Tissues, Organs, and Systems 2 Organization of Your Body There are four levels of organization, it is called a HIERARCHY. 1. Cells; 2. Tissues; 3. Organs; 4. Organ Systems. Bodies of vertebrates (animals with spines) are composed of different cell types -Humans have 210 5 Organization of Your Body Organization Structure Diagram Smallest Level Largest Level 3 Organization of Your Body 1. **You have enough basic information on what a Cell is, so lets move on 2. Tissues: are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Intro Cells & Tissues VideoIntro Cells & Tissues Video In adult vertebrates, there are four primary tissues: - Epithelial, - Connective, - Muscle, - Nerve Tissue. All preform different bodily functions, thus are different cells. The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues 5 6 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue: Separates, protects, and keeps organs in place. Covers the body surface and forms the lining of most organs. Ex: Skin (epidermis), & inside of mouth The Skin Video (5 min) Layer of skins 7 Connective Tissue Connective Tissue- Provides support and structure to the body, also fills spaces. The most abundant tissue in the human body. Ex: Blood, bones, cartilage, and fat. Bones & Cartilage Video (3 min) 8 Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue -Contracts and relaxes to support movement. Three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Ex: Cardiac muscle contracts to pump blood through the body; Cardiac muscle contracts to pump blood through the body; Skeletal muscle moves the bones when directed by brain. Smooth muscle contracts in digesting; Muscle Video 9 Nerve Tissue - responds to stimuli in the environment; - controls movement, reflexes, and receives sensory information; Ex: Brain tissue, Spinal Cord Tissue, Peripheral nerve cells. Nerve Video A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions. 10 4 Organization of Your Body Any organ that is essential to life is called a vital organ. Examples: Heart - Pumps blood throughout the body. Liver - Removes toxins from the blood, produces chemicals that help in digestion. Lungs - Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes CO 2 from blood. Brain - The control center of the body. A group of organs that work together to perform a single function. 12 There are 11 organ systems in the human body 1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System 7. Lymphatic & Immune System 8. Respiratory System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System 13 40 Overview of Organ Systems Organ systems communicate, integrate, support and move, maintain and regulate, defend, reproduce the body. Communicate outside environment changes: -Three organ systems detect external stimuli and coordinate the bodys responses - Nervous, sensory and endocrine systems Support and movement: - The musculoskeletal system consists of two interrelated organ systems 41 Regulation and maintenance: -Four organ systems regulate and maintain the bodys chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS. Digestive, circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems. Defense: -The body defends itself with two organ systems: Integumentary and immune. Reproduction and development -The Reproductive system. Your skeleton has five major functions. It provides shape and support Enables you to move Protects your internal organs Produces blood cells Stores certain materials until your body needs them 16 Major Organs of the Skeletal System Bones Tendons connect bones to muscles. Ligaments connect bone to bone. Cartilage cushions places where bones connect and offers flexibility. 17 The Skeletal System Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength Major Bones of the Human Body -- femur (thigh bone)-- humerus (upper arm) -- radius and ulna (lower arm)-- cranium (skull) -- sternum (breastbone)-- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- fibula and tibia (calf)-- vertebrae (back) -- scalpula (shoulder)-- pelvic bone -- coccyx (tail bone)-- phalanges (fingers/toes) 19 Your muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones. 20 Your body has three types of Muscle tissue. skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle 21 The Muscular System Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body -- muscle cells are fibrous -- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary Major Muscles in the Human Body -- biceps -- triceps-- deltoids -- glutes-- hamstrings 23 The main functions is to transport Oxygen Nutrients Waste throughout the body 24 The main parts of the Circulatory System are: Heart Blood Vessels Blood 25 Arteries carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body Veins carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body Capillaries small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs Blood the cells that flow through the circulatory system -- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen -- white blood cells function in the immune system -- platelets help in blood clotting Spleen helps to filter out toxins in the blood Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body. 27 Major Organs and Their Functions Nose & Mouth internal entry and exit point for air Pharynx serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx your voicebox, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak Trachea the windpipe, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs Lungs- Supplies oxygen to the blood and remove CO2 from blood. 28 The main functions of the digestive system Breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb. Passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body. Eliminates solid wastes from the body. 29 The Main Parts of the Digestive System are: 30 The Digestive System Major Organs and their Functions: Mouth to chew and grind up food -- saliva also begins to breakdown food into particles Esophagus pipe connecting mouth to stomach Stomach produces acid (pH 2) that breakdowns food. Small Intestine Digested food moves through intestine by Villi. The Villi absorbs nutrients and water from digested food. Large Intestine removes water from the digested food and gets the waste ready for excretion Your excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion. Each kidney is about 4 inches long Weight is 4 6 ounces The urine output varies from 1 to 2 liters per day. 32 The Main Parts of the Excretory System 33 Your Skin has many important functions: Covers body and prevents water loss. Protects body from injury and infection. Helps regulate body temperature. Eliminate wastes Gathers information about the environment Produce vitamin D 34 Skin Hair Nails 35 Its role is to protect you from foreign invaders. Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with defensive tactics targeted specifically at that type of pathogen. A pathogen is a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. 36 White blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes. T-cells and B-cells are two major types of lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job. T- Cells B- Cells 37 Antibodies are special proteins that recognize and defeat invading pathogens. Antibodies are made by the B-cells. Once a pathogen is encountered by the B-cells it memorizes it and next time it encounters the pathogen it will have antibodies ready to fight the pathogen. 38 An antigen is any substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody immune response. Antigens include: Toxins Bacteria Foreign blood cells Cells of transplanted organs. 39 Immunity is a state in which the body has sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or invasion by pathogens. Non- Specific Immunity refers to the defenses that are in place at all times and are not specific to the pathogen to which the system is responding. Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes. 40 Specific Immunity is a specific antibody response to the pathogen and has been acquired in one of several ways. Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta. Antibodies were transferred through breast milk from mother to child. Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to the pathogen. Antibodies were be built up through a vaccination process. 41 Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ that makes you sick. Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes your body's immune system build antibodies to it. Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some thorough a nasal spray. In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, and Tetanus 42 The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies 43 It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances throughout the body. It works closely with the immune system and the circulatory system. The Spleen stores many of the white blood cells needed for the immune response. 44 1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete special proteins called hormones. 2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream and they travel to the target cells or organs. 3. The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis. 4. The hormones also help the body to regulate: Growth Sexual development Metabolism Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood 45 46 47 GlandHormone ProducedEffects HypothalamusAntidiuretic hormoneActs on the kidney to regulate fluid balance Pituitary9 different hormonesGrowth and regulates other glands ThyroidThyroxineMetabolism PancreasInsulin & glucagonBlood sugar AdrenalEpinephrineHeart rate & blood pressure TestesTestosteroneSperm & male characteristics OvariesEstrogen & progesteroneEggs & female characteristics 55 Homeostasis As animals have evolved, specialization of body structures has increased For cells to function efficiently and interact properly, internal body conditions must be relatively constant -The dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called homeostasis -It is essential for life 56 Homeostasis Humans have set points for body temperature, blood glucose concentrations, electrolyte (ion) concentration, tendon tension, etc. We are endothermic : can maintain a relatively constant body temperature (37 o C or 98.6 o F) -Changes in body temperature are detected by the hypothalamus in the brain Feedback Mechanisms Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system through the use of various feedback mechanisms. A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological reaction is actually being controlled by the end products of that reaction. Negative feedback loop are most common. original stimulus reversed most feedback systems in the body are negative used for conditions that need frequent adjustment 50 Thermostat detects a temperature lower than the desired value. Thermostat detects a temperature higher than the desired value. Furnace Turns On Furnace Turns Off 51 Brain senses a drop in body temperature Brain detects increase in body temperature Impulses sent to muscles to begin shivering Impulses sent to muscles to stop shivering 52 Reproductive System Purpose The Reproductive System produces reproductive cells; in females nurtures and protects developing embryo Organs/Components Males Testes Site of sperm production Epididymis Where sperm mature Vas Deferens Duct where mature sperm are stored before being transported to the urethra Urethra Transports sperm out of the male body Organs/Components Females Ovaries Where eggs mature Fallopian Tubes Tube connecting ovaries to the uterus Uterus Where a fetus develops during pregnancy How Does this System Relate to others? The reproductive system works most closely with the endocrine system (hormones)