March 30, 20102:00 – 4:00 EST

Goal: To feel more comfortable delivering water efficiency assessment services in the commercial and institutional sectors

Objectives: Gain understanding of water auditing Learn more about viable water efficiency options Assess the information and resources you need

Water Management OverviewConducting a Water AuditWater Efficiency OptionsCase StudyQuestionsResources

http://savewaternc.org/WaterEfficiencyManual.pdf

Gary HuntN.C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance

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Pre-1994 Current High Efficiency

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Toilets

Showerheads

Faucets

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Pre-1994 Current High Efficiency

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Toilets

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Water Efficiency AreasReduce LossesReduce Overall Water UsesEmploy Water Reuse

Changing Behavior vs. Equipment

Vocabulary: Conservation vs. Efficiency

Optimizing facility water use means more than conducting an in-plant study.

Policy

Planning

Implementation

CheckingCorrective Action

ManagementReview

Step 1: Establish commitment and goals –Top management support

Step 2: Line up support and resourcesStep 3: Conduct a water assessment Step 4: Identify water management optionsStep 5: Prepare a plan and implementation scheduleStep 6: Track and communicate results

Keeps projects on trackJustifies investments and quantifies savings (for further waste reduction project)Maintains motivation level of employeesAllows revisions and updates to plan

Recycle process waterImprove maintenance to replace misc. partsUse domestic water efficiency measures Change operational practicesAdjust cooling tower blowdown

Reduce irrigation time schedulesAdjust equipmentRepair leaksInstall spray nozzlesInstall/replace automatic shut-offsReduce dishwasher loadsTurn off equipment when not in use

Action planTime lineLow-tech to high-tech approachesGood communication and employee awarenessEmployee training

You don’t have to be a rocket scientist

Terry Albrecht, PE, CEMWaste Reduction Partners

Confirm client’s commitmentAssemble audit teamCollect background informationConduct on-site water audit

Tools and measurementsWater balanceTrue cost of water

Identify target areas for efficiencyPrepare report/recommendationsFollow-up

Pre-assessment screeningData collectionAudit team

Efficiency project leaderFacilities/plant managementMaintenance supervisorPersonnel familiar with operation External assessor (YOU!)

Water and sewer bills –previous full year (note rate structures)Water meter sizes and locationsAll sources of potable and non-potable waterProcess sub-metering data Wastewater treatmentProduction flow diagramsPlumbing diagramsIrrigation drawings and controls

Number of employeesShifts, work and clean-up schedulesProducts and servicesProduction rates/occupancyList of known water-consuming processes and usesPrior water or energy surveysMaintenance schedule info

Identify all water-consuming equipmentConfirm plumbing diagrams Quantify water flow ratesDetermine water quality needs for each processReview current water-saving measures

Observe water uses, clean-up, changeoversNote all water losses, evaporative, product use, excessive pressure and leaksJudge current water use efficiency and potential for improvement

Process and Equipment UseCleaning, washing, rinsingMetal finishingPaintingDyeing and finishingPhoto processingReusesProduct fluming (water transport)Water use in products

Cool and Heating Single-pass coolingCooling tower/chillersBoiler, hot water, steam systemsAir washersBoiler scrubber

Sanitary and DomesticToiletsUrinalsFaucetsShowers

Kitchen Food Cafeteria usesDishwatersIce machinesFaucets

Other Facility SupportFloor washingAir emission wet scubbersBuilding washingQA/QC testingLaboratoriesWastewater treatmentHuman resources- medical

Outdoor UsesLandscaping IrrigationParticulate emission controlDecorative fountains/ponds

Vehicle Washing

Set reasonable time expectations with clientUse your tools – take photos, measure water flow ratesSchedule time to observe operationsAsk questionsVerify information

Meter reads: 81710.03 cubic feet Recorded since meter was installedUtility bills commonly in units of 100 cubic feetIn CCF, this meter reads 817One cubic foot = 7.48 gallons 100 cubic feet (CCF) = 748 gallons

Water charges - typically based on 100 cubic feet or 1,000 gallon units

“Ones digit” has already "turned over”Correct reading on meter: 2425.92 cubic feet Meter size on dial (5/8“)

The red triangle spins with any use. Helpful in determining leaks.

Domestic40%

Landscaping22%

Kitchen1%

Once-Through2%

Unaccounted for9%

Cooling/Heating26%

Showers17%

Leaks14%

Faucets16%

Clothes Washer22%

Dishwasher1%

Baths2%

Toilets28%

Source: AWWA, 1999

Unaccounted12%

Landscaping5%

Laundry24%

Pool/thpy6%

Showers10%

Kitchen11%

Toilets15%

Sinks7%

Cooling/Heat10%

Costs of Water and Sewer

$6.76 per 1,000 gallons

Hot Water = 2 times water costs

Water-Use Benchmarks

95 gallon/day per resident (post 1995 renovations)

160 gallons/day per resident (pre-1995 renovation)

3.12

3.93

2.85

3.65 3.68

4.53

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5

$

25,000gal/mon

100,000gal/mon

Asheville

Water$/1000

Sewer$/1000

City water purchase $2.11Sewer rate $2.43Total Water/Sewer $4.54Deionized using reverse osmosis

Equipment $0.41Energy $1.07Labor $1.23

Total DI water $2.71DI water

(flexible cost @ 40%) $1.08Wastewater treatment

Sludge disposal $3.78Treatment chemicals $2.64Energy $0.25Labor $6.01

Total WW treatment $12.69WW treatment

(flexible cost @40%) $5.07 Total cost of water $10.69/CCF

$14.29/1,000 gallons

Activity Unit Cost ($/CCF)

0 1 2 3 4 5

Altamont

Aston Park

Pisgah View

Klondyke Homes

Hillcrest

Erskine Street

Walton Street

Deaverview

CCF Per Person/Month

Asheville Avg 2.5 ccf

Typical report formatExecutive summary – chart Introduction/program descriptionFacility description - briefHistorical water use and water balanceWater options and savings calculationsResources – financial, technical, etc.Follow upAppendices

Source Water Reduction Measure

Gallons per Year (gpy)

Investment Costs($)

Savings ($/yr)

Simple Payback (yr)

Electro-plating

Conductivity controlled rinses (also see 5.1.2-4)

967,000 6,000 11, 200 1.2

Lavatories Faucet flow controls

679,000 270 4,100 0.1

Commodes Replace with 1.6 gpf units

1,170,000 10,300 7,200 2.7

Urinals Flushometer retrofit kits

151,000 100 900 0.8

Boiler Room

Repair leaks 131,000 50 800 0.06

TOTAL 3,098,000 $16,720 $24,200 0.7 year8 months

XYZ Company: Summary of Potential Water and Cost Savings

Occupational ImpactsInitial CostOperating CostSavingsEnvironmental ImpactsProduction Shutdown Requirements

ProductivityImpact on QualityEnergy RequirementsFacility ModificationsMaintenance RequirementsRegulatory Effects

Keyes McGeeN.C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance

Toilets

Urinals

Faucets

Showerheads

Fixture EPAct 1992 Standard

Commercial and Residential Toilets 1.6 gpf

Urinals 1.0 gpf

Lavatory Faucets 2.5 gpm at 80 psi

Lavatory Replacement Aerators 2.5 gpm at 80 psi

Kitchen Faucets 2.5 gpm at 80 psi

Kitchen Replacement Aerators 2.5 gpm at 80 psi

Metering Faucets 0.25 gpm at 80 psi

Residential Showerheads 2.5 gpm at 80 psi

Urinals 1.0 gpf

Before the 1960s, up to 7 gpf;1970s toilets consume 5.5 gpf;3.5 gpf by the 1980s;EPACT 1992, 1.6 gpf - in production 1994

Older flushometers can use more than three gallons per flush

Swapping out the flushometer may not work without bowl replacement

Use 1.28 gpf

Flapperless technology

Pressure assisted flush

Dual-flush technology

Efficient flushometer valves

*20% savings over the current code

Some new toilets use only 1.1 gallons per flush.

Typical Older Urinal

1980-19941.6 – 3.0 gpf

1/8 gpf (0.125 gpf)1/2 gpf (0. 5 gpf)

1.5 gpm Showerheads

0.25 Gallon per activation Metering faucet w/ 1.5 gpm aerator

0.5 gpm Tamperproof faucet aerators

0.5 gpm Sensor faucets

WaterSense labeled products are backed by independent testing and certification.

BehavioralStaff educationRun washers with racks full

MechanicalLeak reportingReuse final rinse waterUse properly sized dishwashers

Some manufacturers are making water-efficient kitchen faucets with a flow rate of 1.5 gpm.

1.6 gpm

1.48 gpm

Commercial equipment upgrades - reducing energy and water – Buy WaterSense and Energy Star Branded Products

An alternative water source for toilets and urinal flushing and irrigation

Ron PridgeonN.C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance

Plant selectionIrrigation system designProducts & equipmentInstallation & operationRoutine inspection

The goal is uniform water distributionPlan for variation: grass, trees, ground cover, flower beds and scrubsZone specific – spray and drip applications

Reduce Overspray –water only things that growWater Early – during morning hoursCycle & Soak –reduces run-off, erosion and excess use

Rain Sensor

Irrigation Controller

Automatic adjustment of watering schedules using weather based or soil sensor based data.

Check for:Clogged nozzles or damaged spray headsLeaking linesExcessive run-off

Potential for ~20% water savings compared to conventional irrigation controllers.

Terry Albrecht, PE, CEMWaste Reduction Partners

Facility BackgroundCanton, NC124 –bed skilled nursing homeBuilt in 1983Family owned

Driving Factors for UpgradesNo municipal water or sewer available (or planned)Long-term well viability and wastewater treatment capacityNeeded facilities updated for residents

The ProjectUpgrades included plumbing, flooring, painting and lightingOther water supply improvements included back-up well, large storage tanks, more efficiency and reliable pumps

Fixture ImprovementsToiletsLavatory faucetsShowerheadsCommercial laundry equipment

Performance Results25,000 gpd use reduced to 15,000 gpd (with 20 bed expansion)Repair of 3,500 gpd leak identified during renovationsEquivalent saving (if purchased) $24,500/year

Other Key BenefitsCreated excess capacity for on-site wastewater treatment Improved performance of wwtpOperates well below maximum discharge permit flows

Environmental Sustainability Resource Center(800) 763-0136

nowaste@ncdenr.gov

WaterWiser, AWWA: http://www.awwa.org/waterwiser/

EPA WaterSense Program: http://www.epa.gov/owm/water-efficiency/index.htm

Rainwater Harvesting at NCSU: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/topic/waterharvesting/

The Irrigation Association: http://www.irrigation.org/

Alliance for Water Efficiency: http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/

Water Efficiency Manual:http://www.p2pays.org/ref/01/00692.pdf

North Carolina’s Water Efficiency Web Site: www.savewaternc.org

Handbook of Water Use and Conservation: Amy Vickers, 2003 http://www.waterplowpress.com/