are the Consuls. There are two procon-suls in play: Fulvius (1), and Lutatius (1). There is also a legion assigned to a Praetor: M. Atilius Regulus (3). The Roman player would thus place in the LAM Pool, 3 Consul LAMs, 2 Proconsul LAMs, and 1 Praetor LAM (Regulus gets only one LAM, despite his Initiative Rating of ‘3’).

THE ROMAN POLITICAL AND COMMAND SYSTEM DESIGN NOTE: This set of rules encompasses the game’s version of the Roman republican and Carthaginian political systems, as they pertain to military necessities. While “quantifying” political systems is rare in historical games, it is a sine qua non for this era, where politics played a far more important part in how/why things occurred than any other single factor. Therefore, this section is the heart of the game, and the rules therein are quite extensive and rather more detailed than one normally finds.

A HELPFUL PLAY NOTE: Gamers familiar with the first game in this series (“Rise of the Roman Republic”) will have already encountered the “fun” of dealing with the Roman Political system. Those of you who haven’t, while it may seem daunting and tortu-ously detailed, it does make sense ... and, once used to it, you will find it flows rather smoothly. If you have any interpretive problems, we highly recommend you join the discussion of this series on Con-simworld—www.Consimworld.com—where everything is answered and all becomes clear, albeit in Delphic fashion.

We have provided a MAGISTRATE REFERENCE CHART for the Roman Player to ease his way through the electoral process.

(CR 5.1) THE MAGISTRATES OF ROME: IMPERIUM ROMANUM The Roman Republic was administered by two consuls, elected annu-ally. In case of war, these consuls were entrusted with commanding her armies, usually with the assistance of praetors and proconsuls. As almost all of the consuls and other magistrates were patrician politicians, Republican Rome’s armies were sometimes saddled with a series of hacks and dilettantes whose level of military capability rarely approached workmanlike (you did have to have a ten year



background in the military, usually service, to be eligible for office, though). Realistically, since battle/tactical doctrine was infantry-oriented, and strictly adhered to upon pain of death (sometimes literally), the ability to creatively adapt was not one highly sought. The ability to do what everyone else had done in years past was what they were after. Rome’s strength lay in her disciplined legions, her sense of Honor and Duty, a rather rigid tactical doctrine, and, mostly, her manpower.

The Roman leadership system in the game is far more complex and hierarchal than that for the other players. This has much to do with the republican form of Roman government, and the rather involved and political requirements therein for holding office. The offices available to the Roman Player were grouped under the term Magistrates, and magistrates who could command were those who had been given imperium, the power to lead (plus a few other things unnecessary for game purposes). The magistrates available to the Roman Player are:

Consul: The Roman Player elects two Con-suls (usually new ones), the Rome Consul and the Field Consul (less historical terms than ones useful for game purposes) each

year/game turn. The Rome Consul was usually restricted to Italy, with the other consul assigned where and as needed-usually to a spe-cific province. Each consul has the ability to command two Legions ... never more. The two Legions assigned to a Consul form his Con-sular Army. Occasionally, both consular armies would be combined under the dual (and sometimes fractured) leadership of both consuls. It was possible to field a bigger army by attaching legions assigned to lesser magisterial offices, but this, too had limitations.

Proconsul: Proconsuls were magistrates assigned as needed to areas/provinces, usually those outside Roman Italy and, in game terms, the legions already there. Proconsuls were, in effect, military governors

of the provinces to which they were assigned. Like consuls, they held the imperium of two Legions (and thus have Consular Army), but, without permission from the Senate, they could not leave their assigned province with that army. While some proconsuls were assigned from the available “pool” of patricians in Rome, many were consuls who were “prorogued” (kept in office without really being elected) in the provinces in which they had their armies. For example, a consul would be given his consular army and sent to Sicily to beat up on the Carthaginians. Rather than bring his army back and replace him (which they did often enough to make you wonder), many times they would simply “prorogue” his imperium-let him stay there, with his army, as proconsul.

Praetor: In times of military stress praetors were often appointed to lead individual legions, usually for “smaller” campaigns. A praetor’s imperium al-lowed him to command one Legion; never more. It

was possible to attach that legion to a Consul or Proconsul’s army, to increase the latter’s size. But the praetor still had the imperium for his Legion. Much of this fractured command system-which did much to destroy what efficiency the army did muster-resulted from Roman fear of kings, and the concomitant fear that if anyone could command a large army they could become a king. From that view-point-and from no other-does this method make sense. Praetors were usually assigned to specific legions, rarely to a province. However, praetors were not free to move around with their legions and were pretty much anchored to where they were assigned.

Dictator: In times of emergency the Romans chose a Dictator to oversee command. The dictator’s imperium, while limited by time, superseded and replaced that of the consuls. In essence, only the Dictator had Imperium,

some of which he could apportion among lesser magistrates. Some were chosen only to run things back home, giving the consuls a free hand in the military arena. Others took the field. A Dictator was not limited in the number of legions he could (theoretically) command; it was unusual, though, to see one lead an army of more than four legions without the leadership support/presence of the other consuls. Historically, no Roman army of the period covered by this game ever exceeded four Legions.

Magister Equitum (Master of Horse): A Dictator was allowed to choose an “assistant”, the Magister Equitum, Master of Horse. If the dictator took the field, leading legions, the ME stayed in Rome. If the Dictator stayed

in Rome to oversee the day-to-day operation of the republic, the ME took his place with military imperium. Someone to lead the army.

Praetor Urbanus: The Praetor Urbanus was, es-sentially, commander of Rome garrison. During the 2nd Punic War (and after) he commanded the Urban Legions. His major task, outside handling a variety of

emergencies, is training legions. The Praetor Urbanus’ capabilities are further restricted in scenarios prior to the 2nd Punic War.

Legatus Legionis: Legates are used to move legionary reinforce-ments from Rome/Italy to overseas provinces when the player does not wish to use praetors or proconsuls.

Imperium: Or the ability to command armies. Ro-man magistrates were given Imperium by the Sen-ate. A magistrate’s Imperium is a specific group of Legions/Fleets commensurate with the type of office

the magistrate held as listed below. Generally, magistrates were also restricted to where they could exercise their Imperium, usu-ally to a specific province (these are listed in the scenario) or other geographic area, without given permission by the Senate to do otherwise. Once assigned to a magistrate, the Legions/Fleet may only be commanded by that magistrate (or indirectly by attachment to a more senior magistrate in the command hierarchy) during that game turn. The allowable military forces for the different magistrates are as follows:

• Dictator/Magister Equitum: Two Consular Armies (Four Le-gions) or any sized Fleet

• Consuls: Consular Army (Two Legions) or any sized Fleet• Proconsul: Consular Army (Two Legions) or any sized Fleet• Praetor: One Legion or one Fleet of five or less Squadrons • Praetor Urbanus: Rome Garrison• Duumvir: One Fleet of up to 2 Squadrons

DESIGN AND HISTORICAL NOTE: Actually a Dictator, or his Magister Equitum, whichever takes the field, commands all Roman forces. The above restrictions are partially for game purposes, and partially to reflect the realities of leading large armies.

The two Legions of a Consul/Proconsul’s imperium are considered that magistrate’s Consular Army. Generally, the two legions will remain together on the map although there is no requirement that they must. The key point is that two legions can only be directly commanded by that magistrate during the turn. Furthermore, these two legions remain part of that army until one or both are eliminated



or Disbanded.

Important Note: The term Consular Army will be used frequently in these rules. When the rules say Consular Army, they refer to the two Legions that are/were the imperium of a particular Con-sul/Proconsul.

EXAMPLE: At the start of the 1st Punic War scenario, Appius Claudius, the Rome Consul, starts with Legion I and Legion II as his imperium. His Consular Army (Consular Army I) consists of these two legions. Claudius is the only Roman leader that can directly com-mand (conduct operations, use Interception or Avoidance) these two Legions. As Rome Consul, he can’t leave Roman Italy without Senate permission, which he does have as the scenario begins. Claudius may move where he wishes, though Sicily is the place to be.

HISTORICAL NOTE: The numbers assigned to legions (e.g., I, II, etc) were not permanent, in the sense that they were in the Empire. The Consular Army numbers are arbitrary and are provided solely for the purpose of identifying the box on the Roman Army Display holding the two legions of a magistrate’s imperium.

(CR 5.2) ELECTION AND ASSIGNMENT OF MAGISTRATESPROCEDURE: At the start of the Roman Elections segment (B/3), the Roman Player places all his leaders that are eligible for election into a cup. Eligible leaders are those listed in the scenario setup in-structions except those that have been removed from play, including those leaders who served as magistrates in the previous turn but not those who are to be prorogued (CR 5.3). This is the magistrate pool from which the Roman player will “elect” his magistrates.

The magistrates are elected and their Imperium established in the order listed below. The two Consuls and the Praetor Urbanus mag-istracies must be filled each turn. The remaining magistrates are elected as needed and described in the rules in this section.

To “elect” a magistrate, the Roman player randomly and blindly draws a leader from this pool. After each draw, the Roman player designates an appropriate and eligible military force for that magistrate’s Imperium and, if applicable, assigns a province to that magistrate. For the puroses of province assignment, CR 2.� applies with the exception that Roman Italy cannot be selected as a province; a specific province within Roman Italy must be selected instead. A Legion or Fleet may be assigned to only one magistrate.

The Order of Election is as follows: �. Dictator (in Emergency only; and sometimes during a game

turn)2. Magister Equitum (in Emergency only; and sometimes during

a game turn)3. Rome Consul4. Field Consul5. Proconsuls6. Praetors7. Praetor Urbanus

DESIGN NOTE: The separate Consul designations disappear with the 2nd Punic War, as the reach of Rome grows beyond Italy. Starting with the 2nd Punic War, all scenarios will have the Roman player simply electing two Field Consuls, giving them Imperium where the Senate (the player) feels is most needed.

PLAY NOTE: We have provided markers to keep track of which leader holds which office and to which province he has been as-

signed. In the latter case, the province marker is necessary only if the magistrate’s assigned province is different than the province where he was placed. These markers may be placed under the leader on the map or on the Roman Army Display in the appropri-ate Consular Army. The Consular Army marker is placed on the map with the leader.

(CR 5.21) Rome Consul: The Roman player ran-domly draws a leader from the magistrate pool to serve as the Rome Consul. Alternatively, if a magistrate (other than a Praetor) was awarded a Triumph (CR

5.47) in the previous year/game turn, the Roman player may (not must) deliberately select him as Rome Consul instead. Unless a state of Emergency (CR 5.28) exists and the Roman player elects a Dictator (CR 5.26), the Rome Consul is the first magistrate elected. The Roman player must elect/select a Rome Consul each turn then decide whether he will command Legions or Fleets. His Imperium in each case is determined as follows:• Legions: The Consular Army of the previous Rome Consul unless

the former Rome Consul was prorogued and retained command of his army per CR 5.32. If those legions have been Disbanded (CR �0.�8), the Roman player must immediately attempt to raise legions for a new Consular Army per CR �0.�6. If successful, he commands that army. If the attempt fails, or if the previous Rome Consul either had no Consular Army or retained his army, another Consular Army may (not must) be selected from those in play. If none is selected, the Rome Consul has no Imperium at this time; OR

• Fleet: Any one Fleet on the map including one under construction (and see CR 5.42 for an important limitation)

PLAY NOTE: Thus, the Rome Consul must be given an Imperium (either Legions or Fleet) unless the former Rome Consul’s Army was disbanded and not replaced, or the former Rome Consul retained command of that army through prorogue per CR 5.32

Location: Placed either in Rome or with his Consular Army/Fleet.

Restrictions: �. For this Consul to switch Imperium (CR 5.43) during the turn

from Legions to Fleet, or vice versa, he needs Senatorial permis-sion to do so. If such permission is granted, it includes assign-ing a Proconsul through election to command the (abandoned) legions/fleet.

2. May not leave Roman Italy, or the province in which he starts (other than to return to Roman Italy), without permission of the Senate. This does not apply when commanding a Fleet.

3. The Rome Consul may never be prorogued in that office. He may be prorogued as a Proconsul or a Praetor per CR 5.3

EXAMPLE: The Roman player draws C. Furius from the pool as Rome Consul. The Imperium of the former Rome Consul’s, C. Aure-lius, who has been Prorogued, was Legions I and II (Consular Army I) located in Corsica. The Romans also have a Fleet in Ostia. The Roman player can give Furius those Legions, in which case he can be placed in Corsica with any of his Legions or in Rome. Since both Legions of the former Rome Consul are still in play, the Roman player does not have the option of assigning the new Consul a different Army. He can then campaign in Corsica or return to Roman Italy without restriction. To leave Corsica and go anywhere else, other



than back to Roman Italy, requires Senate permission. Alternatively, the Roman player could give Furius the Ostia Fleet and later in the Election process assign the Legions in Corsica to a Proconsul.

(CR 5.22) Field Consul: The Roman player randomly draws a leader from the magistrate pool to serve as Field Consul. Alternatively, if a magistrate (other than

a Praetor) was awarded a Triumph (CR 5.47) in the previous year/game turn, the Roman Player may (not must) deliberately appoint him as Field Consul. The Roman player must elect/select a Field Consul each turn then decide whether he will command Legions or Fleets. His Imperium in each case is determined as follows:

• Legions: The Consular Army of the previous Field Consul unless the former Field Consul was prorogued and retained command of his army per CR 5.32. If those legions have been Disbanded (CR �0.�8), the Roman player must immediately attempt to raise a new Consular Army per CR �0.�6. If successful, he commands that army. If the attempt fails, or if the previous Rome Consul either had no Consular Army or retained his army, another Consular Army may (not must) be selected from those in play. If none is selected, the Field Consul has no Imperium at this time. Whether an army is selected or not, the Field Consul must be assigned a province which may be either the province where he is placed or any province outside Roman Italy; OR

• Fleet: Any one Fleet on the map including one under construction (and see CR 5.42 for an important limitation)

PLAY NOTE: Thus, the Field Consul must be given an Imperium (either Legions or Fleet) unless the former Field Consul’s Army was disbanded and not replaced, or the former Field Consul retained command of that army through prorogue per CR 5.32

Location: Placed with his Consular Army or Fleet. If he has no Imperium, he is placed in his assigned province.

Restrictions: �. For this Consul to switch Imperium (CR 5.43) during the turn from

Legions to Fleet, or vice versa, he needs Senatorial permission to do so. If such permission is granted, it includes assigning through election a Proconsul to command the (abandoned) legions/fleet.

2. May not leave his province of assignment, or the province in which he starts (unless it’s a move to his province of assignment), without permission of the Senate. This does not apply when commanding a Fleet.

3. The Field Consul may never be prorogued in that office. He may be prorogued as a Proconsul or a Praetor per CR 5.3

EXAMPLE: Continuing the example above, the Roman player then draws C. Lutatius from the pool as Field Consul. The Imperium of the former Field Consul, L. Iunius, who has crossed the Styx and is no longer available, was Legions III and IV (Consular Army II) located in Sicilia. Since Furius has decided to take command in Corsica, Lutatius can either go naval or take command of the Field Consul’s Army in Sicilia. He decides to go for the Fleet and is placed in Ostia with his Fleet. Had he decided to take command of the Field Consul’s Army, Lutatius would have been placed in Sicilia in a hex that had one/both of his Legions. The Roman player would then have needed to either assign Sicilia as Lutatius’ province or pick another province outside Roman Italy.

(CR 5.23) Proconsuls: Proconsuls provide leader-ship for Consular Armies, or Legions that are not part of a Consular Army, that have not been allocated to

the Consuls (or Dictator/ME if in play). Proconsuls may also be elected or selected as Admirals to command Fleets that are without commanders (but see CR 5.42). To assign a Proconsul, the Roman player does one of the following:• selects a prorogued Consul from the previous turn, regardless of

his location at the time; or

• randomly draws a leader from the magistrate pool, or • selects a leader from the pool who has previously won a Triumph

at any time during the game

A Proconsul can command:

Legions/Fleet: Any one Consular army, or any two Legions that are not part of Consular Army, or Fleet without a commander (but see CR 5.42), or a Consular Army/Fleet whose commander is about to be shifted elsewhere (this command may arise mid-turn, see CR 5.43). If the Proconsul is given two Legions that were not part of a Consular Army, these two Legions now become his Consular Army.

Location: Placed with the Consular Army or Fleet. If placed with a Consular Army, the province where he is placed is his provincial assignment. However, if he was a Consul that was prorogued, he may instead either keep his previous assigned province or be assigned a another province that is outside Roman Italy.

Restrictions: �. May not switch from Legions to Fleet or vice versa within the

turn.2. May not leave the province of his assignment without permission

of the Senate. This does not apply when commanding a Fleet.

3. A Proconsul may not be voluntarily prorogued (CR 5.32)

All Consular Armies and each non-Consular Army two Legion group (player’s choice on how to group them) must be assigned to a Proconsul. This requirement does not apply to Fleets. The Roman player is not required to elect a Proconsul for a Fleet.

EXAMPLE: With the Field Consul C. Lutatius in command of the Fleet in Ostia and Rome Consul, C. Furius, leading his army in Corsica, the Roman player is in need of a Proconsul for the Field Consul’s army in Sicilia. The Roman player has the prorogued C. Aurelius available so gives him Legions III and IV (Consular Army II) and the province of Sicilia. He may not leave Sicilia without permission of the Senate.

(CR 5.24) Praetors: Praetors are elected after any Proconsuls and only if there are individual Legions or eligible Fleets without a leader (and see CR 5.42 for an important limitation).

To assign a Praetor, the Roman player does one of the following:• selects a prorogued Consul or Praetor from the previous turn,

regardless of his location at the time, or• randomly draws a leader from the magistrate pool, or • selects a leader from the pool who has previously won a Triumph

at any time during the game

Legions: Assigned any one Legion. This command may arise mid-turn.

Fleet: Assigned a Fleet of 5 or less squadrons. This command may arise mid-turn.



Location: Placed with his assigned Legion or Fleet. If placed with a Legion, the province where he is placed is his provincial assign-ment. However, if he was a Consul or Praetor that was prorogued, a new province may be assigned instead.

Restrictions: �. May not switch from Legions to Fleet or vice versa within the

turn.2. May not leave the province of assignment without permission of

the senate. This does not apply when commanding a Fleet.3. May be prorogued in that office. 4. Regardless of the Initiative Rating of the Praetor, only one LAM

per Praetor is placed in the pool. Praetors thus have a game-re-stricted Initiative Rating of ‘�’.

5. No more than one Praetor may be assigned during the Roman Elections segment. The Roman player may, however, assign a Praetor over this limit in any other phase or segment if needed to command a lone Legion.

A lone Legion must be assigned to a Praetor. The Roman player is not required to use a Praetor to command a Fleet.

EXAMPLE: Continuing the example, the Roman player was able to raise a single legion during the Force Determination Phase. He must immediately elect a Praetor to command this legion. No leader has won a Triumph, so a Praetor is drawn from the pool. M. Atilius is drawn. Even though Atilius has an Initiative of ‘3’, he will receive only one LAM because he’s a Praetor. The Roman player decides to place the new legion in Tarentum and make Calabria his province, so there also goes Atilius. He may not leave Calabria without the Senate’s permission (see CR 5.29 below).

(CR 5.25) Praetor Urbanus: The Praetor Urbanus must be elected each turn and is the last magistrate elected. The Roman player randomly draws a leader from the magistrate pool. The Praetor Urbanus im-

perium is the Rome Garrison. His “province” is the city of Rome, in which he is placed. He may leave the city of Rome only when there is an Emergency (CR 5.28) and only with the Permission of the Senate. He is the only magistrate able to enter the city with troops without Senate Permission. There is no LAM for the Praetor Urbanus. See CR 5.46.

(CR 5.26) Dictator/Magister Equitum: If a State of Emergency (CR 5.28) exists at the start of a turn, the first magistrate elected is a Dictator. In addition, if a state of Emergency arises during a turn, the Ro-

man player, immediately upon drawing his next LAM, chooses a Dictator and Magister Equitum at the conclusion of that magistrate’s action. See CR 5.28. The Roman player may either randomly draw a leader from the magistrate pool, or select any leader from the magistrate pool that has been awarded a Triumph at any time dur-ing the game.

The Roman player has the option of either having the Dictator oper-ate in the field or stay in Rome. If the Dictator takes the field, the Magister Equitum (ME) is assigned to Rome without any imperium. If the Dictator decides to govern rather than take the field, his ME is given the same imperium the Dictator would have had.

In addition, any Dictator who chooses to remain in Rome (city) has his Initiative Rating subtracted from any die roll for Senatorial permission.

If the Dictator (or ME) will operate in the field, his Imperium is:

Legions: The Dictator/ME may be assigned any two Consular armies. Alternatively, he may be assigned none at all and use only the command hierarchy (CR 5.5�) to lead the armies commanded by other magistrates.

Fleets: The Dictator/ME may be assigned one Fleet including one under construction (and see CR 5.42 for an important limitation). Alternatively, he may be assigned none at all and use only the command hierarchy (CR 5.5�) to lead Fleets commanded by other magistrates.

The Dictator/ME may freely switch from commanding Legions to Fleets and vice versa any time during the turn. Specific Army/Fleet assignments, however, can only be made if the Dictator/ME comes into play during Roman Elections phase.

Location: Placed with an assigned Consular Army or Fleet, other-wise with any Consular Army, Legion, or Fleet. He is free to move anywhere (except into the city of Rome with his army) without Permission of the Senate.

PLAY NOTE: Generally, the more flexible arrangement is to have the Dictator/ME placed without a specific Imperium which the Romans tended to do more often than not.

To choose a Magister Equitum (Master of Horse), the Roman Player may select a leader (not blindly, but with purpose) from the magis-trate pool whose ID# is within five (5) of the Dictator’s ID #. The Magister Equitum’s Imperium is the same as that of the Dictator.

PLAY NOTE: Thus, the Roman Player has an interesting choice to make when he elects his Dictator. Is he better off with a good leader in the Field or in Rome, running the show?

EXAMPLE: A rather timid Valerius (#307) is elected Dictator. The Roman player decides he needs a Magister Equitum to lead in the field. He selects C. Duilius (#310) and will keep Valerius in Rome. The Roman player decides not to allocate a Fleet/Army directly to Duilius, and places him in Sicily with one of the two Consular armies present. Duilius will use his position in the hierarchy to command those legions through the regularly elected magistrates.

(CR 5.27) Duumviri. These minor leaders are used to command small Fleets, as per CR. 7.22. They are not part of the election pro-cess, but are appointed as, when and where needed, within the restric-tions of that section, however, the number of Duumviri allowed in play is limited to those in the counter mix (Emergency Duumvir are an exception, see CR 7.24). If an Admiral combines the Duumvirs squadrons with his Fleet, the Duumvir is removed.

HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC NOTE: There were usually two magistrates in a duumvir. The word is a combination of Latin words which, together, mean, roughly “the strength of two”. Think of the Caesarean triumvirates ....

(CR 5.28) Emergencies: A Dictator may/must be elected at the start of, or during, the game turn if a State of Emergency is in effect. Some emergencies require that a Dictator is chosen; others leave the choice to the player.

Minor State of Emergency: The Roman player may voluntarily elect a Dictator when -• a Roman Consular Army or larger force loses a Major land battle

(as per 8.52) and suffers losses of 30% or more in terms of Strength Points; OR

Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013�0


• an enemy force occupies two or more Medium/Large cities in Roman Italy

Major State of Emergency: The Roman player must elect a Dictator when—• an enemy force occupies a city that is within three hexes of Rome

(e.g., the town of Reate); OR• Rome loses two Major land battles in the same year, each involving

at least one Consular Army, regardless of the number of losses; OR

• Rome is Under Siege

If a State of Emergency occurred in the previous turn, or exists at the start of a new turn, the Dictator is elected in the Roman Election Phase. Only Battle losses that occurred in the current or immediately prior turn are used to determine a State of Emergency.

To choose a Dictator within the turn, it must be when a Roman magistrate is active (his LAM has been selected and it is his Op-erations Phase). In this case, the selection of Dictator occurs at the conclusion of that magistrate’s actions. When a Dictator (or ME) is elected mid-turn, he gets a number LAMs equal to his Initiative rating, minus one, but never fewer than one.

Use the procedure in CR 5.26 to elect the Dictator and Magister Equitum.

(CR 5.29) New Legions/Fleets: Newly-raised legions must be as-signed to a commander immediately upon their being raised. The choices are:

• The elected Consul if raised to replace the Consul’s Disbanded army (CR 5.2�/2, Legions)

• An elected Consul without Imperium when any two legions are raised at the same time

• Elect a Proconsul when any two legions are raised at the same time, but not if there is a Consul without Imperium

• Elect a Praetor for any single legion raised

The Consul placement and restrictions given in CR 5.2�/2 apply when a Consul receives a new army. Proconsuls and Praetors are elected per the procedures given in CR 5.23/4 and placed with the newly raised army/legion. They are then assigned a specific province, a province to which he must move with his army/legion as quickly and directly as possible. If there is no eligible province, the Proconsul/Praetor’s Imperium is limited to the province where the newly raised army was placed. If the selected province or the province where the legion was raised is within Roman Italy, his Imperium is limited to that individual province.

EXAMPLE: A single Legion is raised during the turn. The Roman player draws a leader from the pool as Praetor for that Legion and designates Lucania for his province. That Praetor must, when activated, move his Legion to Lucania and remain therein, unless he gets permission to go elsewhere.

EXAMPLE: The VI Legion is in Etruria, commanded by a Praetor. The Roman Player, fearful of an enemy invasion from Hispania through this area, decides to reinforce Etruria by raising two new legions, the XI and XII, placing both new legions in Rome. He then randomly draws a leader from the pool as Proconsul, assigning him the two Legions, which are now the Proconsul’s Consular Army. He is placed with his Army. The Roman player then assigns Etruria as his province. The Proconsul then, as the turn progresses, marches off to

Etruria (while he cannot operate outside Etruria without Senatorial permission, he does not need such to travel to his province). When he gets there, he has a force of three legions, one under the Praetor, who is subordinate to him, as Proconsul.

If the Roman player builds a Fleet of five or less squadrons and is under his limit of allowable Admirals (CR 5.42), he may immedi-ately either assign a Consul without Imperium, elect a Proconsul, or elect a Praetor unless one is already in play, and assign that leader as Admiral for the new Fleet. The Consul/Proconsul/Praetor is placed with that Fleet.

(CR 5.3) PROROGUE OF IMPERIUM (CR. 5.31) During the Imperium Prorogue segment (B/2), the Roman player must decide which magistrates will remain in play in some office for the upcoming turn. This process is called Prorogue. The Roman player simply states that the magistrate has been prorogued, and in the case of a Consul, whether he will retain command of his army or not.

(CR 5.32) The following magistrates are eligible for Prorogue:• A Consul may be prorogued and continue in command as Procon-

sul and retain command of his army and province, or be assigned any other army in any location, or be assigned a Fleet per CR 5.23. He may instead be made a Praetor and assigned a Legion/Fleet per CR 5.24.

• A Praetor may be prorogued and continue in command as a Praetor and assigned a Legion or Fleet per CR 5.24.

• A magistrate who is Besieged per CR 5.34 must be prorogued and retains command of his army.

PLAY NOTE: Dictators (and the ME), Proconsuls, and the Praetor Urbanus may not be voluntarily Prorogued.

DESIGN NOTE: The preceding limitations reflect the realities of Roman politics in the era of the 1st Punic War and before.

(CR 5.33) A magistrate whose assigned legion(s) have been entirely eliminated or Disbanded may be Prorogued. Magistrates that are not Prorogued are removed from the map and placed in the Magistrate pool.

(CR 5.34) If a magistrate and any part of his command is inside a city that is Under Siege (9.0) that is not a Secondary or Major Port, that magistrate must be prorogued and remain inside the city. Con-suls and Proconsuls are prorogued as Proconsuls, while a Praetor is prorogued as a Praetor. If a Dictator/Magister Equitum was assigned legions, he is Prorogued as a Proconsul, otherwise he remains in the city until the Siege is resolved at which time he is returned to the pool (assuming that he survives). The besieged Dictator/ME can command any unit in the city whose commander is not present until the Siege is resolved at which time he his returned to the pool (assuming that he survives, isn’t a prisoner, etc.).

(CR 5.4) MAGISTRATE RESTRICTIONS(CR 5.41) A Roman magistrate is free to conduct Operations with his assigned Legions within his assigned province or the province in which he was placed. To leave his assigned or starting province, usually requires Senate permission. An Admiral can conduct opera-tions with his Fleet without Senate permission. A magistrate may always move to his assigned province without Senate permission provided he moves himself and his legion(s) as quickly and directly as possible to his province using one Movement Operation with no voluntary Stops.

Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 ��


(CR 5.42) If a Roman magistrate is assigned a Fleet he can only conduct operations with Fleets, never land units (but see CR 5.43). If a Roman magistrate is assigned Legions, he can only command Fleets while using Naval Transport (see CR 7.6). All Fleet command-ers other than Duumvir are considered Admirals. Admirals other than Praetor’s can command any size Fleet; Praetor’s are limited to Fleets of five (5) or less Squadrons. The Roman Player may never elect/assign/prorogue more Admirals than allowed by the scenario rules. The Dictator/ME without Imperium (CR 5.26) is an exception in that the Roman player may use him as an Admiral to command other Admirals regardless of any limit.

(CR 5.43) Switching Imperium: Both Consuls have the option of changing Imperium from land to naval, or vice versa, during their Operations Phase. The Consul must first receive Senate Permission to do so. If such permission is granted, a Proconsul (or Praetor if a single Legion or 5 Squadron or less Fleet is involved) is immediately elected to command the (abandoned) legions/fleet. The Consul may now conduct operations in his new environment. The Dictator/ME may freely switch Imperium at any time.

(CR 5.44) Overall Commander: If there is a Dictator (or ME) in play in the field, the Dictator (ME) is considered the Roman Overall Commander for Operations that are limited to an Overall Com-mander. If a Dictator is not in play, the Rome Consul is considered the OC for all Manpower Operations. In all other situations both Consuls are considered OCs.

(CR 5.45) Command Limits: A Roman magistrate may only directly command the legion(s)/Fleet that make up his Imperium (see CR 5.�), plus any auxiliaries (CR �0.�5) and/or Allied troops. Any magistrate, however, can attach and command the armies/fleets of other magistrates within the hierarchy restrictions given below (CR 5.5).

(CR 5.46) Praetor Urbanus: The Praetor Urbanus has several special abilities/liabilities. These are:• He may not leave the city without the permission of the Senate

(CR 5.6) and may only attempt to do so if an Emergency exists. However, he is the only leader who may enter Rome without permission.

• The only operations he may undertake, outside of Rome, are Leader and Force Movement. He defends normally if attacked and can attempt Avoidance.

• He receives no LAM. He may be activated only by using a Consul’s LAM

• He commands the Rome garrison• He does not count against the limits placed on the number of

Praetors allowed in play• He trains legions (see CR �0.3)

(CR 5.47) Triumph: For purposes of being re-elected, winning a Triumph is important for a Roman leader (see CR 5.2�, CR 5.22, CR 5.24). A Triumph is a victory in which the magistrate’s army/fleet satisfies, in the same game turn, all of the following:

• Wins a battle (8.5�/CR 7.47) or Wins a Siege by Assault or Attri-tion.

• During the turn causes casualties of �0+ infantry SPs or 5+ Squadrons

• Returns to Rome. To do this, he moves his army into any hex adjacent to Rome, or his fleet to any controlled Major Port in Ro-

man Italy, and Stops. The magistrate then leaves his army/fleet and moves alone into Rome (Continuation is automatic in this case). Once he has entered Rome, he is Finished (but see CR 5.48 below) and may not be activated again that game turn (he’s busy fitting his oak-leaf tiara and celebrating with the boys at the Senate Club).

(CR 5.48) Request to Grant Triumph. However, even if all of the above have been fulfilled, if Roman casualties from battle, Assault, or Siege Attrition during the turn were �5% or more, the Senate may refuse to grant a Triumph! When the magistrate arrives in Rome, roll the die, applying any applicable modifiers per the Senate Permission Chart. If the adjusted DR is less than or equal to the magistrate’s Campaign Rating, the Senate has agreed to grant a Triumph.

PLAY NOTE: This is not purely a “game” formula. The “law” in Rome was, if you win a battle, kill 5000 of the enemy, and come back with your army, you got a Triumph. Triumphs were known to be refused if the Senate felt losses were too great. And your army stayed outside the city.

(CR 5.5) MAGISTRATES IN GENERAL(CR 5.51) Hierarchy: Magistrates are not only capable of com-manding the armies allowed as per CR 5.2, but they may also attach and campaign with the forces commanded by subordinates, magistrates lower on the hierarchy than they are. The magisterial hierarchy is as follows:�. Dictator or Magister Equitum 2. Consul3. Proconsul4. Praetor5. Allied Leader

(CR 5.52) A Magistrate whose Operations Phase it is may conduct a Force Movement Operation with all units in his command (CR 5.45), plus those in the same hex commanded by magistrates lower in hierarchy. An active Consul can include his colleague in a Force Movement Operation provided that his colleague didn’t include him as part of a Force Movement operation during that game turn. Proconsuls and Praetors cannot conduct a Movement Operation with other magistrates of the same rank in the hierarchy. A Magistrate may always use his direct command for Operations. The limitations of 5.4� do apply, however, if the magistrate wants to include other magistrates, auxiliaries, or allies.

(CR 5.53) For Battles (including Avoidance) and Siege Assaults use 5.44 to determine who is in charge. However, if both Consuls are present, the Roman player does not get to choose in case of tie. Instead, the Roman player rolls one die for each consul. High-die consul’s Ratings are used, regardless which consul is actually ac-tive. If the rolls are the same, the player selects the consul of his choice.

DESIGN NOTE: When both Consuls were present, they alternated command daily.

(CR 5.54) A Roman leader may include other magistrates lower in the hierarchy and their troops in the same hex as part of an Inter-ception or Coordination attempt. If both Consuls are present, the Roman player may include both using the procedure in CR 5.53 to determine which Consul is in charge. In all other situations, Inter-ception and Coordination attempts include only the magistrate and his direct command. A magistrate may always use his direct com-mand for Interception or Coordination. The limitations of 5.4� do apply, however, if the magistrate wants to include other magistrates,



auxiliaries, or allies as part of the attempt.

(CR 5.55) Only a Dictator/Magister Equitum may conduct Force Movement, Interception, or Coordination with more than eight (8) Legions (plus auxiliaries/allies) regardless of how many magistrates he can gather in one place. However, for the Dictator/ME to do so requires Senate permission (see CR 5.65). There is no Legion limit for an Attack or any Siege operation.

PLAY NOTE: The Dictator may never actually be given Imperium for an army larger than four legions. However, given the presence of other magistrates and their armies, he may have the opportunity to conduct operations with a larger army. This may seem to be a difference in semantics, but, to the Romans, it was a major one.

HISTORICAL NOTE: One of the arguments for the Romans having eight legions at Cannae was that not only were the two consuls for that year present (Varro and Paullus), but the two consuls from the previous year-Servilius and Atilius-had been prorogued to com-mand the legions they already led. With each consul and proconsul allowed two legions each, that would add up to a possible total of eight legions present. (To be sure, there are many other arguments about what was at Cannae-and why.)

(CR 5.56) Command Efficiency Rating: The above restrictions and allowances are augmented by the magistrate’s Command Efficiency Rating (CER), which serves dual game purposes: it is used as his Tactical Battle rating as well as to determine how many legions he may command efficiently. Only Roman leaders have a Command Efficiency Rating which reflects their non-military training, restricts their ability to efficiently lead large armies; non-Roman leaders do not use this rule. The CER reflects the number of legions that magistrate may command efficiently, with the letter corresponding to the legion numbers as follows: A = 6 legions B = 5 legions C = 4 legions D = 3 legions E = 2 legions

(CR 5.57) The letter is an “efficiency” rating, not a restriction. However, when the Roman player has a leader command a force in excess of his efficiency limit, he suffers the following penalties:

• Battle: If attacking, he subtracts one (–�) from the die roll for each Legion over the commander’s efficiency limit; if defending he adds one (+�) for each. Auxiliaries do not count, but partial legions do.

• Siege Assault: If attacking, he subtracts one (–�) for each Legion over the commander’s efficiency limit. There is no penalty while when defending. Auxiliaries do not count, but partial legions do.

• Siege Attrition: he adds one (+�) to any Siege Attrition die roll (whether besieging or besieged) for every two Legions (ignore partial Legions and any auxiliaries/allies) over the efficiency limit of the highest ranked leader with the force. In the case of tie, the Roman player chooses the leader.

If there is no eligible commander present, all legions are considered in excess of the efficiency limit.

EXAMPLE: A Consul with a “C” rating, conducting an Attack operation with six legions, would have to subtract two (–2) from the Battle die roll. His opponent would add two (+2) if the Consul were defending. Furthermore, if this Consul was commanding four

Legions and the RL components of two other Legions, the DRM would still be –2/+2.

DESIGN NOTE: The CER, which is rather restrictive to most Roman magistrates, reflects the historical inability of Roman leaders to ef-ficiently use the remarkable resources of manpower they possessed. Most Roman magistrates had no training in maneuvering with truly large forces, and, when they did find themselves in such a position, they often could make little positive use of such numbers ... Cannae being the perfect example. Roman discipline was fine, but it could not compensate for, or adjust to, the problems of commanding armies of 50,000 or more men. The Romans, however, appear to have been aware of their limitations in this area, and, even with their almost limitless personnel reservoir-and the willingness to use it-the number of instances they fielded an army of more than 4 legions in this era is limited to Cannae, Sentinum (where the force was actually split) and... we can’t even think of a third. The Romans were highly aware that sheer numbers meant little.

(CR 5.58) ROMAN COMMAND EFFICIENCY CHART. See charts and tables.

(CR 5.6) THE SENATE DESIGN & HISTORICAL NOTE: One of the interesting sidelights of all those Republican Roman laws designed to ensure that the mon-archy never came back into existence was the one that forbade any magistrate from leaving his province of assignment and marching around Italy-and especially into Rome-without specific permission of the Senate. And even the Rome Consul had to ask permission to actually enter the city with an army-a permission rarely given. So, herewith is one of those chromatic lacunae so beloved by ancients players.

Senatorial Permission is an additional Operation that the Roman player (only) may/must use in a variety of situations (see CR 5.66 below). If permission is granted, the Roman player can continue with his Operations Phase, if denied, Continuation is by die roll (5.25).

(CR 5.61) Leaving a Province. No Roman magistrate may leave his assigned location (CR 5.2�-5.26) without permission of the Senate (see CR 5.4� for the situation where a magistrate begins an Opera-tions Phase outside his assigned province). Admirals can conduct operations without restriction. If the active magistrate, other than a Dictator/Magister Equitum, wants to operate outside the provinces of his subordinates, he must seek permission of the Senate or meet the requirement stated above. If seeking permission, one attempt is made and the result applies to all the subordinate magistrates in the force. Censure applies to the active magistrate alone. A Dicta-tor/Magister Equitum, and any magistrates that are part of his force, never needs permission to leave a province.

PLAY NOTE: Place a “Permission to Leave” marker (these are

Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 �3


printed on the back of the Province markers) on the magistrate as a reminder that he is free to move outside his province.

(CR 5.62) The “Hot Pursuit Exception”: A magistrate may leave his province without permission if that Movement Operation Stops either in a hex that contains an enemy force or adjacent to a hex that contains an enemy force that is not inside a city. A magistrate may also leave without permission as the result of a successful Interception or Coordination. However, this could be politically dangerous; see CR 5.67.

(CR 5.63) Entering/Leaving Rome: No Roman force, regardless by whom it is commanded, may ever enter the city of Rome (It-37�4), even during movement, without permission of the Senate... and it will be a cold day in Carthage when that happens! (See CR 5.66) A Roman magistrate, moving without a force, is always free to enter Rome without permission.

Exceptions:• Units of the Rome Garrison are always free to enter (return to)

Rome, if commanded by the Praetor Urbanus.• Legions may start and train in Rome; once they leave, the rule

applies.

The Praetor Urbanus may not leave Rome without permission of the Senate, and he may not do so unless there is an Emergency in effect. However, he may enter (return) into the city without permission.

(CR 5.64) Special Permissions: Senate permission must be sought in the following situations: • Raise a Consular Army for a newly elected Consul (CR 5.2�/2)• Switch Imperium from land to sea or sea to land (CR 5.43) • Conduct Force Movement, Interception, or Coordination with

more than eight (8) Legions—Dictator/ME only (CR 5.55)

(CR 5.65) Senatorial Permission: Senatorial Permission is an Op-eration. If granted, continuation is automatic. If denied, continuation is by die roll. Permission to do something may be requested only once per Operations Phase per leader, although that leader may make more than one request to do different things. Any senatorial permission to do something lasts for the remainder of the turn/year.

(CR 5.66) Permission Procedure: Permission from the Senate is obtained by rolling a die, adjusting it as per the items listed below, and comparing it to the leader’s Campaign Rating. If the adjusted die roll is the same as or lower than the leader’s Campaign Rating, permission has been granted, higher, permission has been denied.

The following modifiers apply to all Senate Permission requests: –? subtract the Dictator’s Initiative Rating if he stayed in Rome –� for each Guile point used

The following modifiers apply to a request to leave a province: –� leader is the Field Consul +� leader is a Proconsul +2 Rome Garrison leaving the city +2 prorogued leader retained his prior assigned province

Any one of the following: –4 if there are 20 SPs or more of enemy combat units within five

hexes of Rome –2 if there are 20 SPs or more of enemy combat units within ten

hexes of Rome, but farther than five +� no enemy units are in Roman Italy +5 no enemy units are in Italy, Sicily or any of the Gallic prov-

inces

Entering Rome: Below are the only circumstances under which a Roman force may try to enter Rome, in addition to those noted in CR 5.63: –4 if there are 20 SPs or more of enemy combat units within five

hexes of Rome –2 if there are 20 SPs or more of enemy combat units within ten

hexes of Rome, but farther than fiveEXAMPLE: Manlius Vulso (#317) has been prorogued as Proconsul for Sicily. He wishes to redeploy his army to Sardinia so seeks Senate permission to leave Sicily. The DRM is +3 (he is a Proconsul and has retained his prior province, and there is no Dictator in play). With a Campaign Rating of 6, Vulso will need to roll a ‘4’ or less to receive the Senate’s blessing. The Roman player decides to expend Vulso’s lone Guile point to improve his chances. He rolls a ‘6’ so the Senate fails to see it Vulso’s way. Since permission was denied, the Roman player will need to roll to see if Vulso can continue his Operations Phase.

(CR 5.67) Censure: A Consul/Proconsul/Praetor that uses CR 5.62 to march without permission is subject to Censure. If such movement is undertaken, at the end of the current Operations Phase, the player rolls one die to see if that leader has been removed from office by Censure. If the die roll is higher than his Campaign Rating, he is removed from office. He may not be placed in the magistrate pool for the rest of the game. The die roll may be adjusted as follows: –3 if the non-permissible movement resulted in a Triumph (exclud-

ing Sieges), OR–� if the non-permissible movement resulted in a Roman Victory

(any type) –� each Guile Point expended +� if no battle occurred as a result of the non-permissible move-

ment +3 if the non-permissible movement resulted in an enemy Victory,

OR+6 if the non-permissible movement resulted in an enemy Major

Victory

HISTORICAL NOTE: You may well ask why winning a battle wouldn’t simply eliminate the need for censure. Well, take the example of consul T. Manlius Torquatus, in 340 BC, whose son disobeyed his orders, attacked the enemy and won a great victory. Old Pops Manlius not only presided over his son’s disobedience trial, but made sure his execution was carried out. So much for military creativity in ancient Rome.

(CR 5.68) A censured Consul/Proconsul/Praetor is replaced upon removal by drawing a new man from the pool.

EXAMPLE: Continuing with the above example, the Roman player decides to have Vulso ignore the Senate and head for Sardinia. Before completing his Operations he is able to bring a Carthaginian force to battle and wins a victory, though one insufficient for a Triumph. When Vulso is Finished, the Roman player must roll for Censure. Due to the successful battle, he will be able to subtract one (–1) from the die roll. Unfortunately, Vulso expended his Guile point, so get no further help. The Roman player rolls a ‘7’, which is just enough to keep him in the game.

(CR 5.69) SENATE PERMISSION AND CENSURE CHART. See charts and tables.



(CR 5.7) THE CARTHAGINIAN POLITICAL SYSTEMThe Carthaginian Political system—much admired by many Greek scholars of the era—was far less complex (thankfully) than that of the Romans, with power almost entirely in the hands of a small group of families. These families apparently dominated the Council of 30 Elders, which acted as advisor to the Council of �04, which chose the offices of civil and religious power, the suffetes. Citizens—in-variably limited to the Phoenician community—as the Assembly of the people had some input, but it was wealth and position in this decidedly mercantile community that held sway.

This is not to say that the families were always on the same platform; inter-familial fights were common, but, when things were going well, as they had been for centuries, everyone seemed to agree on most things, the result being that, to protect their wealth (which was considerable) and position, the people who held power in Carthage were often conservative. And as the suffetes did not hold military office—generals were selected by the Council—they were, far too often, rather slow in making decisions that could affect the wealth of the city.

(CR 5.71) Families: Carthaginian political power was divided into Families, with one family faction usually having the “upper hand” in the Councils and offices of Suffete. The scenarios state which Family starts in Power. At the start of the Carthaginian Political Climate segment (B/5), the Carthaginian player, consults The Car-thage Family Power Determination Table, rolls one die and adjusts that roll using the listed modifiers. The final result is the Family in power for game turn.

HISTORICAL NOTE: There were probably more factions than the two families represented in the game, but there is not an abundance of information on this subject, and two is a suitable number for game purposes. The Magonids and the Barcids were the two prominent factions. In what is euphemistically called The 3rd Punic War, the factions were not familial, but political: “democratic”, pro-Numid-ian, aggressively anti-Numidian, etc. Fat lot of good it did them.

(CR 5.72) Political Climate: As with the Roman Senate, the Car-thaginian player must use The Council to determine his ability to raise troops and galleys, among other items. To do that, he must first determine the political outlook of those in Power. He does this in Carthaginian Political Climate segment (B/5), after determining the Family in Power. He consults the Carthaginian Political Climate Table, rolls one die and adjusts that roll using the listed modifiers. The final result will be a Council that is Cautious (and not willing to expend that many funds for some overseas venture), Interested, Alert, or Aggressive (Scared, if you wish). The resulting Political Climate affects the number of Armies the Carthaginians may employ and in some cases where they can operate per the table below. The Political Climate has no effect on the use of Fleets.

PoliticalClimate Armies Allowed Cautious � in Carthage; � Anywhere Outside Carthage Interested � in Carthage; � in Sicily; � Anywhere Outside

Carthage Alert 3 Anywhere Aggressive 4 Anywhere

EXAMPLE: The Carthaginian player determines the family in power (CR 5.71). He rolls a ‘6’ which is modified by a –3 (1st Punic) and

a –1 (Magonids were in power the previous turn) for a net result of ‘2’. The Magonids stay in power this turn. The Carthaginian player then determines the Political Climate. He rolls a ‘7’, which is modi-fied by –2 (no enemy armies in Africa), –1 (Sardinia and Corsica are controlled by Carthage), –1 (Hannibal [1P-9], a Barcid, is the Carthaginian Overall Commander), +1 (Syracuse is controlled by Rome), and +2 (Carthage lost two battles the prior turn) for a net result of ‘6’. The Carthaginian Political Climate is Interested.

If the Carthaginian player has more armies on the map than allowed by the current Political Climate, he determines if he must Disband the excess armies per the procedure in CR 5.73. If the Political Climate is Cautious or Interested, the Carthaginian player must assign one (and only one) Army to the Carthage province. If he has less armies on the map than allowed, he may raise a new army to assign to Carthage. Otherwise, he must assign an army on the map, selecting a non-Besieged army over one that is Besieged. Similarly, if the climate is Interested, the Carthaginian player must assign an army to Sicily. He may raise a new army if able or assign an army already on a map (other than the one assigned to Carthage province), selecting a non-Besieged army over one that is Besieged. The Armies assigned to Carthage and Sicily can only conduct Operations in their respective provinces. If the army is located outside the assigned province, the player must move the army as directly as possible to that province using one Movement Operation with no voluntary Stops in that army’s leader’s first Operations Phase of the turn. Furthermore, no army other than the one assigned to Carthage may conduct Operations in Carthage province. If another army starts the turn there, the player must move that army as directly as possible out of the Carthage province using one Movement Operation with no voluntary Stops.

As an exception to the above, if an enemy land force enters a hex in Africa, the army assigned to Carthage may conduct operations in any province in Africa, and all other armies may conduct operations in any province including Carthage.

In Alert and Aggressive climates, all armies are free to conduct Operations in any province in play.

EXAMPLE: The Political Climate is Cautious and the Carthaginian player has three armies in play all of which are in Sicily. None were Disbanded. The Carthaginian player must assign one to Carthage and move it from Sicily to Carthage when the leader is first activated. The remaining two armies can conduct Operations anywhere but in Carthage province.

(CR 5.73) Disbanding Armies: If the Political Climate for the turn is such that the number of Carthaginian Armies on the map is over the allowable limit, the Carthaginian player must check to see if any of the excess armies Disband. To do this, he selects one of his unbesieged armies, notes its leader’s Family affiliation, and rolls the die. If the Army Commander’s Family Affiliation is the same as the Family in Power, the player must Disband the army if the DR is 2 or less; if the Family Affiliation’s are different, he must Disband the Army if the DR is 4 or less; otherwise the army remains in play. If the army has no commander, treat the Family Affiliation as different. The player continues this process until he is either at the allowable army limit, or has checked all his armies.

Alternatively, the Carthaginian player may voluntarily select the arm(ies) to Disband, other than those that are besieged. If, after mak-ing the selection, there are still excess armies, the player uses the DR check above to determine if any of the remaining armies disband. The Carthaginian cannot disband armies such that the total of those



that remain are below the limit set by the Political Climate.

For each army that must Disband, as above, the player has the fol-lowing choices, which he makes after all Disband die rolls have been made and/or armies selected. For each army he must either:

• distribute the army’s SPs to any controlled cities in the province the army was in. These SPs are placed inside the city; or

• distribute African (Carthage, Libya, Numidia, Mauretania) SPs to any controlled cities in Carthage province. All European mer-cenaries—Gauls, Iberians, etc.—are removed from play.

In either method, units may not be placed in a city Under Siege, unless that city is also a Secondary or Major port.

The Army Commander is placed in the leader pool. If the Overall Commander is placed back in the pool, the Carthaginian player must designate one of the remaining Army Commanders as his OC. His choice must be from the same family that is in power if one of the remaining commanders is so aligned.

EXAMPLE: The Political Climate is Cautious and the Carthaginian player has three armies in play (Carthage and two in Sicily). The Magonid family is in power. The commanders of the two armies in Sicily are Barcids, while the army in Carthage is led by a Magonid. The Carthaginian player decides to attempt to keep all his armies so forgoes the opportunity to Disband one of his choice. The Car-thaginian picks one of the armies in Sicily and rolls ‘5’. That army stays in place. He then rolls a ‘3” for the 2nd Sicilian army. That army must Disband. Since he is now at the army limit, no further rolls are necessary. The leader is placed in the pool and the army’s SPs are distributed to cities within Sicily. Alternatively, the player could remove his mercenaries from play and distribute his African troops to controlled cities in Carthage province. Note that if the Carthaginian army in Carthage were Disbanded instead of one of the armies in Sicily, the Carthaginian player would need to assign one of the Sicilian armies to Carthage province and move it there in the Operations Phase.

(CR 5.74) Appointing Commanders: Unlike the Romans, once appointed, Carthaginian commanders remain in the field until they die, get recalled when they lose a battle (and possibly crucified for such ineptitude), or their army is disbanded or eliminated. The initial deployment says which Commanders start in play. The scenario also provides a “pool” of possible Carthaginian commanders from which to choose when new, or replacement, commanders are needed. Army Commanders and Admirals are appointed: • during the Carthaginian Political Climate segment after determin-

ing the Political Climate and Disbanding any armies, for each Army without a Commander or Fleet without an Admiral

• whenever a new Army has been formed or Fleet constructed• using Leader Replacement (8.63, A or C only). A replaced

Wounded leader no longer command the Army returns to the pool next turn. The Carthaginian player is not required to replace a Wounded leader.

When choosing an Army Commander or Admiral, the Carthaginian Player simply draws one, randomly and blindly, from the available Pool and places him: • in Carthage, or • where a new Army has been raised or Fleet constructed, or• where the existing Army or Fleet whose old commander he

is replacing, is located. If the old commander was the Overall

Commander, the newly selected leader becomes the Overall Commander.

Certain Carthaginian leaders can only be used as Admirals, never as Army Commanders. These leaders have an anchor symbol on their counter. If the player draws one of these for an Army, he must instead select a non-Admiral-only leader from the Admirals cur-rently in play as the Army Commander. The newly drawn leader replaces the reassigned leader as Admiral. If all of the Admirals are Admiral-only leaders or there are no other Admirals in play, draw another leader from the pool.

New Army Commanders impact the Army’s Efficiency; see CR �0.54 for the specifics.

HISTORICAL/PLAY NOTE: It is almost impossible to figure out just which Hannibal, Hasdrubal or Hanno is doing what at any given time. We have tried to do our best to sort and identify them. But we do wish the Carthaginians had shown a bit more imagina-tion with their surnames. Almost all Carthaginian surnames had religious significance. E.g., Hannibal means “beloved of Baal”, or something close.

(CR 5.75) The Carthaginian player is allowed one leader-the Army Commander-for each Army in play. The number of leaders he may use as Admirals is limited to the those allowed in the specific scenario rules. Admirals in play above this limit are removed from the map and returned to the leader pool, Carthaginain player’s choice. Un-less stated otherwise in the scenario, each Army or Fleet may have only one leader. The Carthaginian player may assign any number of Duumviri (CR 7.22) to Fleets of � or 2 Squadrons, as, where and when needed, but no more than available in the counter mix (Emergency Duumvir are an exception, see CR 7.24).

PLAY NOTE: Given the above two restrictions, some Fleets may start the turn without a leader.

(CR 5.76) Command Restrictions: An Army Commander can only conduct operations with the units in his Army. The Carthaginian Army and its commander cannot conduct operations, Interceptions, or Coordination in conjunction with other Carthaginian armies un-less the active leader is the Overall Commander. Any Carthaginian Army commander, however, can conduct operations with an army under the command of an Allied leader. The only time an Army Commander can conduct operations with Fleets is to use Naval Transport (CR 7.6). An Army commander may always use the units in his Army—the restrictions of 5.4� do not apply. If more than one Army is involved in a battle, use 5.43 to determine who is in charge. A Carthaginian Army Commander is ranked higher than an Allied commander.

An Admiral may only conduct operations with his Fleet, unless that Admiral is the Overall Commander. In that case, he can conduct operations in conjunction with other friendly Fleets.

If more than one Fleet is involved in a battle, use 5.43 to determine who is in charge. A Carthaginian Admiral is ranked higher than an Allied Admiral.

The Switching Assignment Exception: If, at the instant one of the leaders involved is activated, and two leaders are in the same hex at that time (whether one or the other is inside a city/port is irrelevant), one commanding a Fleet or Army, the other an Army or Fleet, if allowed and both leaders are aligned to the same family, and that Family is in power, the two leaders may switch assignments, one taking the other’s. And remember the effects of CR �0.54.



(CR 5.77) Recalling Commanders: Whenever Carthage loses a battle—naval (involving at least 5 Carthaginian squadrons) or land (involving a Carthaginian Army of at least 20 SPs)—or loses control of a Medium or Large City by Siege (including Treachery) where a Commander has been when the city fell, that commander is subject to recall and replacement. To determine if the commander is recalled, the Carthaginian player rolls the die and consults the Recall Table to obtain the result. A Commander whose army has lost its last SP is automatically Recalled (no die roll necessary). In addition, the Carthaginian player may voluntarily Recall (no die roll necessary) any of his commanders at any time during the Operations Phase. Voluntary recall does not initiate a check for Crucifixion. In all cases, place a Recall marker atop the effected commander to indicate he is subject to such action.

PLAY NOTE: Although the Carthaginian player may voluntarily recall a leader, it is not without its consequences - see CR 10.5

(CR 5.78) Recall takes effect when the very next Carthaginian LAM is drawn, regardless who is activated. The recalled leader is placed back into the leader pool, unless he runs into Crucifixion problems (CR 5.79). Remove all of the recalled leader’s LAMs from the LAM pool. If the LAM drawn belonged to another Carthaginian leader, that leader conducts his Operations Phase normally. If there are no more Carthaginian LAMs in the pool, the recall takes effect after all LAMs have been played.

(CR 5.79) Crucifixion: Commanders recalled because of failure (as in CR 5.77; not just because the player thinks it’s a good idea) are subject to possible terminal censure by being crucified (and thus out of the game). For each commander thusly recalled, roll the die immediately upon his recall (CR 5.77). Add two (+2) to that die roll if the disgraced leader is from a family different from the one in power. If the adjusted die roll is higher than his Mortality rating, he has been, shall we say, “hung out to dry” and will not be returning to the game.

EXAMPLE: Himilco [1P-16], a Barcid, has just lost a major land battle. The Carthaginian player must immediately roll a die to determine if Himilco is Recalled. He rolls a ‘6’ and since the Magonids are in power, he is Recalled. The Carthaginian player places a Recall marker on the unlucky Himilco. Since there are no more Carthaginian LAMs remaining, Himilco will be removed at the end of the Operations Phase, and given that the Recall was not voluntary, the Carthaginian player must check for Crucifixion. He rolls a’7”, which is modified to a ‘9’ (+2 different family], so Himilco (mortality 9) barely escapes.

(6.0) MOVEMENT (CR 6.13) Ally Movement Operation: In addition to 6.�3, both players’ Overall Commander may also use this operation to move any friendly leaderless land force, provided that the units were not part of an Army/Legion at the beginning of the game turn. Further-more, other leaders of both players may use this operation under these circumstances:• A Carthaginian Army commander may use an Ally Movement

operation to move a force of reinforcements to his hex and then incorporate those troops into his army, subject to the limitations of CR �0.4� and the effects of CR �0.57. Only reinforcements placed on the map at the start of the turn are eligible for movement under this rule.

• A Roman magistrate may use an Ally Movement operation to move a force that is part of his command that is not in the same

hex into his hex.

The force moving under an Ally Movement operation may use Naval Transport (CR 7.62). The active leader’s ratings are used when required.

PLAY NOTE: The above allows the Carthaginian player more flex-ibility in moving newly raised manpower and allows the Roman player to consolidate his magistrates’ command should the units be separated by Naval Transport restrictions or initial deployment considerations.

(CR 6.32) No combat units may enter a full Salt Marsh hex or cross a Salt Marsh hexside. These terrain features are impassible. Note that combat units may use partial Salt Marsh hexes—use the other terrain in the hex for Attrition purposes.

(CR 6.38) Straits (Italy Map). Land units may cross the following straits without using Naval Transport (CR 7.6). However, if either the starting and/or landing hex is occupied by enemy Fleet, the opposing player may attempt Interception (CR 7.39) as if the moving force was using Naval Transport—see CR 7.65 for the details. Crossing a strait does not require the use of a Port. A Force cannot use Interception, use Avoidance, or Retreat across a Strait hexside.• The Straits of Messana (Fretum Siculi): A player may move

across the Straits of Messana from Rhegium to Messana, or vice versa (Italy map, hexes It-60�5/It-59�5)-unless the hex that the player wishes to move his force from is enemy-occupied by a land force, whether inside or outside the city. In that case, he may not cross. You may cross if the landing hex is occupied and/or the city in hex is enemy occupied. Furthermore, the player may enter the city in the landing hex if friendly and even if it is Under Siege. Crossing the straits requires a Stop when you “land”-and a die roll (5.25) to proceed further.

• The Sardinian/Corsican Straits (Fretum Gallicum): A player may cross the “Gallic” Straits from It-3�26 to It-3227 or vice versa using the same premise as above.

(CR 6.41) In Africa—that’s Tripolitana all the way west to Maure-tania Tingitanis—it costs � Attrition Point to enter a Rough Hex, unless the hex contains a road (whether it is usable in the scenario or not).

DESIGN NOTE: This addition represents how difficult—mostly in terms of foraging—travel off the beaten paths was in this area. The reduction in attrition represents the fact that these future roads were built over well-traveled trade routes and paths.

Carthaginian, Numidian and Libyan units halve (retaining frac-tions) any accumulated Attrition Points incurred moving in their Home province. A force which has more than one nationality accumulates attrition normally. Roman units halve (retaining frac-tions) the attrition cost of movement within any Roman-controlled province in Roman Italy. When determining the final row on the Attrition Chart, drop fractions. Inertia Attrition is determined per the standard rules.

(CR 6.58) AmbushRoman leaders cannot conduct an Ambush.

DESIGN NOTE: Why can’t the Romans use ambushes? Well, this sort of thing was done only by “barbarians”; e.g., the Samnites, who really caught the Romans napping at the Caudine Forks at the beginning of the 2nd Samnite War. Hannibal actually raised it to an art form. The Republican-era Romans considered it “bad



form” to be anything other than direct and obvious when killing your fellow man.

(7.0) THE ADVANCED NAVAL SYSTEM (CR 7.1) FLEETS AND NAVAL CONSTRUCTION HISTORICAL NOTE: At the start of the First Punic War, Rome had no battle fleet to speak of. When needed, she used vessels from such allies as Locri, Tarentum, Naples, etc. When the Senate decided to go to war with Carthage (two years after it really started), sort of haphazardly as it were, they built a large fleet virtually from scratch. The legend is that they used a captured (beached) Carthaginian fiver as a model, although one wonders why this would be necessary, given that their allies had similar galleys. Makes for a good story.

(CR. 7.11) Fleets: Each player has a Navy which is composed of one or more Fleets. Each Fleet is composed of one or more squadrons of war galleys. There is no upper limit to the number of squadrons that can comprise a Fleet.

DESIGN NOTE: Virtually all of the galleys in this era were quin-queremes (fivers). There were some triremes, quadrireme, plus a spare larger vessel. But at the scale we are using, it is easiest to use just two types; the fivers and the threes (triremes). In addition, Carthaginian fivers were somewhat different than the Roman de-signs. The latter were bigger, wider, and somewhat slower. However, such a design did allow for greater numbers of boarding troops on board. Carthaginian galleys were built for speed and maneuver, thus sleeker and slightly smaller (it appears).

(CR 7.12) The Fleet counters are numbered and have a correspond-ing numbered box on the player’s Army Display. Only the Fleet counter is placed on the map. The Squadron unit(s) and the Crew Rating marker (CR 7.�3) are placed in the box. The Fleet counters are back printed to show their “In Port” status (CR 7.34).

PLAY NOTE: Fleet counters are used in much the same way as Army counters. If a player prefers, he can leave the whole stack on the map, though this will become quite cumbersome as play progresses.

(CR 7.13) Crews: Each Fleet is assigned a Crew Rating, the level of whose abilities often determines what will happen in battle. This rating applies to all squadrons in the Fleet. The Rating—their level of

expertise (which ranges from 0 to 4)—is determined as follows:• As specifically stated in the scenario deployment.• Roman crews, when built anew, start at ‘0’• Carthaginian crews, when built anew, start at 2.

(CR 7.14) A Fleet’s Crew may increase its rating, up to a maximum

of ‘4’, by doing the following:• Training: The Fleet spends an entire turn In Port. A Fleet under-

going training may do nothing else that turn; if it does, it gets no benefit from training. An Admiral must be present and remain in the hex throughout the entire turn. If the Admiral leaves the hex, the Fleet gains no benefit from the training. Each full turn of training raises the Crew Rating by one.

• Winning a Naval Battle: The Fleet’s Crew Rating is raised by one for each such Victory, immediately after that Victory (as part of Combat Resolution). A Fleet may have its Crew Rating raised as many times as possible (to the ‘4’ maximum) by this method.

(CR 7.15) The Fleet’s Crew Rating can be reduced if it incorpo-rates squadrons from another Fleet with a lower Crew Rating (CR 7.35).

(CR 7.16) Fleet Construction: During the Force Increase Deter-mination Segment (B/6), each player decides, secretly, whether he wishes to build Squadrons. To make such decision the player takes one of two markers—Build Fleet or Raise Troops- and they each reveal that marker simultaneously. If the player revealed a Build Fleet marker, he can build only Squadrons. If he revealed Raise Troops, he can raise land troops and add to his Port Harbor Capacity (see CR 7.72). The squadrons are built or the troops raised and/or capacity increased at this time. In addition, mid-turn Manpower Operations and troop raising attempts therein may be adversely affected by the number of Squadrons raised at the beginning of the turn. Squadrons may never be constructed mid-turn.

(CR 7.17) Fleet Placement: A Player choosing to build a Fleet must name the friendly controlled Port where the Fleet will be built. The number of squadrons the new Fleet may contain is limited to the Port’s Harbor Capacity as given on that chart (and see CR 7.�8). Furthermore, • if the newly built Fleet has five (5) squadrons or less, the Fleet

and its squadrons are immediately placed in that port• if the Fleet will have more than five (5) Squadrons, place the

Fleet in the designated port with an “Under Construction’ marker. At the conclusion of the Force Increase Determination Segment of the next game turn, that Fleet marker is flipped to its active side and it is ready to sail the high seas (as it were). If, for some reason, the player no longer controls the port, the squadrons are eliminated. This port cannot be used to construct Squadrons or have its capacity increased in that subsequent turn, though the player may build Squadrons or increase capacity in a different Port.

EXAMPLE: Rome chooses to build a Fleet in Neapolis, whose Port capacity has been built up to ‘10’ at this time. The Roman Player may build up to 10 squadrons. If he builds 5 or less they are placed on the map. If he builds 6 or more they are placed on the map Under Construction.

(CR 7.18) A player may not build a Fleet if the total number of squadrons he has in play equals or exceeds the total Port Harbor Capacity of all the Major Ports he currently controls. If the player can build a Fleet, the number of Squadrons built cannot exceed the difference between that Capacity and the number of squadrons currently in play.

PLAY NOTE: If a player loses ports so that his Capacity goes down, that does not mean he has to remove squadrons. It just means he cannot build them. The individual scenario may further limit which Ports are available for construction.



HISTORICAL NOTE: While the Roman Senate usually voted on Fleet construction, most of the money to do so was raised from private sources. The problem was not so much building the galleys but raising the crews to man them. Large fleets contained up to (and often more than) twice the number of men as consular armies. Carthage, with its much more naval oriented history, was quite used to fleet construction. However, for financial reasons, augmented by its conviction that its seagoing position was unassailable, she was often slow to react to the need to do so.

(CR 7.2) FLEET COMMANDERSAs with Armies, Fleets require a leader to move, conduct combat, etc. There are two types of leaders that can command Fleets: Ad-mirals and Duumviri. Who can command what is determined by the number of Squadrons in the Fleet and the command hierarchy for that player’s side.

(CR 7.21) Admirals: A Fleet of 3 or more Squadrons must be com-manded by an Admiral. A Fleet of 2 or less may be commanded either by an Admiral or Duumvir (see below). The following mag-istrates/leaders are eligible to act as an Admiral: • Romans: A Consul, Dictator, Magister Equitum, or Proconsul

may be used as an Admiral if that magistrate has the appropriate Imperium (see CR 5.2). If the Fleet has 5 or less squadrons, the Roman Player may assign a Praetor as Admiral.

• Carthaginians: Any leader appointed as Admiral (see CR 5.74)

• All others: As designated by the scenario

(CR 7.22) Duumvir: Fleets of � or 2 squadrons may be led by a Duumvir. During the LAM Pool Segment (C/�), both players place their Duumvir leaders on any friendly Fleets with 2 or less squadrons up to

the number of Duumvir available in the counter mix. Each player has one Duumvir LAM to use in the sequence of Play. That LAM activates all his Duumvir-led squadrons.

Exception: See CR 7.24 for emergency use of Duumviri.

HISTORICAL NOTE: Duumviri were the magistrates—sometimes private citizens—in charge of individual squadrons, mostly in terms of maintenance, but sometimes at sea. We have chosen to use this term to cover all players, mostly because our Punic is rather weak.

(CR 7.23) Fleet Commanders subtract one (–�) from the Continua-tion die roll if the attempt is to conduct a Force Movement operation after a movement Stop.

(CR 7.24) Admirals may suffer Casualties as a result of combat or when Squadrons are lost from being Blown Off Course (CR 7.32). If that happens, the Admiral is replaced by an Emergency Duumvir, whose sole capability, if activated, is to bring the Fleet into Port. Emergency Duumviri can command any size Fleet. Duumviri never suffer casualties.

PLAY NOTE: Use the Emergency Duumvir counter for this pur-pose.

(CR 7.3) NAVAL OPERATIONSOperations with Fleets are handled in a similar manner to operations with land units. A Fleet is considered a force when conducting opera-tions. Aside from Naval Transport, land forces and Fleets cannot be part of the same operation. The Fleet Commander may conduct the

following operations with his Fleet:• Movement • Attack (includes Raids, see CR 7.5)• Reform Scattered Units

PLAY NOTE: Operations such as Diplomacy, Leader Movement, and Seeking Senate Permission that are not relevant naval opera-tions may also be conducted while that leader is in command of a Fleet.

(CR 7.31) Fleet Movement: Like land units, Fleets have no Move-ment Points and, theoretically, can move anywhere during a Move-ment Operation. A Fleet may only enter Coastal hexes and All Sea hexes; they may not enter a hex that is exclusively land nor cross an all land hex side. Unless Intercepted (CR 7.39), a Fleet may only Stop in a Costal hex; never in an All-Sea hex. A Fleet must Stop (and check for Distance effects) under the following circumstances: • To conduct an Attack or Raid• Enter a coastal hex occupied by an unscattered enemy Fleet• Enter a friendly Port• Pick-up squadrons• When successfully Intercepted (CR 7.39)

(CR 7.32) Distance Effects: A Fleet that Stops, for whatever reason, must immediately check for effects of the voyage. As a Fleet moves it accumulates Distance Points (DP):• Each Coastal Sea Hex is worth � DP• Each All Sea Hex is worth 5 DP

The player totals the DP accumulated for that movement (since its last Stop) and consults the Naval Movement Distance Effect Table. The player now rolls the die, to which he adds a number equal to � for each �0 DP (rounding down) he has accumulated. He now sees what effect that adjusted die roll has produced, as per the table.

EXAMPLE: Accumulating 23 DP would result in adding two (+2) to the die roll. 59 DP would add 5; 8 DP would add nothing (0).

The possible effects are:• No Effect: The player is free to continue operations or complete

any desired actions with the Fleet• Scattered: The Fleet has fallen apart and landed in various loca-

tions along the shore. Place a Scattered marker on top of it. The player cannot perform any action with the Fleet (i.e. enter port, pick-up/drop-off Squadrons, move, etc.) until he successfully completes Reform Scattered Units Operation (5.5/I) to return the affected units back to normal status. A Scattered Fleet is always considered outside any Port in the hex. Scattered Fleets are ignored for determining any die roll modifiers (CR 9.3�, CR 9.55, etc.).

• Blown Off Course: The owning player places the Fleet in any non-Port coastal hex at least three hexes but no more than five hexes from the hex where the Stop occurred. The Fleet is Scat-tered, as above, in this hex.

• Blown Off Course and Lose 25 % of Fleet: Eliminate 25% of Squadrons (and SPs if present) in the Fleet with a minimum of � Squadron and/or � SP lost. Any Admirals with the Fleet must roll for a Leader Casualty (8.6, and see CR 7.24). The Fleet is Blown Off Course as above.

(CR 7.33) Major Disaster. When checking for the effects of Dis-tance, as above, any time the player rolls a natural ‘0’ (regardless of the adjusted DR total) he checks to see if a Major Disaster has overcome the Fleet. Roll two dice, one before the other, reading the



result as a number between 0 and 99. If that dice roll is lower than the number of DP Accumulated for that move, the entire Fleet has been sunk by a storm and is eliminated.

EXAMPLE: A Roman Fleet of 11 Squadrons (110 galleys) escorting transports carrying a consular army, moves, in one Operation, from Syracuse (It-6419) to Cr-2928 (Utica), using Coastal hexes all the way, and accumulating 25 DP. The Roman player, checking for the Distance Effects, rolls a ‘0’ with the die, which, even adding the 2 DP accumulated, would be a No Effect. However, because he has rolled the ‘0’ he must now check for a Major Disaster. He rolls a ‘2’ and a ‘3’ . . a ‘23’, which is lower than the 25 DP he accumulated. His entire fleet, including the transports with the legions, has been sunk.

HISTORICAL NOTE: Far more galleys were destroyed by Mother Nature—and rash command decisions which put the Fleet into con-flict with that person—in the Punic Wars than battle. The Romans, alone, lost several entire fleets to such horrors.

DESIGN NOTE: The purpose of this seemingly harsh rule—it looks less so if you understand that the chances of the above happening were about 2.5%—is twofold. First is to simulate the Historical note, above. And the second is to reflect the caution, and often sloth-like, nature of naval operations over the entire course of the Punic Wars.

(CR 7.34) Port Entry/Exit: An un-Scattered Fleet may enter port whenever it ends an operation in a friendly port. Flip the Fleet counter to its reverse side to indicate this status. To leave port, the player simply flips the counter back. There is no DP cost to enter or leave a Port. The number of squadrons that can be placed In Port is limited to its Port Harbor Capacity (see Charts and Tables). Fleets in port cannot be attacked. A Fleet (and this includes Naval Transports) may enter a friendly port even if the city is Under Siege.

DESIGN & PLAY NOTE: Thurii (It-5509) IS a port, even though it is inland. Many sources refer to Thurii as a usable port ... and all maps place it where it is. It is probable that the river it is on was navigable to commerce. Naval transport reaching It-5508 or It-5609 can consider itself to have reached Thurii, if the player so wishes... and vice versa.

(CR 7.35) Pick-up: Whenever an active Fleet Stops in a Coastal hex, or begins a movement operation in such a hex, the player has the opportunity to transfer squadrons from any friendly Fleets in the hex even if in Port to the active Fleet. To be eligible for transfer, the stationary Fleet cannot be Scattered nor can there be any enemy Fleets in the hex or in port in the hex. Transfers do not require the Fleets to be In Port. In addition, • if the player decides to transfer all the squadrons from the station-

ary Fleet, the Fleet marker and any Admiral/Duumvir present are removed from play; Admiral’s are returned to the pool

• if the Crew Rating of the stationary Fleet is lower than the active Fleet, the active Fleet’s Crew Rating is set to that lower value.

An Admiral using Leader Movement may pick up an entire Fleet, if there is no naval commander present or if the Fleet is led by a Duumvir or Admiral lower in the player’s command hierarchy. The former leader of the Fleet is removed from the map—Admiral’s go back to the leader pool.

PLAY NOTE: See, though, CR 5.76, which is different in that it involves switching commands, not taking fleets.

(CR 7.36) Drop-Off: Whenever an active Fleet Stops in a Port hex, or begins a movement operation in such a hex, or Stops/begins movement In Port, the player may leave squadrons in that Port (they are In Port). The active Fleet must retain at least one squadron. In addition,• if there is a friendly Fleet in port, the squadrons are added to that

Fleet. If not, the squadrons are formed into a new Fleet. The new or augmented Fleet cannot have more squadrons than the Port Harbor Capacity limit.

• the Crew Rating of the new Fleet is that of the active Fleet. If the Squadrons were added to an existing Fleet, the Crew Rating is set to the lower of the two.

• if a Duumvir was present with the stationary Fleet, he is removed if the number of squadrons in the Fleet exceeds two.

(CR 7.37) Command Restrictions: A Roman Admiral may not pick up squadrons from a Fleet commanded by another Admiral unless the active Admiral has a higher rank in the command hierarchy (see CR 5.5�). The non-Roman player may not pick-up Squadrons from a Fleet whose Admiral is the Overall Commander. Both players can use their command hierarchies to enable their senior commanders to attach Fleets of other leaders as part of an Operation. However, a Fleet may not be attached in a hex occupied by an enemy Fleet (even if that Fleet is in port).

(CR 7.38) Enemy Fleets: Fleets may move into Coastal hexes oc-cupied by enemy Fleets. However, such movement is a Stop, with two possibilities:• The moving Fleet wishes to attack the stationary Fleet, or• The moving fleet wishes to continue moving, but must first subject

itself to being intercepted by the enemy fleet.

The active player first checks for Distance Effects and then may conduct an Attack operation. If the player doesn’t (or can’t), the inactive player may then make his Interception attempt. After which and depending on the result of any Naval Combat, the active player may make a Continuation roll and if successful, conduct another operation.

(CR 7.39) Interception: The inactive player may attempt Intercep-tion with a friendly Admiral/Duumvir whenever: • an enemy Fleet begins a Movement operation in the friendly

Fleet’s hex • an enemy concludes a Reform Scattered Units in the friendly

Fleet’s hex• an enemy Fleet enters the friendly Fleet’s hex and does not At-

tack • an enemy Fleet enters a hex adjacent to the friendly Fleet’s hex

The inactive Fleet may intercept regardless of its In Port status.

If more than one Admiral/Duumvir is eligible to intercept as above, only one may make the attempt (but see CR 7.37). An Admiral/Duumvir may attempt to intercept the same enemy Fleet only once per Operations Phase unless the active Fleet moves two hexes away from the Fleet and then, later in the same Operations Phase, moves such that one of the above criteria is met, or the active Fleet attempts to re-enter the hex with the inactive Fleet that made the attempt.

EXAMPLE: The Roman player moves a Fleet into a hex with two Carthaginian Fleets led by Duumvirs. The Carthaginian player may intercept with only one of the Fleets (if one of the Fleets was led by



an Admiral, the Carthaginian could use both Fleets if the Admiral made the attempt). If the Roman player moves out of the hex, the other Fleet could attempt to intercept.

To attempt interception, the inactive player announces such and rolls one die. • if the Interception attempt is into an adjacent hex, he adds three

(+3) to that DR.• If the Intercepting Fleet is In Port, add two (+2) to that DR.

If the adjusted DR is the same as or lower than the Admiral/Duumvi-ri’s Campaign Rating, the Interception is successful. A moving Fleet stops and, if necessary, the intercepting Fleet moves into the target hex and initiates Combat. There is no DP cost for this move.

If the adjusted DR is higher, there is no Interception, and the ac-tive Fleet can continue its current Operation if applicable, or use Continuation to conduct another Operation.

(CR 7.4) NAVAL COMBAT(CR 7.41) The possibility of Naval Combat occurs any time two opposing naval forces exist (Stopped) in the same hex. A Naval battle is initiated when:• An active Fleet conducts an Attack Operation in the same hex as

any enemy Fleet. All enemy Fleets in the hex that are not In Port must be attacked as a single force. Other friendly Fleets in the hex are ignored.

• An inactive Fleet successfully intercepts (CR 7.39) an enemy fleet that has either Stopped in the same hex or moves into a hex adjacent to the hex it is in. In this case, the non-active player initiates combat against the active Fleet (only).

(CR 7.42) Avoidance: Any time a player initiates naval combat, the opposing player (target) may attempt to avoid such combat. To determine whether a potential defender may avoid the battle, the player rolls one die. If the die roll is the same as or lower than the Admiral/Duumvir’s Campaign Rating, the Avoid attempt is success-ful and the Fleet may move one or two coastal hexes away, or, if one is within one hex or the same hex, into a friendly port. There is no DP cost for this move. A Fleet may not move into the hex from which the attacking Fleet entered its hex. If an intercepted Fleet successfully avoids, that Fleet must retreat into the hex from which it entered its current location. If that hex is an All Sea hex, the Fleet remains in its current hex and must participate in combat.

If the Fleet is commanded by a Naval Only leader, the player may subtract one (–�) from the die roll for each Guile point expended by that leader. There are no other adjustments to the Avoidance die roll.

PLAY NOTE: Unlike Interceptions on Land (8.22), Fleets may at-tempt Avoidance after being successfully Intercepted.

HISTORICAL NOTE: It was fairly easy to avoid a naval battle, given the difficulty of forming into battle line, etc.

(CR 7.43) Fleets that are In Port or Scattered may not be attacked. However, Fleets In Port may attempt Interception. Fleets that are in port when that city is taken by Siege Assault, Siege Attrition, or Treachery are eliminated. See CR 9.74 for the effects of Sur-render.

(CR 7.44) Resolving Naval Battles: Naval Battles are resolved on the Naval Battle Results Table. The table is a list of adjusted die rolls for the �0-sided die, adjustments running from –2 to +��, a total of

�4 possible results. To resolve a given battle:�. Determine all DRMs (CR 7.45)2. Each Player rolls one die, applying DRMs, and notes result to his

Fleet.3. Eliminate squadrons to reflect losses and check for Leader Casual-

ties (CR 7.46) 4. Conduct Retreats, if desired or mandated (CR 7.48)

(CR 7.45) The Naval Battle DR Adjustments: A negative (-) DRM helps the player as it reduces his loss possibilities; a positive hurts.

Strength Ratio Adjustment: Each player determines the com-parative strength Ratio (Combat Odds) of his fleet vs. that of his opponent, rounding down to conform to the ratios listed on the Naval Combat Ratio Chart. The die roll is adjusted per the Naval Combat Ratio Chart. Thus, if the Attacker has 7 squadrons against 3 Defender squadrons, the Attacker would incur a –2 DRM, the Defender a +3.

Tactical Superiority: The two opposing commanders compare their Battle Letter. The Admiral with the better Battle Letter (“A” being best, etc.) gains Tactical Superiority for the battle, and the ability to use that side’s die roll adjustments listed below. If the Battle Letters are the same neither side has Tactical Superiority.• Roman Tactical Superiority: –� to his die roll; +� to his oppo-

nent’s• Carthaginian Tactical Superiority: –2 to his die roll; +3 to his

opponent’s

If the defending fleet does not have a commander, the attacking fleet automatically has Tactical Superiority.

HISTORICAL NOTE: The Carthaginians were far better “sailors” than their Roman counterparts, and they had great superiority in any battle in which they could use their speed and maneuverability to destroy Roman ships with the tactic of ramming. The Romans, while they fell far behind the Carthaginians in this aspect, were experts at land warfare ... and the naval tactic of boarding. Their bigger quinqueremes held more, and usually, better soldiers.

Corvus: The Roman Player may choose to have the squadrons of his Fleet armed with the Corvus. He must make this decision before the Fleet leaves a port in Roman Italy and, once made, the Corvus remains with the Fleet. When equipped with the Corvus, • the opposing fleet incurs an automatic +2 DRM to its Naval Battle

roll, regardless of tactical Superiority.• the Corvus equipped Fleet checks for Major Disaster (CR 7.33)

on any natural die roll of ‘0’ or ‘9’.

Fleets not equipped with the Corvus may not pick up Squadrons from Fleets so equipped. If friendly Corvus equipped and non-Corvus equipped Fleets are involved in the same battle, there is no DRM.

HISTORICAL NOTE: Latin for raven, the Corvus was a demonic, and highly effective, mechanism installed at the bow of Roman gal-leys that, when used during boarding attempts, swung around and came down onto the deck of the opposing ship like the beak of a bird, fixing the target to the attacking galley and providing a plank for the charging boarders. The Carthaginians never could figure out how to deflect/negate the Corvus. However, Mother Nature did. Installed at the bow, the Corvus made that galley unseaworthy—she shipped lots of water in anything but calm seas—and susceptible to

Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 2�


disaster in storms. The Romans abandoned use of the Corvus rather quickly, despite its battle advantages.

DESIGN NOTE: Other games in the AW series will have other ‘special effects”.

Crew Superiority: The Fleet with the better-rated Crew adds the difference between the opposing Crew’s Ratings to the opponent’s Die roll. If a player has more than one Fleet involved, use the low-est rating.

EXAMPLE: A Fleet with +3 Crew against a Fleet with a ‘0’ Crew would require the player with the ‘0’ Crew Fleet to add +3 to his Naval Battle die roll.

(CR 7.46) Combat Losses: All results are expressed in terms of percentage of Squadrons lost, and whether or not to round any frac-tional losses “up” or “down”. If the result is an “up”, any fractional loss is treated as loss of � Squadron. Thus a �0 up result for a Fleet with �0 or less Squadrons would cause a � Squadron loss. If a Fleet has lost Squadrons, any Admiral present with that Fleet must roll for a Leader Casualty (8.6, and see CR 7.24). If the entire Fleet is eliminated, the Admiral is Killed, no die roll necessary.

PLAY NOTE: Unlike land combat there is no After Battle Status effects applied to the Fleets or any land units using Naval Trans-port.

(CR 7.47) Winners/Losers: The player that has the higher percent-age loss (ignore the “up” or “down”) is the Loser, and the other player is the Winner. If both sides have the same percentage loss, there is no Winner or Loser. As per 5.3,• If the active player wins, the active leader may roll for Continu-

ation• If the active player Loses, the active leader is Finished after con-

ducting any Retreat.• If there is no Winner, the active leader is Finished.

The Fleet that Wins has its Crew rating increased by one (CR 7.�4). If more than one Fleet was involved, each has its Crew Rating increased.

(CR 7.48) Retreats: Retreats are only sometimes mandatory. It is possible that both players may remain in the hex after combat. A Losing Fleet that suffers at least twice the number of losses in squadrons, or suffers any loss when the opposing Fleet has no loss, must Retreat, unless the battle occurred as part of a Strait Crossing (CR 6.38, CR 7.65). Otherwise, Retreat is voluntary. The Loser gets to decide, first, if he wishes to retreat his Fleet. If he chooses not to, the Winner gets that choice. If neither chooses to Retreat, or there is no Winner or Loser, the Fleets stay where they are. A Fleet that retreats must leave the hex by moving to a Coastal hex unoccupied by enemy units. A Fleet may not retreat into a hex if the opposing Fleet entered the battle from that hex, nor may it enter a hex occupied by an enemy Fleet during the retreat. The retreating Fleet so moved accumulates DP per CR 7.32 and when it arrives in the destination hex, the player determines the Distance effects of such move.

EXAMPLE OF A NAVAL BATTLE: A Roman Fleet with 20 Squad-rons under the command of Field Consul C. Sulpicius Paterculus (#314) (“C” Battle rating) engages a Punic Fleet with 15 Squadrons under the command of Carthalo (1P-4) (“B” Battle Rating) off the coast of Sicilia. The Carthaginian player has Tactical Superior-ity—no die roll is required. The Roman Fleet has Crew Rating of “2”, while the Carthaginian Fleet’s Crew Rating is “4” so the

Carthaginians have Crew Superiority as well [+2 Roman DRM]. The Roman numerical advantage is insufficient to produce a posi-tive effect (Strength Ratio adjustment is 0 at 20:15 or 1.3:1), the Carthaginians, however, will add +1 [+1 Carthage]. The Romans are armed with the Corvus [+2 Carthage].

The Roman player rolls a “6” which is adjusted by +3 [Tactical] and +2 [Crew] to “11” which gives a “50 up” result. The Romans lose 10 Squadrons. The Carthaginian player rolls a “3” which is adjusted by +1 [Strength Ratio], –2[Tactical] and +2 [Corvus] to “4” which yields a “10 up” result. The Carthaginians lose 2 Squadrons. Both players roll for leader casualties (neither leader is affected). The Romans must Retreat so Sulpicius heads for Messana [10 DP], and where he Scatters outside the Port.

(CR 7.5) RAIDS(CR 7.51) An active Fleet of � or 2 Squadrons may conduct a Raid into any Flat Coastal hex in the opposing player’s Home provinces provided that the hex also contains a City. The target hex cannot be occupied by opposing units unless those units are inside the City. A Raid is an Attack Operation with a die roll Finish regardless of outcome. The active Fleet may conduct only one Raid attempt per specific hex in that Operations Phase.

(CR 7.52) Raid Resolution: To conduct a Raid, the player rolls one die. The player adjusts the roll as follows:• He adds to that die roll the number of Raiding Squadrons.• He subtracts from that die roll the number of enemy SPs (of any

type) inside the City present in the hex.

If the adjusted die roll is a ‘6’ or higher, the Raid is successful. Otherwise the Raid fails.

(CR 7.53) If a player successfully conducts a Raid in a given game turn, the affected player subtracts two (–2) from any Manpower Rais-ing die rolls he undertakes during the current game turn through to the removal of the Raid marker in Phase B/7 of the following game turn. Place a Raid marker as a reminder. There is no additional affect if the player successfully conducts more than one Raid.

HISTORICAL NOTE: Part of the Carthaginian strategy, at least before the Romans built a strong navy, was to conduct a series of raids along the coast of Italy, usually north of Rome. More of an annoyance than anything of lasting merit, the raids did prove a thorn in Rome’s side for the first 4 or 5 years of the war. By the middle of the war, Rome was attempting the same along the coast of Carthage province.

(CR 7.6) NAVAL TRANSPORTPlayers may move land combat units by Sea using Naval Trans-port. PLAY NOTE: Because of the shift to Advanced Naval Rules for most of the scenarios herein, the naval transport rules have been changed somewhat.

(CR 7.61) Embark: All Naval Transport must start in a friendly Port... Inside the City. The number of SPs that can use Naval Trans-port from that Port is given in the Naval Transport Chart. To Initiate Naval Transport, the owning player states the fact and places a Naval Transport marker on his force. Naval Transport can be conducted from a city Under Siege. PLAY NOTE #1: Note that land movement and Naval Transport can occur in the same Operations Phase.



PLAY NOTE #2: A player may try to transport besieged land units from a Port, but Interception applies if there is an enemy Fleet around.

(CR 7.62) Transport Operations: Land units using Naval Trans-port are treated as a Fleet for Fleet Operations (CR 7.3) with the following adjustments:• The active leader is considered the Admiral of the Transport

Fleet and his ratings are used for all purposes regardless of any other leaders in the force. The Admiral does not count against the player’s allowable number of Admirals (see scenario rules).

• The Transport Fleet may attach a Fleet in its starting Port or while Stopped in any Coastal hex unoccupied by enemy Fleets. There is no transfer of Squadrons; the Fleet is attached in total including its commander. The Transport Fleet may attach any Fleet even if the Admiral of the attached Fleet is ranked higher in the player’s command hierarchy.

• The Transport Fleet may detach a Fleet while Stopped in any Coastal hex unoccupied by enemy Fleets. There is no transfer of Squadrons; the Fleet is detached in total including its commander. Land units can be dropped off if they disembark (see CR 7.63 below).

• A Transport Fleet without an attached Fleet cannot initiate Naval Combat. If attacked, it may attempt to Avoid. If unsuccessful in the Avoid attempt, resolve a Naval Battle per CR 7.44 with the following changes:

•• the Transport Fleet is treated as one Squadron for the Strength Ratio adjustment

•• the attacking player does not roll (i. e. the attacker will take no losses)

•• Transport Fleets without other Fleets attached have a Crew Rating of 0

• Any percentage loss to Squadrons applies equally to the land units being transported. The losses are distributed using 8.34.

• If a Transport Fleet is Scattered, the land units are considered to be temporarily Disembarked while Scattered and can be attacked by enemy land forces (ignore the Disembark limits on the Naval Transport Chart). If so attacked, the force is considered Useless and suffers the adverse modifiers in CR 7.64. With a Reform Scattered Units Operation, the owning player may either continue to transport the land units or Disembark (CR 7.63) them in the hex. They are no longer considered Useless, though CR 7.64 still applies. If a Scattered force must leave the hex, remove the Transport and Scattered markers.

(CR 7.63) Disembark: To land (and disembark), a force using Naval Transport must Stop, and roll on the Naval Distance Effects Table per CR 7.32. If there was no adverse Distance Effects result, the player may disembark land unit SPs in the hex up to the limit given by the Naval Transport Chart (the limit is a per Operation). A Disembarked force may be Intercepted. A force using Naval Transport may enter Port and disembark in a city Under Siege.

DESIGN & PLAY NOTE: The ability to land forces in non-port hexes is supported by several of the campaigns during the war. E.g., the Roman invasion of Africa in the 1st Punic war, which landed a consular army on Cape Bon (It-5834). Note also that restrictions on enemy occupied hexes and adjacent cities have been removed.

(CR 7.64) If units disembark in a hex occupied by enemy land units and both those units and the debarking units are outside of a city, any attack by the debarking force incurs –3 modifier to the die roll on

the Battle Results Table. If it does not attack but is, in turn, attacked by enemy forces in that game turn before leaving the landing hex, there is a +3 adjustment to the attacker’s die roll on the BRT.

(CR 7.65) Crossing Straits: Although land units crossing straits do not use Naval Transport, the opposing player may attempt Intercep-tion (and thus precipitate a Naval Battle) if he has enemy Fleets in either/both hexes joined by the strait. Any Interception attempts are resolved per CR 7.39 with the exception that only one Interception attempt can be made against the force making the crossing. If an Interception attempt is successful, the active player has the option to retreat to (or remain in) the starting hex and there is no Naval Battle. If a Naval battle occurs, both players may include any/all Fleets in either hex (including any In Port) joined by the strait. At the conclusion of the battle, the active force remains in the ending hex—its has crossed the strait and, Continuation permitting, the leader could conduct additional operations. For the purposes of naval combat (losses, DRM, etc), treat the force as if it were a Transport Fleet (CR 7.62)

EXAMPLE: The Roman player wants to move Appius Claudius Consular Army across the Fretum Siculi. Messana is friendly to the Romans and there are no enemy forces in Rhegium or its hex. The Roman player has a Fleet (1 Squadron) in Rhegium. The Carthag-inian player has positioned a Duumvir led Fleet (1 Squadron) in both the Messana and Rhegium hex. The Carthaginian player may attempt Interception in either (not both) hex. If the Carthaginian player is successful, the Roman player can either retreat Claudius’ army back to Rhegium or chance a naval battle which would involve all three Fleets as well as Claudius’ force.

(CR 7.7) PORT HARBOR CAPACITY AND WINTER(CR 7.71) Ports have the ability to safely Harbor—dry-dock and keep safe from Winter (see CR 7.75)—a limited number of galleys. Transports are not considered here; they do not have to dry-dock. The Harbor capacity of a given port is listed on the Port Harbor Capacity Chart. Some Secondary Ports have larger harbor capacities than others; these are named and listed (e.g. Drepanum).

HISTORICAL NOTE: Carthage’s harbor had “modern” dry-docking facilities for 220 galleys at any one time. Presumably, more ships could anchor in the large harbor.

(CR 7.7) PORT HARBOR CAPACITY CHART Port Squadron Capacity Carthage (Cr-3028) �8 to 22 Ostia (It-37�5) 5 to 20 (20 in 2nd Punic War and

after) Massilia (It-�629) �0 Neapolis (It-45�2) 5 to �0 (�0 in 2nd Punic War and

after) Tarentum (It-5405) �2 Syracusa (It-64�9) �0 Lilybaeum (It-5526) �5 Drepanum (It-5326) �2 All other Secondary Ports 4 All other Minor Ports 2



(CR 7.72) Increase Capacity: Some Ports—Carthage, Ostia, Mas-silia, Neapolis (see the scenarios for specifics)—start with smaller Harbor facilities than their maximum capacity ... for Rome, reflecting the minimal Roman galley fleets. Each turn the player—if he con-trols these ports—may increase any one Port’s Harbor Capacity by 5 squadrons, per turn, up to its maximum listed capacity. However, he may do so only if he does not build any naval squadrons that turn, or have Fleets “Under Construction” therein.

PLAY NOTE: The reverse is also true. If a player increases Harbor capacity he may not build squadrons.

(CR 7.73) Expanding Port Harbor Capacity does not stop the Player from raising land forces in Phase B/6.

(CR 7.74) Port Harbor capacity is also used to determine how many Squadrons a player may construct in a given Turn; see CR 7.�6.

(CR 7.75) Winter: During the Port Segment (G/2), each Fleet (including Transport Fleets) that is not In Port must be moved to a friendly Port hex without a Stop (no dropping off or picking up Squadrons) and enter Port. Each Fleet so moved accumulates DP per CR 7.32, but when it reaches its destination Port the player rolls for a Major Disaster (see CR 7.33) instead of rolling on the Naval Distance Table. A Fleet that began the segment Scattered, adds 20 to the Distance Point total. Squadrons in excess of that destination Port’s capacity are eliminated. If a Fleet begins this segment without a leader, the player receives an Emergency Duumvir (CR 7.24) to move the Fleet to Port.

For Scattered Transport Fleets, remove the Transport and Scatter markers. The land force remains in the hex and retains its Useless status. For other Fleets, Scatter is removed after paying the 20 DP for returning to port.

DESIGN NOTE: The above simulates the arrival of increased storms, which ended almost all naval movement of any kind, even in the Mediterranean.

(CR 8.0) LAND COMBAT (CR 8.23) Roman leaders add four (+4) to all Avoidance die rolls (Roman Honor).

(CR 8.31) The following adjustments are applied to all Battle Die rolls:

Roman Discipline: This adjustment takes into account the effects of superior Roman morale and Training as well as the vaunted Roman tactical flexibility. The Roman player adjusts the die roll one in his favor (+� if attacking, –� if defending) for each Veteran legion with at least 6 SPs Roman citizen (RL) infantry in the battle.

Roman Command Efficiency: If attacking, the Roman player subtracts one (–�) from the die roll for each Legion over the com-mander’s efficiency limit; if defending he adds one (+�) for each. Auxiliaries do not count, but partial legions do.

Carthaginian Army Efficiency: If attacking, the Carthaginian player adds his Army Efficiency Rating to the die roll. If defending, he subtracts his Army Efficiency Rating. If more than one Army is involved in the battle, use the lowest Army Efficiency.

EXAMPLE: A Carthaginian Army with an Efficiency of –2 would add a –2 (same subtracting 2) to the battle roll when attacking and sub-tract a –2 (same as adding 2) to the battle roll when defending.

(CR 8.34) Legion Loss Distribution: The Romans treat their entire

legionary force as one contingent. However, the percentage loss is applied to the infantry and cavalry separately. The SP loss within each type must be distributed as evenly as possible among the legion elements. Legion elements that have no SP remaining are removed from the map.

Roman auxiliaries and other allies use the Infantry and Cavalry methods described 8.34. If stacked with a legionary force, exclude any legionary SP when determining the total.

EXAMPLE: A full strength Consular Army (two legions) of 36 in-fantry SP and 8 cavalry SP that takes a 30% loss (11 infantry SP). The Roman player must remove 2 SP from each of the four elements, with the remaining three SP taken from any three (different) of the elements. The Roman player then removes 2 cavalry SP, taking them from any two (different) elements. If 6 SPs of Auxiliary infantry were present, 2 SPs of Auxiliary infantry would be lost as well.

(CR 8.62) Wounded Roman magistrates are placed in the Magistrate Pool at the start of the next game turn and are eligible to re-enter play via the Election process. Wounded Carthaginian leaders that were not replaced or recalled are returned to their Army/Fleet during the Carthaginian Political Climate segment.

(CR 8.63) Roman Magistrate Replacements: Roman magistrates are replaced-if needed-by other magistrates available in the pool. Magistrates entering the game in such fashion are always chosen blindly/randomly. Replacement Magistrates are placed either in the hex where the previous magistrate was or in Rome. When a Roman magistrate enters as a Replacement, there are no additions or sub-tractions from the LAM pool-regardless of what the new leader’s Initiative rating is.

Carthaginian Killed/Wounded leaders are replaced per 8.63 (A and C). The Carthaginian player cannot replace recalled leaders during the Operations Phase.

(CR 9.0) CITIES AND SIEGES(CR 9.31) Siege Assault: The following Siege Assault die roll modifiers apply:• Add one (+�) if the Roman player is assaulting an enemy occupied

Rome • Add two (+2) if the besieged city is a port and only the attacker

has Fleets in the hex and/or Port• Subtract one (–�) for each legion included in the assault over the

assault leader’s CER limit—Roman Player only • Subtract two (–2) if the besieged city is a port and only the de-

fender has Fleets in the hex and/or Port

(CR 9.55) Supply by Sea. If the besieged units are in a Port, he adjusts his Attrition die roll:

+3, if the Port hex is solely occupied by an enemy Fleet. Friendly Fleets In Port are ignored;

–3, if the Port hex is occupied solely by a friendly Fleet, whether In Port or not.

(CR 9.6) Treachery: Roman leaders are an exception to some of 9.72. Only Consuls, Dictators or Magister Equitum may attempt Treachery; proconsuls and praetors may not. In addition, although the consul/dictator must expend a Guile Point to attempt the Treachery, he does not get to add it to his die roll. There are no such restrictions on using Guile Points on the “defense”.



DESIGN NOTE: Why not? Well, Roman patricians sort of felt them-selves above this sort of thing. They tended to play by the rules-which is why they could never figure out how to beat Hannibal until Scipio decided to throw away the book, too.

Neither Rome nor Carthage may ever be taken by Treachery.

(CR 9.74) Fleets In Port when a city Surrenders remain in the hex but are no longer In Port.

(CR 9.8) Gallic Looting: Any force that contains Gauls that captures a city by Attrition, Assault or Treachery (as per 9.8�)-even if such (friendly) Gauls are not included in the assaulting force, but are in the hex-must check to see if the Gauls go out of control, loot and then go home. The player rolls the die and compares it to his active leader’s Campaign Rating:• if it is the same or lower, nothing happens• if it is higher, the Gauls have gotten out of hand. The player must

remove a percentage of his Gauls equal to �0x the die roll (they’ve gone home). In addition, any diplomatic benefits normally at-tributable to winning a siege are lost.

If the city falls during a Siege Attrition Phase, the capturing player uses his highest ranked leader for the above check. If there is no senior leader, the capturing player picks the leader of his choice.

PLAY NOTE: Despite the rather aggressive actions of such Gauls, the city is not considered Sacked just because the Gauls looted.

(CR 9.9) Garrisons: The Roman player may not use Auxiliary units as part of a garrison unless there is at least an equal number of Legion SP (whether detached or not) in the city. Units assigned as garrisons do not count against the force limitations that Roman magistrates have (CR 5.2), as long as they stay inside the city.

Whenever the Roman player disbands Legions (CR �0.�8) he must also reduce his garrisons. For each unbesieged City of any size, other than Rome, anywhere on the map, that has detached Legion SP in excess of its IDS, the Roman player must remove the excess. For Rome, the limit is the size of the Rome Garrison at start of the scenario, not the IDS. In addition, any detached Legion cavalry are also removed along with any Auxiliaries in excess of the remain-ing Legion SP. Legion/cavalry SP that are part of a Legion are not affected.

(CR 10.0) MANPOWER (CR 10.1) RAISING LEGIONS HISTORICAL NOTE: Rome’s greatest strength-and the telling fac-tor in the almost all of Republican Rome’s wars-was her seemingly unlimited ability to raise troops. No matter how many men she lost, she simply raised some more men and came right back. For example, when Hannibal invaded Italy (218 BC), Rome was fielding six legions. By 212, she had 25 (mostly) legions operating, almost a quarter of a million men, even though she lost, perhaps, 50,000+ legionnaires at Cannae!! Hannibal’s army rarely-if ever-topped 50,000, and was usually much less. These two, comparative figures

say a great deal about Rome ... and Hannibal’s generalship.

(CR 10.11) The Roman player raises (or reinforces) Legions through the Senate. Legions are raised, mostly, in the Strategic Decision Phase either during the Election Segment (B/4) and/or the Force Increase Determination Segment (B/6). Raising units in this segment is not an Operation and does not require the presence of any leader. During that Phase, the Roman Player must decide whether to:• Raise more land units, or• Increase (or build) his Navy, or• Neither of the above

He cannot do all/both (and see CR 7.72), and his decision is made secretly by selecting the appropriate marker and holding it in his closed hand, with both players revealing their decisions at the same time. The Roman player cannot elect to increase/build his navy if he successfully raises a Consular Army per CR �0.�6.

(CR 10.12) The Roman Player, in addition to raising land units in the Strategic Decision Phase, may do so as part of a Consul’s (or a Dictator’s) Operations Phase as a Manpower Operation. He may do this only if there is an enemy land force of at least 5 SPs anywhere in Italy (all of Italy east of Gallia Massilia; Sicily is not Italy).

HISTORICAL NOTE: The Roman player’s historical ability to increase the size of his legionary armies was almost limitless; the only “real” limit is the penury of the Roman Senate and the counter-mix-which is absolute.

(CR 10.13) Raising Legions: The Roman player uses the Legion Request Table to raise Legions during the Force Increase Determina-tion Segment and for all Manpower Operations. To attempt to Raise legions -or to reinforce depleted legions- the Roman Player notes the number of legions of any strength are already in play, consults the table, rolls the die, adjusts the die roll per the (self-explanatory) adjustments listed, and sees what he gets. The result is the number of new legions raised. All newly raised legions enter play at full strength with a training level of Recruit. For one legion newly Raised (not reinforced) by the table, the Roman Player may, instead, bring in a Siege Engine counter; only one such unit may be produced per Legion Request die roll.

PLAY NOTE: And don’t forget that each legion has contains both a Roman and Allied component.

(CR 10.14) Raising Reinforcements: The Roman may bring exist-ing legions back up to strength by raising reinforcements. To do so, he undertakes a Legion Request Table roll as if he were raising new legions. Instead, though, he always uses the “0-6” column (complete with die roll adjustments), and uses the number in brackets [ ] to get the number of reinforcement SPs available. Every eighth SP so raised is considered cavalry. The Roman player may either raise new legions OR reinforcements in one legion-raising attempt; he cannot do both.

EXAMPLE: The X and XIV Legions have been reduced by battle to 6 SPs of infantry each. Each legion has also lost one cavalry SP. The Roman wishes to bring these legions up to strength, so he decides to raise reinforcements. He rolls a die, which is adjusted to an ‘8’. This means he has available 12 SPs, or 11 Infantry SPs and 1 Cavalry SP. He uses 6 of those infantry SPs to build the X and XIV RL components up to strength, the remaining 5 infantry SPs to raise the AL components up to ‘8’ (the XIV) and full strength (the X). He gives the cavalry SP to any legion of his choice, but only if needed. If not, treat as an infantry SP.



(CR 10.15) Auxiliaries: Whenever an adjusted DR of ‘9’ or ‘�0’ is attained on the Legion Request Table, the Roman Player may also raise one contingent of Auxiliaries. Auxiliaries are light/medium in-fantry troops-archers, slingers, light infantry. All infantry Auxiliaries enter the game as a self-contained contingent of 6 SPs and may be commanded by any magistrate. Auxiliaries available to Rome are limited to the Sicilian infantry units available in the counter mix. If there are less than 6 SP of Sicilian available, the Roman player receives no auxiliaries. And see CR �0.25 and 8.34.

(CR 10.16) The Roman player must attempt to replace the Consular Army(s) (two legions) of the prior Consul(s) if either/both of those armies were Disbanded (CR �0.�8) in the Disband Legions seg-ment (B/�). The procedure in CR �0.�3 is not used in this situation. Instead, as each affected Consul is elected/selected, the Roman player rolls for Senate Permission (CR 5.66) to replace the army. If granted, two new legions are raised and assigned to that magistrate as his Consular Army. They are placed per CR �0.2. If the Senate refuses, no army is raised. Successfully replacing an army prevents the Roman player from building Fleets. He may, however, still at-tempt to raise legions (CR �0.��).

(CR 10.17) Legion SPs may never be transferred from one Legion to another, or from the RL component to AL component. Legion SPs may be picked up if any of the Legions are under strength, but must be evenly divided among the legion components (up to their maximum strength) with all Recruit legions receiving the odd SP before any Veteran legions. If the there are no Legions present, Legion SPs may not be picked up. Legion SPs can be left as a gar-rison, however, these SPs must be drawn as evenly as possible from all the Legion components present in the force, though a Legion cannot leave its last SP.

(CR 10.18) The Roman player may disband legions during the Dis-band Legions segment (B/�) of the Strategic Decision Phase. Any/all legions that are not in a besieged city are eligible. The RL and AL components of the legion must be disbanded together if currently in play. Furthermore, Legions assigned to the prior turn’s Consuls must be disbanded together (in other words the entire Consular Army is disbanded). To disband a legion, the player removes the legion/army markers and any remaining SPs from the map/displays.

(CR 10.2) PLACEMENT OF ROMAN MANPOWER (CR 10.21) Newly-raised legions (both components) may be placed in Rome or in any Roman-controlled city in a Roman-controlled province in Roman Italy. Alternatively, the newly raised legion components may instead be placed separately: the AL component may be placed in any Roman controlled city in any Roman-controlled province on the map, while the RL is limited to Roman Italy. Newly-raised legions may not be placed inside a besieged city unless the city is also either a Secondary or Major Port. The RL components may always be placed in Rome even if Rome is Under Siege.

(CR 10.22) Reinforcements (see CR �0.�4) for legions within Ro-man Italy are placed with those legions when raised. For legions outside Roman Italy, the Roman player places SP markers next to the corresponding legion box on the Legion Force display that will receive the reinforcements and places the Legate LAM into the Pool. These reinforcements are incorporated into the targeted legions dur-ing the Operations Phase when the Legate LAM is drawn.

(CR 10.23) Reinforcements may not be placed with a legion in a Besieged city unless that city is also either a Secondary or Major Port. Legions outside Roman Italy must be in a province with a con-

trolled or allied Secondary or Major Port to receive reinforcements. Reinforcements that can’t be placed are lost. If Rome is Under Siege when the reinforcements are raised, they must be used to reinforce legions in the city or to augment the Rome garrison; they may not be placed with or allocated to legions outside Rome.

PLAY NOTE: There is no Legate leader counter—just the LAM—which triggers when the reinforcements are added to the targeted Legions.

(CR 10.24) Newly raised Siege Engines are placed either in Rome or with any Legion in Roman Italy.

(CR 10.25) Raised Roman Auxiliaries are either placed with any Legion in Roman Italy, or placed in any city in their home prov-ince. If placed in their home province, the units may be moved to a magistrate as part of the Legate LAM (see CR �0.23). Auxiliaries may not be placed in a besieged city unless the city is also either a Secondary or Major Port.

(CR 10.3) LEGION TRAINING In the Ancient World system, Roman Legions are considered either Recruit or Veteran. Newly raised Legions are Recruit. Legions can improve to Veteran via success in combat or through training. Veteran legions can regress to Recruits through defeats and loss of SPs.

(10.31) Training Levels. Legions can have their Training levels raised or lowered, as follows:• If a Roman force wins a Major Victory (see 8.5) in battle the Ro-

man player may raise the Training Level of any two legions in that force. The choice is his.

• If a Roman force wins a victory in battle, but not a Major Victory, he may raise the Training Level of any one legion in that force.

• If a Roman force suffers a Major Defeat (i.e., the enemy wins a Major Victory) in battle, all Veteran legions in that force that have had the Roman (RL) elements reduced to 5 SPs of Infantry or less are reduced to Recruit, however, regardless of SP losses, at least one RL must be reduced to Recruit.

• If a Roman force suffers a defeat in battle, but not a Major one, the Veteran legion suffering the heaviest losses is reduced to Recruit. In case of a tie, Roman chooses which one.

(10.32) Newly raised Legions that are placed in Rome may be trained if the Praetor Urbanus is present. At the end of the turn, in the Legion/Crew Training Segment (G/3), the Roman player rolls the die for up to two newly-raised Legions that have not moved out of Rome. If the die roll is a 7 or more, the legion is now Veteran; otherwise, it stays Recruit. If the Praetor Urbanus leaves Rome after the legions are placed, no training occurs.

(CR 10.4) CARTHAGINIAN MANPOWER HISTORICAL NOTE: Carthage, as a country, did not have anywhere near the indigenous (and citizen) wells of manpower that Rome had. Carthage’s own manpower base was about 3-400,000 Carthaginian citizens, half of whom were female. Therefore, most of the troops raised by Carthage were mercenary (from Europe) or provided by (often uneasy) alliance (Libya and Numidia).

(CR 10.41) Carthage raises Manpower in the Force Increase De-termination segment (B/6), with some minor ability to raise troops during the Operations Phase (La Patrie en danger, and all that; see CR �0.45). The sources of manpower for Carthage’s armies are listed in the Carthaginian Manpower Table. The ability to raise



manpower is dependent on the Political Climate. To raise manpower, the Carthaginian player selects one of the lettered groups, rolls a die, and applies any applicable modifiers as listed on the table. He receives SPs from each contingent in the group corresponding to the modified die result. This process is repeated for other groups allowed by the current Political Climate. The Carthaginian player is not required to take all of the resultant SPs, nor is he required to make all allowable die rolls. Note that there are some scenario restrictions and limits on total manpower as given in CR �0.46 and CR �0.47. In addition, the Carthaginian player may exchange 20 infantry SPs of any type for one Siege Engine. No more than one Siege Engine per Phase may be raised.

The Carthaginian player’s ability to raise manpower is further re-stricted by its current Political Climate as follows:• Cautious: May not form any new armies but may reinforce

existing armies for losses that occurred in the previous turn (maximum), to the extent that he can raise such troops.

• All other Climates: May either form one army OR may rein-force existing armies for losses that occurred in the previous turn (maximum).

When reinforcing armies, the Carthaginian player may use any type/contingent for the replacement SPs. The only restriction is that the total reinforcement SPs for an army can’t exceed the previous turn’s losses for that army.

EXAMPLE: The Political Climate is Alert. The Carthaginian player decides to raise troops from Group B and D. For Group B he rolls a 5, and since he built Fleets last turn (–2), the result is a 3. He receives 5 Numidian infantry SPs, 10 elite Numidian cavalry SPs, 10 Libyan infantry SPs, and 5 Mauritanian infantry SPs. He next rolls for Group D (mercenaries). He rolls a 9, modified by a –2 (built Fleets), which gives him 25 Gallic infantry SPs and 15 Ligurian infantry SPs. These troops are placed per CR 10.43 below. Alternatively, the Carthaginian player may exchange any 20 SPs raised for one Siege Engine.

PLAY NOTE: The Carthaginian player may place any unused counter (s) (squadrons preferred) next to the army box on the Army Display to keep tabs on the losses for that army.

(CR 10.42) Carthage raises three types of units:• Citizens: enlisted from the indigenous Carthaginian population

and including all Elephants• Allies: levied from Libya, Numidia and/or Mauretania unless the

Allied nationality is in revolt (see Auguries Chart). • Mercenaries: hired from Iberian, Celtiberian and Gallic tribes

in Hispania and Gaul, plus, where applicable, the Italiot (Greek-based Italian areas) of Italy, such as Bruttium. Mercenaries may be raised only in the Strategic Decision Phase; they may never be raised during an Operations Phase.

PLAY NOTE: The types of units have nothing to do with their combat abilities, except where noted as Elite. Their type does determine their ease in raising and the location of their posting.

(CR 10.43) Placement of Troops: • Citizens: Placed inside the city of Carthage, or with an existing

army in Africa, when raised.• Allies: Placed inside the city of Carthage, or with an existing army

in a province that has a Carthaginian/Allied controlled Secondary or Major Port, when raised.

• Mercenaries: Placed inside any Port City in their province of ori-

gin, or in any Secondary or Major Port controlled by Carthage, or with an existing army in a province that has a Carthaginian/Allied controlled Secondary or Major Port. The province of origin for the Ligurians is Liguria (which includes both Taurini and Frini-ates per the PIC); for the Gauls it is Gallia Massilia; the Iberians and Celtiberians have no province of origin in play. Note that the Carthaginian player need not control or have an Allied port in the province of origin to receive Mercenaries

• Siege Engine: Placed with an existing Army (but see below).

If any Mercenaries are placed outside their province of origin (for the Iberians/Celtiberians this is the only way they can enter play), and/or Allies outside of Carthage, the Carthaginian Overall Commander loses one LAM for that turn. Citizens and Allies may be placed inside Carthage regardless of any siege. Mercenaries and Allies may be placed in a besieged Secondary or Major port city.

EXAMPLE: The Carthaginian player has raised mercenaries from Groups C and D. His Overall Commander will have one less LAM since the Group C reinforcements must be placed in a Secondary or Major Port controlled by Carthage. He will do likewise with his Group D reinforcements to avoid having to move them during the Operations Phase.

(CR 10.44) Restrictions on Location Use: • Carthaginian infantry and cavalry may never leave Africa. • Libyan units may not be placed or used south/southeast of

Carthage’s Ditch Boundary• Numidian units may never be placed, or used, in Numidia, regard-

less of what Carthage controls.• Mauritanians may not be deployed in any of the Mauritanian

provinces. • Mercenaries may not be deployed, except for initial placement,

in the province/area in which they were raised. • A Siege Engine must always be part of an Army. An Army can

only have one Siege Engine assigned.

HISTORICAL NOTE: The Carthaginians made it a practice to rarely, if ever, use troops in the lands from which they came, for fear of revolt. They kept most of the citizen troops home.

(CR 10.45) The Carthaginians may raise troops during an Operations Phase with a Manpower Operation only when the Political Climate is Aggressive. These troops, when raised, must be placed in Carthage (city), and only an Overall Commander who is actually inside the city of Carthage may conduct the Manpower Operation.

(CR 10.46) Total Manpower Restrictions: There may never be more than 50 SPs of Citizen units—infantry and/or cavalry (not Elephants)—in play at any one time.

(CR 10.47) Manpower Maximums: The manpower pool for Car-thage was nowhere near that of Rome, even over the two decades each of the Punic wars raged. The number of Carthaginian citizens was far less than that of Rome, her allies were helpful (when they were cooperating), and the Carthaginian Senate was not enthusias-tic about paying mercenaries. To reflect this, each of the scenarios has Manpower maximums, reflected by the Manpower Maximum Table and the use of the Manpower Usage Tracks to keep track of the dwindling supply. Carthage may never use—total, throughout the length of the scenario and this includes troops deployed at start—more SPs in each category (Libyans, Gauls, etc) than are listed on the Table. SP expended to bring on a Siege Engine are not counted against the limits.



HISTORICAL NOTE: While the totality of this rule is historical, actual population numbers are especially difficult to come by, even for the Carthaginians. Our maximums are based on what seem to be the numbers used during the actual wars, adjusted for playability, et al. Roman maximums are determined by the number of legions that can be raised in a scenario, with the totals for the 2nd Punic war as a ceiling guide.

(CR 10.48) Forming Armies: The Carthaginian player may form armies whenever he raises manpower, subject to the restrictions of the current Political Climate. To form an army, the Carthaginian player places an Army Marker on a stack of units in the same hex that are currently not part of another army and appoints a Com-mander (CR 5.74). The new army starts with an Army Efficiency Rating of –3 (CR �0.52). Once formed, an Army remains in play until Disbanded (CR 5.73) or has had its last SP eliminated. An Army can be reinforced by adding units that are not part of another army (but see CR �0.57 for the impact on that Army’s Efficiency), and units can be detached as garrisons. An army cannot detach its last SP unless it Disbands.

(CR 10.5) CARTHAGINIAN ARMY EFFICIENCY HISTORICAL NOTE: Except for some units—Numidian cavalry, the local Carthaginian phalanx, etc.—most of the mercenary-raised units were not of good quality when initially raised. The Carthag-inian command system, though, had one major benefit the Roman system did not have: Carthaginian Commanders tended to stay in command, and the longer they did this, the better that leader’s army became, for reasons that had much to do with allegiance and other aspects of command longevity.

(CR 10.51) Every Carthaginian Army, through its Commander, has an Army Efficiency rating, a number ranging from –3 (poor) to +3 (excellent), which is used as a die roll Modifier in Battle. This rating is added to the die roll when the Army is attacking, and subtracted when defending. Note that subtracting a negative rating is the same as adding it. If more than one Army is involved in a Battle, use the lowest rating.

EXAMPLE: Hanno the Great (1P-13) starts the Mercenary War scenario with an Army Efficiency of –1. When Hanno and is Army is used in an Attack, one is subtracted from the Battle die roll, when defending, one is added to the die roll.

(CR 10.52) Armies that start the game deployed are given an Ef-ficiency rating. All newly raised Armies start with an Efficiency of –3.

(CR 10.53) During the Carthaginian Army Efficiency segment (A/2), every Carthaginian Army in play that:

• was under the command of the same leader throughout the previ-ous game turn, and

• was not Useless at any time in the previous game turn, increases its efficiency Rating by one (to a maximum of +3).

(CR 10.54) When an Army receives a new Commander, regardless who it is, that Army lowers its Efficiency rating by two (–2) to a minimum rating of –3. This case applies to a replacement leader. There is no change when a Wounded leader returns via CR 8.62.

(CR 10.55) Except for Useless status, an Army’s Efficiency rating is not affected by Battle results.

(CR 10.56) The Carthaginian player cannot combine Armies or transfer SPs from one army to another. This applies even if an Army has no Commander. A Carthaginian Army commander may drop off units as city garrisons, but only if there is no other Army inside the city. A commander may pick up units that are not part of another Army (garrisons, reinforcements, etc) subject to the penalties described in CR �0.57 below.

(CR 10.57) The Carthaginian player may increase an Army’s strength by adding units that are not part of another Army (reinforce-ments, garrisons, etc) up to one-half of its strength in SPs, without penalty. If the number added is more than one-half but less than the current Army size, the Army Efficiency is reduced by one (–�). If the number added is equal to or greater than the current Army size, the Army Efficiency Rating is reduced by two (–2). Carthaginian citizen units and Elite units of any nationality may be added without penalty and are not considered in the above calculation. The Army Efficiency rating is adjusted at the end of the Operations Phase counting for all SP added during that Phase.

PLAY NOTE: For this rule, the term “Army” is defined by the com-mander. If a Commander changes command to another Army, it is as if he were a new commander.

(CR 12.0) DIPLOMACYThe Ancient World Diplomacy rules are not used in any Carthage scenario. The alignment of the non-Roman and non-Carthaginian areas remained stable during the period covered, except when an area was occupied militarily. Thus, the Alliances when listed on Provin-cial Information Chart or otherwise specified in the scenario rules remain in place unless the military situation changes or by special rule (e. g. Syracuse in the two �st Punic War scenarios).

PLAY NOTE: Therefore, the leaders used in this war do not have Diplomacy ratings.



THE MERCENARY WARMutiny in Carthage, 241 BCSCENARIO COMPLEXITY LEVEL: 3

A good scenario to learn the land system, get accustomed to its mili-tary routines and finish in one sitting. There are no elections, no po-litical problems, no raising of troops ... just moving and fighting.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDWith the �st Punic War over, Carthage found itself with a large group of mercenaries who wanted to get paid. Gisgo, garrison commander at Lilybaeum passed the Punic buck and sent them all to Africa, where Hanno (which Hanno is never clear), gave them all a pittance and shipped them to Sicca, a Carthaginian outpost on Numidia. There they sat until it was quite clear the Carthaginians were never going to pay them. So they mutinied, massacred a whole bunch of Carthaginian officers in the usual, gruesome Carthaginian style, and started to lay waster to Carthage itself, grabbing a series of towns and, swollen by 20,000 Libyan volunteers, obviously not overly happy with Carthaginian rule, took Tunes and looked ready to invest Carthage itself.

Then the Carthaginians got their act together. Under Hanno they gathered one army of �0,000, with �00 elephants, while Hamilcar Barca (Hannibal’s father) returned from overseas with a second army, mostly cavalry, and even more elephants. When Naravas, a Numidian chieftain arrived with even more cavalry, it was just a matter of time—granted a brutal and unforgiving time, with much crucifixion on both sides—before the veteran Carthaginians isolated the mercenaries, cut them off and finally defeated them.

It was neither pretty, nor honorable. (We did get a rather florid novel by Gustav Flaubert, of “Madame Bovary” fame, from it: “Salammbo”.)

GAME LENGTH AND PLAY BALANCEFive Turns: from 24� BC to 237 BC. Balance is weighted towards Carthage, as they have more manpower and, eventually, a tremen-dous advantage in cavalry.

MAPSThe game uses the Carthage Map

RULESThe following rules are not used in this scenario:Naval Rules: 7.0 and CR 7.0 Manpower Rules: �0.0 and CR �0.0 (except for CR �0.5)Auguries: �3.0Political Rules: CR 5.0 (except as noted below)All Roman specific rules Ignore Phases A, B and E of the Sequence of Play.

PLAYER AIDS• Syracusan/Mercenary Army Display• Syracusan/Mercenary City Occupation Display• Carthaginian Army Display• Carthaginian City Occupation Display (�st Punic/Mercenary War

side)

INITIAL DEPLOYMENTS Units deployed at a city location are placed Inside the City unless otherwise indicated.

Mercenaries

Hex/City UnitsSicca Veneria [Cr-2936] Spendius, Matho, Antaritus; �2 SP

Libyan Infantry, 5 SP Iberian Infantry, 3 SP Gallic Infantry, 3 SP Ligurian Infantry, � SP Greek (Sicilian) Infan-try

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –3. The Mercenaries have no Overall Commander.

Carthaginians

Hex/City Units Carthage [Cr-3028] Hanno (the Great) [�P-�3] OC,

[Army I, Efficiency Rating: –�]; �5 SP Carthaginian Infantry, �0 SP Ligurian Infantry; 5 SP Iberian Infan-try, 5 SP Carthaginian Cavalry, 5 SP Numidian Cavalry; �0 SP Elephants

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –2. Hanno and Hamilcar are Army Commanders. Hanno is the Over-all Commander until Hamilcar Barca arrives; see Carthaginian Political rules, below.

STARTING THE GAMEFirst Turn LAM PoolThe Mercenary Player receives � LAM for each of his three leaders. The Carthaginian player receives � LAM for Hanno. None of the three Siege Attrition LAMS are available on the first turn.

The Mercenary player gets to go first. He selects (knowingly) with which of his LAMs he wants to start play. The game starts with Phase C of the Sequence of play; Phases A and B are not undertaken in this scenario.

THE SCENARIOS



REINFORCEMENTSPlayers do not raise troops using the Manpower rules. All troops arrive by the reinforcement rules, below.

Mercenary ReinforcementsFor each city the Mercenary Player takes for the first time, he rolls one die. That DR equals the number of Libyan Infantry SPs he receives in that city. If the die roll is a ‘4’ or higher, one of those SP is Libyan Cavalry. This roll takes place the instant the city is captured and concludes the current operation (if any). For the Continuation attempt that occurs immediately after this roll, and for that roll only, the Mercenary player subtract two (–2) from that die roll. Only cities in the provinces of Carthage and Tripolitana provide reinforcements.

Carthaginian ReinforcementsAt the start of the third game-turn (239 BC), the Carthaginians receive:

• Hamilcar Barca [�P-7], [Army II, Efficiency Rating: +�)] [a] , 4 SPs Ligurian Infantry, 4 SPs Iberian Infantry, 20 SPs Iberian Cavalry, and 7 SPs Elephants. These reinforcements are placed in Carthage (city). If Carthage is held by the mercenaries the game is over, so don’t bother. These reinforcements enter even if Carthage is Under Siege.

• Naravas [b], 7 SPs Numidian Cavalry (Elite), in any city in Nu-midia not controlled by the Mercenary player.

a = When Hamilcar arrived, despite his obvious greater abilities, there was some political question over who should be in charge, he or Hanno (a sworn enemy of the Barcas). After the usual shuffling back-and-forth, Hamilcar got the Judges to put it up to a citizen vote. Barca won in a walk.

b = Naravas may command only Numidian Cavalry. When he is so used, and he is the sole commander, his Army Efficiency Rating is +2.

LEADER REPLACEMENTSThere are no leader replacements.

CARTHAGINIAN POLITICAL CLIMATEThe Carthaginian Political Climate rules are not used in this scenario. However, starting with the third game-turn, the Carthaginian Player, in Phase C before Initiative is determined, checks to see which fam-ily is in power using the Carthaginian Family Power Determination Table. Depending on who is in power, either Hanno (Magonids) or Hamilcar (Barcas) will be Overall Commander.

CARTHAGINIAN ARMY EFFICIENCY A Carthaginian’s Army Efficiency rating may be increased by one at the start of the After Battle Status segment (G/4) if the requirements of CR �0.53, second bullet item, are met. Naravas’ Army Efficiency rating may not be increased.

CARTHAGINIAN COMMAND The three Carthaginian Army Commanders can only conduct Opera-tions, Interceptions and Avoidance with the units in their army. They may attempt to Coordinate with another Army. However, Hanno and Hamilcar can include Naravas and his Numidians as part of his force for performing the above operations. Furthermore, the Carthaginian Overall Commander can include the other Carthaginian commander and his Army as part of a force conducting Operations, etc.

MERCENARY COMMAND The Mercenary player does not use assigned armies nor does he permanently assign troops to his leaders. The Mercenary player forms forces from SPs in the same hex per the standard rules. The

Mercenary leaders may command any contingent.

CONTROLThe Mercenary player controls Sicca Veneria [Cr-2936]. The Car-thaginian player controls all cities in the provinces of Carthage and Tripolitana. Carthage’s IDS is [8]; all Medium cities have an IDS [3]; Small [�]

SIEGE CAPABILITYNeither player may increase his Siege Capability nor has or can use Siege Engines. If the Carthaginian player is besieged in a Port, subtract three (–3) from his Siege Attrition die roll.

VICTORYThe Mercenary Player wins automatically if, at the end of any turn, he occupies Carthage (city). The Carthaginian player automatically wins if all Mercenary leaders are eliminated.

Otherwise, victory is determined at the end of five turns. The Mercenary player wins if he controls any city in the provinces of Carthage and Tripolitana. A Small city must have a garrison of at least � SP infantry to count as controlled in determining victory. The Carthaginian player wins if the Mercenary player fails to meet his victory conditions.

AGATHOCLESThe First Invasion of Carthage, 311 BCSCENARIO COMPLEXITY LEVEL: 5

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDCarthage had spend many years trying to balance the situation in Sic-ily between her focus of power, in the western half of the island, and the rival , Greek-based, city-states in the east, especially Syracuse and her penchant for tyrants, a form of rule viewed suspiciously by the Carthaginians.

In 3�8 BC, Syracuse found itself under the leadership of an ambitious tyrant, Agathocles, who immediately started to attempt to expand his power in Sicily. His attack on Agrigentum (Acragas) brought a Carthaginian reaction. The Carthaginians had mostly garrison-level forces in western Sicily, but, foreseeing possible “balance of power’ problems here, she sent Hamilcar, son of Gisgo (one of many with that name, to be sure), to Sicily with a small army, which was im-mediately swelled by troops from the Carthaginians allies.

Agathocles, soon backed into Syracuse, decided on an interesting strategy. To ease pressure on his city, he invaded Africa. With about �5,000 men, he landed on Cape Bon (I-5834), burnt his ships (to



stiffen the spines of his troops) and headed for Carthage.

What followed were several years of siege, counter-siege, battle, counter-attack, with occasional trips by Agathocles back to Syra-cuse—he built a new fleet in a captured port—to make sure he was still in power there. His efforts were greatly helped by bitter political turmoil within Carthage, but, eventually, his Libyan allies deserted, Cartage numerical superiority prevailed, and back home he went, where he spent the rest of his life making trouble for the Italians.

GAME LENGTH AND PLAY BALANCEGame starts with a 3�� BC turn and continues until one side wins, or the end of the 307 game-turn. Balance is weighted towards Carthage, since they have more manpower.

DESIGN NOTE: We use a “ticking clock” game-ender not because there was any such limit on the real participants, but to keep this scenario playable in one sitting.

MAPSThe game uses both maps, although you can probably fold the Italy map to reduce space requirement, as only Sicily playable on the Italy map.

RULESThe following rules are not used in this scenario:Standard Naval Rules: 7.0 Raids (CR 7.5)

All Roman specific rules and segments in the Sequence of Play

PLAYER AIDS• Syracusan/Mercenary Army Display• Syracusan/Mercenary City Occupation Display• Carthaginian Army Display• Carthaginian City Occupation Display (Agathocles scenario side)• Carthaginian Political and Manpower Display

INITIAL DEPLOYMENTS Units deployed at a city location are placed Inside the City or In Port unless otherwise indicated.

SyracusansHex/City UnitsSyracusa [It-64�9] Agathocles [OC], Overall Commander;

Arcagethus[ a]; Agatharcus [a]; 30 SP Syracusan Infantry, 8 SP Syracusan Cavalry; 8 Squadrons [Fleet I]

Messana [It-59�5] 3 SP Syracusan Infantry, � Squadron [Fleet II], Duumvir

a = Sons of Agathocles

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –2 Crew Ratings: 2 All squadrons are Quinqueremes.

CarthaginiansHex/City Units Carthage [Cr-3028] Hanno [�P-��] OC, [Army I, Efficiency

Rating: –2]; Bomilcar [�P-�7]; 6 SP Carthaginian Infantry (Elite), �5 SP Carthaginian Infantry, 5 SP Ligurian Infantry, 5 SP Iberian Infantry, 5 SP Car-thaginian Cavalry (Elite); �2 Squadrons [Fleet I]

Lilybaeum [It-5526] Hamilcar [�P-6], [Army II, Efficiency Rating: +�]; 4 SP Libyan Infantry; 2 Squadrons [Fleet II], Duumvir

Drepanum [It-5326] 2 SP Libyan Infantry; � Squadron [Fleet III], Duumvir

Panormus [It-5423] � SP Libyan Infantry

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –2.Crew Ratings: 3 All squadrons are QuinqueremesHanno and Hamilcar are Army Commanders. Hanno is the Over-all Commander. Bomilcar begins the game unassigned (see the Carthaginian Command special rules below). The Carthaginian Political Climate is Cautious and the Magonids are the Family in Power.

Siciliots (Independent) Hex/City Units Agrigentum [It-5923] Philarus; �2 SP Sicilian Infantry

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –3.

STARTING THE GAMEFirst Turn (311 BC) LAM Pool

The Syracusan player receives � LAM for Agathocles and a Duumvir LAM (use the Roman Duumvir LAM).

The Carthaginian player receives � LAM for Hanno [�P-��] and � LAM for Hamilcar [�P-8].

The Syracusan Player gets to go first and starts play with Phase D of the Sequence of play using Agathocles LAM.

There is no leader pool for either player, nor are there any Syracusan replacement leaders. The Carthaginian player receives replacement leaders per the special rule below

CARTHAGINIAN POLITICAL CLIMATEThe Carthaginian player uses the Carthaginian Political System rules (CR 5.7), however, he may only use the leaders in the initial setup as Army commanders or as Admirals. There is no leader pool. Bomilcar [�P-�7] begins the game unassigned and may be appointed either as Admiral or as a third Army Commander should the Political Climate allow. Commanders are appointed per CR 5.74.

The Carthaginian player is limited to a maximum of three Armies in play at any one time regardless of Political Climate, though he



may reassign a leader acting as Admiral to fill an Army Commander role as needed.

If a Carthaginian leader becomes unassigned (Recalled, Army Dis-banded, etc), he is placed in Carthage and may be appointed again should the need arise.

In any turn after one in which a Carthaginian commander is killed (regardless how), the Carthaginian player receives two additional commanders: Hanno (�P-�4) and Himilco (�P-�6). They are placed in Carthage and are available for assignment in the next Force Determination phase.

CARTHAGINIAN COMMAND A Carthaginian Army Commander can only conduct Operations, Interceptions and Avoidance with the units in his army. He may, however, attempt to Coordinate with another Army. The one excep-tion is that the Carthaginian Overall Commander can include other Carthaginian Army Commanders and their armies as part of a force conducting Operations, Interceptions, and Avoidance.

An unassigned Carthaginian leader cannot conduct Operations with any units, except to lead a Sally or an Attack with a garrison Under Siege. He may not use Interception or Avoidance but may use Co-ordination with an attacking Relief force if Under Siege.

SYRACUSAN COMMANDThe Syracusan player does not use assigned armies nor does he per-manently assign troops to his leaders. The Syracusan player forms forces from SPs in the same hex per the standard rules. Syracusan leaders may command any contingent. Agathocles is the Syracusan Overall Commander (see 5.4�). If Agathocles is killed, neither of his sons replace him as Overall Commander.

The Syracusan player may use any of his leaders as an Admiral. To do so, the Syracusan player simply declares his intention when the leader activates and his role as Admiral remains for the duration of that Operations Phase. A leader that is activated as an Admiral can-not command troops during that Operations Phase.

SICILIAN INDEPENDENTSMost of Sicily, except for the western tip, controlled by Carthage, was a series of Hellenic city-states, totally independent of one an-other. If one player attempts to take control of a Sicilian city by any means, that city immediately becomes allied to the other player. That player may now enter the city. The city, however, is not controlled for reinforcement or victory purposes unless garrisoned by troops other than those that started in the city.

Philarus and the SPs in Agrigentum are activated by Augury Event #5.

SYRACUSAN MANPOWERSyracuse does not raise troops using the Manpower rules. All troops arrive as below, but only in Phase B/6 (Force Determination), with the exceptions noted below. Agathocles may not conduct a Man-power Operation, and, in B/6, he may use only one of the choices, below.

1. Sicilians. Syracuse receives � SP Sicilian Infantry for each Sicil-ian city they control, except for Syracusa. These troops are placed either in Syracusa or with Agathocles, if he is in Sicily.

2. Mercenaries. The Syracuse player rolls 2 dice. That total is the number of Greek and Etruscan mercenary SPs he receives (divide

the total equally between the two groups). These troops are placed either in Syracusa or with Agathocles, if he is in Sicily.

3. Libyans. Syracuse receives 2 SPs Libyan Infantry for each city in Carthage/Tripolitana province they control, except for Carthage, Tunis and/or Utica. These troops are placed with Agathocles, if he is in Africa (see, however, the Augury for Libyan Mutiny). For every 6 Infantry SPs so raised in one Force Determination Phase, one of those SP may be Libyan cavalry. The Syracusan player receives Libyan reinforcements only if Agathocles is in Africa.

The Syracusan player may also receive Egyptian reinforcements via Augury event #�.

CARTHAGINIAN MANPOWERThe Carthaginian player uses the Carthaginian Manpower rules (CR �0.4) with the following exceptions:• Numidians and Mauritanians cannot be raised• Add one (+�) for any die roll for Group A• Subtract one (–�) from any die roll for groups C and D.• All non-African troops are placed in any Carthaginian-held port

in Africa. There is no LAM cost to do so.

The �st Punic War manpower limits apply to this scenario.

A NOTE ON CHARIOTSEven at this somewhat late date, the Carthaginians, and especially the Libyans, used chariots, probably the Greek-style, four-horse chariots. As their effect was probably minimal—they were soon replaced by elephants—we have not represented them at this level of simulation.

SIEGE CAPABILITYNeither player may increase his Siege Capability.

NAVAL CONSTRUCTIONThe Fleet and Naval Construction rules (CR 7.�) are used by both sides with the following exceptions:• Use the Port Capacity listed on the City Occupation Displays• Fleets may be built only in Syracusa and Carthage• New Syracusan Fleets start with a Crew Rating of � • New Carthaginian Fleets start with a Crew Rating of 2

FLEET COMMANDERS AND TACTICAL SUPERIORITYBoth players may have only one Admiral and up to two Duumvir in play at any one time.

The Tactical Superiority modifiers are:• Syracusan Tactical Superiority: –2 to his die roll; +2 to his

opponent’s• Carthaginian Tactical Superiority: –2 to his die roll; +3 to his

opponent’s

CITY AND PROVINCE CONTROLThe provinces of Eastern and Western Sicilia begin the game un-controlled by either player. City control is a follow:• Syracuse controls Syracusa [It-64�9], Messana [It-59�5], Catana

[It-6��8], Leontini [It-6��9], Megara [It-62�9], Netum [It-6420], Helorus [It-6520], and Camarina [It-6222]

• Carthage controls Lilybaeum [It-5526], Drepanum [It-5326], and Panormus [It-5423]



• All remaining cities in Eastern and Western Sicilia provinces are independent.

The City IDS are as follows:Carthage [8]Syracusa [7]Agrigentum [5]Messana IDS [4]Lilybaeum IDS [4]

All other Medium cities have an IDS of [3]; Small cities [�]

Carthaginian player controls Carthage (province) and Tripolitana. These are considered Home provinces for the Carthaginians; the Carthaginian player controls all cities in both provinces.

Numidia is not controlled by anyone, and does/will not provide troops of any kind,

VICTORYThe Syracuse Player wins automatically if, at the end of any turn, he occupies Carthage (city).

The Carthaginian Player wins automatically if, at the end of any game-turn, Syracuse does not control any cities, anywhere, other than Syracusa [It-64�9].

Otherwise, at the end of 5 turns, each player counts up VP for con-trolling the following:

Syracuse 3 VP for Lilybaeum [It-5526] 2 VP Utica [Cr-2928] or Hippo Diarryhtus [Cr-2829] � VP Drepanum [It-5326], Panormus [It-5423], Messana [It-

59�5], or Agrigentum [It-5923] � VP for any Small city in Carthage province

Carthage 5 VP for Syracusa [It-64�9] 3 VP for each city in Sicily, other than Syracusa

High VP wins.

HIERO, HERO OR GYRO?The Start of the Punic Wars, 264-263 BCSCENARIO COMPLEXITY LEVEL: 4

This is a good scenario to learn the system, get accustomed to its military routines and finish in one sitting. There are no elections, no political problems, no raising of troops ... just moving and fighting.

GAME LENGTH AND PLAY BALANCE Only two Turns: from 264 BC to 263 BC. Balance is fairly even, mostly because we give the Carthaginians what they did not get (historically) in 263 BC, an additional army.

MAPSThe game uses the Italy map (IT). Actually, play is pretty much restricted to Sicily.

RULESThe following rules are not used in this scenario:

Standard Naval Rules: 7.0Manpower Rules: �0.0 and CR �0.0 (except for CR �0.5)Auguries: �3.0Carthaginian Political Climate: CR 5.7

PLAYER AIDS• Roman Army Display• Roman City Occupation Display• Carthaginian Army Display• Carthaginian City Occupation Display (�st Punic/Mercenary War

side)


Romans Hex/City Units Rhegium [It-60�5] Ap. Claudius Caudex [301] (Rome

Consul [a]); Legion I, Legion II [Con-sular Army I]; � Squadron [c] [Fleet I], Duumvir

[It-32�3] M. Fulvius Flaccus [302] (Field Consul [b]); Legion III, Legion IV [Consular Army II]

Tarentum [It-5405] � Squadron [c] [Fleet II], Duumvir

All Legions are Recruit and include both the RL and AL compo-nents both at full strength (see CR 2.2�). a = Claudius Caudex is the Rome Consul and has Legions I and II for his Imperium. He has permission from the Senate to leave Roman Italy. b = Fulvius Flaccus is the Field Consul Claudius and has Legions II and IV for his Imperium. Etruria is his assigned province. c = These are squadrons of Triremes provided by Rome’s Allies.

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –3.Crew Ratings: 2



STARTING THE GAMEFirst Turn LAM Pool: The Roman Player receives 2 of his Consul LAMs, plus the Duumvir LAM. The Carthaginian player receives � LAM for Hanno (�P-�2), and � for Hannibal (�P-8), plus � for Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, plus the Duumvir LAM. 2 of the Siege Attrition LAMs are available

PLAY NOTE: The lesser number of LAMs reflects the “late” start of the war. The Carthaginian Player gets to go first. He selects (knowingly) with which of his LAMs—and that includes Hiero’s—he wants to start play. The game starts with Phase C of the Sequence of play; Phases A and B are not undertaken in the first (264 BC) turn.

REINFORCEMENTSRoman: The Roman player uses only those units with which he starts play. He may not build any legions, or even reinforce what he has.

Carthage: Gisgo [�P-5], [Army II, Efficiency Rating: 0]; 5 SPs Carthaginian Infantry; �0 SPs Libyan Infantry; 5 SPs Numidian Cavalry; � SP Elephant; and 2 Squadrons [Fleet V, Crew: 3] with a Duumvir start the 263 game turn in Lilybaeum. The player gets LAMs for Gisgo. These are the only additions to existing troops the Carthaginian has. Neither Player may raise troops or fleets in this game. There is no limit on the number of Admirals the players can have in play at any one time.

ROMAN ELECTIONSFor the 263 Game-Turn, the Roman Player gets M. Valerius Maximus [303] and M. Otacilius Crassus [304] as consuls, plus their LAMs. He may assign them as he wishes. He does not hold elections, and he receives no proconsuls or praetors.

CITY AND PROVINCE CONTROLUse the rules for the �st Punic War scenario.

INERTIA ATTRITIONSicily is treated as a single province for the purpose of Inertia Attrition.

SIEGE CAPABILITYThe Romans, Carthaginians, and Syracusans each have a Siege Capability Rating. If more than one of these Powers is involved in a Siege on the same side, the best SCR is used. If a Siege is success-fully concluded by Assault or Attrition, the Powers on the winning side have their Siege Capability Ratings increased (positively) by one. No Power may ever increase past a SCR of ‘0’. The SCR never decreases.

ROMAN NAVAL TRANSPORT LIMITATIONThe Roman player may not use Naval Transport. Remember that strait crossings are not considered Naval Transport.

TRIREMESThere are several squadrons of triremes, galleys the Romans “bor-rowed’ from their Italo-Greek allies (Tarentum, Locri, et al.) to serve as an ersatz fleet of war galleys before they got serious about the en-terprise, or those comprising a portion of the Syracusan Fleet. In any naval battle in which the Romans or Syracusans have Triremes:• If they are less than half the number of squadrons in the Fleet,

CarthaginiansHex/City Units Aleria [It-2823] 2 SP Iberian InfantryCaralis [It-4332] 2 SP Gallic Infantry, � Squadron [Fleet I],

DuumvirLilybaeum [It-5526] Hanno [�P-�2] [a], OC, [Army I, Efficiency

Rating: 0]; 8 SP Libyan Infantry, 8 SP Gallic Infantry, 2 SP Numidian Infantry, 2 SP Iberian Cavalry; � Squadron [Fleet II], Duumvir

Lipara [It-56�6] Hannibal [�P-8] [b]; � Squadron [Fleet III]

[It-59�5] � Squadron [Fleet IV], DuumvirDrepanum [It-5326] � SP Libyan InfantryPanormus [It5423] � SP Libyan Infantry Agrigentum [It-5923] � SP Libyan Infantry

a = Son of Hamilcarb = Son of Gisgo

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –2.Crew Ratings: 3.

Hanno and Gisgo are Army Commanders. Hanno is the Overall Commander. Hannibal is an Admiral.

All Carthaginian Squadrons are Quinqueremes.

Syracusans Hex/City Units Syracusa [It-64�9] Hiero [Syracuse Army I]; 20 SP Syracusan

Infantry, 7 SP Syracusan Cavalry (Elite); � Squadron (Triremes), � Squadron (Quin-queremes) [a] [Syracuse Fleet I]

In any city(ies)w/I 4 hexesof Syracusa 3 SP Syracusan infantry (total)

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –�.Crew Ratings: 2

a = There is no indication that Syracuse ever used her fleet, which could be as large as 200 galleys (probably a mixture of quinqueremes and triremes), during the war. We know she had a fleet, but as its effect was, apparently, non-existent we have given her a nominal number of squadrons.

Mamertines Hex/City Units Messana [It-59�5] 4 SP Mamertine Infantry

The Mamertines are not a Power. They cannot raise troops and they move only when with a leader of the Roman player. They cannot be replaced or reinforced. No City Militia are placed when Messana is placed Under Siege if occupied exclusively by Mamertine SP.



any Roman/Syracusan Tactical advantage is reduced by one.• If they are at least half the number of squadrons in the Fleet, if

the Romans/Syracusans gain tactical advantage, they don’t get any die roll benefit.

• Reduce any Corvus benefit by one for each trireme squadron.

HIERO AND SYRACUSESyracuse, and its Tyrant, Hiero, start the game as an ally of Carthage. This means that Syracuse is not controlled by Carthage and may never be activated under a Carthaginian LAM. It does mean that, when the Hiero LAM is drawn, Carthage uses it to her advantage ... but her forces operate separately.

Syracuse will change allegiance and become an ally of Rome at the start of the game turn after one or both of the following have occurred: • If, at the end of any game turn, the Roman player occupies Mes-

sana with Legion SP and Messana is not Besieged

• If, the Roman player defeats any Army led by Hiero in a battle

If Syracuse troops and those of her former are together Inside a City, the troops of the side that does not control the city are placed outside the city when the change of allegiance occurs.

In addition:• Hiero can only command Syracusan units. Syracusan units cannot

be directly commanded by another leader. However, Hiero and his troops (or Fleet) can be included in any Operation (including Avoidance and Interception) conducted by the players’ Overall Commander. He is also the only admiral they have.

• Hiero and the Syracusan land units may not leave Eastern Sicily. Her Fleets may move only into coastal hexes in Eastern Sicily.

• Syracusan forces are not affected by Movement or Inertia Attri-tion.

• Syracusan Tactical Superiority: –2 to his die roll; +2 to his opponent’s

If Hiero is killed, the Syracusans are without a leader for the rest of the game. Her units stay where they are at the time of such death, except that any units not inside a city are placed in Syracusa. Remove the Hiero LAM from play; the Syracuse units cannot be moved but control the cities they are in. There is no change in allegiance.

VICTORYPlayers get Victory points for controlling (occupying) cities in Sicily. Cities occupied by Syracusan units do not count towards victory, regardless to whom Hiero is allied: Syracusa: �0 VP Messana: 6 VPMedium: 3 VPSmall: � VP (Lipara and Melita do not count.) High VP wins.

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR264 to 241 BCSCENARIO COMPLEXITY LEVEL: 7

GAME LENGTH AND PLAY BALANCEWhile there is no telling how long the �st Punic War could have run, we’ve taken a page from history and given the players 24 turns—from 264 BC to 24� BC—to get it over with. This means this scenario is a long game, although it can possibly end sooner.

Balance really is difficult to assess. Play testing had a wide variety of endings, and much is dependent upon strategy and style of play. Historically, the Romans won by wearing the Carthaginians down and gaining control of the seas, and that is what seemed to happen in playtesting. Players, though are gifted with hindsight, and both have good chances to win.

MAPSThe game uses the Italy map (It) and the Carthage map (Cr).

RULES The following rules are not used in this scenario:

Standard Naval Rules: 7.0

PLAYER AIDS• Roman Army Display• Roman City Occupation Display• Carthaginian Army Display• Carthaginian City Occupation Display (�st Punic/Mercenary War

side)• Carthaginian Political and Manpower Display


Romans Hex/City UnitsRhegium [It-60�5] Ap. Claudius Caudex [301] (Rome Con-

sul [a]); Legion I, Legion II [Consular Army I]; � Squadron [c] [Fleet I], Duumvir

[It-32�3] M. Fulvius Flaccus [302] (Field Consul

[b]); Legion III, Legion IV [Consular Army II]



c = Son of Gisgo

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –2.Crew Ratings: 3.

The Carthaginian Political Climate is Cautious, and the Magonids are the Family in Power.

Hanno and Gisgo are Army Commanders. Hanno is the Overall Commander. Hannibal is an Admiral.

All Carthaginian Squadrons are Quinqueremes.

Numidians Hex/City Units Cirta [Cr-234�] �0 SP Numidian Infantry These units may not be controlled, or moved, by either player. They are there simply to garrison the Numidian “capital”. Cirta wasn’t so much a city of any size, but it was built in a relatively difficult (militarily) position to take.

Syracusans Hex/City Units Syracusa [It-64�9] Hiero [Syracuse Army I]; 20 SP Syracusan

Infantry, 7 SP Syracusan Cavalry (Elite); � Squadron (Triremes), � Squadron (Quin-queremes) [a] [Syracuse Fleet I]

In any city(ies) w/I 4 hexesof Syracusa [b] 3 SP Syracusan infantry (total)

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –�.Crew Ratings: 2 a = There is no indication that Syracuse ever used her fleet, which could be as large as 200 galleys (probably a mixture of quinqueremes and triremes), during the war. We know she had a fleet, but as its effect was, apparently, non-existent we have given her a nominal number of squadrons. b = Carthaginian player decides where these troops go

Mamertines Hex/City Units Messana [It-59�5] 4 SP Mamertine Infantry The Mamertines are not a Power. They cannot raise troops and they move only when with a leader of the Roman player. They cannot be replaced or reinforced. No City Militia are placed when Messana is placed Under Siege if occupied exclusively by Mamertine SP.

MANPOWER TRACKSPlace the appropriate markers on the Manpower Track for each contingent using the �st Punic War Carthaginian Manpower Totals given on the chart. Deduct �9 Carthaginian Infantry, 5 Carthaginian Cavalry, �5 Libyan Infantry, �0 Gaul Infantry, 3 Numidian Infantry, 2 Iberian Infantry, and 2 Iberian Cavalry for the starting forces.

STARTING THE GAMERoman leaders numbered 30� through 340 are place in the Magistrate pool. Carthaginians leaders numbered �P�-�P�6 are placed in the Carthaginian leader pool.

Tarentum [It-5405] � Squadron [c] [Fleet II], Duumvir

Rome [It-37�4] 5 SP Legion Infantry,Praetor Urbanus [d]

In any Large and/or 5 SP Legion Infantry [e] Medium City in Roman Italy

All Legions are Recruit and include both the RL and AL compo-nents both at full strength (see CR 2.2).

a = Claudius Caudex is the Rome Consul and has Legions I and II for his Imperium. He has permission from the Senate to leave Roman Italy.b = Fulvius Flaccus is the Field Consul Claudius and has Legions II and IV for his Imperium. Etruria is his assigned province. c = These are squadrons of Triremes provided by Rome’s Allies.d = Randomly draw a leader from the magistrate poole = These may be spread around the chosen cities as desired

Initial Siege Capability Rating: –3. Crew Ratings: 2

CarthaginiansHex/City Units Carthage [Cr-3028] Gisgo [�P-5], [Army II, Efficiency

Rating: –�]; �5 SP Carthaginian In-fantry; 5 SP Carthaginian Cavalry; 2 Squadrons [Fleet II], Duumvir

Tacape [Cr-4237] � SP Numidian InfantryThugga [Cr-2933] � SP Libyan InfantryMusti [Cr-3035] � SP Libyan InfantryHippo Diarryhtus [Cr-2829] 2 SP Carthaginian Infantry; � Squad-

ron [Fleet III], DuumvirUtica [Cr-2928] 2 SP Carthaginian Infantry; � Squad-

ron [Fleet IV], DuumvirThabraca [Cr-2533] � SP Libyan InfantrySicca Veneria [Cr-2936] � SP Libyan Infantry Aleria [It-2823] 2 SPs Iberian InfantryCaralis [It-4332] 2 SP Gallic Infantry, � Squadron [Fleet

V], DuumvirLilybaeum [It-5526] Hanno [�P-�2] [a], OC, [Army I, Effi-

ciency Rating: 0]; 8 SP Libyan Infan-try, 8 SP Gallic Infantry, 2 SP Numid-ian Infantry, 2 SP Iberian Cavalry; � Squadron [Fleet VI], Duumvir

Massilia [It-�629] 2 SP Iberian Infantry (Massilia gar-rison) [b]

Genua [It-�7�7] 2 SP Ligurian Infantry (Genua garrison)

[b]

Lipara [It-56�6] Hannibal [�P-8] [c]; � Squadron [Fleet I]

[It-59�5] � Squadron [Fleet VII], DuumvirDrepanum [It-5326] � SP Libyan InfantryPanormus [It-5423] � SP Libyan InfantryAgrigentum [It-5923] � SP Libyan Infantry

a = Son of Hamilcarb = these are allied garrisons and can never leave the city.



First Turn LAM PoolThe Roman Player receives 2 Consul LAMs, plus the Duumvir LAM.

The Carthaginian player receives � LAM for Hanno (�P-�2), and � for Hannibal (�P-8), plus � for Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, plus the Duumvir LAM. He does not get any LAM for Gisgo (In Carthage) this turn.

The Augury LAM and 2 of the Siege Attrition LAMs are avail-able

PLAY NOTE: The lesser number of LAMs reflects the “late” start of the war. Gisgo, sitting in Carthage, does not get a LAM this turn.

The Carthaginian Player gets to go first. He selects (knowingly) with which of his LAMs he wants to start play. He may select Hiero. The game starts with Phase C of the Sequence of play; Phases A and B are not undertaken in the first (264 BC) turn.

CITY AND PROVINCE CONTROLPer the �st Punic War Province Information Chart (PIC), all prov-inces in Roman Italy are considered Roman Home provinces so all cities therein are Roman controlled and the provisions of ��.�2 apply. Similarly, Carthage province is the Carthaginian Home province. Other than the Sicily, the remaining provinces in play are Allied, i.e. Diplomatically Controlled to Carthage. Cities in Carthaginian Allied provinces are considered friendly to the Carthaginian player and can be entered per ��.34. However, only cities where Carthaginian forces are deployed, or as stated in the PIC, are controlled by the Carthaginian player. All other cities in Allied provinces that are not occupied by Allied SP (see below) are uncontrolled. They may be occupied and controlled by the player allied to the city per ��.3�/2. Cities occupied by Allied SP, however, are controlled by that ally. The player may occupy an allied city with his SP, have his Fleets in port, etc., but he does not control the city as long as any Allied Infantry SP are present. Moreover, the player cannot attack allied units, nor may he move the last Allied Infantry SP out of a city that was occupied by Allied Infantry SP at the start of the scenario. When distributing losses to forces in an Allied controlled city, an Allied infantry SP must be the last SP eliminated.

The province control rules (��.� and ��.2) do not apply to the two Sicilian provinces. Who controls what Sicilian city is given in the Sicilia City Control Chart.

MASSILIA AND GENUA These cities begin the game in provinces allied to Carthage. Both have allied garrisons (which can never leave their resepctive cities) and are thus Allied controlled cities, thus the rules in the City and Province Control section above apply.

SYRACUSASyracusa and the cities with Syracusan garrisons begin the game Al-lied to Carthage. These cities are considered Allied controlled cities and thus the rules in the City and Province Control section above apply. If Syracuse becomes allied to Rome, these same restrictions on control apply to that player. If a Syracusan Allied controlled city is occupied by both Syracusan and Carthaginian troops when Syracusa switches sides, place the Carthaginian troops outside the city. Once Syracusa switches sides, the Carthaginian player may freely attack Syracusan forces and cities.

MESSANA Messana begins the game Allied to Rome. Once the Roman player enters Messana with any combat unit, Rome controls the city and the Mamertine garrison SP are treated as Roman Auxiliaries with the exception that the Roman player does not need to garrison Messana with an equal number of Legion SP.

1st Punic War Province Information Chart AllianceProvince [a] [Favor] NotesRoman Italy Home [Rome] • Rome IDS [�0] • Ostia Port Capacity [5] • Neapolis Capacity [5] • Brundisium does not exist until

the 244 BC game turn

Sicily N/A • Includes Eastern & Western See Sicilian City Sicily, Melita, and Liparae Ins. Control Chart Agrigentum IDS [5] • Messana IDS [4] • Lilybaeum IDS [4]Gallia Massilia Allied [Carthage]

Liguria Allied [Carthage] • Includes Friniates & TauriniCorsica Allied [Carthage] Sardinia Allied [Carthage] [b] • Includes Northern & Southern

SardiniaCarthage Home [Carthage] • Carthage IDS [8], Port Capacity

[�8]Tripolitana (Libya) Allied [Carthage] Numidia Allied [Carthage] Mauretania Allied [Carthage]

Standard City IDS: Small [�]; Medium [3]; Large [7]

a = The provinces listed in the chart, other than Roman Italy, are available for Roman magistrate assignment. Venetia, Gallia Cispadana, and Gallia Transpadana may not be entered by any units and are out of play for this scenario. b = Carthage controls Caralis (It-4322) and all cities in Sardinia.

Sicilia City Control ChartCity Notes Syracusa Carthage Ally Cities with Syracusan garrisons Carthage Ally Drepanum Carthage Controlled Lilybaeum Carthage Controlled Panormus Carthage Controlled Agrigentum Carthage Controlled Lipara Carthage Controlled Melita Carthage Controlled Messana Roman Ally All Others Uncontrolled

INERTIA ATTRITIONSicily and Sardinia are each treated as a single province for the purpose of Inertia Attrition.



XANTHIPPUSThe Carthaginians get to use the mercenary Spartan Leader, Xan-thippus when the Political Climate is Aggressive, and they roll a 4-9 when raising troops (as indicated by the Xan on the table). When checking for Xanthippus’ possible casualty (8.6), any negative result is treated as “out of the game”). Xanthippus must be placed in com-mand of an army in Africa and cannot leave Africa.

PLAY NOTE: Players will note that Xanthippus’ Mortality rating is very poor. This reflects that Xanthippus seems to have faded into the mists of history after leading the Carthaginians to victory in one battle. Whether he was done away with by a probably suspicious and untrusting Carthaginian Senate, or he simply returned to Sparta, Job Well Done, is a matter for heated discussion. Regardless what happened, Xanthippus was around only long enough to either pick up his pay check or his Plutonian pink slip.

ADDITIONAL RULESHIERO AND SYRACUSESyracuse, and its Tyrant, Hiero, start the game as an ally of Carthage. This means that Syracuse is not controlled by Carthage and may never be activated under a Carthaginian LAM. It does mean that, when the Hiero LAM is drawn, Carthage uses it to her advantage ... but her forces operate separately.

Syracuse will change allegiance and become an ally of Rome at the start of the game turn after one or both of the following occur: • If, at the end of any game turn, the Roman player occupies Mes-

sana with Legion SP and Messana is not Besieged, OR

• If, the Roman player defeats any Army led by Hiero in a battle

If Syracusan troops and those of her former ally are together Inside a City, the troops of the side that does not control the city are placed outside the city when the change of allegiance occurs.

In addition:• Hiero can only command Syracusan units. Syracusan units cannot

be directly commanded by another leader. However, Hiero and his troops (or Fleet) can be included in any Operation (including Avoidance and Interception) conducted by the players’ Overall Commander. He is also the only admiral they have.

• Hiero and the Syracusan land units may not leave Eastern Sicily. Her Fleets may move only into coastal hexes in Eastern Sicily.

• Syracusan forces are not affected by Movement or Inertia Attri-tion.

• Syracusan Tactical Superiority: –2 to his die roll; +2 to his opponent’s

If Hiero is killed, the Syracusans are without a leader for the rest of the game. Her units stay where they are at the time of such death, except that any units not inside a city are placed in Syracusa. Remove the Hiero LAM from play; the Syracuse units cannot be moved but still control the cities they are in. There is no change in allegiance.

Syracuse may raise Manpower and increase her Fleet. Whenever the Hiero LAM is drawn, and Hiero is in Syracusa, the player doing so may, instead of undertaking any operations with Syracusan units• build � Squadron (Crew �) in Syracusa, up to a maximum of 5 in

play at any one time. Syracusan squadrons are always triremes• Add � SP Syracusan Infantry or � SP Syracusan Cavalry in Syra-

cusa, unless it is Under Siege, in which case he may not do this.

SIEGE CAPABILITYThe Romans, Carthaginians, and Syracusans each have a Siege Capability Rating. If more than one these Powers is involved in a Siege on the same side, the best SCR is used. If a Siege is success-fully concluded by Assault or Attrition, the Powers on the winning side have their Siege Capability Ratings increased (positively) by one. No Power may ever increase past a SCR of ‘0’. The SCR never decreases.

SIEGE ENGINESA player may have no more than three Siege Engines in play at any one time.

LAND SUPPLYFor Sieges in Sicily, the Besieging player may only use the Land Supply modifier if either Syracuse is Allied to him, or Besieging player controls the city of Syracusa.

ADMIRAL LIMITSThe Roman player may have one Admiral in play for each of the following controlled Ports: Tarentum, Ostia if at Port Capacity �0 or more, Neopolis if at Port Capacity �0, either Lilybaeum or Drepanum (not both), and Syracusa (must be controlled not simply Allied).

The Carthaginian player may have one Admiral in play for each of the following controlled Ports: Carthage (counts as two Ports if its Port Capacity is 22), Lilybaeum, Drepanum, and Syracusa (must be controlled not simply Allied).

FLEET CONSTRUCTION LIMITATIONSIn order to use the Port Capacity of Syracusa or Massilia for Fleet Construction, the player must control the city.

TRIREMESThere are several squadrons of triremes, galleys the Romans “bor-rowed’ from their Italo-Greek allies (Tarentum, Locri, et al.) to serve as an ersatz fleet of war galleys before they got serious about the en-terprise, or those comprising a portion of the Syracusan Fleet. In any naval battle in which the Romans or Syracusans have Triremes:

• If they are less than half the number of squadrons in the Fleet, any Roman/Syracusan Tactical advantage is reduced by one.

• If they are at least half the number of squadrons in the Fleet, if the Romans/Syracusans gain tactical advantage, they don’t get any die roll benefit.

• Reduce any Corvus benefit by one for each trireme squadron.

ROMAN NAVAL TRANSPORT LIMITATIONThe Roman player may embark and use Naval Transport in only one Operations Phase per game turn. He may not use Naval Transport until both Ostia and Neapolis are built to maximum capacity. Re-member that strait crossings are not considered Naval Transport.

ROMAN LEGION LIMITSRome may never have more than 3 Consular Armies (the equivalent of 6 legions) outside of Roman Italy at any time and no more than 2 Consular armies (the equivalent of 4 legions) in any one province. For this purpose, Sicilia, Sardinia, and Liguria are treated as single provinces. The number of legions within Roman Italy is limited solely by the counter mix of available legions.



Syracuse may never have more than 30 SP of Infantry and �0 SP of cavalry in play at any one time.

NUMIDIACarthage’s relationship with her western neighbor, Numidia, was, at best, dichotomous and uneasy, and, more often than not, outright contentious. Carthage coveted Numidia’s elite cavalry, the finest in the Mediterranean, along with her light infantry, and these two groups were often raised, as “allies”, for Carthage’s armies. How-ever, Carthage sporadically attempted to increase her borders, if not her sphere of control, at the expense of Numidia. Even as she was fighting Rome, Carthage did not abandon her designs to the west.

Carthage gets Victory Points for occupying Numidian cities (see below). Numidia has a garrison force in Cirta which can never be moved from the city, nor is it considered with regards to Manpower Maximums. As an exception to the rules on allied controlled cit-ies, the Cirta garrison is not allied to Carthage, and Cirta cannot be entered by a Carthaginian units. However, Cirta can be attacked by the Carthaginian player. Attacking Cirta has no effect on the overall alliance though occupying Numidian cities has an adverse effect on raising Numidian troops and provides the opportunity for revolts due to the Augury table.

For each Numidian city controlled by Carthage, subtract two (–2) from any manpower die roll as it applies to Numidia (but not other provinces in her Group). The Carthaginian player must occupy a Small city with at least � SP of infantry (other than Numidians) to gain and retain control.

PLAY NOTE: Thabraca is considered part of Carthage.

HISTORICAL NOTE #1: There were virtually no Numidian units at the Battle of Bagradas Plains, the (then decisive) land battle in Carthage during the war.

HISTORICAL NOTE #2: Carthage didn’t seem that interested in extending her eastern borders, into Libya/Tripolitana, although, every once in a while, Libyans would raid into the easternmost Carthaginian territories.

VICTORY AUTOMATIC VICTORYAutomatic Victory starts to take effect with the 260 BC Turn. There is no Auto Victory in any turn before that. There are several ways to win an Automatic Victory. Automatic Victory is assessed in the Victory Deternination segment (G/5).• Carthaginian Land Victory: Carthage controls any one Large

city, or any two Medium cities in Roman Italy.• Roman Land Victory: Rome controls the city of Carthage.• Either Player Automatically Wins: If he has military control of

the provinces Corsica and Sardinia, AND control of the following cities: Messana, Agrigentum, Panormus, Drepanum, Lilybaeum, Lipara, and Melita. In addition, the player not allied to Syracuse, must control Syracusa. The player allied to Syracuse cannot automatically win if the oppsoing player controls Syracusa.

• Naval Power Victory: Either player wins if has a non-allied Squadron In Port in each of the following: Syracusa, Lilybaeum, Drepanum, Panormus, Messana, Utica, Hippo Regius, Hippo Diarryhtus, and Caralis.

END OF GAME VICTORY

If there is no Automatic Victory, the winner is determined at the end of the 24� BC Game-Turn.

Victory points are awarded for Land and/or Naval control. It is pos-sible to have one and not the other, even though mutual objectives from both are held. Players total the Victory Points each has at that time for controlling the following. High total wins.

Land ObjectivesObjective Victory Points Syracusa [a] �0 West Sicily [b] �0 Sardinia [c] 7 East Sicily [d] 5 Corsica 4

In addition, Carthage gets 2 VP for each city in Numidia she con-trols.

a = Syracusa must be occupied exclusively by the player’s units to qualify as controlled for purposes of victory. b = A player controls West Sicily for victory purposes when he controls all its Medium cities. c = Sardinia is treated as a single province for the purposes of determin-ing control d = A player controls East Sicily for victory purposes when he controls all non Allied cities in that province.

Sardinia, Lipara, and Melita begin the scenario militarily controlled by Carthage and thus Carthage starts the game with the VP where applicable. To garner the VP for Corsica, the Carthaginian player must gain military control over the province.

Naval ObjectivesPlayers gain Naval Objectives by controlling Naval Areas

Naval Area Carthage VP Roman VP Mare Gallicum 2 4 Mare Sardoum � 2 Mare Ligusticum 3 3 Mare Tyrrhenum 9 4 Mare Ionium 5 5 Mare Africum 3 7 Fretum Siculi 3 �

What Qualifies as Naval Control?A player controls the following seas if the listed port cities are controlled or allied to that player: Gallicum: Massilia [It-�629]Sardoum: Tharros [It-4033], Urcinium [IT-2826]Ligusticum: Genua [It-�7�7], Pisae [It-23�5]Tyrrenhum: Ostia [It-37�5], Olbia [It-3326, Neapolis [It-45�2], Panormus [It-5423], Lipara Ins [It-56�6].Ionium: Tarentum [It-5405], Syracusa [It-64�9]Africum: Drepanum [It-5326], Lilybaeum [It-5526], Melita [It-6725], Hippo Diarryhtus [Cr-2829]Fretum Siculi: Messana [It-59�5] and Rhegium [It-60�5]



a = Received the cognomen Messala for his good work in taking Messana and subduing the Syracusans. b = This Scipiop earned the cognomen Asina, for ‘ass”, for being

captured by the Carthaginian fleet at the Lipari Islands. Diodn’t seem to hurt his political career that much. c = Earned the cognomen Longus for unstated reasons. d = Cardicius died in office and was replaced by the unfortunate

Regulus (#3�9) e = This Regulus, not to be confused with other Reguli with almost

the same name—quite common with �st Punic war consuls—was eledcted Consul Suffectus upon the death of Cardicius, defeated the carthaginian fleet, got prorogued the following year, invaded Africa, and got disastrously defeated by a rfevivivied Carthaginian army under the Spartan Soldier of Fortune, Xanthippus. All sorts of rumors and urban legends floated about the eventual death of Regulus, but it is most likely he simply died in a Carthaginian prison. f = Earned the cognomen Nobilior for unstated reasons. g = Too bad his family name wasn’t Threepio. h = Famous for his Chicken of the Sea act before losing the naval

battle of Drepanum. Recalled, tried, and fined for being very un-Roman. His descendants would be even more infamous during the Caesar era, including his sister then and now. Our present Claudius’ sister, Claudia, had a big mouth, and was not appreciated by the Senate, which fined her 25,000 asses (not donleys, or backsides, but the plural of “as”, a type of coin.) i = An equally disastrous year at sea—fleet destroyed in a

storm—again, ignoring the auspices, led to his suicide. j = The first Roman Dictator to lead an army outside Italy. k = Earned the cognomen Atticus for unstated reasons. * = Within Reason ** = Office Abbreviations: D = Dictator; C = Consul; PC = Pro-

consul, an office that includes Provincial Praetor; PU = Praetor Urbanus; PP = Praetor Peregrinus HISTORICAL NOTE: We have not included everyone who

served in proconsul/praetor offices, mostly for the sake of keep-ing the counter mix manageable. In addition ,many of these men served in lesser, but important, offices, such as Magister Equitum, Legates, Aediles, etc.

Vo, dis, condiens int. Multiam hilius conitam prorus crissen icu-los, nos pubis, nostrium ina, con te factum manum trus nit, vast L. M. Maci patum ad Catast vividena pecesta ndesse nit. Nihi, quod consilibus constum non teatquod fui inprioribem ternum o vit.Nihinte publint esulvivid condiem cum, et perum hostis, que

distien icatimo vessimum inclemu stursuloster ut ia nem adeo condum quam.Te, qua notifes sicaeludetiu videris, num ute merobse ndacta

dicid ipio ina viriu quam auctus fue consil clus conulos siliusquam intia que consi pati, dius, con sulutus novide mo conferi pes tum dem teatrit.Peritat potandium fur. Opublissum tu eginatiliu mentiam nor prit

veris, que nos effre, Ti. Tu sus; et L. C. Multortum plis. Tuit, tuscres senticam medelus, spes nos is ocut ego in Etrata, nemus cles nius occhilica; nonsus corum facto etiam uro Catimis horum ta num

CONSUL HISTORICAL INFORMATION TABLE Offices Held ID # Full Name* and Years** Notes

30� Ap. Claudius Caudex C264302 M. Fulvius Flaccus C264303 M. Valerius Maximus C263 a304 M. Otacilius Crassus C263, 246305 L. Postumius Megellus C262, P253306 Q. Mamiius Vitulius C262307 L. Valerius Flaccus C26�308 T. Otacilius Crassus C26�309 Cn, Cornelius Scipio C260. 254, P253 b3�0 C. Duilius C2603�� L. Cornelius Scipio C2593�2 C. Aquilius Florus C259, P2583�3 A. Atilius Caiatinus C258, 254, P257, D249 j3�4 C. Sulpicius Paterculus C2583�5 C. Atilius Regulus C257, 2503�6 Cn.Cornelius Blasio C2573�7 L. Manlius Vulso C256, 250 c3�8 Q. Cardicius C256 d3�9 M. Atilius Regulus C256, P255 e320 Ser. Fulvius Paetinus C255, P254 f32� M. Aemilius Paullus C255, P254322 Cn. Servilius Caepio C253 g323 C. Sempronius Blaseus C253, 244324 C. Aurelius Cotta C252, 248325 P. Servilius Geminus C252, P248326 L. Caecilius Metellus C25�, 247; P250327 C. Furius Pacilus C25�328 P. Claudis Pulcher C249 h329 L. Iunius Pullus C249 i330 N. Fabius Buteo C24733� M. Fabius Licinus C246332 M. Fabius Buteo C245333 C. Atilus Bulbus C245334 A. Manlius Torquatus C244, 24� k335 C. Fundanius Fundulus C243336 C. Sulpicius Galus C243337 C. Lutatius Catulus C242, P24�338 A. Postumius Albinus C242339 Q. Valerius Falto P242, 24�340 Q. Lutatius Cerco C24�



Initial SetupBoth players deploy per the �st Punic War scenario setup.

The Carthaginian player sets up his units per the initial deployment given in the scenario setup instructions. Place � Syracusan infantry SP in each of the following: Catana, Leontini, and Netum

Place the Political Climate marker in the Cautious space on the Political Climate Track and the Family in Power marker in the Magonid space of that track. Place the Carthaginian and Syracusan Siege Capability markers in the –2 and –� boxes respectively on the Carthaginian City/Port Display. Place the starting Manpower pool markers per the Manpower chart.

Place control markers in each controlled city in Sicilia.

The remaining Carthaginians leaders from those numbered �P�-�P�6 are placed in the Carthaginian leader pool.

The Roman player sets up his units per the initial deployment given in the scenario setup instructions. Place � Legion infantry SP in each of the following cities: Tarentum, Neapolis, Cumae, Ostia and Pisae

Place the Roman Siege Capability marker in the –3 box on the Carthaginian City/Port Display.

Place control markers in each controlled city in Sicilia.

The remaining Roman leaders from those numbered 30� through 340 are place in the Magistrate pool.

PLAY NOTE: For a player’s Home or Allied provinces, cities without control markers are considered controlled/friendly to that player.

PLAY NOTE: All units in city hexes and all Fleets in port hexes are considered Inside the City and In Port respectively. If two or more forces are in the same city hex, use a control marker to designate which units are in the city/port.

264 B.C. Turn The first game turn starts with the LAM Pool Segment (C/�). For the first turn, the following LAMs are placed in the pool:

Romans: Two Consul; Roman Duumvir

Carthaginians: One for Hanno, Hannibal, and Hiero; Carthaginian Duumvir

Other: Augury; two Siege Attrition

The Carthaginian player goes first and can choose his initial LAM. He decides to lead off with the Hiero LAM.

Extended Example of Play: 1st Punic War Scenario



Campaign Sequence:Hiero LAM: Hiero [CR-7, C] leaves a 2i garrison in Syracusa and moves to Messana (Syracusan forces do not suffer attrition) and Stops. Rolls for Continuation (DR=4, Yes), and places Messana Under Siege. Place

an Under Siege Marker on Hiero’s force and place a Roman control marker on the Mamertines to indicate that they are Inside the City. No Continuation roll (Auto FINISH). By the scenario special rule, since only Mamertine SP are present, no City Militia were placed when Messana was put Under Siege.

Consul LAM: Fulvius [CR-5, D] is selected and wants to leave Etruria. Fulvius requests Senate Permission to leave Etruria (DR=5, –� Field Consul, +� no enemy in Roman Italy), Granted so Continuation is Automatic.

Fulvius moves to Rhegium and Stops Inside the City. AP count is: Southern Etruria �.5, Latium �, Campania �, Lucania �.5, Siris River �, Bruttium �.5 = 7.5 minus 3 [Rhegium IDS] for a net of 4.5 dropped to 4 AP. Note: The C Roads do not exist in this scenario and the province cost is halved for Romans traveling in Roman Italy. The adjusted strength point total for Fulvius’ force is 52 (36i; 8c - cavalry are doubled). The ALP loss is 2 SPs. The Roman player decides to remove �i from each AL legion. Continuation roll (DR=0, Yes). Fulvius now attempts to cross the Straits of Messana. Fulvius attaches the Duumvir and his Fleet and makes the crossing. The Carthaginian player decides to Intercept with Duumvir led Fleet VII at Messana (DR=5, Success). The Roman player decides to return Fulvius to Rhegium rather than risk a fight and try again. However, a Continuation roll (DR=7, Finished) for Fulvius ends his Phase.

Carthaginian Duumvir LAM: Duumvir (CR=5, E)• Fleet VII at Messana stays put to contest further crossings and

aid the Siege.• Fleet IV at Utica moves to Paestum (It-49��) [40 DP, divided by

�0]. Distance effects (DR=2, +4 DRM, No Effect]. The Carthag-inian player would like to conduct a Raid, so there will be no –� DRM to the Continuation roll (DR=8, Finished)

• Fleet III at Hippo Diarryhtus heads north with the intent of raid-ing along the coast of Southern Etruria. The Fleet first Stops at Caralis [24 DP, +2 DRM, DR=3, No Effect]. Continuation roll (DR=6, –� DRM because it’s a Move operation, Yes). The Fleet moves to Cosa (It-3��6) using all Coastal/Sea Lane hexes [3� DP, +3 DRM, DR=3, No Effect]. The Carthaginian player would like to conduct a Raid. Continuation roll [DR=6, Finished]

• Fleet II at Carthage stays put• Fleet VI at Lilybaeum stays put• Fleet V at Caralis stays put

Augury LAM: Dice Roll 33 Revolt of the Falisci. The Roman player decides to send Legion IV from the Consular Army II. Legion IV moves to Tarquini (It-33�5) [AP 6.5, �7i+4c=25, � ALP]. Legion IV loses �i from RL IV to satisfy the loss. Per the event,

the Roman player rolls (DR=4, No loss). Note that Legion IV is still considered part of Consular Army II.

Hanno LAM: Hanno (CR=5, C) leaves 4i Libyan in Lilybaeum and moves the remainder of his Army to Messana along the coast road [AP 4, �4i+2c=�8, 0 ALP]. Since Messana is already Under Siege, Hanno

is able to freely join in and conduct other Siege Operations. Continu-ation roll [DR=4, Yes]. ). The Carthaginian player decides to conduct an Assault. Since Hanno is the Overall Commander, he can use the



Syracusan troops in the Assault Operation. The SADS is �2 [4i x 3 IDS]. Hanno will use �8i Syracusan, 4i Libyan, and 2i Numidian infantry (can’t trust those Gauls). Assault DRM: +2 only Fleet in hex, +� better leader (leaderless forces are E rated). The Carthaginian player rolls a �, which is modified to a 4. At 2:�, a modified DR of 5 is required, so the Assault Fails. The Carthaginians lose [DR=4, halved, times �0%=20% or 5 SPs]. He must take a �i loss each from the Syracusan, Libyan, and Numidian contingents. The remaining 2i he may allocate as he sees fit, so prudently takes another 2i from the Syracusan contingent. The Mamertines lose (DR=�, 25% x 4 SP) �i. The Casualty die roll for Hanno (DR=4, +� DRM for being the loser) has no effect. There is no Recall because the action was an Assault and not a Battle. Hanno is automatically Finished.

Hannibal LAM: Hannibal (CR=5, D) moves Fleet I from the Lipari Islands to Paestum (It-49��) intending to conduct a Raid [DP=�3, +� DRM, DR=3, No Effect]. Continuation roll [DR=8, 0 DRM, Finished]

Siege Attrition LAM: The besieging force has [Syracuse �5i+7c, Carthage �2i+2c] 45 SP for attrition purposes while the Mamertines have 3 SP. Carthage Attrition roll [DR=5, –� Flat] results in 3 SP loss and

the player chooses to eliminate 3i from the Syracusan contingent Mamertine roll [DR=3, +3 enemy Fleet] results in �i loss.

Consul LAM: Claudius (CR=6, D) decides to take his army [36i, 8c] across the Straits of Messana to at-tempt to lift the siege of Messana. The Carthaginian Duumvir leading Fleet VII Intercepts [DR=5] and

Claudius returns to Rhegium. He will try again. Continuation roll (DR=6, Yes). So its back to Messana again. The Duumvir attempts to Intercept [DR=7] and Fails. The Consul Claudius enters Messana. Wishing to lift the Siege, Claudius rolls to Continue (DR=2, Yes) and announces an Attack operation. The Carthaginians cannot use Avoidance since they are besieging the city, so the battle for Mes-sana is on. The Battle DRMs are as follows:

• +2 Leader Tactical Ability (Claudius D, DR=9, Result 6; Hanno C, DR=2, Result 4)

• 0 Combat Ratio Adjustment (Roman 36i+2i, 8c=44 SPs; Carthage �2i, 2c+�2i, 7c=33 SPs)

• –� Elite Syracuse cavalry• 0 Cavalry Differential (Carthage 2c+7c=9; Roman 8c)• 0 Army Efficiency

The Battle ends in a Draw (DR=3, +�) with both sides losing �5%. The Romans lose 5 SPs Legion infantry and � SP Legion cavalry with no loss to the Mamertines. Each Legion loses �i of with the extra �i assessed against I RL. The I AL losses �c. The Carthag-inians must take �i loss from the Gallic, Libyan, Numidian, and Syracusan contingents. The �c loss must come from the Syracusan contingent. The Leader Loss checks are Claudius [DR=4, OK], Hanno-�2 [DR=6 OK]. Both armies are Disrupted. Claudius is automatically Finished.

Roman Duumvir LAM: Duumvir (CR=4, E)• Fleet II at Tarentum moves to Messana [DP �6, +� DRM, DR=4,

No Effect]. The Carthaginian Duumvir leading Fleet VII attempts to Intercept (DR=6) and Fails.

• Fleet I at Rhegium stays put

Siege Attrition LAM: The besieging force has [Syracuse ��i+6c, Carthage 9i+2c] 36 SP, the be-sieged have [Romans 3�i+7c, Mamertines 2i] 47 SP. Carthage Attrition roll [DR=5, –� Flat, 4] results in 2

SP loss taken again from the Syracusan foot. The Roman Attrition roll [DR=2, 0 DRM, 2] results in a 3 SP loss. The Roman player eliminates the remaining 2i of Mamertines and �i from the I AL. Note that the presence of the Roman Fleet neutralized the adverse attrition modifier.

End Turn Phase Inertia Attrition: All forces that remained in the same province (other than those besieging Messana and they are exempt) are in cities that mitigate the impact. No losses.

Devastation: Neither player decided to Devastate this turn.

Fleet Return to Port: • Hannibal moves Carthaginian Fleet I to Lipara [3 DP, Dice

Roll=02]. Hannibal and his Fleet are lost in a storm and elimi-nated!

• Carthaginian Fleet IV moves to Lipari [3 DP, Dice Roll=46] Safe In Port

• Carthaginian Fleet VII moves to Panormus [�0 DP, Dice Roll=33] Safe In Port

• Carthaginian Fleet III moves to Aleria [8 DP, Dice Roll=74] Safe In Port

• Roman Fleet II enters Port in Messana

Recovery:Both Disrupted armies return to normal status.



Victory: No automatic Victory. Although the Romans have Legionary SP in Messana, the city is still Under Siege, so Syracuse remains allied to Carthage.

263 B.C. Turn City Recovery: None

Remove Raid Markers: None

Carthaginian Army Efficiency: Gisgo’s army rating increases to 0; Hanno’s army increases to +�

Disband Legions: The Roman player declines.

Prorogue: The Roman player could prorogue one of his two con-suls as a Praetor to command one of the Fleets, or prorogue one as a potential Proconsul should one of the incoming Consuls fill the open Admiral slot and take a Fleet, but declines to do so. Note that although Claudius is Besieged, he is in a Secondary Port so is not automatically prorogued.

Visit from Pluto: No Roman leader is susceptible this turn.

Elections:• Consul for Rome: C. Furius (#327, CR=5,

LAM=�, BR=E). The Roman player places Furius with the Consular Army I in Messana.

• Field Consul: M. Fabius (#33�, CR=6, LAM=�, BR=E). The Roman player places Fabius with the Legion IV in Tarquini. He is assigned Sicily as his province. Note that even though the two legions of Consular Army II are in different locations, they are still part of that army. Fabius could be placed in either hex.

• Praetor Urbanus: The Roman player draws Cardicius (#3�8)

Carthaginian Political Climate:• Family in Power: The Carthaginian player rolls a 2 and consults

the table. The die roll is modified by a –3 (�st Punic War) and –� (Magonids in power) for a net –2 [2+ –4]. The Magonids stay in power.

• Political Climate: The Carthaginian player rolls a 9. The die is modified by a –2 (no enemy in Africa), –� (Carthage controls or is allied to Sardinia & Corsica, –� Syracuse allied to Carthage for a net 5 [9+ –4]. The climate is Interested.

Force Increase Determination:Both players secretly decide not to construct Fleets.

Rome: Increases Ostia’s Port Capacity by 5 to �0. The Roman player rolls for Manpower on the Legion Request Table, DR=2. Modifiers include: –3 no enemy in SP Italy; –� no enemy within 20 hexes of Rome, for an adjusted DR of –2. No legions are forthcoming.

Carthage: Increases Carthage’s Port Capacity from �8 to 22 (maxi-mum). The Interested climate allows for an extra army. He creates Carthaginian Army III and recruits troops from Group B. The DR=7 modified by +2 [Climate is Interested] for an adjusted 9. III army will consist of the following troops which are placed in the appropriate box on the force display:

�5i Numidian 20c Elite Numidian 20i Libyan �0i Mauritanian

The III army marker is placed in Carthage. The Carthaginian player now draws an army command-er from the pool. He re-ceives Hannibal (�P-�0N, CR=4, LAM=�, BR=D). There is no current Admiral that can be swapped, but the other Hannibal needs to be replaced, so the new Hannibal is given the Car-thage Fleet and is placed there. Hanno (�P-�4, CR=6, LAM=�, BR=D) is drawn and given com-mand of III Army and is placed in Carthage. The III Army Efficiency rating is –3.

LAM Pool Segment:Romans: 2 Consul and the Duumvir LAM

Carthaginians: � Hanno-�4, 2 Hanno-�2, � Gisgo, � Hannibal-�0, � Hiero, and the Duumvir LAM

Other: 3 Siege and � Augury

Campaign Sequence: Hanno (1P-14) LAM: Hanno (CR=6) Naval Transports III Army to Lilybaeum [�� DP, DR=�, +�, No Effect]. Continue [DR=8, Finished].

Siege Attrition:Rome [30i, 7c or 44 SP, DR=3, –3 DRM for friendly Fleet, 2 SP loss]. The Roman player removes 2 SP of Legion infantry.

Carthage [9i+2c] and Syracuse [9i+6c] or 34 SP, DR=7, –� Flat, 3 SP loss]. The Carthaginian player removes another 3 SP of Syra-cusan foot.

Carthaginian Duumvir LAM: Duumvir (CR=5)• Fleet III [�s] at Aleria stays put• Fleet IV [�s] at Lipari moves to Messana [3 DP, DR=7, 0 DRM,

No Effect] to blockade the Port. The Roman Fleet in Messana decides not to Intercept. Pass.

• Fleet V [�s] at Caralis stays put.• Fleet VII [�s] at Panormus moves to Paestum (It-49��) [2� DP,

DR=7, +2 DRM, Scattered] to do some raiding. Continue [DR=5, Yes]. Reform Operation conducted. Continue [DR=2, Yes]. At-tempt Raid. [DR=�, +� DRM, Fails]. Continue [DR=4, –� DRM, Yes]. Move to Tarracina (It-4��4) — only one Raid attempt per hex per turn [8 DP, DR=7, No Effect]. Continue [DR=5, Yes]. Conduct Raid [DR=7, +� DRM, Success]. Place Raid marker in hex. Continue [DR=3, Yes]. Move to Lipari [3 DP, DR=4, No Effect]. Pass.

• Fleet VI [�s] at Lilybaeum moves to Messana [�6 DP, DR=5, +� DRM, No Effect]. No intercept attempt by the Romans. Pass.

Hannibal (1P-10) LAM: Hannibal decides to sail with Fleet II from Carthage to Rhegium [25 DP, +2 DRM, DR=7, Scattered) to bottle up the Field Consul Fabius’ army in that city. The Roman Fleet at Mes-

sana stays in Port. Hannibal plans to Reform his Scattered Fleet .... Continue (DR=5, Fails) so remains Scattered.

Cathaginian Reinforcements



Siege Attrition:Rome [28i, 7c or 42 SP, DR=2, +3 DRM both have Fleets but the Roman Fleet is still In Port, 7 SP loss]. The Roman player removes 7 SP of Legion infantry.

Carthage [9i+2c] and Syracuse [6i+6c] or 3� SP, DR=9, –� Flat, 5 SP loss]. The Carthaginian player removes another 5 SP of Syra-cusan foot.

Augury: Dice Roll=22 Severe Drought In Sicily

Consul LAM: With the Severe Drought and one more Siege At-trition LAM to go, The Roman player decides to give this Phase

to Furius (CR=5, BR=E) in Messana. He declares an Attack, Hanno can’t use Avoidance and the battle for Messana is underway.

The Battle DRM are as follows:• 0 Leader Tactical Ability (Hanno �P-�2, C, DR=3, Result 4;

Furius E, DR=8, Result 4)• +� Combat Ratio Adjustment (Rome 28 SP; Carthage and Syra-

cuse �7 SP) • 0 Cavalry Differential (Carthage 8c; Roman 7c)• –� Elite Syracusan Cavalry• 0 Army Efficiency

Fortune favors the Romans (DR=8, 0 DRM) with a 5/�5 victory. The Romans lose � SP Legion Infantry. The Carthaginian player loses 2i and �c. He removes the last Syracusan infantry SP and � Libyan infantry SP. The cavalry loss must come from the Syracusan contingent. The Pursuit & Butchery DR=6, x� PF=5%] generates no additional loss. The Carthaginian player retreats II army and the Syracusan army to Mylae (It-58�6, outside the city) and both are Disorganized. The Roman army is Disrupted. The Leader Loss checks are Furius [DR=7, OK], Hanno (�P-�2) [DR=2 OK], Hiero [DR 2, OK] Hanno has the potential to be Recalled (DR=4, No Re-call). Since this was a victory, The I RL is raised to Veteran status. Furius Continue (DR=7, Finished).

Hiero LAM: Hiero finds himself with an army of 5 SP of Elite Syracusan cavalry. With one Siege attrition LAM left, the Carthaginian player would have liked to renew the siege of Messana, but without any foot,

Hiero is not up to the task. The Carthaginian player decides to have Hiero continue to support with Hanno (�P-�2) and passes.

Gisgo (1P-5): Passes. Not much to do since this army is restricted to Africa.

Siege Attrition: None

Hanno (1P-12) LAM: Hanno heads with his army to Panormus to lick his wounds leaving Hiero behind [2 AP no reduction from city due to drought]. With only �0 SPs, there is no loss.

Consul LAM: Fabius moves his IV Legion from Tarquini to Rhe-gium [No Attrition Loss]. Continue (DR=5, OK). Fabius decides to attempt to cross the straits of Messana with his army [33i, 8c]. Hannibal’s Scattered Fleet in Rhegium is ignored, but Carthaginian Fleets IV and VI with 2 squadrons are blockading Messana. The Car-thaginian player decides to Intercept (DR=3, Succeeds). The straight crossing is considered “land movement”, so the Roman player must first check for attrition [AP 3 for East Sicily, 49 SP, �i loss). Fabius with the two squadrons for Fleets I and II (all squadrons in either hex of the strait crossing can participate in the battle) decides to fight Fabius as Consul will be the Admiral in charge (BR=E).

The Naval Battle DRM are as follows:• 0 Strength Ratio - both sides have 2 squadrons • 0 Tactical Superiority - both sides have “E” rated commanders• +� to the Roman roll because the Carthaginian’s have Crew 3 to

the Roman Crew 2

The Roman Triremes have no effect since the Roman player did not gain tactical superiority.

The Carthaginians win the naval battle (Carthaginians DR=5, DRM 0; Romans DR=6, DRM+�). The Carthaginians and Romans each lose one squadron - the Carthaginians remove Fleet VI, the Romans Fleet I. In addition, the Romans lose 25% of their force! The Romans remove 9i and 2c. The Roman player removes 2i from each legion component and �i from II AL. The I AL and II AL each take a �c loss. Fabius survives his leader casualty check [MR=8, DR=7]. Fabius and his army remain in the hex (outside the city), but since Fabius lost the battle he is Finished. Since the squadron losses were the even neither player decides retreat. Note that Roman Fleet II is no longer In Port.

Carthaginian Fleet IV now as a Crew rating of 4, thanks to the naval victory.

Situation after Carthaginian fleet movement

Hanno moves to Panomus.



Roman Duumvir LAM: Duumvir (CR=4)

• Fleet II enters port in Messana. Pass.

Hanno (1P-12) LAM: Hanno remains in Panormus and improves his army’s ABS to Disrupted.

End Turn Phase Inertia Attrition: All forces except Hiero’s outside Mylae that remained in the same province are in cities that mitigate the impact. Syracusans are exempt from Inertia attrition. No losses.

Devastation: Neither player decided to Devastate this turn.

Fleet Return to Port: Hannibal and Fleet II at Rhegium move to Panormus [20 for Scat-tered +�2=32, Dice=45] Safe in Port

Fleet IV at Messana moves to Drepanum [�4 P, Dice=�8] Safe in Port

Recovery:All Disrupted armies return to normal status. Hiero and his Syra-cusans move from Disorganized to Disrupted.

Victory: Syracuse is now allied to Rome.

No automatic Victory.

CREDITSGame Design: Richard Berg

Developer: Alan Ray

Playtesters: Neil Randall, Mark Novara, Kevin Coombs, David Gee, Pat Hirtle, Jeff Christiansen, Marty Arnsdorf, Jon Robertson, John Harvey, Alan Charlesworth.

Art Director, Cover Art and Package Design: Rodger B. MacGowan

Counter Art: Rodger B. MacGowan and Mark Simonitch

Map Art and Rules Layout: Mark Simonitch

Proofreader: Alan Ray

Production Coordination: Tony Curtis

Producers: Tony Curtis, Andy Lewis, Rodger B. MacGowan, Mark Simonitch and Gene Billingsley

ERRATAPLAYER AID CARDS• Player aid card #1, Battle Results Table: The reference to

Double Envelopment should be 6.57• Player aid card #1, After Battle Status Effects Chart: Table

reference should be 8.54• Player aid card #2, City Assault Table: Table reference should

be 9.3• Player aid Card #2, Attrition Results Table: Rows A-D are used

for row shifts not die roll modifiers

• Player aid Card #2, Strait Crossing Table : NS 0 to +4 should be NS 0 to +3

• Carthaginian Political Climate Table: The �st DRM under Agathocles scenario applies to leader led enemy forces only

• Advanced Naval Chart, Port Harbor Capacity Chart: Second-ary Ports have a capacity of 4, Minor Ports 2

AUGURIES - 1st Punic War• Revolt of the Falisci: The Romans must move a single Legion,

either one commanded by a Praetor or a legion from a Consular Army. In the latter case, the legion is moved on its own no Praetor is elected, nor is the commander of the Consular Army Finished (although the legion is and any Praetor that is sent).

• Revolt of the Siculi: An army of �0 SP or more may move through a No Movement/No Line of Supply hex to reach Enna.

• Sardinian Revolt: Replace “Manpower” with “nationality”.

MAPUtica (CR-2928) is a Secondary Port.

COUNTERSThe Genua and Massilia garrison units have their nationalities re-versed. Use the garrison unit that matches the city name.



All rule section numbers refer to the Carthage (CR) rules. Where there are multiple entries, references in Bold indicate the primary rules section for that entry.

Admiral, 5.23, 5.27, 5.32, 5.4�, 5.42, 5.6�, 5.74, 7.�4, 7.24, 7.35, 7.37, 7.39, 7.42, 7.45, 7.46, 7.62; Eligibility, 7.2�; Appointment, 5.74; Africa, 2.2, 5.73, 6.4�, �0.43, �0.44 Allied Leader, 5.5�, 5.76 Allies, 2.2, 5.45, 5.52, 5.54, �0.42, �0.43 All Sea hex, 7.3�, 7.32, 7.42 Ally Movement, 5.44, 6.�3 Ambush, 6.58 Army Efficiency, 3.0[A/2], 5.74, �0.48, �0.5�, �0.52, �0.53, �0.54, �0.55, �0.56, �0.57 Army, 2.2, 5.74, 5.76, 5.73; Forming, �0.48; Transfer, �0.56 Army Commanders, 5.74, 5.73, 6.�3, �0.48, �0.5�, �0.54, �0.56; Appointing, 5.74; Pool 5.74, 5.73, 5.78; Command Restrictions, 5.76; Switching Commands, 5.76; Attack, 5.55 Attrition Point, 6.4� Augury, 3.0[E] Auxiliaries, 2.2, 5.45, 5.52, 5.54, 5.56, 9.9; Raising, �0.�5; Place-ment, �0.24 Avoidance, 5.46, 5.53, 8.23; see also Naval Avoidance Battle 5.53, 5.56, 5.77, 7.64, �0.5�, �0.55; Major 5.28; see Naval Combat Battle Rating, 7.45 Besieged, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.32, 5.34, �0.23, �0.25, �0.43 Blown Off Course, 7.24, 7.32 Campaign Rating, 5.48, 5.66, 5.67, 7.39, 7.42, 9.8 Cavalry, 2.2, 8.34, �0.�4, �0.44, �0.46 Carthage, 2.�, 5.72; City, 5.74, 9.6, �0.43, �0.45; Contingent, 6.4�, �0.42, �0.43; Province, 5.74, 5.73 Celtiberians, �0.42, �0.43 Censure, 5.6�, 5.67, 5.68 Citizens, 2.2, 5.7, �0.42, �0.43, �0.46, �0.57 City, 5.28, 5.34, 5.73, 5.77, 6.38, 7.5�, 7.6�, 7.63, �0.56; Rebuild, 3.0[A/�]; Coastal hex, 7.3�, 7.32, 7.35, 7.38, 7.42, 7.48, 7.5�, 7.62, 7.63 Command Efficiency (CER), 5.56, 8.3�, 9.3� Command Hierarchy, 5.26, 5.34, 5.5�, 5.52, 5.54, 9.8; Limits, 5.45, 7.37, 7.62 Commanders, Naval Only, 5.74, 7.42; Limit, 5.74; Recall, 5.77; Pool, 7.35; see also Army Commander and Admiral Components, 2.0 Coordination, 5.54, 5.55, 5.62, 5.64, 5.76 Consul, 2.2, 5.�, 5.24, 5.29, 5.34, 5.43, 5.44, 5.5�, 5.52, 5.53, 5.54, 5.67, 5.68, 7.2�, �0.�2, �0.�6, �0.�8; Field, 5.2, 5.22, 5.66; Rome, 5.2, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.44, 9.6 Consular Army, 2.2, 5.�, 5.32, �0.��, �0.�6, �0.�8; Magistrate Assignments, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.26, 5.28; Contingent, 8.34, �0.�5, �0.4�

Continuation, 5.6�, 7.23, 7.38, 7.47 Corsica, 2.� Corvus, 7.45 Counters, 2.2 Crew, 2.2, 7.�2, 7.�5; Ratings, 7.�3, 7.35, 7.36, 7.47, 7.62; Supe-riority, 7.45; Training, 7.�4 Crucifixion, 5.78, 5.79 Devastation, 3.0[F/�, F/2] Dictator, 5.�, 5.2�, 5.26, 5.28, 5.32, 5.34, 5.42, 5.43, 5.44, 5.5�, 5.55, 5.6�, 5.64, 5.66, 9.6, �0.�2 Diplomacy, �2.0 Disband; Legions, 3.0[B/�], 5.2�, 5.22, 5.29, 5.33, �0.�6, �0.�8; Armies, 5.74, 5.73, �0.�8, �0.48 Ditch Boundary, 2.�, �0.44 Duumvir, 5.�, 5.27, 5.42, 5.74, 7.2�, 7.22, 7.35, 7.36, 7.39, 7.42; Emergency, 7.22, 7.24, 7.75 Elections, 3.0[B/4], 5.28, 5.42, �0.��; Order, 5.2; Procedure, 5.2; Rome Consul, 5.2�; Field Consul, 5.22; Proconsul, 5.23; Praetor, 5.24; Praetor Urbanus, 5.25; Dictator, 5.26; Magister Equitum, 5.26; New Legions/Fleets, 5.29 Elite, �0.57 Emergency, 5.2, 5.25, 5.26, Major/Minor 5.28 Families (Carthaginian), 5.7�, 5.76, 5.77, 5.79; Affiliations, 5.73; Family Power Table, 5.7� Finished, 7.47 Flat hex, 7.5� Fleet, 5.32, 5.42, 5.45; 5.74, 5.76, 6.38, 7.�4, 7.�5, 7.�7, 7.�8, 7.22, 7.24, 7.3, 7.3�, 7.35, 7.37, 7.38, 7.39, 7.42, 7.43, 7.45, 7.46, 7.47, 7.48, 7.5�, 7.65, 9.3�, 9.55, 9.74; Definition, 2.2, 7.��; Counters, 7.�2; Magistrate Assignments 5.�, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.26, 5.27, 5.29; Fleet Commanders, 7.2, 7.23, 7.3; see Admiral, Duumvir Fleet Construction, 5.2�, 5.22, 7.72, 7.�6, �0.��, �0.�6; Limits, 7.�8; Placement, 7.�7 Force, 7.3, 7.4� Force Increase Determination, 3.0[B/6], 7.�6, 7.�7, �0.��, �0.4� Gallic Provinces, 2.�, 5.66 Garrisons, 9.9, �0.48, �0.56, �0.57 Gauls 9.8; Contingent, 5.73, �0.42, �0.43 Generals, 2.2 Guile, 5.66, 5.67, 9.6 Iberians, Contingent, 5.73, �0.42, �0.43 Imperium, 2.2, 3.0[B/2], 5.�, 5.29, 5.45; Assignment, 5.2, Rome Consul, 5.2�, Field Consul, 5.22; Proconsul, 5.23; Praetor, 5.24; Praetor Urbanus, 5.25; Dictator, 5.26; Magister Equitum, 5.26; Prorogue, 5.3; Switching, 5.43, 5.64 Inertia Attrition, 3.0[G/�] Infantry, 2.2, 5.47, 8.3�, �0.�5, �0.3�, �0.44, �0.46 Initiative, 3.0[C/2]; Rating 5.24, 5.26, 5.28, 5.66 Interception, 5.54, 5.62, 5.64, 5.76 Italy, 2.�, 5.66, �0.�2

Carthage Rules Index



LAM Pool, 3.0[C/�], 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.28, 5.46, 5.78, 7.22, 8.67, �0.22, �0.43 Leader Casualties, 5.47, 5.48, 7.32, 7.44, 7.46; Admirals, 7.24; Magistrates, 8.34 Leader Replacement, 5.74, Magistrates, 8.67 Legate LAM, �0.22, �0.25 Legatus Legionis, 5.�; Legion, 2.2, 5.�, 5.32, 5.4�, 5.42, 5.46, 5.55, 5.56, �0.22, �0.23, �0.24, �0.25; Components (RL/AL), �0.�7, �0.2�, �0.3�;Elimina-tion, 5.33; Magistrate Assignments, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.29, 8.3�, 9.3�, �0.��; Recruit, �0.�3, �0.�7, �0.3�; SP distribution, �0.�7; Strength, 2.�; Veteran, 8.3�, �0.�7, �0.3� Libya, �0.44; Contingent, 5.73, 6.4�, �0.42 Liguria, 2.�, Contingent, �0.43 Looting, 9.8 Losses, 7.32, 7.33, 7.46, 7.62; Legions, 8.34 Magister Equitum (ME), 5.�, 5.26, 5.28, 5.32, 5.42, 5.43, 5.44, 5.5�, 5.55, 5.6�, 5.64 Magistrate, 2.2, 5.�, 5.32, 5.52, 5.54, 5.6�, 6.�3, 9.9; Assignments, 5.2, 5.29; LAMs, 4.�6, 4.�7, 5.26; Pool, 5.2, 5.2�-5.26, 5.33, 5.34, 5.68, 7.35; Restrictions, 5.4�, 6.58 Major Disaster, 7.33, 7.45, 7.75 Manpower 5.44, 7.�6, 7.53; Auxiliaries, �0.�5; Carthaginian �0.4�, �0.46, �0.47; Carthaginian Placement, �0.43; Raise Legions, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.29, 5.64, �0.�, �0.�2, �0.�3; Reinforcing Legions, �0.�4; Roman Placement, �0.2�, �0.22 Mauretania, 6.4�, �0.44; Contingent, 5.73, 6.4�, �0.42 Mercenaries, 5.73, �0.42, �0.43, �0.44 Mortality, 5.79 Naval Avoidance, 7.42, 7.62 Naval Combat, 7.4, 7.62; Conditions, 7.4�; Resolution, 7.45; Win-ner, 7.47, 7.48; Loser, 7.47, 7.48 Naval Distance Effects, 7.3�, 7.32, 7.33; Distance Points (DP), 7.32, 7.33, 7.34, 7.38, 7.48, 7.63, 7.75 Naval Interception, 6.38, 7.3�, 7.38, 7.39, 7.4�, 7.43, 7.65 Naval Operations, 7.23, 7.3, 7.37, 7.62; Attack, 7.3, 7.3�, 7.38, 7.4�, 7.5�; Leader Movement, 7.35; Movement, 7.3, 7.3�, 7.38, 7.39; Reform, 7.3., 7.32, 7.39, 7.62 Naval Transport, 5.42, 5.76, 6.�3, 6.38, 7.3, 7.34, 7.6; Disembark, 7.62, 7.63, 7.64; Embark, 7.6�; Operations, 7.62 Numidia, �0.44; Contingent 5.73, 6.4�, �0.42 Operations, 3.0[D/�], 5.33, 5.44, 5.67, 5.76, 5.77, 5.78, �0.22, �0.42; Manpower, �0.�2, �0.45; Movement, 5.4�, 5.42, 5.46, 5.52, 5.55, 5.62, 5.64, 5.73; Senate Permission, 5.6, 5.6�, 5.65; see also Naval Operations Overall Commander, 6.�3; Roman, 5.44; Carthaginian, 5.74, 5.76, 5.73, 7.37, �0.43, �0.45; Political Climate (Carthage), 3.0[B/5], 5.7�, 5.72, 5.74, 5.74, 5.73, �0.4�, �0.48; Political Climate Table, 5.72; Cautious, 5.72, 5.74, �0.4�; Interested, 5.72, 5.74; Alert, 5.72, 5.74; Aggressive, 5.72, 5,74, �0.45; Port, 6.38, 7.�7, 7.24, 7.3�, 7.35, 7.37, 7.42, 7.45, 7.6�, 7.63, �0.43; Harbor Capacity, 7.�6, 7.�7, 7.�8, 7.34, 7.36, 7.7�, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74; In Port, 7.�2, 7.�4, 7.34, 7.36, 7.39, 7.4�, 7.43, 9.55, 9.74; returning to, 3.0[G/2], 7.75; Major, 5.42, 5.74, 7.�8, 7.62, �0.2�, �0.23, �0.25, �0.43; Secondary, �0.2�, �0.23, �0.25, �0.43 Praetor, 5.�, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.24, 5.29, 5.32, 5.34, 5.42, 5.46, 5.5�, 5.52, 5.67, 5.68, 7.2�, 9.6

Praetor Urbanus, 5.�, 5.25, 5.32, 5.46, 5.63, �0.32 Proconsul, 5.�, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.29, 5.32, 5.34, 5.43, 5.5�, 5.52, 5.66, 5.67, 5.68, 7.2�, 9.6 Prorogue, 3.0[B/2], 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.3, 5.3�, 5.42. 5.66; Eligibility, 5.32; Siege, 5.34 Province, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.29, 5.4�, 5.6�, 5.66, 5.73, 6.4�, �0.2�, �0.44; Home 6.4�, 7.5�, �0.25; Origin, �0.43 Raid, 3.0[B/7], 7.3, 7.5; Resolution 7.52; Result, 7.53 Recovery, 3.0[G/4] Retreat, 7.44, 7.48 Roads, 2.�, 6.4� Roman Discipline, 8.3� Roman Honor, 8.23 Roman Italy, 2.�, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.29, 5.66, 6.4�. 7.45, �0.2�, �0.22, �0.23, �0.24, �0.25 Rome (city), 5.25, 5.26, 5.28, 5.46, 5.47, 5.63, 5.66, 9.3�, 9.6, �0.2�, �0.23, �0.24, �0.32 Rome Garrison, 5.�, 5.25, 5.46, 5.63, 5.66, �0.23 Rough hex, 6.4� Sardinia, 2.� Scattered, 7.32, 7.34, 7.35, 7.43, 7.62, 7.75, 9.55 Sicily, 2.�, 5.66, 5.74 Seas, 2.� Senate 5.26, 5.6, �0.��; Permission, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.4�, 5.43, 5.46, 5.65; Legion Limit, 5.55; Request Triumph, 5.48; Leaving a Province, 5.6�, Hot Pursuit, 5.62; Rome, 5.63; Raise Legions, 5.64, �0.�6; Procedure, 5.66 Sequence of Play, 3.0 Sicily, 2.�, �0.�2 Siege Assault, 5.47, 5.48, 5.53, 5.55, 5.56, 5.77, 7.43, 9.3�, 9.8 Siege Attrition, 3.0[D/2], 5.47, 5.48, 5.56, 5.77, 7.43, 9.55, 9.8 Siege Engine, �0.�3, �0.4�, �0.44; Placement, �0.24, �0.43 Squadron, 2.2, 5.�, 7.��, 7.�2, 7.�6, 7.�7, 7.�8, 7.22, 7.34, 7.37, 7.47, 7.52, 7.62; Combat Losses, 7.46; Pick up, 7.3�, 7.62, 7.35; Drop off, 7.36 Stop, 5.4�, 5.47, 5.62, 5.73, 6.38, 7.3�, 7.32, 7.35, 7.38, 7.39, 7.4�, 7.62 Straits, 6.38, 7.48, 7.65 Strength Ratio, 7.45 Supply, 9.55 Surrender, 9.74 Tactical Superiority, 7.45 Training, 3.0[G/3]; Legions, 5.46, 5.63, �0.3, �0.3�, �0.32; Crews, 7.�4 Treachery, 5.77, 7.43, 9.6, 9.8 Tripolitana, 6.4� Triumph, 5.2�, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.26, 5.47, 5.67; Request, 5.48 Under Siege, 5.28, 5.34, 5.73, 6.38, 7.34, 7.6�, 7.63, �0.2�, �0.23; see Besieged Useless, 7.62, �0.53, �0.55 Victory, 3.0[G/5]; Battle, 5.47, 5.67, 7.�4, 7.47, �0.3�; Major 5.67, �0.3�; Siege Assault, 5.47; Siege Attrition, 5.47; Visit from Pluto, 3.0[B/3] Winter, 7.5, 7.75



Italy Map [It] Gallia Massilia [3]Aquae Sextiae �528Arelate �329Massilia (M) *** �629Nemausus ��30

Liguria Taurini [2]Albingaunum �7�9Cemenelum * �723Hasti �3�9 Taurinorum �22�Vercellae �2�9

Liguria Friniates [2]Dertona �5�6Genua ** �7�7Ticinum �4�6

Gallia Transpadana [2] Bergomum ��3Brixia �4�2Cremona (M) �5�3 Mantua �8��Mediolanium �2�5Novaria �2�7Verona �709

Venetia [2]Altinum * �904 Atria 2007Aquiliea ** �90�Bellunium �504Patavium �807Taurinorum �705

Gallia Cispadana [2]Bononia 20��Favenua 24�0Mutina 20�2Parma �8�3Placentia (M) �5�4Ravenna * 2409

Northern Etruria [2] Arretium (M) 26�3Florentia 24�4Ilva * (No City) 27�8 Pisae (M) * 23�5Popolunium 27�7Volaterrae 25�4

Southern Etruria [3]Clusium 30�2Cortona 28�3Cosa 3��6Perusia 29��Saturnia 3��5 Tarquini 33�5

Umbria [3]Ariminum (M)* 2708Camerinum 3�09Fanum Fortunae 2908Sena Gallica 3008Sentinum 2909Spoletium 33��

CARTHAGE Gazetteer Picenum [2]Ancona 3�07Asculum 3308Castra Novum 3407Firmum 3208Hadria 3508 Truentum 3307

Sabinus [4]Alba Fucens (M) 37��Amiternum 35�0Corfinum 38�0Reate 35�2

Latium [2]Antium * 39�5Casinum 42�2 Fregellae 40�3Ostia *** 37�5Praeneste 37�3Roma (L) 37�4 Tarracina * 4��4Tibur 36�4

Samnium [3] Aesernia 40�0Aquilania 4708Beneventum 45�0Bovianum (M) 4�09Larinum 4208Ortona * 3808 Saepinum 42�0

Campania [2]Capua (L) 44�2Cumae (M)** 44�3Neapolis (M)*** 45�2Nola 44��Salernum 46�2

Apulia [2]Arpi 4506Ausculum 4608Barium * 5004Canusium 4706Gnathia 5203 Luceria 4508Sipuntum 4505Teanum 4307Venusia 4707

Lucania [3]Bruxentum * 5��0Grumentum 5�09Heraclea 5407Metapontum ** 5306 Paestum * 49��Potentia 4908Vena 50��

Calabria [2]Brundisium ** 5402Hydruntum * 570�Tarentum (L)*** 5405Uzentum 5803

Bruttium [3]Consentia 56��

Croton * 5908Hippontum 58�2Locri * 60�3Rhegium (M)** 60�5Terina * 57��Thurii * 5509

East Sicilia [3]Camerina 6222 Catana * 6��8Enna 602�Helorus 6520Leontini 6��9Lipara * 56�6Megara 62�9Messana (M)** 59�5Mylae 58�6Netum 6420Tauromenium 60�7Tyndaris 58�8Syracusa (L)*** 64�9

West Sicilia [3]Agrigentum (M) 5923Cephaloadium 5720Drepanum (M)** 5326Heraclea Minoa 5825Lilybaeum (M)*** 5526 Panormus (M)** 5423Segesta 5425Thermae 5522

Melita [1]Melita * 6725

Southern Sardinia [3]Caralis * 4322Csellis 3930 Sulci Cr-�527Tharros * 4033

Northern Sardinia [3]Olbia * 3326Nura 323� Tibula 3227

Corsica [3]Aleria * 2823Mariana * 2622 Marianium 3�26Urcinium * 2826

Carthage Map [Cr] Tripolitana [4]Capsa 3443Gigithis 4735Sufetula 3439 Tacape 4237

Carthage [3]Carthage (L) *** 3028Carpi 3�28Curusi 3327Hadrumentum 3530Hippo Diarryhtus (M)* 2829 Leptis 3729

Macteris 3�36Memphrisa 293�Musti 3035Sufes 3337Taparura 4233Thabraca 2533Thapsus 3829Thisbrus 3932Thugga 2933Tunes 3029Uthina 3�3�Utica (M) ** 2928Zama 3�33

Numidia [4]Baotas 2744Bulla Regia 2734Chullu �939 Cirta (M) 234�Hippo Regius (M) * 2436Lambaesis 2446Rusicade 2238Sicca Veneria 2936Thagaste 3043Theveste 2739

Mauretania [4]Icosium ��49Igilgil �942Rusucceria �347Saldal �744Sities 2046Tipasa ��5�

Key[#] = Province Attrition Val-ueM = Medium CityL = Large City* = Minor Port** = Secondary Port*** = Major Port

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