TO AMERICA AND COLONIES

APUSH WEEK 1

Period 1 1491-1607

• 1.1 Native Americans– Maize-Mexico, American Southwest – Major

breakthrough that allowed permanent settlements to form

– Hunting and gathering in Northwest and CA– Great Basin and Great Plains-Nomadic lifestyle– Northeast-Atlantic Seaboard-mixed economy-

hunt/gather and farming = more permanent settlements • Example) Iroquois in NY

1.2 European Overseas Expansion• Columbian Exchange-trading goods and ideas across the

Atlantic• Spanish Settlement – Columbus, Conquistadors

– Exchange• Culture-Mestizos = sets up a caste system• Technology-Horses, cows, Wheat, farming techniques• Disease-smallpox• Encomienda System-Forced Indians into labor (Christianity conversion)

– Dig for gold/silver– Sugar Plantations

• Portuguese Settlement– Settled in Brazil and trading posts– Had control of African Slave trade

• Slaves brought to the New World as well

1.2 European Overseas Expansion

• European motives for the New World– God – mission system, Jesuits– Gold – wealth, also gained wealth through plantations– Glory – power and status

• European shift from feudalism to capitalism– Corn, potatoes

• Technology improves– Compass, sextant, caravel, astrolabe, better maps

• Organizing the funding– Joint stock companies

1.3 Contact – 3 groups• Social, political and economic changes 1. American Indians

-Tried to maintain autonomy = religious, gender roles

2. Africans-Tried to maintain autonomy = mixed Christianity and African chants

3. Europeans– All groups believed whites superior to nonwhites– Justified slavery– Spain debated Indian treatment

• Bartolome de Las Casas- Spanish missionary = thought the encomienda system was “a moral pestilence invented by Satan”

Period 2 1607-1754• 2.1 Patterns of colonizationSPAIN: tight control over colonies

Exploit the IndiansGold, God and GloryConvert to Catholicism

FRANCE and Dutch: Canada/trading outpostsTrade with Indian (Intermarry): FursJesuits

ENGLAND: Remove Indians (hostile)Puritans: Northern coloniesColonies based on Agriculture: Jamestown settlement in Virginia

2.1 Slavery• Slavery developed in British American colonies because of the

geography and economics (fertile land and need for free workers)

• English didn’t intermarry with natives (causes white superiority and a hierarchy in the South)– Plantation owners, farmers, indentured servants/slaves– Bacon’s rebellion

• Atlantic Slave Trade - Middle passage, Triangle Trade• Racial Superiority = enslaved for life, Slave codes• Overt Resistance-breaking tools, singing of freedom and home,

and working slowly in order to resist dehumanization• Covert-African American slaves rebelled, as in the Stono

Rebellion, and escaped from slavery

2.1 3 Regions of British Am Colonies

• Next slides

SOUTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE

- DOMINATED BY RICE AND TOBACCO

- SLAVERY AND INDENTURED SERVANTS

- SMALL POPULATION- CHURCH OF ENGLAND- PLANTATION ECONOMY- SOME RELIGIOUS

TOLERATION- TIES to Barbados/ West

Indies- Sugar and Rice

- HOUSE OF BURGESSES- MARYLAND ACT OF

TOLERATION- BACON’S REBELLION- POWHATAN WAR

- SLAVERY- ROYAL AFRICAN CO.- SLAVE CODES- CULTURE- PLANTATION OWNERS- SMALL FAMERS- LANDLESS WHITES- INDENTURED SERVANTS- ARISTROCRATIC

MIDDLE COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE

- Religiously Diverse- GREAT LAND FOR

FARMING- FEWER INDUSTRIES- ETHNICALLY DIVERSE- QUAKERS- Diverse Econ- FARMING- LUMBERING- SHIP BUILDING - TRADE AND FUR

TRAPPING- BREAD BASKET- Cereal

crops- IMPORTANT

COMMERCIAL CENTER

- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

- LEISLERS REBELLION

- POPULATION ETHNICALLY MIXED

- RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT- PATROONSHIP- DEMOCRATIC

NORTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE

- MERCANTILLISM- NAVIGATION LAWS- HARVARD- MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL

OF LAW- PURITANS- LESS RELIGIOUSLY

TOLERANT- RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL

PARTICIPATION- Homogenous - Religious- Mixed Eon

- PEQUOT WAR 1636-1637- KING PHILIPS’ WAR- MAYFLOWER COMPACT- FUNDAMENTAL ORDER OF

CONNECTICUT- SALEM WITCH TRIALS

- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

- PURITANS- TOWNHALL MEETINGS- INDUSTRY- FAIR TO NATIVE

AMERICANS- MERCANTALISM

2.2 Conflict/Contact N.A. and Euro• Conflicts in Europe spread to the colonies– Fighting between colonists vs. colonists vs. Native

Americans• Beaver Wars Iroquois vs. Algonquian tribes (English vs. French)

– Resources to compete for Furs, tobacco, land, Labor (slaves instead of indentured servants), etc.

– Imperial goals vs. Colonists Goals• Mistrust of the European gov’t across the Atlantic• Molasses Act• Smuggling- Illegal Triangle Trade• Mercantilism• Autonomy in British Am colonies

2.2 Clashes-Social and Econ• Contact and Trade between Europeans and N.A.• English– Spread disease– King Phillip’s War (Pilgrims peace lead to war after conversions)– Superiority – culturally (views on land), racially (no intermarry),

religiously (convert)• Spanish– Pueblo Revolt or Pope’s Rebellion – fight back against religious

conversion– Impact: creates more cultural tolerance toward N.A.

• Indian Warfare– Euros trade technology (guns) and Alcohol contributes to elimination of N.A.

2.3 Pol, Econ, Cultural Exchanges • Atlantic Economy and exchange of labor

– Development of Labor systems-High demand for labor-Plantations and cash crops

– Evolution of Labor =Indentured Servants to African Slave Trade– Native Am labor = Spain– Common thread – all forms of labor are harsh

• Anglicization (English) of colonies– Pol- rep gov’t (House of Burgesses), Mayflower Compact, self gov’t, town hall

meetings, early examples of Democracy– Econ- Mercantilism to capitalism– Print Culture- Poor Richard’s Almanac– Protestant Evangelism = Puritans – Religious Tolerance – Maryland Act of Toleration, Pennsylvania– Enlightenment ideas- Deism, John Locke social contract

Protestantism became the defining characteristic of American Culture…- Work Ethic- Democratically

Structured Churches

- Religious toleration

2.3 Pol, Econ, Cultural Exchanges Cont.

• Slavery and growth of ideas on race impacted the colonies

• British colonists more racist than Spanish and French– Intermarriage– Cultural superiority– Mulattos

2.3 British tighten control on colonies

• Colonies uniting as less dependent on the British– Mostly English, but more diverse than England – migrants

from other places (Germans, Swedes, Dutch, Africans)– Colonies tied together by language and trade– Salutary neglect

• Self-Government (Not all Democratic)• Religious toleration (to some degree)• Educational Opportunities• Provided unusual advantages for economic and

social self-development

2.3 British tighten control on colonies

• Salutary Neglect ends– Late 17th century – French and Indian War– Navigation Acts enforced

• Early ideas of Unification– Albany Congress– Dominion of New England– New England Confederation

2.3 British tighten control on colonies cont.

• What caused the resistance to British control– Self-gov’t– Ideas of liberty-Zenger case – freedom of press– Greater religious independence and diversity• 1st Great Awakening 1740s- First mass social

movement, religious revival, connected the colonies, Against the liberalism in religion

– Republicanism – leaders are elected different from monarchy in England, congregational church

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?

Martin LutherProtestantismFaith=salvation

John Calvin“Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536Predestination

The Elect-Chosen by GodVisible Saints-Conversion experience

God is all powerfulHumans as weak and filled with Original Sin

**Calvinism drove the will of the puritans to establish a religiously pure colony in America**

**Most of the early Americans were protestant**

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?

CHURCH OF ENGLAND King Henry VIII

Broke with Catholic church

Church of England/Anglican church created Puritans: protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Church

Remove ALL Catholic elements Separatists: extreme group, broke completely with the church. Separatists left Britain for Holland to practice Calvinism

Led by John Robinson Made about “Dutchification” of babies.

Secured rights with Virginia company Mayflower-102 people

Mayflower Compact: Majority Rule 1st Winter bad Saved by Squanto (Thanksgiving 1621) Success: William Bradford.

CON

T

How were the Puritan immigrants important to the growth of democracy in the New World?

• Congregation Church in MBC• Manhood Suffrage in Rhode Island• Fundamental Order in Connecticut River

Colony

What was the significance of the New England Confederation? And the major effects of the Dominion of New England?

• NEC: First steps toward colonial unity.• DNE: Puritan influence permanently reduced.• Common revolutionary sentiment throughout

the colonies.

EVENTS THAT FOSTERED THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN ENGLISH COLONIES?

1619: FORMATION OF THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES1620: SIGNING OF MAYFLOWER COMPACT1629: NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETING1628 AND 89: PETITION OF RIGHTS AND BILL OF RIGHTS

COLONIA GOVERNEMNT AND CONTROL OF PURSE1639: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT1643: NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION1649: PASSING OF MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION1676: BACON’S REBELLION1683: NEW YORK CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES1691: LESILER’S REBELLION1734: ZENGER CASE1713-1763: ERA OF “SALUTARY NEGLECT”1720-90: THE ENLIGHTENMENT

FRANCE IN AMERICA

• FRANCE LATE TO NEW WORLD– EDICT OF NANTES

• QUEBEC IN 1608– SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN

• GOVERNMENT– CROWN RULED AUTOCRATICALLY

• BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS• BEAVER TRADE• TRADING POSTS IN MISSISSIPPI

EMPIRES COLLIDE

• ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH• 1688-1763– KING WILLIAMS WAR– QUEEN ANNE’S WAR– TREATY OF UTRECHT

• SALUTARY NEGLECT– KING GOERGE’S WAR• WAR OF JENKIN’S EAR AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION• PEACE TREATY 1748

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR1754-1763: 7 YEARS WAROHIO VALLEYOHIO MISSION: WASHINGTONTRIGGERED A WORLD WARALBANY CONGRESSALBANY PLAN FOR UNIONBRITISH: GENERAL BRADDOCK

WILLIAM PITT

BATTLE OF QUEBEC (1760)BATTLE OF PLAIN OF ABRAHAM (1759)PEACE OF PARIS (1763)

REBELLION

• CHIEF PONTIAC’S REBELLION• PROCLAMATION OF 1763