Title and Abstract Description of paper Summarize the paper.
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Transcript of Title and Abstract Description of paper Summarize the paper.
Title and Abstract
Description of paper Summarize the paper
Abstract
• Do not confuse abstract with introduction• Abstract is summary of whole manuscript• Introduction develops problem and states
purpose
• Do not state, “the significance of the information is discussed in the article.”
Introduction• Intro serves two purposes:
• Stimulates reader’s interest• Outline reason for the study
• Begin with a statement or two to develop problem, tell why study needs to be done, and state the purpose of the study
• Not a place for great detail• Highlight most prominent works of others• Put detailed review of literature in discussion
Introduction
• Introduction not a place for great detail• Highlight most prominent works of others• Put detailed review of literature in discussion• Identify and develop the magnitude and
significance of the controversy with brief specific statements (referenced, of course)
Introduction the hardest section to write, call attention to
the specific subject, define the problem provide background and present the results
of other studies (literature review) list the structure of your research project and
what you plan to present in your paper
Methods “Begin with paragraph describing experimental
design, then describe subjects, instruments, procedures, and statistical analysis
Methods should contain enough detail so others can reproduce the experiment
enough information must be given so that the experiments could be reproduced
ask a colleague if he/she can follow the methodology
Results display of data with logical development
showing how your findings satisfy your objectives
where possible give illustrative examples and compare those with known results from literature
use tables and figures Emphasize the meaning of the results, not the
statistical test used…
Statistics
• Statistics don’t indicate or prove anything; they simply provide you with support for making a decision
• Statistical tests don’t find differences; they provide evidence that a difference between groups is probably real
Statistics
Terminology Take courses
Discussion• Put your results in perspective with your
expectations and compare your results with the rest of the world. Don’t repeat or rehash results; discuss them
• The emphasis should not be on other authors but rather on what they reported and how it relates to your work
Discussion You discuss, you do not recapitulate the
Results show the relationship among observed facts state your conclusion as clearly as possible summarize your evidence for each conclusion end with a short summary/conclusion regarding
the significance of your work
Figures and Tables
Stand alone Read abstract, than examine the tables
and figures
Tables
• Tables should look like this:
Table 1. Title of the table (units of measurement)*
Header 2 Header 3
Header 1 Sub2a Sub2b Sub2c Sub3a Sub3b Sub3c
Row identifier Info Info Info Info Info Info
Row identifier Info Info Info Info Info Info
Row identifier Info Info Info Info Info Info
Total Info Info Info Info Info Info
*Put any notes here.
Tables
• Identify units of measurement in the most general way possible. Include in column header or row identifier if possible.
• When a table contains data that have been averaged, report the mean ± SD (or SE)
Summary
• Separate summary not needed; abstract does this. List of conclusions at end of discussion is appropriate.
• TIP: write a summary, compare to abstract, add left out info, then throw away summary.
HINTS TO READ
An Analog
User-Centered Design:don’t blame the user, blame the designer
Reader-Centered Writing:don’t blame the reader, blame the author
Reading Criteria
significance the paper's contribution
validityhow confidently can researchers and
practitioners take up the results? originality:
have new ideas or approaches been employed where needed?
Reading Process
Read the paper once to get a general overview of what it contains
Read it again carefully, taking notes while you read
Write a separate, stand-alone review Remember that positives are as important as
negatives – but only when they are detailed and the authors can believe in them
Find Examples and Illustrations Scientific writing
theoretical, abstract, difficult to understand Use MANY examples and illustrations If you don’t have enough space, don’t sacrifice the
examples Two possibilities:
Examples first, followed by generalizations General principle first, followed by an example The more difficult or complex the concept is, the
more it is recommended to use the first option
Sentence structure
Clear Not too much in a sentence Simplify
Understand linking sentences
Sentence to sentence Paragraph to paragraph Consequence, like therefore, thus,
accordingly. Summarizing, after all, finally,