(TNPSC-GROUP-IV & VAO ) SHORT NOTES AND ONE · PDF file(TNPSC-GROUP-IV & VAO ) SHORT NOTES AND...

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –TNPSC-GROUP-IV-HISTORY STUDY MATERIALS –DHARMAPURI &

KRISHANAGIRI- 9600736379

[email protected] cell number _9600736379 1

(TNPSC-GROUP-IV & VAO )

SHORT NOTES AND ONE MODEL TEST

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; - Pre Historic

Period gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;G tho;e;j ilNdhru]; tpyq;fpd; Kl;ilfs;

jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; - mhpaY}h; gFjpapy;

jkpo; ehl;by; mfo;thuha;r;rp ele;Js;s ,lk;

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; - Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy;

2004-y; Mjpr;r ey;Y}h; mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;

160 - f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l KJkf;fs; jhopfs;

goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpay; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s..................

vOjg;gl;l Mjhuq;fSk; goq;fhy nghUl;fSk; Jiz Ghpfpd;wd

ek; Kd;Ndhh; tho;e;j kf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis Mjhuq;fSld; njhFj;jf;

fhythpirg;gb $Wtij ................... vd;fpNwhk; - tuyhW

vOjg;gl;l Mjhuq;fSf;F (v.fh) - ,yf;fpak;> tuyhw;Wf;Fwpg;Gfs;>fy;ntl;Lfs;>

nrg;G gl;ilaq;fs;> Xiyr;Rtbfs;

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;ijg;gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Mjhuq;fs; : rhh;e;j nghUl;fs;>

rpijTfs;> fw;fs;> kuq;fs;> tpyq;F nfhk;Gfs; vYk;Gfs;> fw;fUtpfs;> kz;il

XLfs; Kjypad

gioa fw;fhyk; Palaeotithic age fp.K.10>000 Mz;Lfl;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;

Gjpa fw;fhyk; vd;gJ fp.K.10000 - fp.K 6000 tiuapyhd fhyk;

nrk;G fw;fhyk; Cholcholitic age fp.K. 3000 - fp.K.1500 tiu

,Uk;G fhyk; vd;gJ fp.K. 1500 - fp.K. 600 tiuapyhd fhyk;

Mjpkdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa fw;fUtpfisf;nfhz;L fw;fhyj;ij 2 tifahfg;

gphpf;fyhk;. 1. gioa fw;fhyk; 2. Gjpa fw;fhyk;

www.TnpscExamOnlineResult.blogspot.in www.Kanchikalvi.com





gioa fw;fhy kdpjd; xNu ,lj;jpy; epiyahfj; jq;fp thotpy;iy. fhLfspy;

mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; tho;e;jtd;> kug;nghe;JfspYk;> FiffspYk; tho;e;jtd;>rpf;fp

Kf;fp fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp neUg;ig cz;lhf;fpdhd;.

Mjp kdpjd; vtw;iwf; fz;L gae;jhd; - ,b> kpd;dy;

Mjpkdpjd; vtw;iw tzq;fpdhd; - ,b> kpd;dy;

Mjp kdpjd; Fsph;> ntg;gk;> kioapypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;s ,iyfs;> jiofs;>

kug;gl;ilfs;> tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;fshy; Md Milfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;.

fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;jpait - fuL Kulhd fw;fs;> kuf;fpisfs;> vYk;Gfs;>

tpyq;Ffspd; nfhk;Gfs;

Mjp kdpjdpd; czTg;nghUs; - fhLfspy; fpilj;j fha;fs;> fdpfs;>

fpoq;Ffs;> tpyq;Ffspd; ,iwr;rp

G+kp Njhd;wpa Mz;L Rkhh; 460 Nfhb Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G

Gtpapy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpa Mz;L Rkhh; 40>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

Gtpapy; Ntshz;ik Njhd;wpa fhyk; Rkhh; 8000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

Gtpapy; efuq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; Rkhh; 4700 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

fp.K. vd;gJ BC fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kd; Before Christ

A/D vd;gJ Anno Domini fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F gpd;

CE vd;gJ Common Era, BCE vd;why; Before Common Era

jp.K. B.T vd;why; jpUts;StUf;F Kd; Before Thiruvalluvar

jp.gp. A.T vd;why; jpUts;StUf;F gpd; After Thiruvalluvar

Mjpkdpjd; czT Nrkpj;jpUg;ghdh? Mk;

fhLfspy; Nrkpj;jhd;> fha;> fdp> fpoq;Ffs;> Ntl;ilahba tpyq;Ffis czthf

Nrkpj;jhd;

Mjpkdpjd; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahl - fw;fs;> vYk;Gfs;> kuf;nfhk;Gfs;>tpyq;Ffspd;

nfhk;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSk; Ntl;ilahbdh; vd;gjw;F rhd;W.

kj;jpagpuNjrk; gpk;Ngl;fh Fifapy; fhzg;gLk; xU ngz; mk;G tpLtJ Nghd;w

Xtpak;

czTf;fhf Mjpkdpjd; fhl;L tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahbdhd;

,e;jpahtpy; gioa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s ,lq;fs;






kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; - Nrhd; Mw;Wg;gLif> gpk;Ngl;fh> kNf];tuh

,uh[];jhd; - ghAk; Y}dp Mw;Wr;rkntsp

fh;ehlfk; - ghfy;Nfhl;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; - fh;D}y; Fiffs;> NuzpFz;lh

jkpo;ehL - tlkJiu> mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;> gy;yhtuk;> fhQ;rpGuk;>

NtY}h;> jpUts;@h;

NEOLITHIC AGE

gioa fw;fhy kdpjd; - czitj;Njb> Ntl;ilahb cz;lhd;.

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; - czitj; jhNd cw;gj;jp nra;jhd;> gaph; njhopy;

nra;jhd;.

tPl;by; tpyq;Ffis ghpT fhl;b tsh;j;jhd; - ML> khL> Nfhop> eha;

Mjp kdpjd; Kjypy; gof;fpa tpyq;F - eha;

Ntl;ilahLk;NghJ Mjp kdpjDf;F cjtpa tpyq;F -eha;

kdpj ehfhpf tsh;r;rpapd; fhyk; vd;gJ - Gjpa fw;fhyk;

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; - nrJf;fg;gl;l eakhd> $h;ikahd fw;fUtpfisg;

gad;gLj;jpdhd;

Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa khw;wk; - czT cw;gj;jp

rf;fuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ - Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy;

rf;fuk; fz;Lgpbg;gpd; gad; - nghUl;fis Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F

vspjhf vLj;Jr; nrd;whd;.

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; rf;fuj;ijf;nfhz;L - kz;ghz;lk; nra;jhd;

Gjpa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fpilj;j ,lq;fs; - jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;> GJf;Nfhl;il>

jpUr;rp> jhd;wpf;Fb(nfhilf;fhdy; kiy)

gioa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fpilj;j ,lq;fs; - gy;yhtuk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}h;>

jpUts;Sh;

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; - kz; Fbirfshy; Md FbapUg;Gfis mikj;J

$l;lkhf tho;;e;jhd;.

Fbirfspd; tbtikg;G - tl;lk;> ePs; tl;lk;

Gjpa fw;fhy kz;ghz;lq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; fpilj;Js;s ,lq;fs; - jpUney;Ntyp>

Nryk;> GJf;Nfhl;il> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp






,we;Njhiu Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; - Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ

Mjp kdpjd; Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfk; - nrk;G

Gjpa fw;fhy Kbtpy; Mjp kdpjd; mwpe;j cNyhfk; - nrk;G

kl;ghz;lq;fspd; Nky; tz;z Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;lJ - nrk;G fhyj;jpy; ,it

thpf;Nfhyq;fshf mike;jpUe;jd

`ug;gh efu ehfhpfk; nrk;Gf;fhyj;ij xj;jJ

nrk;gpdhy; nra;j fUtpfis cgNahfpj;j fhyk; - nrk;G fhyk;

,Uk;gpdhy; fUtpfs; nra;j fhyk; - ,Uk;G fhyk;

,Uk;G fhyj;jpy; tPl;Lr;rhkhd;fSk;> gaph;njhopy; fUtpfSk; ,Uk;gpdhy;

nra;ag;gl;lJ

cNyhfj;ij cUf;fp fUtpfs; nra;a mwpe;j fhyk; - ,Uk;G fhyk;

fw;gidj;jpwd; fhzg;gl;l fhyk; - ,Uk;G fhyk;

Ntj fhy ehfhpfk; vf;fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ - ,Uk;G fhyk;

,Uk;Gk; + FNuhkpak; fye;j fyit - rpy;th;

nrk;Gk; + nts;sPaKk; fye;j fyit -ntz;fyk;

nrk;Gk; + Jj;jehfKk; fye;j fyit - gpj;jis

,Uk;Gk; + khq;fdPRk; fye;j fyit - vf;F

tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyk; vd;gJ - vOj;J Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fhj fhyk;

gioa fw;fhy kf;fs; Milahf mzpe;jit - ,iy> kug;gl;il> tpyq;Fj; Njhy;

Mjp kdpjd; ,aw;ifia mz;b tho;e;jhd;

rpf;fp Kf;fpf; fw;fisf; gad;gLj;jp jP cz;lhf;fpatd; - gioa fw;fhy kdpjd;

njhy;goq;fhyk; vd;gJ goq;fhyj;jpw;F Ke;jpa fhyk;

nghUj;Jf:

m. jkpo;ehL - 1. ghfy;Nfhl;

M.Me;jpugpuNjrk; - 2.mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;

,.kj;jpagpuNjrk; - 3. fh;D}y;

<. fh;ehlfk; - 4. Y}dp Mw;Wr;rkntsp

c. ,uh[];jhd; - 5. gpk;Ngl;fh

tpil: m) 2 M) 3 ,) 5 <)1 c)4

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk;






Mjp kdpjDf;F Kjd; Kjypy; njhpe;j cNyhfk; - nrk;G> jhkpuk;

nrk;G> fy; ,uz;ilAk; gad;gLj;jpa fhyk; - nrk;G fw;fhyk;

,e;jpahtpy; kpfj;njhd;ik tha;e;j efu ehfhpfk; - rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; (m)

ùg;gh ehfhpfk;

,e;jpa ehfhpfj;jpd; njhlf;fk; vd;gJ - rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk;

rpe;Jtpd; fpisejpfs; - uhtp> [Pyk; rPdg;> rl;ny[;> gPah]; ru];tjp ( jw;NghJ

,y;iy)

rpe;J rkntsp gFjp mfo;thuha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;l Mz;L -1921-y;

ùg;gh vd;w rpe;J nkhopr; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - GijAz;l efuk;

rpe;J ntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; NtW ngah; - ùg;gh efuk;

rpe;J ntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; fhyk; - fp.K 3250 - fp.K 2750 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lJ

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk; Rkhh; 4700 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l ehfhpfk;

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; ,bghl;Lg; gFjpfs; - ùg;gh> nkhfQ;rhjhNuh>

rhz;LjhNyh> fhypgq;fd;> Nyhj;jhy;

rpe;Jntsp efuq;fspd; Nfhl;ilg;gFjpapy; fl;likg;G EZf;fq;fs; kpf;f

ngUq;Fsk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ

ngUq;Fsk; - Rl;l nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ

ngUq;Fsk; - fpzw;W ePuhy; epug;gg;gl;L ePh; Nrkpf;Fk; Fskhf ,Ue;jJ

ngUq;Fsk; cs;s ,lk; - nkhfQ;rhjhNuh

rpe;Jntsp efu fl;llq;fs; thpirahfTk;> xOq;fhfTk;> Neh;j;jpahfTk;

fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.

ùg;ghtpy; cs;s nghJf;fl;ll mikg;G - jhdpaf;fsQ;rpak;> tPLfspy;

[d;dy;fs; ,y;iy.

rpe;Jntsp efuq;fs; jpl;lkpl;L fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.

nkhfQ;rhjhNuh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F - ,Lfhl;L NkL (,we;jth; NkL) vd;gJ

nghUs;.

mfd;w rhiyfspd; ,U kUq;fpYk; tPLfs; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd> ghjhs rhf;fil

jpl;lKk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.

fl;llk; fl;Ltjpy; „ gad;ghl;L mwptpapy;” njhopy;El;gk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.






rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; rf;fuj;ijf; nfhz;L rl;b> ghidfs;> gsgsg;ghfTk;> tz;zk;

G+rpAk; nra;jdh;.

Foe;ijfspd; tpisahl;L RLkz; nghk;ikfs;> fpspQ;ry;fs;> gpj;jis> nrk;G>

nts;sp> jq;fj;jhy; gy tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fSk; nra;ag;gl;ld.

MAjq;fs; > tPl;Lr;rhkhd;fs; nra;a - nrk;G> ntz;fyk; gad;gLj;jpdh;.

rpe;J ntsp kf;fs; mzpfyd;fis nra;a gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfk; - jq;fk;>

nts;sp

rpe;J ntspapy; fpilj;Js;s E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd RLkz; Kj;jpiufspd; tbtk; -

nrt;tfk;

RLkz; Kj;jpiufspy; vOjg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; - rpj;jpu vOj;Jf;fs;

fspkz;/RLkz; Kj;jpiufspy; fhzg;gl;l cUtq;fs; - fhisfs;> tz;> Gwh>

glFfs;> Nahf epiyapy; xU ngz; cUt nghk;ikfs;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; vOj;J - rpj;jpu vOj;J

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;njhopy; - tptrhak;

rpe;J ntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa tpisnghUs; - NfhJik> ghh;yp

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; vQ;rpa jhdpaq;fis jhdpaf;fsQ;rpaq;fspy; Nrkpj;J

itj;jdh;.

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; gUj;jp> fk;gsp Milfis mzpe;jdh;.

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; Ntl;b vd;Dk; fPo; MilAk;> rhy;it vd;Dk; Nky; MilAk;

mzpe;jdh;.

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; mzpfyd;fs; nra;a - jq;fk;> nts;sp> je;jk;> fw;fs;

gad;gLj;jpdh;.

Vio kf;fs; - fpspQ;ry;> jhkpuk; ,tw;why; nra;j mzpfyd;fis mzpe;jdh;.

rpe;J ntsp kf;fs; nra;j RLkz; rpw;gk; - nlh;uNfhl;lh ( Terra Cotta)

ntz;fyj;jhy; Md ehl;ba kq;if cUtr;rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; -

nkhfQ;rhjhNuh

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; ,we;jth;fis Gijj;jdh;.Gijf;Fk; NghJ czitAk;>

mzpfyd;fisAk; Nrh;j;Jg; Gijj;jdh;.

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk; moptpw;fhd fhuzk;

1. ngUe;jPapy; mope;jpUf;fyhk;






2. cs;ehl;Lf; fyfk; 3. ,aw;ifr; rPw;wk; ( rpe;Jntsp Mw;wpd; nts;sg;ngUf;fpdhy;) 4. Mhpah;fs; mopj;jpUf;fyhk; 5. mayth; gilnaLg;G ele;jpUf;fyhk;

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;ij mwpa cjTtJ fpilj;Js;s nlh;uNfhl;lh (Terra Cotta) (fijfs;) ghz;lq;fs;

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;ij mwpa cjTk; Mjhuk;

m) fy;ntl;L M) ehzak; ,) nrg;G gl;lak; <) mfo;thuha;r;rp rhd;W

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa JiwKfk;

Nyhj;jy; (F[uhj;jpy; cs;sJ)

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa flTs; - gRgjp vd;w rptd;> jha; nja;tk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tq;fs;- gRgjp (rptd;) jha;nja;tk;> ypq;fk;>

R+yk;> kuk; KjypadthFk;.

nghUj;Jf:

1. ngUq;Fsk; - m. kl;ghz;lk; 2. mfo;thuha;r;rp - M. RLkz;ghz;lk; 3. rf;fuk; - ,. uhtp 4. Nyhj;jy; - <. nkhfQ;rjhNuh 5. nlh;uNfhl;Nlh - c. (JiwKfk;) F[uhj; 6. gQ;rhg; - C. 1921

1) < 2) C 3)m 4)c 5)M 6),

nkhfQ;rjhNuh mike;Js;s ,lk;

rpe;J khepyk;> yhh;f;fhzh khtl;lk;> rpe;J ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.

fz;Lgpbj;jth; - Mh;.b.ghdh;[p

`ug;gh mike;Js;s ,lk; - gQ;rhg; khepyk;> yhh;fhdh khtl;lk;> uhtp

ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ. fz;Lgpbj;jth; jahuhk; \hdp> 1921-y;

3. gz;ilj; jkpofk;

,kak; Kjy; Fkhptiu gutpAs;s ,e;jpa ehl;il miog;gJ -

gok;ngUk; ehL/ ghujNjrk;

cyfpNyNa kpfj;njhd;ikahdJ vd tuyhw;W mwpQh;fshy; $wg;gLk;

,e;jpahtpd; gFjp- tpe;jpa kiyf;F njw;fpYs;s gFjp ( jf;fhzg;gPlG+kp)

Gtp cUthdNghNj Njhd;wpa ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gFjp - jf;fhzgPlG+kp






njd;dhl;by; kf;fs; NgRk; nkhopfs; - jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;>

JS

jpUg;gjp kiyf;F njw;fpy; thOk; kf;fs; NgRk; nkhop - jkpo;

ed;D}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh; - gtze;jp Kdpth;

Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapy; njd;dhl;bd; ngUk; gFjp - nrd;id khfhzk;

nrd;id khfhzk; jkpo;ehL vd ngah; khw;wk; ngw;wJ - 1967 Mz;by; jkpof

Kjyikr;rh; mwpQh; mz;zhthy;

ehk; NgRk; jkpio ,t;thW miog;gh; - nre;jkpo;> ige;jkpo;> Kj;jkpo;

gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;ij Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;fs; - %Nte;jh;fs; (

Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fs;)

Fkhpfz;lk; vdg;gLtJ - Fkhp Kidf;F njw;Nf cs;s „,e;Jkhf;fly; gFjp”

gz;il Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpy; Xba MW - gUsp MW

gz;ila murhf fUjg;gLtJ - ghz;bah; muR

Kr;rq;fq;fs; nray;gl;l ,lk; - kJiu

jiyr;rq;fk; (Kw;rq;fk; nray;gl;lJ) - njd;kJiu

,ilr;rq;fj;jpd; jiyefuk; - fghlGuk;

filr;rq;fj;jpd; jiyefuk; - ,d;iwa kJiu

rq;fk; itj;J jkpo; tsh;j;jth;fs; - ghz;bah;fs;

jkpo; tsh;j;j Gyth;fspd; filr;rq;fk; eilngw;wJ - kJiu %J}hpy; /

,d;iwa kJiuapy;

„$ly;” vd;wiof;fg;gl;l efuk; - %J}h; /kJiu

jkpo; nkhopapd; tsj;ijg; ngUf;Fk; ,yf;fpak; tsh;j;j jiy> ,il> fil

rq;fq;fs; %d;Wk; tsh;j;jth;fs; - ghz;bah;fs;

%d;W rq;fq;fSk; ePz;l fhyk; 9990 Mz;Lfs; eilngw;wJ.

flw;Nfhshy; %o;fpg;Nghd ngUk; epyg;gug;G - ny%hpah fz;lk;

ghpzhk tsh;r;rp mbg;gilapy; kdpj ,dk; Kjd; Kjypy; cyfpy; Njhd;wpa

,lk; - Fkhpf;fz;lk; ( ny%hpahf; fz;lk;)

Kjd; Kjy; khe;jhpdk; Ngrpa nkhop - jkpo;

Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,dj;jtuhf fUjg;gLth;






njd;dhl;by; / njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tho;Nthh;> jkpo; ehl;by; tho;Nthh;

Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpw;F Kd;G ,Ue;j fz;lk; - ny%hpah fz;lk;

Mg;gphpf;fhitAk;> M];jpNuypahitAk; ,izj;j nghpa fz;lkhf ,Ue;jJ -

ny%hpah fz;lk;

ny%h; vd;gJ - Fuq;F ,dk;> ny%h; vd;Dk; Fuq;fpdj;jpd; ngauhy; „ny%hpah”

vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.

cyfpy; Kjy; kdpjd; gpwf;ff; fhuzkhd epyg;gFjp - ny%hpah

Fkhpf;fz;lk; / ny%hpah fz;lj;jpy; khe;jhpdk; Ngrpa Kjy; nkhop - njhy;

jkpo;

njhy; jkpo; Ngrpa kf;fs; top te;jth;fs; thOk; epyk; - jkpo;ehL

tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; vd;gjd; njhlf;fk; - rq;ffhyk;

rq;f fhyk; Fwpg;gJ - filr;rq;fj;iij

rq;ffhyk; / filr;rq;fk; nray;gl;l fhyk;

jp.K Mz;L 200 jp.gp Kjy; 200 tiu (400 Mz;Lfs;)

jp.K Mz;L 300 Kjy; jp.gp 300 tiu ( 600 Mz;Lfs; vdTk; fUj;Jz;L)

jpUts;Sth; gpwe;j Mz;L fp.K 31

jp.K vd;why; - jpUts;Sth; gpwg;gjw;F Kd;

jp.gp vd;why; - jpUts;Sth; gpwg;gjw;F gpd;

rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ - vl;Lj;njhifAk;> gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; gjpndd;fPo;fzf;F

E}y;fSk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpa Gyth;fs;

fgpyh;> guzh;> xsitahh;> ef;fPuh; Nghd;w gyE}W Gyth;fs;

filr;rq;fj;jpw;F Kd;dNu Njhd;wpa ,yf;fzE}y;> jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy;

,yf;fz E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak;

midj;J rkaj;jhYk; tpae;J Nghw;Wk; E}y; - rq;ffhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa midj;J

rkaj;jhUk; tpae;J Nghw;Wk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;

ekJ jha;nkhop jkpo; ,yf;fz tuk;G nfhz;L tsh;e;jjhy; „nre;jkpo;” vd

toq;fg;gl;;lJ.

gpw nkhopfspd; Jizapd;wp tsUk; jpwd; ngw;wJ - jkpo;

jkpio mwpQh;fs; Fwpg;gpLtJ - cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop






flypy; nry;Yk; fyq;fis fl;Lk; ngah;fs; - ehtha;> tq;fk;> fyk;> fg;gy;>

Njhzp> Xlk;> glF> njg;gk;> fl;Lkuk;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; rpwg;G ngw;w JiwKfq;fs; : Nruh; - njhz;b> Krpwp> Nrhoh; -

Gfhh;> ghz;bah; - nfhw;if. Gfhh; vd;gJ fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;

gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; jkpofk; gz;lkhw;W tzpfk; nra;j ehLfs; - vfpg;J> atdk;>

Nuhk;> rPdk;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; epyj;ij 5 tif ,aw;ifg; gphpTfshfg;

gphpj;jdh;.

kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j epyKk; - FwpQ;rp

fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j epyKk; - Ky;iy

taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk; - kUjk;

flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk; - nea;jy;

(flw;fiug; gFjpfSk;)

fLk; twl;rpf;F cs;shfpj;jphpe;j epyk; - ghiy

(kzYk; kzy; rhh;e;j epyk;)

(ePh; tsj;Jld; tay; R+o;e;j gFjp - kUjk;)

rq;fhyj;jpy; cyNfhh;f;F cztspf;Fk; cah;e;j njhopyhff; fUjg;gl;lJ –

coTj;njhopy;

rq;ffhy ghz;bah;fSs; ngUik tha;e;jth;fs; - jiyahsq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w

neLQ;nropad;

jiyahsq;fhdj;J Nghhpy; jkpof murh; VO Ngiu ntd;wth; -

jiyahsq;fhdj;J nrWntd;w neLQ;nropad;

rq;ffhy Nruh;fspy; jiyrpwe;jtd; - Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;

,kak; tiu nrd;W ntw;wpf;nfhb ehl;ba Nru kd;dh;fs; - ,katuk;gd;

neLQ;Nruyhjd;> Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;

rq;ffhy Nrho kugpy; te;jth;fSs; jiyrpwe;jtd; - fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhd;

<oj;ij ntd;W me;ehl;ltiu ifJ nra;J mth;fisf; nfhz;L fhtphp ejpf;F

fiu fl;batd; - fhpfhyd;

fy;yiziaf; fl;batd; - fhpfhyd;

„ngUtsj;jhd; “ vdg;gl;ltd; - fhpfhyd;






rq;ffhyj;jpy; FWepy kd;dh;fshf tpsq;fpath;fs; - filNaO ts;sy;fs;

filNaO ts;sy;fs; - ghhp> Xhp> fhhp> es;sp> vopdp> Ngfd;> Ma; mz;bud;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; fhjy; mbg;gilapy; kdtho;f;if mike;jJ. Fhjyh; ,Uth;

fUj;njhUkpj;J ,y;ywj;jpy; <Lgl;lij ngw;Nwhh;fs; Vw;wdh;. jpUkzj;jpy;

rkarlq;Ffs;> Nts;tpj;jP> tlnkhop ke;jpuk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

rq;ffhyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gltpy;iy

jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; fl;Lk; Kiw tsuhj fhyk; - rq;ffhyk;

rq;ffhy jkpoh;fs; topgl;lJ - eLfy;

Nghhpy; <Lgl;L tPukuzk; mile;jth;fs; epidthf itg;gJ - eLfy;

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fd;dpahFkhpf;Fk; ,e;Jkhf;flYf;Fk; ,ilapy;

mike;jpUe;j ngUk; epyg;gug;G - Fkhpf;fz;lk;

kdpj ,dk; Kjd;Kjypy; Njhd;wpajhf fUjg;gLk; ,lk; - ny%hpah

jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; $b ,yf;fpa Ma;T nra;j gz;ilaj; jkpof mikg;G -

filr;rq;fk;

Fkhpf;fz;l khe;jh;fspd; topte;j ,dg;gphptpdNu - jkpoh; ( njd;dhl;by;

tho;Nthh;)

jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; vd;gJ - rq;ffhyj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ

filr;rq;ffhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; cah;e;J tpsq;fpa njhopy; - coTj;njhopy;

nghUj;Jf:

1. Njhy;fhg;gpak; - m. ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;

2. Ky;iy - M. eLfy;

3. ghz;bah; - ,. kiyAk; kiy rhh;e;j ,lKk;

4. tPukuzk; - <. flYk; flw;fiug;gFjpAk;

5. FwpQ;rp - c. filr;rq;fj;jpw;F Kw;gl;lJ

6. Nea;jy; - C. fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk;

tpil: 1)c 2) C 3)m 4)M 5), 6)<

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w ngUikf;Fhpatd; ahNdh murd;? ahNd fs;td;

vdf;$wp tise;j jd; nrq;Nfhiy epkph;j;JkhW caph; ePj;jtd;- neLQ;nropad; (

Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad;)






Mhpah;fspd; G+h;tPf ,Ug;gplk; - kj;jpa Mrpah

Mhpah;fs; ,e;jpahTf;F tu JizGhpe;j fztha;fs; - ifgh;> Nghyd;

Mhpah;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - ML> khL Nka;f;Fk; njhopy;

Mhpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;j Mz;L - Rkhh; 4000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

Ntjq;fis njhFj;j fhyk; tuyhw;wpy; miof;fg;gLtJ - Ntjfhyk;

Ntjfhyk; 2 tifg;gLk; - Kw;gl;l Ntjfhyk; ( hpf;Ntj fhyk;)

- gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk; ( gpe;ja Ntjfhyk;)

Kd; Ntjfhyk; vd;gJ fp.K 1500 Kjy; fp.K 1000 tiu

Kd; Ntjfhy kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tho;e;jJ - ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s rpe;J

gFjpapy;

Hpf; Ntjk; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ - Kd;Ntj fhyk;

Mhpah;fs; Kjypy; FbNawpa gFjp - gQ;rhgpy; rg;jrpe;J

rg;jrpe;J vd;gjd; nghUs; - ejpfs; ghAk; epyk;

Mhpah; rKjha gphpTfs; - FLk;gk;-fpuhkk;-tp];-[dh-[dgjh

Kd;Ntjfhy rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil mq;fk; - FLk;gk;

gy FLk;gq;fs; ,ize;jJ - fpuhkk;

gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;jJ - tpR (tp\;)

tpR vd;gJ nghpa FO MFk;

tpRit Ml;rp Ghpe;jth; - tpRtgjp

nghpa Ml;rp mikg;G - [dh

[dhtpd; jiytd; ,uh[d; (murd;)

Kd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ,uh[d; typikAk;> tPuKk; kpf;ftd;

,uh[;[paj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fSf;F - gpui[fs;

Kd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; murh; (,uh[d;) gpuh[hgjp vdg;gl;lhd;

Kd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; gy rpw;wuRfs; ,ize;j nghpa muR - kfh [dgjk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ

(hpf;) Kd; Ntj fhyj;jpy; murDf;F eph;thfj;jpy; cjtp Ghpa mikf;fg;gl;l

,Umikg;Gfs; - rgh> rkpjp

rgh vd;gJ - KjpNahh; mit

rkpjp vd;gJ - Ch; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; nfhz;l mit






murdpd; Kjy; flik - epyg;gFjpia me;epah; Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J ghJfhg;gJ

Kw;gl;l (hpf;) Ntjfhyj;jpy; rhjpg;gphpTfs; Njhd;wtpy;iy

hpf;Ntj fhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; - fhy;eiltsh;g;G> Ntshz;ik

,Uk;gpd; gaid mwpe;jpUe;jth;fs; - hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs; ( Mhpah;fs;)

hpf;Ntj fhyj;jpy; tzpfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jq;f ehzak; - ep\;fh( jq;f

myFfs;)

Ntjfhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czTg;nghUs; - NfhJik> ghh;yp

Kd;Ntjfhy (hpf;Ntj fhyk;) kf;fs; mUe;jpa ghdq;fs; - Nrhkghdk;> Ruhghdk;

Hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs; ...................... Milfis cLj;jpdh;. - gUj;jp> fk;gsp

jiyg;ghif mzpe;jth;fs; - hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs;

hpf;Ntjfhy ngz;fs; cs;shil(eptp) ,Lg;gpy; mzpAk; (thr];) ,ilahil>

Nkyhil (mjpthr];) Nghd;w 3 tpj Milfis mzpe;jdh;.

hpf;Ntj fhy kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tk; - ,aw;if>jtpu R+hpad; > neUg;G> fhw;W.

thdk;> kuq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; topgl;ldh;

Ke;ija Ntjfhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Ntjk; - hpf;Ntjk;

Ke;ija (hpf;) Ntjfhyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fNsh> rpiytopghNlh ,y;iy

Ke;ija Ntjfhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l ahfq;fs; : mRtNkjk; - Fjpiu Nts;tp>

,uh[Rak; - kd;dd; KbR+l;bf;nfhs;Sjy;> th[Ngak; - NjNuhl;lg;Nghl;b

gpw;gl;l / gpe;ija Ntjfhyk; vd;gJ - fp.K. 1000 Kjy; fp.K. 600 tiu

a[Ph;> rhkk;> mjh;tz Ntjq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; - gpw;gl;l (gpe;ija) Ntjfhyk;

gpd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; Mhpah;fs; fhG+ypypUe;J Nky; fq;if tiu gutpapUe;jdh;

gpuhkzq;fs;> Muz;afq;fs;> cgepljq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

( gpd;Ntjfhyk;)

gpd;/gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyj;jpy; murhl;rpg; gFjpahfj; jpfo;e;jJ - fq;ifr;rkntsp

Nfhryk;> tpNjfk; ( FU> kfjk;> fhrp> mte;jp> ghQ;rhyk; Nghd;w muRfs;

Njhd;wpa fhyk; - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk; ( ,jpfhr fhyk;)

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; murdpd; flik - vjphpfsplkpUe;J ehl;ilf; fhj;J rl;lk;

xOq;ifg; guhkhpg;gJ

rgh> rkpjp mikg;Gfs; tYtpoe;j fhyk; - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; murd; nra;j ahfq;fs; - uh[ Rak;> mRtNkjk;






,Uk;G mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

epyj;jpw;F rhz cukpLk; Kiw Njhd;wpaJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; nry;tepiy (nghUshjhu epiy) kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ -

fhy;eilfspd; vz;zpf;ifia itj;J

gpw;gl;l Ntj fhyj;jpy; gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j jq;f> nts;sp ehzaq;fs; - ep\;fh>

Rth;zh> rjkhdh

rhjp mikg;G Kiw Njhd;wp tYg;gl;l fhyk; /tUzjh;kk; Njhd;wpa fhyk; -

gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ahfk;> GNuhfpjk; nra;Nthh; - gpuhkzh;fs;

capiug; gzak; itj;J Nghh;Ghpe;J ehl;ilf; fhg;gth;fSk;> Ms;gth;fSk; -

rj;jphpah;fs;

gaph;njhopYk;> tzpfKk; nra;Nthh; - itrpah;fs;

gpuhkzh;> \j;jphpah;> irrpah; Mfpa %d;W gphptpdUf;Fk; Fw;Nwty; ( gzptpil)

nra;gth;fs; - R+j;jpuh;fs;

kfsph; epiyapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;glhj fhyk; - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

Mz;fSf;F fPo;gbe;jth;fshfNt ngz;fs; elj;jg;gl;lJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpw;gl;l Ntj fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik ,y;iy

rigapy; gq;F ,y;iy> Foe;ij jpUkzk; gutyhf ,Ue;jJ

cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

FUFyf;fy;tp ,lk; ngw;wJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyj;jpy;

gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; - fhh;f;fp> ikj;Nuap

jDh;Ntjk; vd;gJ - Nghh;f;fiy> jDh;Ntjk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ - mur Fkhuh;fSf;F

(,sturh;)

Kw;gl;l Ntjfhy flTsh;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwe;jJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpw;gl;l Ntj fhy kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tq;fs; - gpuk;kd;> tp\;Z> Uj;ud;>

(rptd;) MfpNahh;

caph; gypapLjy;> flTs; topghl;L Kiwfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ - gpw;gl;l

Ntjfhyk;

jpuhtplh;fs; - ,Uz;l epwKk; (fUg;G)> eLj;ju cauKk;> fUik KbAk;

nfhz;lth;fs;






Mhpah;fs; - nts;is epwKk;> caukhd cUtKk;> nrk;gl;il KbAk;

nfhz;lth;fs;

jpuhtplh;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - gaph;njhopy;> thzpfk;

Mhpah;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - fhy;eil tsh;g;G> Nghh; Ghpjy;

jpuhtplh;fspd; Kf;fpa tpyq;F - vUJ> vUJfis topgl;ldh;

Mhpah;fspd; Kf;fpa tpyq;F - gR> gRf;fis topgl;ldh;

jpuhtplh;fs; nrk;ig gad;gLj;jpdh;> ,Uk;ig mwpatpy;iy

Mhpah;fs; ,Uk;ig gad;gLj;jpdh;> ,Uk;ig mwpe;jpUe;jdh;

jpuhtplh;fs; Gypia mwpe;jth;fs;. Mdhy; Fjpiuiag; gw;wp njhpahJ

Mhpah;fs; Gypia mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; Fjpiuiag; gad;gLj;jpdh;

jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; - Ntshz;ik ehfhpfk;> efu ehfhpfk;

Mhpa ehfhpfk; - fhy;eiltsh;g;G ehfhpfk;> fpuhk ehfhpfk;]

hpf;Ntj fhyj;jpy; thzpfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jq;f myF - ep\;fh

gpd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; - fhh;f;fp> ikj;Nuap

Kd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; tpjitfs; kWkzk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ

Ntj fhyj;jpy; fpuhkj;jpd; jiyth; - fpuhkzp

fpuhk kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l mZ - rkpjp

gpd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; fztd; ,we;jhy; kidtp cld;fl;il Vwpdh;

VO ejpfs; ghAk; epyk; - rg;j rpe;J

rg;j rpe;J vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; - gilj;jiyth;

hpf;Ntj fhyj;jpy; tpjitfs; kWkzk; nra;Jnfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;

Ntjfhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myF - FLk;gk;

nghUj;Jf:

1. rjkhdh m) rptd;

2. gpui[ M) uh[d;

3. Uj;jpud; ,) tpRtgjp

4. [dhtpd; jiyth; <) ehzaq;fs;

5. tpRtpd; jiyth; c) Fbkf;fs;

tpil: 1) < 2)c 3)m 4)M 5),






rkzKk; ngsj;jKk;

cyfpd; rpe;jidg; Gul;rpf; fhyk; vd;gJ - fp.K. 6 -k; E}w;whz;L

rkzKk;> ngsj;jKk; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa fhyk; fp.K. 6 - k; E}w;whz;L

rkz kjj;ij cUthf;fpath; - th;j;jkhd kfhtPuh;

ngsj;j kjf; fUj;Jf;fis toq;fpath;> ngsj;j kjj;ij cUthf;fpath; -

nfsjk Gj;jh;

rkz rkaj;jpduhy; topglg;gl;l jPh;j;jq;fuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if – 24

rkz rkaj;jpd; Kjy; jPh;j;jq;fuh; - Mjpehjd; (m) hp\gNjth;

rkz rkaj;jpd; ,Wjp my;yJ 24 tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - kfhtPuh;

rkzrkaj;jpw;F Xh; cWjpahd mikg;igj; je;jth; - kfhtPuh;

kfhtPuhpd; fhyk; fp.K. 534 Kjy; 462

kfhtPuh; gpwe;j ,lk; - gPfhh; khepyk;> itrhypf;F mUfpy; „ Fe;j fpuhkk;”

kfhtPuhpd; je;ij - rpj;jhh;j;jh;> jha; jphpriy

kidtpapd; ngah; - aNrhjh> kfs; - mNdh[h ( m) gphpajh;\dh

th;j;jkhdh; Jwtpahd taJ - 30 tJ tajpy;

th;j;jkhdh; fLikahd jpahdk; nra;jJ - 12 Mz;Lfs;

kfhtPuh; - [Pdh; (ntw;wpahsh;) Gyd;fis ntd;wth; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;

kfhtPuh; jhd; fz;l cz;ikfis Ch; Cuhfr; nrd;W gpur;rhuk; nra;jJ

(Nghjid nra;j Mz;Lfs; ) - 30 Mz;Lfs;

kdpjdpd; Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; - kdpjh;fs;jhd; - vd kfhtPuh; $wpdhh;

kfhtPuh; $wpa fl;Lg;ghl;L newpfs; - „nfhy;yhikf; nfhs;if” vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ

rkzh;fs; ,Wjpapy; cliy tUj;jp czT> ePH; mUe;jhky; „ ry;Nyrd

Kiwapy;” caph; Jwe;jdh;

rkz rkak; typAWj;JtJ - „caphpuf;fk; vdg;gLk; mfpk;iria”

MilmzptijAk;> Ntshz;ik nra;tijAk;> NghhpLjiyAk; jtph;j;jth;fs; -

rkzh;fs;

rkz rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghL - „caph;fis nfhy;yf;$lhJ”

rkzh;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - tzpfk;






Kk;kzpfis Nghjpj;jth; - kfhtPuh;

kfhtPuh; Nghjpj;jit Kk;kzpfs; - mitfs; ed;dk;gpf;if> ey;ywpT> ed;dlj;ij

rkz rkaj;jhh; gpd;gw;Wk; 5 xOf;fq;fs; - CW nra;ahik> ngha;ahik>

fsthik> cilik kWj;jy;> Gydlf;fk;

rkz rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp murh;fs;- re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;> fypq;fj;Jf;fhu Ntyd;>

$z;ghz;bad;> Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kd;

rkz rka fhg;gpaq;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp> R+shkzp

rkz rka ,yf;fz E}y;fs; - ahg;gpUq;fhyk;> ahg;gUq;fhfhhpif> Nekpehjk;>

ed;D}y;> mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk;

rkz fl;llf; fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ,uh[];jhd; - kTz;l; mG>

jpy;thuhf;Nfhapy;> f[PuNfh> rpj;J}h;> udf;G+h; - rkzh; Nfhapy;fs;

rkz rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - cjafphp> cwjpFk;gh> fph;dhh;>

rputzngyNfhyh>fOFkiy

NfhkjP];tuh; rpw;gk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - fh;ehlfk; khepyk;> rputzngy

Nfhyhtpy;

jpy;thuh rkzh; Nfhtpy; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ,uh[];jhd; khepyk; kTz;l;

mGtpy;

ngsj;j kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - rpj;jhh;j;jh; vDk; nfsjk Gj;jh;

Gj;jhpd; ,aw;ngah; - rpj;jhh;j;jh;

Gj;jhpd; fhyk; gpwg;G - fp.K. 563 ,wg;G (ghpeph;thzk;) fp.K. 483 (fp.K. 563

Kjy; fp.K. 483 tiu)

Gj;jh; gpwe;j ,lk; - Neghs ehl;by; fgpyt];J vd;w Chpy; (m) Yk;gpdptdk;

Gj;jhpd; je;ij - rhf;fpa Fy jiyth; Rj;Njhjdhh;> jha; khah Njtp

rpj;jhh;j;jh; ,sikapy; ahuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lth;? - rpw;wd;idahy; ( gpu[hgjp

nfsjkpahy;)

Gj;jhpd; kidtp - aNrhjiu ( 16 tJ tajpy; Gj;jh; kze;jhh;)

Gj;jhpd; kfd; ngah; - ,uhFyd;

,sikapy; rpj;jhh;j;jh; Mh;tk; nfhz;lJ - cyf elg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;

rpj;jhh;j;jUf;F ehl;lkpy;yhjJ - Ntl;ilahLjy;> tPz; Mlk;guk;

,sikapy; Gj;jiu ghjpj;jJ - Vio vspathpd; fbdkhd tho;f;if






mwpTzh;T (nka;awpT) ngw;w rpj;jhh;j;jh; Gj;jh; Mdhh;

Gj;jh; mwpTzh;T (nka;awpT) ngw;w ,lk; - fah vDk; murkuj;jbapy;

Gj;jh; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - ey;yJ vJ> nfl;lJ vJ vd;gij mwpe;J

nfhz;lth; vd;gJ

Gj;jh; jkJ Kjy; Nghjidia njhlq;fpaJ - rhuhehj;jpy; cs;s khd;

G+q;fhtpy;

Nguhir nfhs;shik> ngha; Ngrhik> gpwiu Jd;GWj;jhik Nghd;wtw;iw

Nghjpj;jth; - Gj;jh;

Gj;jh; rhjp ghFghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhuh? - ,y;iy

nrhe;j vz;zq;fisAk;> mwpitAk; ek;gp thoNtz;Lk; vdf;$wpath; - Gj;jh;

Jd;gq;fisg; gw;wp Gj;jh; $wpa mwpTiufs; - ehd;F ngUk; cz;ikfs;

xOf;f newpfs; gw;wp Gj;jh; Nghjpj;jJ - vz;tif newpfs;

Gj;jh; Nghjpj;j 4 NgUz;ikfs;

1. cyfk; Jd;gkhdJ

2. Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; MirNa

3. Miria xopj;jhy; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLglyhk;

4. Mir xopf;f vl;L newpfis gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;

Miria xopf;f Gj;jh;l $wpa vl;L newpfs;-

1. ey;y ek;gpf;if 2. ey;y Ngr;R 3. ey;y top 4. ey;y

rpe;jid

5. ey;y Kaw;rp 6. ey;y elj;ij 7. ey;y nray; 8.ey;y jpahdk;

Gj;jhpd; nfhs;iffisg; gug;gpa ngsj;j Jwtpfspd; mikg;G „ rq;fk;”

vdg;gl;lJ

ngsj;j rkaj;ij gpd;gw;wpa murh;fs; - mNrhfh;> fdp\;fh;> `h;\h;

Gj;j kjj;jpd; ,U gphpTfs; - P̀dahdk;> kfhahdk;>

Gj;jhpd; nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf; nfhz;lth;fs;> cUt topghL nra;ahjth;fs; -

P̀dahd gphpT

Gj;jiu nja;tkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Gj;j rkag;gphpT - kfhahdk; ( cUt topghL)

Gj;j kjk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; ( gutpa) ntspehLfs; - ,yq;if> gh;kh> jpngj;> rPdh>

[g;ghd;> jha;yhe;J






ek; ehl;L Njrpa rpd;dk; - 4 rpq;fq;fs;

ekJ ehl;L rpd;dk; 4 rpq;fq;fspd; cUtk; vjpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ - mNrhfuJ

rhuehj; fw;W}zpypUe;J

ekJ Njrpaf;nfhbapy; cs;s rf;fuk; vj;jid Muq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ -24

Muq;fs;

ekJ Njrpaf;nfhbapy; fhzg;gLk; rf;fuk; - mNrhfhpd; jh;k rf;fuk;

ngsj;j Jwtpfspd; tpfhuq;fs; ( klq;fs; ) kpFe;j khepyk; - gPfhh;

ngsj;j rka tuyhw;iw tpthpf;Fk; E}y; - [hjff; fijfs;

m[e;jh Fif Xtpaq;fSk;> vy;Nyhuh rpw;gq;fSk; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; -

kfhuh\;buk; khepyk;> xsuq;fhghj; khtl;lj;jpy;

Gj;jhpd; rpwg;ig tpsf;Fk; Xtpaq;fs; - m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh Xtpaq;fs;

fhe;jhuf; fiyr;rpw;gq;fs; - Gj;j rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jit

ngsj;j rkaj;Jwtpfspd; gpuhh;j;jidf; $lq;fs; „ irj;jpaq;fs;” vdg;gLfpwJ

ngsj;j rka klhyaq;fs; „tpfhuq;fs;‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ

kiy Fiffisf; File;J mikf;fg;gl;l ngsj;j rka gpuhh;j;jidf;

$lq;fSf;F „irj;jpah;fs; “ vd;W ngah;

ngsj;j rkaf;nfhs;ifiaf; $Wk; kiw E}y; „jpgplfk;” ,J 3 cl;gphpTfisf;

nfhz;lJ. Rj;jgPlfk;> tpda gPlfk;> mbjk;kgPlfk;

rkzh;fspd; Gdpj E}y;fs; - mq;fq;fs;> G+h;tq;fs;

kzpNkfiy> Fz;lyNfrp Mfpait - E}y;fs; ( ngsj;j E}y;fs;)

rkz rka E}y;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; ( ,yf;fz E}y;) rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp

(,yf;fpa E}y;)

jphpgplfk; vd;Dk; E}y; Kjd;Kjypy; vOjg;gl;lJ - tl;lf;fhkpdp mgad; vd;Dk;

murd; fhyj;jpy;

jphpgplfk; vd;why; %d;W $il vd;W nghUs;

,yq;if tPufhtpaq;fs;> tuyhw;W E}y;fs; - kfhtk;rk;> jPg tk;rk;

rkz kjj;Jf;F cWjpahd mikg;igj; je;jth; - kfhtPuh;

rkz rkak; kpfTk; typAWj;jpa nfhs;if - nfhy;yhik

jkpo;ehl;by; rkz rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - fOFkiy






Gj;jh; mwpTzh;T ngw;w ,lk; - fah

ngsj;j kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpa murh;fSs; Kf;fpakhdth; -mNrhfh;

ntw;wpahsh; /[Pdh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; - kfhtPuh;

NfhkjP];tuh; rpw;gk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - rutzngyNfhyh

rkzk; typAWj;jpa Nghjidfs; - Kk;kzpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld

Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfs; - vz; tif newpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld

mNrhf rf;fuk; 24 Muq;fisf; nfhz;lJ

nghUj;Jf:

1. jphpgplfk; - m) Gj;jiu nja;tkhf Fk;gpl;l rka gphpT

2. P̀dahdk; - M) Gj;jh; Kjd;Kjypy; Nghjid epfo;j;jpa ,lk;

3. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,) Gj;jhpd; nfhs;iffis gpd;gw;wpa gphptpdh;

4. khd;G+q;fh - <) rkzj;Jwtp ,aw;wpa E}y;

5. kfhahdk; - c) ngsj;jh;fspd; Gdpj E}y;

tpil: 1) c 2), 3)< 4)M 5)m

NguuRfspd; Njhw;wk;

kfh[dgjq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 16 ngUk; ehLfs;

[dgjq;fs; cs;slf;fpa nghpa mikg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ - kfh[dgjq;fs;

,df;FO mikg;ig tpl gue;J tphpe;j muRfs; - kfh[dgjq;fs;

kfh[dgjq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ -tl,e;jpahtpy;

kfh[dgjq;fspy; typikahd muRfs; - Nfhryk;> mte;jp> tj;rk;> kfjk;

t[;[p ehl;by; kl;Lk; 18 FOf;fs; ,ize;jpUe;jd

18 kfh [dgjq;fspy; gpw muRfis ntd;W Nguurhf vOr;rp ngw;wJ - kfjk;

kfjk; vd;gJ gPfhh; khepyk; ghl;dhit Rw;wpAs;s gFjp

kfjj;jpd; Kjy; jiyefuk; - rpuht];jp

kfjj;jpd; ,Wjp jiyefuk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

%d;W jiyefuq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehL - kfjk;

rpuh];tjp vd;gJ - efuk;






mhpaq;f tk;rj;ijr; rhh;e;j kfj kd;dh; - gpk;gprhud;

jpUkz cwTfs; %yk; kfjj;ij tphpTgLj;jpatd; - gpk;gprhud;

gpk;gprhudpd; kfd; - m[hjrj;U

Nfhryk;> mte;jp> itrhypia kfjj;Jld; ,izj;jth; - m[hjrj;U

kfjj;jpy; „ghlypGj;jpuk; “ Nfhl;ilia mikj;jth; - m[hjrj;U

mhpaq;f tk;rj;ij tPo;j;jp kfjj;jpd; Ml;rpia ifg;gw;wpa kfj kd;dd; -

rpRehfd;

rpRehfh;fl;F gpd; ee;j tk;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpatd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

Kjy; ee;j kd;dd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

Kjy; ,e;jpa Nguurhf kfjj;ij cUthf;fpatd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

rpRehfh; r%j;jpy; R+j;jpuh;fs; gphpitr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

nkshpag; Nguuir Vw;gLj;jpath; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;

re;jpuFg;j nkshpahpd; fhyk; fp.K. 324-299

re;jpuFg;jdhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l fpNuf;f kd;dd; - nrY}f];epNflhh;

nrY}f]; epNflhhpd; J}Jth; - nkf];jdp];

nkf];jdp]; vOjpa E}y; - ,z;bfh

re;jpuFg;jh; jOtpa kjk; -rkzk;

re;jpuFg;jh; jdJ ,Wjpfhyj;jpy; gj;jpughF vd;w rkz KdptUld;

njd;,e;jpahtpw;F rputzngyNfhyhTf;F nrd;W rkz rka Kiwg;gb

caph;ePj;jhh;

gpe;Jrhuhdpd; kfd; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; nkshpag; Nguurd; Md Mz;L fp.K. 273

mNrhfh; ,wg;G fp.K. 236

fypq;fg;Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L fp.K. 261 -y;

fypq;fg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; mNrhfh; Nkw;nfhz;l KbT - NghhpLtjpy;iy> jh;k

tp[aj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhh;

gilnaLj;J Nghh; nra;J ntw;wp ngWtJ - jpf; tp[ak;

jpf;tp[aj;ij ntWj;J jh;k tp[aj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpath; - mNrhfh;






mNrhfh; kf;fsplk; jh;kj;ij tsh;f;f Nkw;nfhz;l ,iltplhj gazq;fs; -

jh;ktp[ak;

mNrhfh; jh;kj;ij kf;fspilNa gug;g epakpj;j rpwg;G gzpahsh;fs; -

jh;kkfhkhj;jpuh;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; kf;fs; ey muir cUthf;fpath; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; jOtpa kjk; - ngsj;j kjk;

mwpT> md;G> xOf;fk; Mfpatw;iw typAWj;jpa kjk; - ngsj;j kjk;

mNrhfh; nrg;gdpl;l ngsj;j epidtplq;fs; - fgpyt];J> rhuehj;> Gj;jfah

%d;whtJ ngsj;j rka khehL $l;ba ,lk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

%d;whtJ ngsj;j rka khehL $l;bath; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; mikj;j fw;W}z; - rhQ;rp];J}gp

mNrhfh; mikj;j ];J}gpfs; cs;s ,lk; - rhQ;rp> rhuehj;> Yk;gpdp Nghd;w

,lq;fs;

ghurPf rpw;gf;fiyapd; jhf;fj;jhy; cUthdJ - rhuehj; fw;W}z;

mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nkhop - gpuhf;fpUj nkhop

mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l vOj;JKiw - fNuh];b vOj;J

Nghiuj;jtpu jh;kj;ijg; gpd;gw;WtNj rpwe;jJ vd mNrhfh; $wpdhh;

mNrhfhpd; nkshpag; NguuR 5 gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; tlf;F gFjpapy; jl;rrPyKk;> njw;F gFjpapy; - Rth;zfphpAk;>

fpof;F gFjpapy; - NjhrhypAk; jiyefh;fshf ,Ue;jd

nkshpag; Nguurpd; jiyefuk;> mNrhfg; Nguurpd; jiyefuk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; vy;iyg;gFjpfspd; ghJfhg;ig fz;fhzpj;jth;fs; „kfhkj;jpuh;”

vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;

kf;fsJ md;whl mw tho;f;iff;F cjt epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; -

jh;kkfhkhj;jpuh;fs;

nkshpag; Nguurpy; efuhl;rp nray;gl;l gFjp - ghlypGj;jpuk;

ghlypGj;jpu efukd;wk; 30 Ngh;fisf; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jJ.

5 Ngh;fisf; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J 30 Ngh;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdh;

nkshpag;gil 5 gphpTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ

nkshpa;ggil 30 Ngh; nfhz;l eph;thff;FOthy; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;lJ






rpj;jputijia> kuz jz;lidia xopj;jth; - mNrhfh;

nkshpa tk;rj;jpd; filrp murd; - gpUfj;ujd;

gpUfj;ujid nfhiy nra;jtd; - G\;akpj;uRq;fd;

G\;akpj;uRq;fdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tk;rk; - Rq;f tk;rk;

mNrhfh; mwpaizNawpa Mz;L fp.K. 273

3- tJ ngsj;j khehL eilg;ngw;w ,lk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

nrYf;f]; epNflhpd; J}Jth; - nkf];jdp];

ee;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; kd;dd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

mNrhfh; jpf;tp[aj;ij iftpl;L jh;k tp[aj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkaj;ij gug;g mNrhfuhy; mDg;gg;gl;lth; -

rq;fkpj;jpiu> kNfe;jpud;

ghlypGj;jpuk; vDk; Nfhl;ilia mikj;jth; - m[hjrj;U

F\hzg; NguuR

nkshpag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpahtpy; epWtg;gl;l typikahd NguuR -

F\hzg; NguuR

F\hzh;fs; „A+r;rp” ,df;FOtpd; Xh; cl;gphpT

„A+r;rp” vd;w ,df;FOtpd; Xh; cl;gphptpdNu F\hzh;fs;

F\hzg; Nguuir epWtpath; - Kjyhk; fhl;igr];. ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;Fg;

gFjpapy; fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;L epWtpdhh;

gQ;rhg;igAk;> fq;ifr;rkntspiaAk; ifg;gw;wpa F\hz kd;dd; - 2- k;

fhl;gpr];

F\hz tk;rj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j kd;dd; - fdp\;fh; ( fhyk; fp.gp. 78- 101)

rPdhtpd; kPJ ,UKiw gilnaLj;j F\hz kd;dd; - fdp\;fh;

rPdj;jsgjp „ghQ;Nrh” vd;gtdplk; Njhw;w kd;dd; - fdp\;fh;

fdp\;fh; cUthf;fpa Gjpa jiyefuk; - GU\Guk; ( ng\hth;) vd;gJ ng\hth;

fdp\;fh; <LghL nfhz;l rkak; - ngsj;j rkak;

ehd;fhtJ Gj;j rka khehl;il $l;bath; - fdp\;fh;

ehd;fhtJ Gj;j rka khehL vq;F $l;lg;gl;lJ - fh\;kPh;






ehd;fhtJ Gj;j rka khehl;by; gq;Nfw;w ngsj;j mwpQh;fs; - tRge;J>

mRtNfhrh;> ehfh;[Pdh

kfhahd ngsj;j kjg;gphpT Njhd;wpaJ ve;j khehl;by;? - ehd;fhtJ ngsj;j

khehl;by;

mRtNfhrh vOjpa E}y;fs; - Gj;j rhpjk;> R+j;jpu myq;fhuk; (tlnkhopapy;

vOjg;gl;lJ)

,e;jpa> fpNuf;f El;gq;fis ,ize;j fiy - fhe;jhuf;fiy

,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; - fdp\;fh;

rf rfhg;jk; my;yJ Gjpa fhy fzf;fPl;L Kiw cUthdJ - fdp\;fh;

fhyj;jpy;

rf rfhg;jk; vd;gJ fp.gp. 78 - y; ( fdp\;fh; gjtpf;F te;j Mz;L)

F\hzh; Nguurpd; filrp kd;dd; - fdp\;fh;

ahUf;Fg; gpd; F\hzg; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wJ - fdp\;fUf;Fg;gpd;

F\hzg;Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; kfjj;jpy; Njhd;wpa NguuR - Fg;jg;NguuR

Fg;jh;fspd; jiyefuk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

Fg;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Rje;jpu kd;dd; - Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jh;

Fg;jAfk; (Fg;j mg;jk;) Gupta Era njhlq;fg;gl;lJ - fp.gp. 320 gpg;uthp 16-y;

Fg;j kd;dh;fspy; jiy rpwe;jth; - rKj;jpuFg;jh; ( fp.gp.335-375)

rKj;jpuFg;jdpd; ntw;wpfisg; gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - myfhghj;J}z; fy;ntl;L

myfhghj;J}z; fy;ntl;ilg; nghwpj;jth; - mhpNrdh;

rKj;;jpuFg;jdpd; mikr;rh; - mhpNrdh;

rKj;jpu Fg;jh; ntd;w tl,e;jpa kd;dh;fs; - 9 Ngh;

rKj;jpu Fg;jh; ntd;w njd;,e;jpa kd;dh;fs; - 12 Ngh;

rKj;jpu Fg;jh; ntd;w FbauRf; FOf;fs; - 11

rhfh;fis ntd;w Fg;j kd;dd; - ,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jh; rhfhhp vdg;gl;lhd;

Fg;jh;fspd; Ml;rp nkhop - rk];fpUjk;

,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> 18 Guhzq;fs; > gQ;r je;jpu fijfs; njhFf;fgl;lJ -

Fg;j fhyk;

Fg;jh;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;l tlnkhopg; Gyth;fs;-

fhspjhrh; vOjpa E}y;fs; - rhFe;jyk;> uFtk;rk;> Fkhurk;gtk;






tprhfjj;jh; - Kj;jpuhl;rfk;

ghrh; -

Fg;jh;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;l Gyth;fs; - tlnkhopg;Gyth;fs;

Fg;jh; fhy; Xtpaj;jpw;F v.fh. - m[e;jh Xtpak;

Fg;jh; fhyj;J fzpj mwpQh; - Mhpagl;lh;

Fg;jh;fhyj;jpya thdpah; - tuhf kpfpuh;

Fg;jh; fhyj;J Gfo;ngw;w kUj;Jt mwpQh;fs; - fufh;>RRUjh;> jd;te;jphp

Nkfunsyp ,Uk;Gj;J}z; - nly;ypapy; cs;sJ> Fg;jh; fhyj;jit (,uz;lhk;

re;jpuFg;jh;)

1500 Mz;Lfshf JUg;gpbf;fhky; nly;ypapy; ,Ug;gJ - ,Uk;Gj;J}z;

Fg;jh; fhy ,Uk;Gj;J}z; cs;s ,lk; - nkfnusyp (nly;yp)

ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ij cUthf;fpath; - Fkhu Fg;jh;

rhjpKiw kpff;fLikahdJ> caph;gyp fhzg;gl;lJ> Nts;tpfs; nra;ag;gl;lJ -

Fg;jh; fhyk;

rptd;rf;jp> tp\;Z> Fkud;KUfd; topghLfs; ngUfpaJ - Fg;jh; fhyk;

nghw;fhyk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ - Fg;jh;fs; fhyk;

Fg;jg; NguuR tPo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf gilnaLg;G - P̀dh;> G\;akpj;jpuh; Nghd;w

me;epah; gilnaLg;G

Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j rPdg; gazp - ghfpahd;

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j rPdg;gazp – ghfpahd;

ghfpahd; tUifapd; Nehf;fk; - ngsj;j jsq;fisf; fhz

tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltd; - ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh;

Fg;j Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpwF tl,e;jpahtpy; kPz;Lk; xU Nguuir cUthf;fpath;

- `h;\th;j;jdh;

jhNd];tuj;jpd; murh; - `h;\th;j;jdh; ( fhyk; 606-647)

`h;\h; ePz;lfhyk; Nghh;Ghpe;jJ - rrhq;fDld;

`h;\Uf;F Nghhpy; cjtp Ghpe;jth; - fhk&g kd;dh; ( m];]hk; kd;dh;)

gh];futh;kd;

`h;\hpd; jq;if -- uh[;=






uh[;=apd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f `h;\h; kd;duhdJ „fd;Ndhrpapy;”

`h;\hpd; jiyefuhf tpsq;fpaJ - fd;Ndhrp

`h;\iuj; Njhw;fbj;j rhSf;fp kd;dh; - ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp

`h;\h; gpd;gw;wpa rkak; - ngsj;j kjk;

`h;\h; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F <h;f;fg;gl fhuzkhdth;fs; - uh[;=> Athd;Rthq;

`h;\h; fhyj;jpy; $l;lg;gl;l ngsj;j rka khehLfs; eilngw;w ,lk; -

fd;Ndhrp> gpuahif

ngsj;j gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;gJ -- ehshe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;

`h;\h; Mjuthy; cyfg;Gfo; ngw;w gy;fiyf;fofkhf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ --

ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;

`h;\hpd; mikr;rh; - ghzh; (rk];fpUjnkhop mwpQh;)

ghzh; vOjpa E}y; - `h;r rhpjk;

`h;\h; vOjpa E}y;fs; - ehfhde;jk;> gphpajh;rpfh> uj;dhtsp

`h;\h; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j rPdg;gazp - Athd;Rthq;

Athq;Rthq; vOjpa E}y; - rp.A.fp

rp.A.fp. vd;w E}y; ,e;jpahitg;gw;wpAk;> ngsj;jkjj;ijg ;gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ

`h;\h; tlnkhopapy; vOjpa E}y;fs; - ehfhde;jk;> gphpajh;rpfh> uj;dhtsp

Athq; Rthq; - rPdh ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;

tl,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j filrp NguuR - `h;\g; NguuR

F\hz muir epWtpah; - Kjyhk; fhl;gpr]; ( F[Pyhufh fl;igr];)

fdp\;fhpd; jiyefh; - ng\hth; (,) GU\Guk;

jhNd\;tuj;jpd; murh; - `h;\h;

Fg;jh;fspd; fhyk; - ,e;jpahtpd; nghw;fhyk;

nghUj;Jf:

1. ehd;fhtJ ngsj;j khehL - m) F\hz tk;rj;ij epWtpa

2. rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd; fhyk; - M) Fkhu Fg;jh;

3. fdp\;fhpd; fhyk; - ,) fdp\;fh;

4. ghzh; - <) A+r;rp ,df;FO






5. `h;\h; - c) fp.gp. 335- 375

6. F\hzh; - C) fp.gp.78-101

7. ,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; - v) `h;\ rhpjk;

8. ehshe;jh - V) fh\;kPh;

9. Kjyhk; fhl;gpr]; - I) gphpajh;rpfh

tpil : 1) V 2) c 3) C 4) v 5) I 6) < 7) , 8)M 9) m

MODEL TEST 1. G+kp Njhd;wpa Mz;L 1.Rkhh; 460 Nfhb Mz;Lfl;F Kd; 2.360 Nfhb Mz;L 3.560 Mz;Lfs; 4.260 Mz;Lfs; 2.Mjp kdpjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfk;

1.,Uk;G 2.nrk;G 3.jq;fk; 4.ntz;fyk; 3.nkhfQ;rjhNuh vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs;

1.,we;jth; NkL 2.tho;gth; NkL 3.MWfs; $Lk; ,lk; 4.vJTkpy;iy

4.rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa nja;tk; 1.jha; nja;tk; 2.ypq;fk; 3.itztk; 4.tp\;Z 5.Gtp Njhd;wpaNghNj Njhd;wpa ,e;jpahtpd; gFjp 1.tpe;jpakiy 2.,kakiy 3.khstg;gPlG+kp 4.jf;fhzgPlG+kp 6.rq;fk; itj;J jkpo; tsh;j;jth;fs; 1.Nruh; 2.ghz;bah; 3.Nrhoh; 4.gy;yth; 7.cyfpy; Kjd;Kjy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpa epyg;gFjp 1.mnkhpf;fh 2.Mg;gphpf;fh 3.ny%hpah 4.mz;lhl;bfh 8.kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j epyKk; 1.Ky;iy 2.ghiy 3.FwpQ;rp 4.kUjk; 9.rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; RLkz; rpw;gk; 1.rpj;jpu vOj;J 2.nlh;uNfhl;lh 3.Nyhj;jhy; 4.fpspQ;ry; 10.rq;ffhy Nruh;fspy; jiyrpwe;jtd; 1.fhpfhyd; 2.neLQ;nropad; 3.nrq;Fl;Ltd; 4.kNfe;jputh;kd; 11.rq;ffhyj;jpy; cah;e;J tpsq;fpaj; njhopy; 1.Nka;j;jy; 2.thzpgk; 3.ehNlhb 4.coTjy; 12.ahNdh murd;? ahNd fs;td; vdf;$wp ,we;jtd; 1.neLQ;nropad; 2.nrq;Fl;Ltd; 3.fhpfhyd; 4.,uh[uh[d;






13.Mhpah; ,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpa gFjpf;F 1.tl,e;jpah 2.njd;,e;jpah 3.Mhpath;j;jk; 4.khstk; 14.hpf;Ntj fhy jq;f ehzak; 1.lhk; 2.ep\;fh 3.mlhyp 4.rhfpNah 15.,Uk;G mjpfmstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ 1.rq;ffhyk; 2.Kd;Ntjfhyk; 3.gpd;Ntjfhyk; 4.Fg;jh;fhyk; 16.rg;jrpe;J vd;gjd; nghUs; 1. 5 ejpfs; ghAk; gFjp 2. 7 ejpfs; ghAk; gFjp

3. 9 ejpfs; 4. 11 ejpfs; 17.rkz rkaj;jpd; Kjy; jPh;j;jq;fuh 1.hprgNjth; 2.kfhtPuh; 3.gh;rtehjh; 4.Gj;jh; 18. kfhtPuh; Nghjpj;jit 1.4 ngUk; cz;ik 2. 8 ngUk; newpfs; 3.Kk;kzpfs; 4.%d;W$il 19.NfhkjP];tuh; rpw;gk; mike;Js;s ,lk; 1.fh;ehlfh 2.ngq;f@& 3. ikR+& 4.rputzngyNfhyh 20.Gj;jh; gpwe;j Mz;L 1.fpK 483 2.fpgp320 3.fpgp 563 4.fpK 563 21.ehd;F ngUk; cz;ikfis Nghjpj;jth; 1.kfhtPuh; 2.gh;rth; 3.Gj;jh; 4.re;jpuFg;jh; 22.rkz rka tuyhw;iw tpthpf;Fk; E}y; 1.mh;j;jrh];jpuk; 2.hpf;Ntjk; 3.[hjffijfs; 4.mq;fk;> G+h;tq;fs; 23.Gj;jiu nja;tkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l gphpT 1. P̀dahdk; 2.kfhahdk; 3.Gj;jrkak; 4.Gj;jrq;fk; 24.jphpgPlfk; vd;why;............................ 1.Kd;kzpfs; 2.ngUk; cz;ik 3.%d;W$il 4.jphpuj;dh 25.mNrhf rf;fuj;jpy; cs;s Muq;fs; 1. 12 2. 24 3. 48 4. 56 26.kfjj;jpd; jiyefuk; 1.ghlypGj;juk; 2.mq;fk; 3.kfjk; 4.Nfhriy 27.ghlypGj;jpu Nfhl;ilia mikj;jth; 1.gpk;gpmurh; 2.mNrhfd; 3.m[hjrj;U 4.Fzhsd; 28.,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; kf;fs; ey muir cUthf;fpath; 1.mNrhfh; 2.`h;\h; 3.fdp\;fh; 4.rKj;jpu Fg;jh; 29.mNrhfh; mhpaizNawpa Mz;L 1.fpgp 273 2.fpK 273 3.fpK 261 4.fpgp 327 30.fdp\;fh; cUthf;fpa efuk; 1.GU\Guk; 2.ghlypGj;jpuk; 3.kfjk; 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 31.4 tJ Gj;jrka khehL $ba ,lk; 1.,uh[fpUfk; 2.itrhyp 3.ghlypGj;jpuk; 4.fh\;kPh; Fz;lytdk;






32.,e;jpa fpNuf;f El;gq;fs; ,ize;j fiy 1.ghurPf fiy 2.fhe;jhuf;fiy 3.Fg;jh;fiy 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 33.,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; vdg;gl;lth; 1.mNrhfh; 2.rKj;jpuFg;jh; 3.fdp\;fh; 4.,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; 34.Fg;jh;fspd; Ml;rpnkhop 1.jkpo; 2.rk];fpUjk; 3.ghurPfk; 4.cUJ 35.Fg;jh; fhy thdpay;/fzpj mwpQh; 1.jhykp 2.Mhpagl;lh; 3.mRtNfhrh; 4.jd;te;jphp 36.Mjpr;rey;Y}h; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; 1.jpUney;Ntyp 2.fd;dpahFkhp 3.,uhkehjGuk; 4. 37.nkf;nusyp ,Uk;Gj;J}z; cs;s ,lk; 1.khstk; 2.c[;[apdp 3.ghlyp 4.nly;yp 38.ngsj;j gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;gJ 1.ehse;jh 2.ghfpahd; 3.nkf];jdp]; 4.Athd; 39.F\hd muir epWtpath; 1.Kjyhk; fhl;gPr]; 2.itkh fl;igrh; 3.fdp\;fh; 4.,uz;lhk; fl;igr]; 40.,e;jpahtpd; nghw;fhyk; vdg;gLtJ 1.Fg;jh; fhyk; 2.`h;\rhpjk; 3.rq;ffhyk; 4.`h;\h; fhyk; 41.`h;\h; vOjpa E}y; 1.rhFe;jyk; 2.`h;\rhpjk; 3.ehfhde;jk; 4.rp.A+.fp 42.gioa fw;fhyk; vd;gJ 1.fpK 10>000 Kd; 2.fpgp 10>000

3.fpK 10>000 -fpK 6000 4.fpK 3000 - fpK 15 43.ilNdhru]; tpyq;fpd Kl;ilfs; gbk; fpilj;Js;s ,lk; 1.Mjpr;rey;Y}h; 2.mhpaY}h; 3.nrd;id 4.GJf;Nfhl;il 44.gpk;Ngl;fh Fif mike;Js;s ,lk; 1.,uh[];jhd; 2.fh;ehlfk; 3.Me;jpugpuNjrk; 4.kj;jpa gpuNjrk; 45.`ug;g ehfhpff; fhyk; vd;gJ 1.gioa fw;fhyk; 2.Gjpa fw;fhyk; 3.,Uk;Gfhyk; 4.nrk;G/ntz;fyk; 46.jPia fz;Lgpbj;jtd; 1.gioa fw;fhykdpjd; 2.Gjpa fw;fhykdpjd;

3.,Uk;Gfhy kdpjd; 4.vtUkpy;iy 47.,e;jpa ehfhpfj;jpd; njhlf;fk; vd;gJ 1.rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; 2.Mhpa ehfhpfk;

3.jpuhtplh; ehfhpfk; 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 48.`ug;gh vd;gjd; nghUs; 1.nfhy;yg;gl;lth; NkL 2.GijAz;l efuk;

3.Nkhfd; NkL 4.vJTk; ,y;iy






49.rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; vOj;JKiw 1.fpA+dpghh;k; 2.rpj;jpuvOj;J 3.Njtehfphp 4.fpue;jk; 50.rpe;Jkf;fspd; Kf;fpa czTg;nghUs; 1.mhprp 2.NfhJik 3.uhfp 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 51.rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; rpwe;j JiwKfk; 1.rhd;FjhNuh 2.ùg;gh 3.nkhfQ;rjhNuh 4.Nyhj;jy; 52.nrd;id khfhzk; jkpo;ehL vd ngah; khw;wk; ngw;wJ 1.1969 2.1944 3.1979 4.1989 53.%d;W rq;fq;fSk; nray;gl;l fhyk; 1.8880 Mz;Lfs; 2.9990 Mz;Lfs; 3.7770 Mz;;Lfs; 4.6660 Mz;Lfs; 54.jpUts;Sth; gpwe;j Mz;L vd;gJ 1.fpgp 31 2.fpK 31 3.fpK 4 4.fpK 58 55.rq;ffhy Nruh;fspd; JiwKfk; 1.nfhw;if 2.Gfhh; 3.tQ;rp 4.njhz;b/Krpwp 56.rq;ffhy ghz;bah;fspy; rpwe;jtd; 1.nrq;Fl;Ltd; 2.fhpfhyd;

3.jiyahyq;fhdj;J neLQ;nropad; 4.vtUk; ,y;iy 57.Mhpah;fspd; G+h;tPf ,Ug;gplk; 1.kj;jpa Mrpah 2.fq;ifr; rkntsp 3.,e;jpah 4.rg;jrpe;J 58.,Uk;gpd; gaid mwpe;jth;fs; 1.rpe;J ntsp kf;fs; 2.Mhpah;fs; 3.jpuhtplh;fs; 4.A+r;rp 59.aR+h;> rhkk;> mjh;td Ntjq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; 1.gpw;gl;l/gpe;ija Ntjfhyk; 2.Kw;gl;l/Ke;ija Ntjfhyk; 3.Ntjfhyk; 4.hpf;Ntjk;

60.rf;fuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ 1.gioa fw;fhyk; 2.Ez;fw;fhyk; 3.Gjpafw;fhyk; 4.ngUq;fw;fhyk; 61.Ntjfhy ehfhpfk; vd;gJ vf;fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ 1.nrk;Gfhyk; 2.,Uk;Gfhyk; 3.ntz;fyfhyk; 4.Ez;fw;fhyk; 62.,e;jpahtpd; kpfj;njhd;ik tha;e;j efu ehfhpfk; 1.Mhpa ehfhpfk; 2.Kd;Ntj fhyk;

3.gpd;Ntj fhyk; 4.rpe;J rkntsp/ùg;gh ehfhpfk; 63. ùg;ghtpy; cs;s nghJf;fl;ll mikg;G 1.ngUq;Fsk; 2.jhdpaf;fsQ;rpak; 3.Nfhl;il 4.RLfhL 63.nkhfQ;rjhNuhitf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; 1.rh;[hd;khh;ry; 2.jahuhk; \hdp 3.khf;Nf 4.Mh;.b. ghdh;[p 64.$ly; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l efuk; 1.fghlGuk; 2.Fkhpf;fz;lk; 3.iy%hpah 4.kJiu/%J}h; 65.midj;J rkaj;jhUk; tpae;J Nghw;Wk; E}y; 1.njhy;fhg;gpak; 2.jpUf;Fws; 3.kzpNkfiy 4.ed;D}y; 66.rq;ffhyj;jpy; cah;e;J tpsq;fpa njhopy;






1.tzpfk; 2.nerT 3.coTj;njhopy; 4.jr;Rj;njhopy; 67.Kd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; njhFf;fg;gl;;l E}y; 1.aR+h; 2.rhkk; 3.mjh;tdk; 4.hpf;Ntjk; 68.hpf;Ntjfhy ngz;fs; mzpe;j cs;shilf;F 1.thr]; 2.mjpthr]; 3.eptp 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 69.gpw;gl;;l Ntjfhyk; vd;gJ 1.fpK 1500 - fpK1000 2.fpgp 3250 - fpK2750

3.fpK 1000 -fpK600 4.fpK1000 - fpgp 600 70.rhjp mikg;GKiw/th;zhrpuk jh;kk; Njhd;wpa fhyk; 1.Kd;Ntjfhyk; 2.gpd;Ntjfhyk; 3.hpf;Ntjfhyk; 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 71.Mhpah;fspd; Kf;fpa tpyq;F 1.Fjpiu 2.Gyp 3.ahid 4.gR 72.gpd;Ntjfhyj;jpy; fy;tpay; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; 1.Nfhrh 2.mgyh 3.NyhgKj;uh 4.fhh;f;fp>ikj;Nuap 73.rg;jrpe;J vd;gjd; nghUs; 1. 5 ejpfs; ghAk; epyk; 2.7 ejpfs; ghAk; epyk;

3. 9 ejpfs; 4. 11 ejpfs; ghAk; epyk; 74.rkz rkaj;jpd; ,Wjp/24 tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; 1.hprgNjth; 2.gh;rtehjh; 3.kfhtPuh; 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 75.kfhtPuh; gpwe;j ,lk; 1.F\pefh; 2.Yk;gpdptdk; 3.gtGhp 4.Fe;jfpuhkk; 76.ngsj;j rka kiwE}y; 1.jphpuj;dh 2.jphpgplfk;

3.4 ngUk; cz;ikfs; 4.vd;tif topfs; 77.Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfs; 1.jphpuj;dh 2.jphpgplfk; 3.Kk;kzpfs; 4.vd; tifnewpfs; 78.kfh[dgjq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1.16 2.36 3.64 4.128 79.kfuj;jpd; jiyefuk; 1.Nfhryk; 2.mte;jp 3.tj;rk; 4.ghlypGj;jpuk; 80.re;jpuFg;jh; gpd;gw;wpa rkak; 1.Gj;j rkak; 2.,e;Jrkak; 3.rkzrkak; 4.itrk; 81.mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nkhop 1.rk];fpUjk; 2.ghyp 3.fNuh\;b .gpuhf;fpUjk; 82.F\hzh;fs; ......................gphpitr; rhh;e;jth;fs; 1.,uh[Gj;jpuh; 2.A+r;rp 3.rd;dpgphpT 4.\pahgphpT 83.mRtNfhrh; vOjpa E}y; 1.,z;bfh 2.`h;\rhpjk; 3.rp.A+.rp 4.Gj;jrhpjk; 84.fdp\;fh; mitapy; ,Ue;j fpNuf;f fl;llf;fiy ty;Yeh;






1.rufh; 2.r];Ujh; 3.ehfh;[Pdh; 4.v[pyh]h; 85.Fg;j kd;dh;fspy; jiyrpwe;jth; 1.re;jpuFg;jh; 2.rKj;jpuFg;jh; 3.,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; 4.FkhuFg;jh; 86.,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; 1.`h;\h; 2.n\h;\h; 3.mf;gh; 4.fdp\;fh; 87.`h;\hpd; jiyefuhf tpsq;fpaJ 1.ghlyp 2.gpuahif 3.GU\Guk; 4.fd;Ndhrp 88.ghzh; vOjpa E}y; 1.ehfhde;jk; 2.gphpajh;rpfh 3.uj;dhtspo 4.`h;\rhpjk; 89.gy;yth;fspy; filrp murd; 1.rpk;k tp\;Z 2.%d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; 3.mguh[pjd; 4.je;jpth;kd; 90.kNfe;jpu th;kd; vOjpa ehlf E}y;

1.ehfhde;jk; 2.gphpajh;\pfh 3.fpUj;jh;[Pdpgk; 4.kj;jtpyhrghufhrdk; 91.fq;fhghb> Esk;gghb> jbifg;ghb ntd;wtd; 1.1 k; kNfe;jpud; 2.1 k; ,uh[,uh[d;

3.,uhN[e;jpud; 4.1k; FNyhj;Jq;fd; 92.1 k; eurpk;kth;kd; fhyj;jpy; fhQ;rpf;F tUifg;Ghpe;J rPdg;gazp 1.ghfpahd; 2.Athd;Rthq; 3.,l;rpq; 4.vtUk; ,y;iy 93.,e;jpahtpy; JUf;fpah; Ml;rpia njhlq;fp itj;jth; 1.Fj;GjPd; Igf; 2.,y;Jj;kp\; 3.ghy;gd; 4.urpah 94.NghNy tpisahl;bd;NghJ ,we;j JUf;fp Ry;jhd; 1.,y;Jj;kp\; 2.ghy;gd; 3.Igf; 4.F\;U\h 95.,y;Jj;kp\; ntspapl;l nrk;G ehzak; 1.[pl;lhy; 2.lq;fh 3.lhk; 4.vJTk; ,y;iy 96.[yhYjPd; fpy;[pia nfhd;wth; 1.rpjp nkhsyh 2.khypf;fhG+h; 3.myhTjPd; fpy;[p 4.vtUk; ,y;iy 97.Jf;sf; kuigj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtd; 1.[Pdhfhd; 2.fpahRjPd;/fhrpkhypf;

3.gpNuh\;Jf;sf; 4.KfkJgpd; Jf;sf; 98.iraJ kuG Ml;rp Ghpe;j nkhj;j fhyk; 1.320 Mz;Lfs; 2.84 Mz;Lfs; 3.37 Mz;Lfs; 4.73 Mz;Lfs; 99.Mf;uh efiuf;fl;bath; 1.gf;Y}y; Nyhb 2.,g;uh`pk; Nyhb 3.rpf;fe;jh;Nyhb 4.njsyj;fhd;Nyhb 100.tp[aefug;NguuR Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1.1347 2.1526 3.1336 4.1206 101.jiyf;Nfhl;il Nghh; eilg;ngw;w Mz;L 1.1526 2.1556 3.1761 4.1565 102.Kfk;kJfthid nfhiy nra;jth;






1.ngNuh];]h 2.3 k; Kfk;kJ\h 3.ghPj;rh 4.FypJFg;\h 103.ghkpdpg; NguuR Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1.1336 2.1347 3.01206 4.1526 104.rq;fuh; gpwe;j ,lk; 1.=ngUk;GJ}h; 2.rhyb 3.tq;fhsk; 4.njd;dhw;fhL 105.khzpf;fthrfh; vOjpa E}y; 1.nghpa Guhzk; 2.jpUthrfk; 3.Njthuk; 4.ehyhapujpt;tpagpuge;jk; 106.,uhkhD[hpd; rPlh; 1.fgPh; 2.FUehdf; 3.,uhkhee;jh; 4.irjd;ah; 107.,e;J-K];yPk; xw;Wikia typAWj;jpath; 1.FUehdf; 2.,uhkhD[h; 3.fgPh; 4.,uhkhde;jh; 108.R+gp ,af;fk; Muk;gkhd ,lk; 1.tl,e;jpah 2.njd;,e;jpah 3.tq;fhsk; 4.ghurPfk; 109.ghghpd; filrpg;Nghh; 1.ghdpg;gl; Nghh; I 1526 2.fhd;thNghh; 1527 3.re;Njhpg;Nghh; 1528 4.Nfhf;uhNghh; 1529 110.etPd ehza Kiwapd;je;ij 1.n\h;\h 2.myhTjPd;fpy;[p 3.Kfk;kJgpd;Jf;sf; 4.,y;Jj;kp\; 111.mGy;ghry; vOjpa E}y; 1.jfpf;-,-gpNuh];]fp 2.ghghh;ehkh 3. P̀khA+d;ehkh 4.mf;gh;ehkh 112.nkhfyhah;fspd; nghw;fhyk; vdg;gLtJ 1.ghgh; fhyk; 2.mf;gh; fhyk; 3.[`q;fPh; fhyk; 4.\h[`hd; fhyk; 113.rpth[p tR+ypj;j thpfs; 1.fuh[; 2.[prpah 3.fhk;]; 4.nrsj;> rh;Nj];Kfp 114.eWkzj;jPTfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ 1.gpypg;igd;]; 2.,e;NjhrPdh 3.,e;NjhNdrpah 4.khyj;jPT 115.gpshrpNghh; eilngw;w Mz;L 1.1857 2.1757 3.1565 4.1761 116.epiyahd fhty;Jiwia cUthf;fpath; 1.thud; N`hy;bq;]; 2.fhh;d;thyp]; 3.fpist; 4.ngz;b]; 117.Gj;jh; gpwe;j Mz;L 1.fpK 534 2.fpK 563 3.fpK 483 4.fpK462 118.nghUj;Jf 1.rjpxopg;G - A.Mq;fpyf;fy;tp 2.Nk[h;];yPkd; - D.1829 3.,uh[uhk;Nkhfd;uha; - C.jf;fh;fs; xopg;G 4.nkf;fhNy - D.r%f rPh;jpUj;jk;

91. rpe;jidg; Gul;rpf; fhyk; vd;gJ






m) fp.gp 6-Mk; E}w;whz;L M) fpK 6-Mk; E}w;whz;L ,) fpgp 60-Mk; E}w;whz;L <) fpK 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L

92. Gj;jh; mwpTzh;T ngw;w ,lk; m) fah M) uh[fpU`k; ,) re;jpug];jp <) rhuehj;

93. $w;W (A) Gj;jh; rhjp ghFghLfis Vw;ftpy;iy fhuzk; (B) flTs;> Md;kh> tpjp vd;W vz;zp kdpjh;fs; gag;glNtz;lhk; m) A -k; B -k; rhp M) A -rhp B -jtW ,) A -MdJ B -f;F rhpahd tpsf;fk; <) A -k; B -k; jtW

94. tl,e;jpahtpypUe;j filrp NguuR vd;gJ m) Fg;jg;NguuR M) F\hzg;NguuR ,) nkshpag;NguuR <) `h;\h; NguuR

95. `h;\h; ......................... nkhopapy; Gyikg; ngw;whh; m) ghyp M) gpuhf;fpUjk; ,) tlnkhop <) jkpo;

96. `h;\hpd; mikr;rh; ghzh; ................................. nkhop mwpQh; m) ghyp M) gpuhf;fpUjk; ,) jkpo; <) rk];fpUjk;

97. ,uhkhazk>; kfhghujk;> 18 Guhzq;fs;> gQ;rje;jpu fijfs; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ m) nkhhpah; fhyk; M) Fg;jh; fhyk; ,) F\hzh; fhyk; <) `h;\h; fhyk;

98. F\hzg;Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; kfjj;jpy; cUthd NguuR m) nkshpag;NguuR M) Fg;jg;NguuR ,) `h;\g;NguuR <) Rq;ftk;rk;

99. Fg;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Rje;jpu kd;dd; m) =Fg;jh; M) fNlhj;f[d; ,) Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jh; <) rKj;jpuFg;jh; 100. tpf;fpukhjpj;ad; vdg;gl;ltd;

m) 1-k; re;jpuFg;jh; M) rKj;jpuFg;jh; ,) FkhuFg;jh; <) ,uz;lhk; rKj;jpuFg;jh;

101. `h;\th;j;jdhpd; fhyk; vd;gJ m) fpgp 606- 647 M) fpK 606- 597 ,) fpgp 335-375 <) fpgp 375-380.

102. rPdj;jsgjp ghQ;Nrhtplk; Njhy;tpAw;wth; m) `h;\h; M) rrhq;fd; ,) fdp\;fh; <) Kjyhk; fl;igr];

103. kfhahd Gj;jrkag;gphpT Njhd;wpa Gj;jrka khehL m) Kjy; M) ,uz;lhtJ ,) 3-tJ <) ehd;fhtJ

104. „vl;L Mz;Lfs; Nghhpl;Nld;> fypq;fj;ij ntd;Nwd; xU yl;rk; Ngh; khz;ldh;> 1 ½ yl;rk; Ngh; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNawpdh;” ahh; $w;W?

m) Gj;jh; M) `h;\h; ,) mNrhfh; <) rKj;jpuFg;jh; 105. kfhkhj;jpuh;fs; vd;gth; m) khtl;l mjpfhhp M) ehl;bd; mjpfhhp ,) gh;f;fhdh mjpfhhp <) khepyq;fspd; MSeh; 106. mNrhfh; Nguurpd; eph;thfg;gphpT

m) 3 M) 2 ,) 4 <) 5 107. jh;kj;ij tsh;f;f Nkw;nfhz;l ,iltplhj gazq;fs;






m) jh;ktp[ak; M) jpf;tp[ak; ,) Gj;j gpf;Ffs; <) jh;kh 108. ahuhy; ngsj;jkjk; xU cyf kjkhf kyh;e;jJ

m) fdp\;fh; M) m[hjrj;U ,) mNrhfh; <) Gj;jh; 109. md;G> mwpT> xOf;fk; ,tw;iw typAWj;jpa rkak;

m) ,e;J M) fpwpj;Jtk; ,) ngsj;jk; <) rkzk; 110. re;jpuFg;j nkshpahpd; fhyk; vd;gJ

m) fpgp 320-324 M) fpK 324-299 ,) fpK 273--236 <)fpK 299-273 111. re;jpFg;j nkshpah; jOtpa rkak;

m) ngsj;jk; M) `Pdahdk; ,) kfhahdk; <) rkzk; 112. mNrhfh; jk;NguuRld; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;l gFjp

m) kfjk; M) ghlyp ,) fh\;kPh; <) fypq;fk; 113. gPfhh; khepyk; ghl;dhit Rw;wpAs;s gFjp

m) ghQ;rhyk; M) kfjk; ,) tj;rk; <) FU 114. re;jpuFg;jh;> nrYf;f]; epNflhplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa gFjpfs;

m) mq;fk;> kpjpiy M) Nfhryk;> fhrp ,) Mg;fhdp];jhd;> fhe;jhuk; <) mte;jp> fhk;Ngh[k;

115. ed;whf fl;lg;gl;l tPl;by; kioePh; Eiotjpy;iy. ew;rpe;jid gilj;jth; cs;sj;jpy; jPa Mirfs; Eiotjpy;iy. ahh; $w;W?

m) fdp\;fh; M) mNrhfh; ,) kfhtPuh; <) Gj;jh; 116. ngsj;j Jwtpfspd; tpfhuq;fs; / klq;fs; kpFe;j khepyk;

m) xhp];]h M) gPfhh; ,) cj;jpugpuNjrk; <) kj;jpagpuNjrk; 117. ahUk; ahiuAk; Jd;GWj;jf;$lhJ vd;wth;

m) Gj;jh; M) kfhtPuh; ,) mNrhfh; <) `h;\h; 118. kfhtPuh; JwtpahdJ

m) 16-tJ tajpy; M) 30-tJ tajpy; ,) 19-tJ tajpy; <) 42-tJ tajpy;. 119. nghUj;J:

1. rjkhdh a. ,uh[d; 2. gpui[ b. tpRtgjp 3. [dhtpd; jiyth; c. ehzaq;fs; 4. tpRtpd; jiyth; d. Fbkf;fs;

m) 1 2 3 4 M) 1 2 3 4 ,) 1 2 3 4 <) 1 2 3 4 a b c d c d b a c d a b

d b c a 120. fhy;eil tsh;g;G ngUfpaJ

m) rpe;J ntsp ehfhpfk; M) gpd;Ntjfhyk; Mhpah;fs; ,) nkshpah;fs; fhyk; <) jpuhtplh; fhyk;

121. rq;ffhy kf;fs; Nghhpy; <Lgl;L tPukuzk; mile;jth;fSf;F vLf;fg;gLtJ m) eLfy; topghL M) rf;jp topghL ,) rpt topghL <) jha; topghL

122. rq;f fhyj;jpy; jiyefh;fspy; nfhz;lhlg;gl;l tpoh m) mWtil tpoh M) nghq;fy; tpoh ,) ,sNtdpy; gUttpoh <) ,e;jputpoh

123. Gfhh; vd;gJ m) fhQ;rp M) tQ;rp ,) fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk; <) kJiu

124. ,ilr;rq;fk; eilg;ngw;wJ m) njd;kJiu M) tlkJiu ,) kJiu <) fghlGuk;

125. Kjy; kdpjhpdk; Njhd;wpa epyg;gFjp m) kJiu M) Fkhpf;fz;lk; ,) FkhpKid <) ,kakiy






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