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![Page 1: TM Comprehensive care and Sickle Cell Disease and Hemoglobinopathies Roshni Kulkarni MD. Distinguished Hematology Consultant Division of Blood Disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b460dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Comprehensive care and Sickle Cell Disease and
Hemoglobinopathies
Roshni Kulkarni MD.Distinguished Hematology Consultant
Division of Blood DisordersNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
DisabilitiesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention
The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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0-6moEarly
childhoodPediatric
Adolescent
Young AdultAdult
Older Adults
No symptoms
Mild anemia (thal variants)
Jaundice
Pain
Anemia
Aplastic crises
Hand foot syndrome
Organo-megaly
Pain Anemia
Stroke
Priapism
Lung (ACS, PHT etc.)
Delayed puberty
Pain, Anemia
Stroke
Lung
Bone (AVN)
Priapism
Leg ulcers
Pregnancy
Pain, Anemia
Lung
Bone
Kidney
Heart, HTN
Eye
Pregnancy
Leg ulcers
Disabilities
Chronic
Lung
Kidney
Heart
Eye
NBS TCD, HU HU,, Transplant
Infections
Transfusions
Co- Morbid conditions
Quality of Life? Nutrition? Mental health? Vocation? Academic achievement?
SCD issues across life span
Roshni Kulkarni M.D
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Impact of SCD on Public Health
• Insufficient data on prevalence may hamper effective management
(immigrant hematology) and resource allocation
• Impact of SCD on Mortality and Morbidity
• Disability from complications
• Impact on QOL
• Preventable organ damage
• Economic impact/ cost of care
• Loss of workforce
• Hospitalizations, emergency room care, blood transfusions/blood safety
• Effectiveness of programs - must be sensitive to cultural practices
and appropriate for given social context (World Health Assembly 2006)
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Challenges in SCD
• Lack access to specialty care - expensive emergency department
and inpatient services
• Only a small fraction take Hydroxyurea
• Many patients on Medicaid
• Not enough funding compared to other genetic disorders
• Federal agencies need to pool resources to coordinate services
by supporting network of centers (large and small) across USA
• Comprehensive care not available nationwide
• Few funded sickle cell centers that serve fraction of the population
• Current research advances need to be widely disseminated
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What About Sickle Cell trait?
• 2 million SCT (1in 12 AA, 1 in 100 Hispanic Americans). Emerging
Hispanic/migrant population
• Thrombosis1 (VTE) 2-fold risk PE 4-fold risk
• Renal disease: renal medullary carcinoma, hematuria, papillary necrosis
• Exercise related sudden death
• Pregnancy related complications
• ↓odds of early preterm delivery and odds of multiple gestations.
fetal losses and placental abnormalities.
Austin Blood. 2007, Tsaras. Am J Med, 2009110:908, 2007. 2. Bryant AS. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2007
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Public Health & SCD:Reduce Death, Disability, Promote
Health • Determine Incidence and Prevalence
• Surveillance for :
• Complications
• Blood safety monitoring: pathogens, alloimmunization
• Long term follow up of NBS & Screening of
older/migrant population
• Adult vaccinations
• Gynecologic and reproductive issues
• Rural/Urban outcomes
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Public Health & SCD (cont’d)• SCD specific QOL instrument :
• Pain & Disability • Psychosocial and behavioral issues
• Transition of care/ effectiveness• Health Education
• Patient/provider/school education• Prevention message through Community based organizations
• Public health laboratory• Transfusion transmitted disease• Genotyping on a mass scale: high throughput genotyping• Role of gender and race
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Health Promotion through Comprehensive care
Comprehensive Care Centers
Registry Surveillance
Diagnosis:Disease burdenTrends in healthEmerging/existing risksHemovigilanceSurveillance maps
Education and prevention messages
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Comprehensive care
Comprehensive Care Centers
Public Health Research
Clinical and basic research
Quality indicators
Training program support
Education and prevention messages
Registry and Prospective Surveillance
New Drug DevelopmentBlood safety
Access to specialty care
and laboratory
Health Systems Research
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Comprehensive Care Model• Organized specialized care delivery• Integrated multi-disciplinary teams• Emphasis on
• Early diagnosis• Prevention of complications
• Reduction in disability
• Improves survival and QOL
• Education and training of patients/providers• Coordinated network of centers to improve care
through public health and clinical / translational research (bench to trench)
• Liaison with community organization (s)
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How do we develop comprehensive hemophilia
care in a country?
“BUT”--We must first understand the Economics of Care!
Evatt WFH
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In countries with emerging economies,economic issues will be the force determining how far we can pushour goals…
In developed countries, only constant pressureprevents reduction in services.
We must understand these issues and use them to our advantage…
Economics: The Primary Force in Available Care
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Economic Reality
• Care is expensive.
• Cost of care beyond reach of individual.
• Will rely on others to pay bill.
• Will have to convince others to do so.
• Government must be involved.
• Government focuses on bottom line, economics and the most served for the least cost.
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Effect of Economic Capacityon Hemophilia Adulthood
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Ra
tio
(P
/Pc)
<13 yrs >19 yrs
Evatt & Robillard., Haemophilia (2000)
<$2,000 $2,000 – $10,000 >$10,000Per Capita Gross National Product
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Effect of Care Programson Hemophilia Adulthood
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Ra
tio
(P
/Pc)
<13 yrs >19 yrs
<$2,000 <$2,000 + HTC
Per Capita Gross National Product
Evatt & Robillard., Haemophilia (2000)
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Effect of Comprehensive Care
• Life Expectancy 13-40 65
• Days in hospital 12-15 1
• Percent with Joint disease 70-80% <5%
• Annual Visits to Clinic 12-30 0-6
• Unemployment 35-90% 15%
Without Comprehensive Care
With Comprehensive Care
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Components of Comprehensive care team
• Core team:• Medical Director- a hematologist• Coordinator- Nurse/program• Psychosocial professional• Secretary
• Extended team• Pediatrician/internist/Family practitioner• Genetic counselor /Ob-Gyn• Nutritionist /Dental/ other subspecialist – Pulmonologist etc
• Must have field or outreach services
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Registry and SurveillanceWorld Federation of Hemophilia 2005.
• Prevalence
• Determine current and future needs of the community
• Empowering advocacy groups, physicians
• Resource allocation: set priorities of health outcomes
• ↓ Hospitalizations, Improved QOL
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Registry and SurveillanceEvatt B. World Federation of Hemophilia 2005
Maintaining and Using a registry• Develop policy “ we will do….will help 300 people
and cost $24,000”
• Develop and manage resources: identify areas of need
• Define changing/expanding populations needs: vaccination
• Disease management, Disaster preparedness*
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Surveillance Aim: reduce incidence, morbidity and mortality
• Definition: Systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and
dissemination of health data
• Assist: planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health
interventions and programs.
• SCD surveillance (web based)• Complications across life span
• Impact of risk factors, co-morbid conditions
• Impact of newborn screening
• Blood safety. Lab studies.
• Quality of Life: cultural and social context/transition issues
• Preconceptual care/Reproductive issues
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Components of a SCD Surveillance System
• Comprehensive • Linking multiple data sources
• Population-based• Longitudinal Design• Modular Design• Quality Assurance Measures• Web-based /Electronic Reporting• Unified and Standardized Laboratory Testing• Specimen Collection and Blood Safety Monitoring
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Identify data sources for indicators Grant A. DBD/NCBDDD/CDC
Data Source Example Indicator
Vital Records (birth records, death records)
Denominator for incidence, mortality
Newborn screening data Incidence
Hospital Discharge Records Costs, complications
Program Services Records (Medicaid , WIC, school records)
SES, access to care, school performance, quality of life
Private or public health laboratory reports
Incidence, validate behaviors (smoking, drugs), risk factors
Data abstracted from hospital charts Incidence, co-morbidities, outcomes, trends in clinical practice
Pharmacy records Use and adherence to therapy
News media (newspapers) Mortality
Disease registries Prevalence, incidence, trends
Surveys Lifestyle/Behavior, Prevention program data
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Mapping• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be
used to analyze data and create maps• Over 90% public health data have a geospatial
component• Maps can be useful for:
• Describing the distribution of patients• Planning of care• Resource planning• Outreach activities• Emergency /disaster preparedness
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Geographical Information SystemMcClellan A. Division of Blood Disorders. NCBDDD.CDC
Hospitals with ED and patients
Hospitals with Emergency
Departments
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McClellan Ann. CDC DBD GIS expert
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Role of Patient Advocacy
• Do not become complacent!
• Must understand health care needs and set
clear realistic goals to achieve them
• Must work hand in hand with physicians to
speak as one voice
• Must understand the political system
• Must work closely with government officials
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SCD and Hemophilia
Hemophilia SCDExpensive disease/poor QOL Expensive disease/poor QOL
Govt funded (CDC/HRSA/State) Funding for basic/clinical research
National network+ outreach clinics Centers of Excellence
Industry supported, costly drugs None
Advocacy groups: State, National, Global
Advocacy group not well organized
Patients motivated, higher socioeconomic status
Mostly low socioeconomic, difficulty in accessing care
No Newborn Screening/ poor lab support
NBS nationwide, good lab support
Dwindling adult providers Scarcity of adult providers, poor reimbursement
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So What Can One Do?
• In Hemophilia- population expanded to include thrombosis, Women and other groups
• In SCD can partner with hemoglobinopathies
• Ultimate solution for viability………
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Hematology Specialty Care: Future Blood Disorders Center Model
Advocacy groups
Lifespan issuesComplicationsHemovigilanceManagement
ResearchDisparities
Red cell/Hbpathies
Iron
Ble
edin
g
Clotting
BM failureW
hite
cel
l
S Shurin & R Kulkarni
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Blood Disorders Center Model
Guam
Puerto RicoCoordinating centers
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International Blood Disorder Centers
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Acknowledgements
• Hani Atrash • Mike Soucie• Althea Grant• Bruce Evatt• Melissa Creary• Ann McClellan• Christopher Parker• Susan Shurin NHLBI