TN 1 02 C Coastal Engineering
Transcript of TN 1 02 C Coastal Engineering
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Coastal
EngineeringIfyouareplanningforayear,sow
rice;ifyouareplanningfora
FallSemester
20Se t10to21Jan11
,planningforalifetime,educate
people
Lecture
3CE 408
1TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEE
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ChineseProverb
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Sequence
Portsand
Harbour Structures
Otherharbour works.
,
Coastalprotectionstructures
Revetments
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BREAKWATERS .
dynamic wave action lies in the inertia of moving particles. When a non
breaking wave hits against a structure, the reflected wave reinforces the next
effect is mostly hydrostatic and little dynamic (impulsive). (rubble mound,
sheet pile, stone asphalt, Dolos, concrete cassions, floating structures )
waves. They act as protective barriers to enclose harbours and to keep
harbour water undisturbed for safe anchorage and loading/ unloading in
comparatively calm water.
Generally1.2to1.25times
theheightofexpected
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waves.
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DesignConsiderationsforBreakwater
thewaves
and
dissipate
most
of
energy
by
rise
of
its
water
column.
Reflectedwavesarenotdirectedtowardsothermarine
structures.
s ou w s an
dynamicforcesofwavesandwindsonsubmergedand
ex osed ortionsres ectivel .
selfweight.
hydrostaticpressures.
Itshouldhavetheresultantofselfweightandnetwaveforce
withinthe
middle
third
of
the
base. 5
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ShoreProtectionProjects Breakwaters
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ShoreProtectionProjects Breakwaters
Abreakwaterstructureisdesigned
toabsorbtheenergyofthewaves
that
hit
it.
This
is
done
either
by
usingmass(e.g.withcaissons)or
. .
withrockorconcretearmour
units).
W enoncomingwaves itt ese
breakwaters,theirerosivepoweris
concentratedonthesestructures
somedistance
away
from
the
coast.Inthisway,thereisanarea
breakwaters.
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Breakwater
,
bulkheads,reducetheintensityof
waveactionininshorewatersand
therebyreducecoastalerosion.
Theyare
constructed
some
distanceawa fromthecoast or
builtwithoneendlinkedtothe
coast.
The
breakwaters
may
be
,
threehundredfeetoffshorein
relativelyshallowwater,designed
toprotect
agently
sloping
beach.
eitherfixedorfloatin
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Types
RubbleMoundBreakwater
Preferredwhenstoneis
,
bedmaterialissoftand
waterdepth
is
more
(50
to60ft).Theserequire
comparativelymore
materialandconsiderable
maintenance.
Stonesofexposedside
are ggercompare o
calmside. TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEE
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Types
Theseare
of
types
as
concrete
blocks
(weighing
up
to200tons)gravitywalls,rockfilledsheetpile
cells,rockfilledtimbercribs,concreteorsteel
sheet
pile
walls. u e opro ec e wa ersan no re a e or
heavyseas.
Shouldnotbeconstructedwhereerosionof
seabedis
excessive.
Uneven
material
may
be
removedbydredgingbeforeplacingfoundation.
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DifferentKinds
of
Dolos
Concrete&ReinforcedConcrete(armour uni
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Types
Solidsuper
structure
on
amound
founded
at
low
waterlevel.Thisalsoprovidesplatformfor
handlingofcargo.Theseafaceisprotectedwith
heavyconcreteblocks.
e uces emassru erequ remen .
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ConstructionofRubbleMoundsBreakwaters
Hopper barge
Deckbargesareemployedwhenthe
moundrises
up
sufficientlysothat
hopperbargescannot
beutilized.Theseare
broughtto
site;
side
compartmentsonone
sideareflooded.This
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,
whichdislodgesthe
material.
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ConstructionofRubbleMoundsBreakwaters
Stagingis
erected
by
driving
piles,
which
are
connected,
by
longitudinal
runners,truts andbraces.Thisformsanumberofparalleltrackson
whichrailsareplacedortippingwagons.Thisshouldbewellabovesea
level.
Lowlevel S stem
Workisdonegraduallystartingfromthecoastline.Thecompleted
portionisusedforthetransferringofmaterial.Thisalsoconsolidates
.
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RevetmentOtherharborstructures
Theseareshorelinestructures
constructedparallel
to
the
shoreline.Theyareslopedinsuchawayastomimicthenaturalslopeofshorelineprofileanddissipatewaveenergyasthewaveisdirecteduptheslope.A
revetmentis
built
to
protect
a
scarp,em an men ,oro ershorelinefeatureagainsterosion.
Themajorcomponentsofarevetmentarethearmorlayer,
ter,
an
toe
gure . Arevetmentislikeacommonsea
wallinthatitisdesignedtomaintainthelocationandshapeo as ore ne. nstea o stan ngverticallylikeaseawall,however,
arevetment
"coats"
the
shoreline
withprotectivematerial.16
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Revetment
Revetmentdesignvariesbasedonthe
waveclimate(ortypeofwaves),
shoreline eolo and materials
availableforconstruction.Theprimary
goalistobuildastructurethatisstrong
enoughtoabsorbordeflecttheenergy
ofwavesatagivensite.
Mainconsiderations
in
the
design
phase:
Size,strengthandweightofthearmor
stone
Theangleatwhichthewaveshitthe
.
Theroughnessoftherevetmentwall
Theheightoftherevetment
" "
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Otherharborstructures
Platformsor
constructions
meant
for
loading
andunloadingofcargoandpassengers.
.
determinedbythetypeofshipstobe
accommodated.
Pier
Wharf
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Awharf,orquay (pronounced
'key')
is
a
structure
on
the
shoreofaharborwhereships
maydocktoloadandunload
.
structureincludes
one
or
moreberths(mooring
ocat ons ,an maya so
includepiers,warehouses,or
otherfacilities
necessary
for
handlingtheships.
Awharfcommonlycomprises
,
pilings.Commercialportsmay
havewarehousesthatserveas
interimstorageareas
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A pier is a raised structure,
including bridge and buildingsupports and walkways over
water, typically supported by
.
lighter structure of a pier allowstides and currents to flow almost
un n ere , w ereas t e more
solid foundations of a quay or
the closelyspaced piles of a
wharf can act as a breakwater,
and are consequently more
.
size and complexity from a
simple lightweight wooden
structure to ma or structures
extended over a mile out to sea.TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEENUST) 20
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T f Wharv
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JettyorPier
Jettiesareshorenormalstone
structuresuse
or
tra n ng
navigationalchannelsand
stabilizinginlets.
They
prevent
intrusion
of
long
shoresedimenttransport
Theycausehigherflowvelocities
thatscourthechannelto a
depthrequired
for
safe
navigation.
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Trestle.Thesearelighterstructuresextendingoutfromshore,not
designedtotakeshipsdockingandmooringforces. Trestleisa
,
composedofanumberofshortspanssupportedbysuchframes.
Inthecontextoftrestlebridges,eachsupportingframeis
generallyreferredtoasabents.
Mole.A
fill
usually
rock
extending
out
from
shore,
leading
to
pier
Catwalks. Structuresprovidingaccesstoandbetweendolphins.
Trestle
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Dolphins. These are marine structuresfor mooring of vessels. These are
wharves to shorten the length of thesestructures. Dolphins are used for tying
between ships moored along bothsides of dolphins. Dolphins are alsoused to display regulatory informationlike speed limits etc, other informationlike advertising or directions and
navigation information like a
lighted aids to navigation.
Breasting Dolphins. Designed to.
Mooring Dolphins. Provided to holdship against wind blowing away
.
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D l h i n
The structures t icall consist of a number of iles driven
into the seabed or riverbed and connected together above
the water level to provide a platform or fixing point. The piles
,
concrete beams, blocks or tubes. Smaller dolphins can have
the piles drawn together with wire rope, but larger dolphinswould typically be fixed using a reinforced concrete capping or
a structural steel frame.
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DockFenders
provided on a pier face for shipsto come in contact. Fendersabsorb impact and protect themrom amage. en ers a so
protect ship paint from beingdamaged because of relativemotion between shi s and dockcaused by wind and waves.
Fenders can be classified as
horizontal Wood Members,er ca oo em ers anRubbing Strips.
A marine dock bumper comes in
materials to complement alldock arrangements, includingfoam cushion, post bumper, and
,
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T f Gr in
Anglesor
inclined
Sing e
GroinSystem
Notchedorzigzag
T,LorYshaped
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GroinSystem
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AnyQuestionPlease????
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