TISSUES - Amar Ujala

1. INTRODUCTION

In unicellular organisms a

single cell performs all the

vital activities. For

digestion, respiration, excretion

etc.

In case of Multicellular

organisms, specialized

functions are performed by a

different group of cells. As

blood flows for transportation

of O2, CO2, food hormones &

waste material, muscle cel

are involved in movement.

In plants, vascular tissue

conduct food & water from one

plant to another par

plant. Thus, m

organisms possess well

developed tissues to

highest possible efficiency or

particular function.

A tissue is defined as a

of cells with similar structure,

organized to perform

common function.

Term tissue was coined by

Bichat.

TISSUES

In unicellular organisms a

single cell performs all the

vital activities. For example,

digestion, respiration, excretion

case of Multicellular

specialized

functions are performed by a

different group of cells. As

blood flows for transportation

food hormones &

waste material, muscle cells

in movement.

vascular tissues

conduct food & water from one

plant to another partof the

plant. Thus, multicellular

organisms possess well-

developed tissues to provide

highest possible efficiency or

A tissue is defined as a group

milar structure,

organized to perform a

Term tissue was coined by

As plants are fixed or

stationary, most of their

tissues are of supportive type.

Animals move around in search

of food, to mate &

so they consume more energy

as compared to plants.

Plants have some localized

regions with special tissue

there are no such distinct

regions in animals. Growth in

animals remains uniform.

Branch of biology

with the study of tissue

called Histology.

2. PLANT TISSUES

Mainly they are of two types:

Meristematic

Permanent

2.1 Meristematic Tissue:

These are simple living tissues

having thin walled compactly

arranged immature cells which

are

capable of

formation of new cells.

1

As plants are fixed or

stationary, most of their

tissues are of supportive type.

Animals move around in search

mate &for shelter

they consume more energy

as compared to plants.

Plants have some localized

regions with special tissues but

no such distinct

regions in animals. Growth in

animals remains uniform.

Branch of biology that deals

with the study of tissues is

Histology.

PLANT TISSUES

Mainly they are of two types:

Meristematic Tissue:

These are simple living tissues

having thin walled compactly

arranged immature cells which

capable of division and

formation of new cells.

2

(i) Main features of Meristematic

tissues are :

Thin primary cell wall

(cellulosic).

Intercellular spaces are

absent (Compact tissue).

Generally, vacuoles are

absent, dense cytoplasm &

prominent nuclei arepresent.

Large number of cell

organelles are present.

Active metabolic state, stored

food is absent.

Actively dividing cells are

present in growing regions of

plants e.g. root & shoot tips.

(ii) Classification on the basis of

origin :

(A) Primary meristem

(Promeristem):

Derived directly from the

Meristems of embryo.

They consist of cells derived

from primary meristem.

They add to primary growth of

plants.

(B) Secondary meristem:

Formed by permanent tissues.

These are having cells derived

from primary permanent

tissue.

They usually add to the

diameter of plants.

Permanent tissues undergo

dedifferentiation to form

Secondary meristem.

(iii) Classification on the basis of

location:

(A) Apical meristem: It is present

at the growing tips of stems

and roots. Cell division in this

tissue leads to the elongation

of stem & root, thus involved

in the primary growth of the

plant.

(B) Intercalary meristem: It is

present behind the apex. It is

the part of apical meristem

which is left behind during

growth period. These are

present at the base of leaf &

internode region. These lead

to the increase in the length

of leaf (Primary) e.g. in grass

stem, bamboo stem, mint

stem etc.

(C) Lateral meristem: It is also

called as secondary meristem.

It occurs along the sides of

longitudinal axis of the plant.

It gives rise to the vascular

tissues. Causes growth in

girth of stem & root. They are

responsible for secondary

growth.

2.2 Permanent tissue

The permanent tissues are

composed of those cells

which have lost their

capability to divide. They have

definite shape, size and

thickness. The permanent

tissue may be dead or living.

The division & differentiation

of the cells of Meristematic

tissues give rise to permanent

tissues. In cell differentiation,

developing tissue and organs

change from simple to more

complex forms to become

specialized for specific

functions. The cells of

permanent tissueslose the

capacity to divide and attain a

permanent shape, size and

function.

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Depending upon the structure

and composition, the

permanent tissues are

classified into

two types :

2.2.1 Simple permanent tissues :

These are made up of same

type of cells which are

similar, structurally and

functionally. They include two

types of tissues:

(A) Protective Tissues: These

tissue are primarily protective

in function. They consist of :

Epidermis : Epidermis forms

one cell thick outermost layer

of various bodyorgans of

plants, such as leaves,

flowers, stems and roots.

Epidermis is covered from

outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a

water proof layer of waxy

substance called as cutin

which is secreted by the

epidermal cells. Cuticle is

very thick in xerophytes. Cells

of epidermis of leaves are not

continuous at some places

due to the presence of small

pores called as stomata. Each

stomata is guarded by a pair

of bean shaped cells called as

guard cells. These are the

only epidermal cells which

possess chloroplasts, the rest

being colorless.

Functions :

(i) The main function of

epidermis is to protect the

plant from desiccation

andinfection.

(ii) Cuticle of epidermis cuts the

rate of transpiration and

evaporation of waterand

prevents wilting.

(iii) Stomata, in epidermis allow

gaseous exchange to occur

during photosynthesis and

respiration.

(iv) Stomata also helps in

transpiration.

Cork or Phellem: In older

roots and stems, tissues at

the periphery becomecork

cells or phellem cells. Cork is

made up of dead cells with

thick walls and do not have

any intercellular spaces. The

cell walls in cork deposit

waxy substance called as

suberin. The cells of cork

become impermeable to

water and gases due to the

deposition of suberin. The

cork cells are without any

protoplasm but are filled with

resins or tannins.

Functions:

(i) Cork is protective in function.

Cork cells prevent

desiccation, infection and

mechanical injury.

(ii) Imperviousness, lightness,

toughness, compressibility

and elasticity make the cork

commercially valuable.

(iii) Cork is used for insulation, as

shock absorber in linoleum.

(iv) Cork is used in the making

variety of sports goods such

as cricket balls,tennis balls,

shuttle cocks, wooden

paddles etc.

(B) Supporting tissue : These are supportive in function and of three types

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(a) Parenchyma:

It is the fundamental tissue.

This tissue first time evolved

in bryophyte.

Cells are thin walled, oval or

spherical in structure.

Cell wall is mainly composed

of cellulose & pectin.

Large central vacuole for food

& water storage.

Primary function is food

storage.

Some parenchyma involved in

excretory substance storage

are called as idioblast, storing

substances such as resin,

tannin, gums & oils. In typical

parenchyma, chlorophyll is

absent.

Chloroplast containing

parenchyma tissue are called

chlorenchyma, whichperform

photosynthesis e.g. mesophyll

of leaves.

In hydrophytic plants,

aerenchyma (a type of

parenchyma containing air

spaces) provides buoyancy.

Parenchyma provides turgidity

to the cells.

(b) Collenchyma:

It is the living mechanical

tissue.

It has elongated cells with

thick corners.

Cells have localized cellulose

& pectin thickening.

Provides flexibility to plant

parts & easy bending of

various parts of plant.

Present only in herbaceous

dicot stem.

Present at thin margin of

leaves.

Few chloroplasts may be

present in its cells.

It gives mechanical strength &

elasticity to the growing

stems.

(c) Sclerenchyma:

It is the strengthening

tissue.

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Composed of extremely thick

walled cells with little or no

protoplasm.

Cells are dead & possess very

thick lignified walls (lignin is

water proof material).

Intercellular spaces are

absent.

Cells of Sclerenchyma are of two

types:

Sclereids: These are also

called grit cells or stone cells.

These are small cells, where

lumen is so small due to

higher thickening of cell wall,

as present in drupefruit

(Mango, coconut walnut) and

legume seeds

(Macrosclereids).

Fibers: They are very long,

narrow, thick, lignified cells.

Lumen is large as compared

to sclereids. Generally 1-3

mm. long. In the thick walls

of both the fibers and

sclereids are present in thin

areas called as pits.

Sclerenchyma fibers are used

in the manufacture of ropes,

mats & certain textile fibers.

Jute & coir are obtained from

the thick bundles of fibers.

EXAMPLES

Ex 1. Aerenchyma provides

(A) Flexibility of plant

(B) Mechanical strength to

plant

(C) Buoyancy to plant

(D) Photosynthetic ability to

the plant

Sol. (C)

Aerenchyma refers to the

parenchyma that has large air

spaces which is present in

the aquatic plants and

provide buoyancy to the

plant.

Ex 2. Which of the following tissue

has dead cells?

(A) Parenchyma

(B) Sclerenchyma

(C) Collenchyma

(D) Epithelial tissue

Sol. (B)

The collenchyma, a tissue of

living cells, the sclerenchyma,

a tissue of nearly always dead

cells, and. the vascular tissue

consisting of both living and

dead cells. It is responsible

(A) Xylem: Also known as wood

and is a vascular and

mechanical tissue. Thick

walled cells are found in the

form of tubular passages.

Aerenchyma provides

Flexibility of plant

Mechanical strength to

Buoyancy to plant

Photosynthetic ability to

Aerenchyma refers to the

parenchyma that has large air

spaces which is present in

the aquatic plants and

provide buoyancy to the

Which of the following tissue

Epithelial tissue

collenchyma, a tissue of

sclerenchyma,

a tissue of nearly always dead

cells, and. the vascular tissue

consisting of both living and

dead cells. It is responsible

for the transport and

dispersal of water, nutriments

and assimilates.

EDU-CATALYSERS

B1. Some parts of the plants are

flexible due to the presence

of

(A) Parenchyma

(B) Collenchyma

(C) Meristematic

(D) Sclerenchyma

B2. Permanent tissues are derived

from

(A) Simple tissue

(B) Meristematic tissue

(C) Complex tissue

(D) Collenchyma

2.2.2 Complex permanent tissue

consists of more than one

type of cells which work

together as unit

It helps in transportation of

organic materials, water &

minerals.

It is also know

or vascular tissue.

Xylem & phloem together

form vascular bundles.

Also known as wood

and is a vascular and

mechanical tissue. Thick

walled cells are found in the

form of tubular passages.

ylem consists of four types of

cells called as elements :

Tracheids : They are elongated

angular dead cells (Primitive

elements) mainly involved in

conduction of water &

minerals in gymnosperms.

Vessels: they are advance

element (Generally found in

angiosperms).

Vessels are cylindrical tube

like structures placed one

above the other end to end

which form a continuous

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for the transport and

f water, nutriments

and assimilates.

Some parts of the plants are

flexible due to the presence

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Meristematic

Sclerenchyma

Permanent tissues are derived

Simple tissue

Meristematic tissue

Complex tissue

Collenchyma

Complex permanent tissue: it

consists of more than one

of cells which work

as unit.

It helps in transportation of

organic materials, water &

It is also known as conducting

or vascular tissue.

Xylem & phloem together

form vascular bundles.

ylem consists of four types of

cells called as elements :

They are elongated

angular dead cells (Primitive

elements) mainly involved in

conduction of water &

minerals in gymnosperms.

they are advance

element (Generally found in

angiosperms).

Vessels are cylindrical tube

like structures placed one

above the other end to end

which form a continuous

channel for efficient

conduction of water.

Xylem parenchyma :

small & thick wal

parenchymatous cells

Subjected for storge of starch

(food).

Xylem Sclerenchyma :

are non-living fibers

thick walls & narrow cavities

provide mechanical support.

(B) Phloem :They also consist of both parenchymatous &

cells.

Phloem tissue consists of four

types of element:

Sieve tubes: Sieve tubes are

slender tube like structures

made up of elongated, thin

walled cells placed end to

end. The end walls of sieve

tube cells are perforated by

channel for efficient

conduction of water.

Xylem parenchyma : they are

small & thick walled

parenchymatous cells

Subjected for storge of starch

Xylem Sclerenchyma : They

fibers with

narrow cavities

provide mechanical support.

Except xylem parenchyma all

other xylem elements are

dead.

Hadrome: Tracheids

are collectively called

hadrome as main

elements in xylem.

The annual rings

the trunk of a tree are

xylem rings. By

number of annual rings we

can determine the age of a

tree.

They also consist of both parenchymatous &

nsists of four

Sieve tubes are

slender tube like structures

made up of elongated, thin

walled cells placed end to

end. The end walls of sieve

tube cells are perforated by

numerous pores are called as

sieve plates. Nucleus of sieve

cell degenerates at maturity,

however cytoplasm persists,

because of protoplasmic

continuation of sieve tube

with companion cell through

plasmodesmata. Sieve cells

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Except xylem parenchyma all

other xylem elements are

Tracheids & vessels

are collectively called

as main Conducting

elements in xylem.

The annual rings, present in

the trunk of a tree are called

xylem rings. By counting the

number of annual rings we

can determine the age of a

sclerenchymatous

numerous pores are called as

sieve plates. Nucleus of sieve

enerates at maturity,

ytoplasm persists,

because of protoplasmic

continuation of sieve tube

with companion cell through

plasmodesmata. Sieve cells

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possess slime protein or

protein which is concerned

with growth and repair of

sieve cells.

Companion cells : Companion

cells have dense cytoplasm

and prominent nuclei.

Sieve cells & companion cells

are so called sister cells

because they originate from

single mother cell.

Phloem fiber : They give

mechanical support to sieve

tubes

Phloem parenchyma : They

store food & help in radial

conduction of food.

Leptome : main part of

phloem involved in

conduction of food, which is

sieve tube.

In xylem only unidirectional

movement is possible while in

phloem bidirectional

movement can occur in

phloem. except Phloem

Sclerenchyma all elements

are living.

EXAMPLES

Ex. 3 Mucilage, tannins & resins

are stored materials of

(A) Xylem

(B) Apical tissue

(C) Phloem

(D) Parenchyma

Sol.(C)

Mucilage, tannins& resins

stored material of phloem

[phloem parenchyma].

Ex. 4 Xylem & phloem occur in

(A) Connective tissue

(B) Cortex

(C) Periderm

(D) Vascular bundle

Sol. (D)

Xylem & phloem occur in

vascular bundle and help in

conduction of food and water

respectively.

EDU-CATALYSERS

B-3 The wax like substance

present in the cell wall of

onion skin is

(A) pectin

(B) lignin

(C) cellulose

(D) suberin

B-4 Vessels and Companion cells

occur in

(A) Angiosperm

(B) Gymnosperm

(C) Pteridophytes

(D) Bryophytes

3. ANIMAL TISSUES

Outline classification of Animal tissue:

Animal Tissue

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The study of microscopic

structure of tissues is called

as Histology.

Cells of a tissue are often

held together by cell

junctions.

3.1 Epithelial Tissue :

Epi means above & thelial

means to grow)

Always grows on some other

types of tissue.

Cells of epithelium are set

very close to each other and

the tissue rests on a non-

cellular basement membrane.

Consists of single layer of

cells.

Blood vessels are absent

&they are non-nervous in

nature.

It covers all the organs & lines

the cavities of hollow organs

like stomach.

It is primarily protective in

function.

Epithelial tissues are classified as:

(i) Squamous epithelium: Also

called pavement epithelium.

Cells arranged end to end like

tiles on a floor.

Cells are polygonal in surface

view.

It forms the delicate lining of

cavities (mouth, esophagus,

nose, pericardium, alveoli

etc.) blood vessels and

covering of the tongue and

skin.

Epithelial cells are arranged in

many layers (stratum) to

prevent wear and tear in skin.

This pattern is stratified

squalors epithelium.

(ii) Cuboidal epithelium: They are

cube like cells that fit

closely.Cells look like squares

in section, but free surface

appears hexagonal.

It is found in kidney tubules,

thyroid vesicles & in glands

(salivary glands, sweat

glands).

(1) Epithelial Tissue

(I) Squamous Epithelium

(II) Columnar Epithelium

(III) Cuboidal Epithelium

(IV) Ciliated Epithelium

(C) Vascular

Tissue

(1) Blood

(2) Lymph

(B) Skeletal

Tissue

(1) Cartilage

(2) Bone

(A) Connective Tissue

Proper (1) Areolar tissue

(2) White fibrous tissue

(3) Yellow fibrous tissue

(4) Adipose tissue

(2) Connective Tissue (3) Muscular

Tissue

(4) Nervous

Tissue

(C) Cardiac

Muscles

(B) Non-Striated

Muscles

(A) Striated

Muscles

It forms germinal epithelium

of gonads (testes & ovaries)

It involves in absorption,

excretion & secretion. It also

provides mechanical

(iv) Ciliated epithelium:

Cells may be cubical or

columnar.

On its free surface are

present protoplasmic

outgrowths called cilia.

It helps in the movement of

ova in the fallopian tube.

3.2 Connective Tissue:

The cells of the connective

tissue are widely spaced and

embedded in an intercellular

matrix.

The nature of matrix decides

the function of tissue.

White & yellow

present in the matrix.

Their basic function

provide support to different

organs & keeping them in

place.

It forms germinal epithelium

of gonads (testes & ovaries).

It involves in absorption,

excretion & secretion. It also

provides mechanical support.

(iii) Columnar epithelium:

Columnar means

epithelium.

It forms lining of stomach,

small intestine & colon,

forming mucous membranes.

Border of microvilli is present

at the free surface end of

each cell

absorption efficiency in small

intestine.

Cells may be cubical or

free surface are

present protoplasmic

outgrowths called cilia.

It helps in the movement of

the fallopian tube.

The cells of the connective

tissue are widely spaced and

embedded in an intercellular

ature of matrix decides

the function of tissue.

White & yellow fibers are

present in the matrix.

Their basic function is to

provide support to different

organs & keeping them in

(i) Fluid or vascular tissue:

(A) Blood & lymph:

Blood is a connective

fluid matrix of blood is

plasma having wandering or

floating cellscalled

corpuscles.B

transportation

materials such as nutritive

substances, gases, excretory

products, hormones etc.

Plasma :

part of blood.

Constitution

90-91 :

7 :

(Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)

0.9 :

salt etc.

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Columnar epithelium:

Columnar means “pillar-like”

It forms lining of stomach,

mall intestine & colon,

forming mucous membranes.

Border of microvilli is present

at the free surface end of

each cell which increases

absorption efficiency in small

Fluid or vascular tissue:

Blood & lymph:

Blood is a connective tissue;

fluid matrix of blood is

plasma having wandering or

floating cellscalled

.Blood helps in the

transportation of various

materials such as nutritive

substances, gases, excretory

products, hormones etc.

form 55%

part of blood.

water

protein

(Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)

inorganic

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Corpuscles: Forms 45% part

of blood.

RBC’s are also called as

erythrocytes, containing red

colored respiratory pigment

called hemoglobin that helps

in transportation of oxygen.

WBC’s (Leucocytes): They are

also celled as “Soldiers of the

body”.

They are irregular, amoeboid,

phagocytic cells that protect

our body by engulfing

bacterial & other foreign

particles.

They are of five types:

Monocytes, Lymphocytes,

Basophiles, Neutrophiles,

Eosinophils.

Blood platelets or

thrombocytes: They are

spindle shaped cells which

are involved in clotting of

blood.

(ii) Skeletal tissue: It is hard

connective tissue that forms

supportive framework of the

body. Itis of two types:

(A) Bone:

Matrix of bone is very hard

because of salts such as

calcium phosphate, CaCO3

(60-70%) etc. and a protein

ossein.

Bone cells (osteoblasts) are

embedded in this hard matrix.

Matrix is deposited in the

form of concentric layers of

lamellae formed round a

central canal (Haversian

canal), the done cells occupy

small spaces between the

concentric layers of matrix.

The long bones are usually

hollow, containing cavity

called as marrow cavity. It is

full bone marrow.

(B) Cartilage:

This tissue is elastic, less

hard as compared to bone.

Elasticity is due to the

presence of chondrin

(protein). Cells are called as

chondroblast, which are

widely spaced and matrix is

reinforced by fibers.

It occurs at joint of bones, in

the nose, ear, trachea &

larynx. It provides flexibility

and great tensile strength.

(C) Connective tissue proper:

It is the most abundant type

of connective tissue.

It is future divided into

following types:

(i) Areolar tissue: It is the most

distributed connective tissue

in the body.

This tissue fills spaces inside

organs & is found between

the skin & muscles, around

blood vessels, nerves & in the

bone marrow.

There are two types of fibers

Inelastic white fibres

(ii) Adipose tissue: These are oval

& round cells, filled with fat

globules.

The cells are called as

adipocytes. It found

subcutaneous layer below the

skin, around the heart, brain &

below the eyeballs. It acts as

an insulator & prevents loss

of heat from the body.

(iii) White fibrous connective

tissue: They are very little

matrix containing abundant

white fibers forming layers.

Bundles of this tissue are

called as tendons, which

attaches muscles to the

bones.

(iv) Yellow fibrous connective

tissue: They are very elastic

due to the presence of a

network of yellow fibers

matrix called as ligament

which attaches bone to bone.

EXAMPLES

EX-5 Cartilage is not found in

(A) Nose

(B) Ear

(C) Kidney

(D) Larynx

Sol. (C)

Elastic yellow fibres

These are oval

& round cells, filled with fat

The cells are called as

adipocytes. It found in

subcutaneous layer below the

skin, around the heart, brain &

below the eyeballs. It acts as

an insulator & prevents loss

of heat from the body.

White fibrous connective

They are very little

matrix containing abundant

forming layers.

Bundles of this tissue are

called as tendons, which

attaches muscles to the

Yellow fibrous connective

They are very elastic

due to the presence of a

fibers in its

matrix called as ligament

bone to bone.

Cartilage is not found in –

Kidneys are the chief

excretory organs and are

mainly concerned with the

excretion of urea in the form

of urine. Cartilage is a

connective tissue which

provides support and

flexibility to various parts of

our body.Cartilage is found in

the nose, ear, larynx but not

in the kidney.Renal tubules

and corpuscles in the kidney

are formed by Cuboidal

epithelium tissue.

EX-6 Bone matrix i

(A) Fluoride & calcium

(B) Calcium & phosphorus

(C) Calcium & Potassium

(D) Phosphorus & potassium

Sol. (B)

The bone matrix

hydroxyapatite, which

consists of mainly calcium

and phosphorus with trace

amounts of sodium,

magnesium, and bicarbonate.

After oxygen, carbon,

hydrogen, and nitrogen,

calcium is the fifth most

important element.

EDU-CATALYSERSB-5 Intestine absorbs the digested

food materials. What type of

epithelial cells are

responsible for that ?

(A) Stratified squamous

epithelium

(B) Columnar epithelium

(C) Spindle fibres

(D) Cuboidal epithelium

B-6 Fats are stored in human

body as –

(A) Cuboidal epithelium

Elastic yellow fibres

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Kidneys are the chief

excretory organs and are

mainly concerned with the

excretion of urea in the form

of urine. Cartilage is a

connective tissue which

provides support and

flexibility to various parts of

our body.Cartilage is found in

the nose, ear, larynx but not

in the kidney.Renal tubules

and corpuscles in the kidney

are formed by Cuboidal

epithelium tissue.

Bone matrix is rich in -

Fluoride & calcium

Calcium & phosphorus

Calcium & Potassium

Phosphorus & potassium

bone matrix contains

hydroxyapatite, which

consists of mainly calcium

and phosphorus with trace

amounts of sodium,

magnesium, and bicarbonate.

After oxygen, carbon,

hydrogen, and nitrogen,

calcium is the fifth most

important element.

CATALYSERS

Intestine absorbs the digested

food materials. What type of

epithelial cells are

responsible for that ?

fied squamous

Columnar epithelium

Spindle fibres

(D) Cuboidal epithelium

Fats are stored in human

Cuboidal epithelium

(B) Adipose tissue

(C) Bones

3.5 MUSCULAR TISSUE

Movements are brought about in our body with the help of muscular

tissues.

(a) Features:

They are long fiber-

They are capable of contraction or relaxation

(b) Types:

It is of three types:

(i) Striated muscles: They

these are under the control of one’s will.

multinucleated and unbranched.

which is called as sarcolemma.

These muscles get tired & need rest.

(ii) Non striated muscles:

smooth

muscles. These muscle

They are not enclosed by membrane but many

in bundles.

Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary

bladder, bronchi, iris of eye etc.

canal are brought about by smooth muscles.

Adipose tissue (D) Cartilage


-like cells called muscle fibers.

They are capable of contraction or relaxation.

They are also called as voluntary muscles because

under the control of one’s will. Muscle fibers

multinucleated and unbranched. Each fibra enclosed by thin membrane

s called as sarcolemma. Cytoplasm is called as sarcoplasm.

uscles get tired & need rest.

Non striated muscles: They are involuntary muscles also called as

muscles. These muscle fibers are uninucleate& spindle shaped.

They are not enclosed by membrane but many fibers are joined together


bladder, bronchi, iris of eye etc. Peristaltic movements in alimentary

canal are brought about by smooth muscles.

13

Cartilage


as voluntary muscles because

fibers or cells are

Each fibra enclosed by thin membrane

Cytoplasm is called as sarcoplasm.

They are involuntary muscles also called as

& spindle shaped.

are joined together


eristaltic movements in alimentary

(3) Cardiac muscle fibers

These are only found in the walls of heart. Their

the striated & non-

Branches are united by intercalated disc. In these

contraction & relaxation occurs

3.5 NERVOUS TISSUE

They are highly specialized

tissue due to which the

animals are table to perceive

and respond to the stimuli.

Their functional unit is called

as nerve cell or neuron.

Cell body is cyton covered by

plasma membrane.

Short, hair like extensions

starting from cyton are

dendrons which subdivide

further into dendrites.

(a) Types:

Nerve fibers are of two types:

fibers: They are also involuntary muscles.

nly found in the walls of heart. Their structure is in between

-striated muscles. They are uninucleate

Branches are united by intercalated disc. In these muscles rhythmic

contraction & relaxation occurs Thought the life.

They are highly specialized

tissue due to which the

animals are table to perceive

and respond to the stimuli.

Their functional unit is called

cell or neuron.

Cell body is cyton covered by

Short, hair like extensions

ng from cyton are

which subdivide

into dendrites.

Axon is long, tail like cylindrical

process with fine branches at

the end. Axon is cov

sheath.

Axon of one neuron is very

closely placed to the dendrons

of another neuron to carry

impulses from one

another neuron in the

electrochemical waves. This

close proximity is called as

synapse.

are of two types:

14

muscles.

structure is in between

uninucleate & branched.

muscles rhythmic

Axon is long, tail like cylindrical

process with fine branches at

the end. Axon is covered by a

one neuron is very

closely placed to the dendrons

of another neuron to carry

impulses from one neuron to

another neuron in the form of

electrochemical waves. This

close proximity is called as

(i) Medullated fibers

(ii) Non-medullated fibers

(b) Functions:

(i) They control all the body

activities

(ii) They co-ordinate between

various parts during any body

function.

Spinal cord & brain are made

up of nervous tissue.

EXAMPLES

EX-7 Striated muscles are

(A) Multinucleate &

unbranched

(B) Uninucleate & spindle

Shaped

(C) Uninucleate & branched

(D) Multinucleate &

branched

Sol. (A)

Unlike smooth muscle

cardiac muscle,skeletal

e is under voluntary control.

Similar to cardiac

however,skeletal muscle

iated; its long, thin,

multinucleated fibres are

crossed with a regular pattern

fibers

They control all the body

ordinate between

various parts during any body

brain are made

up of nervous tissue.

Striated muscles are -

Multinucleate &

Uninucleate & spindle -

Uninucleate & branched

Multinucleate &

muscle and

skeletal muscl

is under voluntary control.

to cardiac muscle,

muscle is str

iated; its long, thin,

multinucleated fibres are

crossed with a regular pattern

of fine red and white lines,

giving the muscle

appearance.

EX-8 The cell body of nerve cell

contains a nucleus &

cytoplasm & is called the

(A) Cyton

(B) Dendron

(C) Axon

(D) None

Sol. Neurons are

the nervous

transmit information to

other nerve

gland cells.Most

a cell body, an axon, and

dendrites. The cell body

contains the

plasm

EDU-CATALYSERS

B- Dendrites are found in

(A) Striated muscle

(B) Cardiac

(C) Neuron

(D) Nonstriated muscle

15

of fine red and white lines,

muscle a distinctive

The cell body of nerve cell

contains a nucleus &

cytoplasm & is called the -

Dendron

cells within

system that

transmit information to

cells, muscle, or

Most neurons have

cell body, an axon, and

The cell body

the nucleus and cyto

Dendrites are found in -

Striated muscle

Cardiac

Neuron

Nonstriated muscle

16

EXERCISE 1 (Topics- Plant tissues and its types)

1. A group of cells having common

origin and performing similar

function is called

(A) tissue

(B) organ

(C) organ system

(D) cell aggregate

2. Meristems are cells that

(A) store food

(B) help in excretion

(C) provide support

(D) divide continuously to

produce new cells

3. Plant length is increased by the

activity of

(A) apical meristem

(B) lateral meristem

(C) cambium

(D) all of the above

4. In plants, cell division is

restricted to

(A) Meristematic cells

(B) permanent cells

(C) xylem

(D) phloem

5. In grasses the length of

increases by the activity of

(A) apical meristem

(B) intercalary meristem

(C) lateral meristem

(D) secondary meristem

(Permanent tissue)

6. A permanent plant tissue

consisting of thin walled living

cells is

(A) parenchyma

(B) collenchyma

(C) Sclerenchyma

(D) xylem

7. A permanent plant tissue made

up of living having thickening at

the comers is

(A) Sclerenchyma

(B) collenchyma

(C) parenchyma

(D) phloem

8. The main function of

Sclerenchyma is to help in the

(A) conduction of food

(B) synthesis of food

(C) exchange of gases

(D) mechanical support

9. The wall of cork cells are

thickened by the deposition of

(A) cutin

(B) suberin

(C) lignin

(D) pectin

10. The wax like substance present

in the cell wall of onion skin is

(A) pectin

(B) lignin

(C) cellulose

(D) suberin

(Topics- Animal tissues and its types)

11. The entire body surface and

cavities inside the body are

lined by

(A) muscle tissue

(B) epithelial tissue

(C)connective tissue

(D) nervous tissue

12. Which one of the following is a

fluid connective tissue ?

(A) Areolar tissue

(B) cartilage

(C) Blood

(D) Ligaments

13. The tissue that attaches

muscles to the bones is

17

(A) cartilage

(B) tendon

(C) ligament

(D) blood

14. The tissue that joins one bone

to the other is

(A) ligament

(B) tendon

(C) blood

(D) cartilage

15. Areolar tissue is a

(A) nervous tissue

(B) muscular tissue

(C) connective tissue

(D) epithelial tissue

(Topics- Muscular tissue, Nervous

tissue and its types)

16. Contraction and relaxation are

unique features of

(A) epithelial tissue

(B) connective tissue

(C) muscle tissue

(D) nervous tissue

17. The tissue which is under the

control of animal’s will is

(A) cardiac muscle

(B) striated muscle

(C) non-striated muscle

(D) cartilage

18. The muscle which work

throughout life without

undergoing fatigue is

(A) striated muscle

(B) non-striated muscle

(C) ) cardiac muscle


19. Which of the following is a

voluntary muscle ?

(A) striated muscle

(B) Unstriated muscle

(C) ) cardiac muscle

(D) (A) and(B)

20. Wall of urinary bladder consists

of

(A) striated muscle


(C) both of above

(D) none of these

18

EXERCISE-2 (NTSE/OLYMPIAD) 1. The meristematic cells have

(A) Thin walls

(B) prominent nuclei

(C) Absence of vacuoles

(D) All of the above

2. Meristems helps in

(A) Absorption of water

(B) Absorption of minerals

(C) Transport of food

(D) Growth of plants

3. The division in meristematic

cells is

(A) Mitotic

(B) Amitotic

(C) Meiotic


4. The cells having the ability to

divide are

(A) Specialised

(B) Glandular

(C) Meristematic

(D) Permanent

5. A nail inserted some years back

at 1.5 metre height on a tree

trunk shall

(A) remain where it was

(B) move upwards

(C) move downwards

(D) move laterally

6. Most metabolism of the plants

is carried in tissue –

(A) Phloem

(B) Meristem

(C) Collenchyma

(D) Parenchyma

7. Which tissue provides maximum

mechanical strength to the

plants

(A) Parenchyma

(B) Xylem

(C) Phloem

(D) Collenchyma

8. Xylem & Phloem belong to the

group of

(A) Simple tissue

(B) Latex tissue

(C) Complex tissue

(D) None of these

9. Which constitutes the

thickening in collenchyma

(A) Suberin

(B) Cutin

(C) Pectin

(D) Lignin

10. Vessels and Companion cells

occur in

(A) Angiosperm

(B) Gymnosperm

(C) Pteridophytes

(D) Bryophytes

11. Which one is not a plant fibre

(A) Coir

(B) Flex

(C) Hemp

(D) Silk

12. Which of the following acts a

middle man?

(A) W.B.C.

(B) Plasma

(C) Blood

(D) Lymph

13. The main difference between

bone and cartilage is of

(A) Mineral distribution

(B) Cell structure

(C) Lymph vessels

(D) Haversian system

14. Tendon is made up of

(A) Yellow fibrous connective

tissue

(B) Adipose tissue

(C) Modified white fibrous tissue

(D) Areolar tissue

19

15. Muscles get fatigued due to

accumulation of

(A) ATP (B) CO2

(C) Lactic acid

(D) Poly Molecule

16. Chemical ions responsible for

muscle contraction are

(A) Ca2+ and K+

(B) Na+ and K+

(C) Na+ and Ca2+

(D) Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion

17. Collagen is

(A) protein

(B) Fat

(C) Sugar

(D) Starch

18. Sprain is due to pulling of

(A) Muscles

(B) Ligaments

(C) Tendons

(D) Nerves

19. Power of regeneration is poor in

(A) Brain cells

(B) Bone cell

(C) Muscle cell


20. Which one contain voluntary

muscles?

(A) Heart

(B) Hind limb

(C) Liver

(D) Lung

EXERCISE-3 (BOARD PATTERN)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

20

Q.1 What is a tissue?

Q.2 Name types of simple tissues?

Q.3 Where is apical meristem found?

Q.4 What are the constituents of phloem?

Q.5 What are the functions of areolar tissue?

Q.6 Give three features of cardiac muscles?

Q.7 What are the function of the stomata?

Q.8 Name the muscle of heart?

Q.9 Where are intercalary meristem located?

Q.10 Name the fat storing tissue in human body?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.11 Define the meristematic tissue?

Q.12 What are the different types of parenchyma?

Q.13 Select the examples of -

(a) complex permanent tissue,

(b) Simple permanent tissue,

(c) Connective tissue,

(d) Muscular tissue, and

(e) Nervous tissue, from the given list: Blood, phloem, muscle, Bones,

Sclerenchyma, Neuron, Cartilage, Chlorenchyma.

Q.14 Name the tissue responsible for the following functions in our body

(a) Storage of fat,

(b) Movement of limbs,

(c) Movement of food in the alimentary canal

(d) Act as barrier to keep different body systems separate.

Q.15 Where are fats stored in our body?

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.16 What is the connective tissue ? List their types. Explain tendons and

ligaments.

21

Q.17 Describe the various types of protective tissues in plants.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Matrix of cartilage contains ___________ and of bone ___________ protein.

2. Cartilage cells are called ___________ and bone cells ___________.

3. A normal human adult has about ___________ extracellular fluid.

4. Formation of RBC in liver, spleen and red bone marrow is called

___________

5. Striated muscle fibres in the sarcoplasm contains many ___________

numerous ___________ and glycogen granules for the supply of adequate

___________.

6. Neuron receive impulses through ___________ and pass them on to the

next neuron through ___________.

7. Permanent tissues are derived from ___________ tissue.

8. Non vascular tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are

the examples of ___________tissues.

9. Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem are examples of ___________tissues.

10. Chlorenchyma tissues performs the function of ___________

11. Cork cambium is purely a ___________.

12. Due to secondary growth on the surface of trees stem small pores are

developed called ___________.

SKILL BOOSTER 1

1. Special feature of dividing cells is

(A) large lacuna

(B) thick cell walls

(C) dense cytoplasm devoid of

lacuna

(D) large intercellular spaces

2. Totipotency is present in

(A) meristem

(B) cambium

(C) phloem

(D) cork

22

3. Which of the following is a

feature of Meristematic tissues ?

(A) Thin cell wall

(B) Compact tissue

(C) Large no. of cell organelles

are present in the cells of

tissues.


4. Which of the following plant

tissue is formed by permanent

tissue ?

(A) primary tissue

(B) Secondary tissue

(C) Both of above

(D) None of above


tissues causes growth in girth of

stem and root ?

(A) Apical meristem

(B) Intercalary meristem

(C) Lateral meristem

(D) None of the above

6. The outer wall of epidermis in

stems and leaves has a waxy

covering made up of

(A) lignin

(B) suberin

(C) pectin

(D) cutin

7. Collenchyma differs from

Sclerenchyma in

(A) retaining cytoplasm at

maturity

(B) having thick walls

(C) having a wide lumen

(D) being Meristematic

8. Lignified elongated bead cells are

(A) parenchyma

(B) collenchyma

(C) sclerenchyma

(D) Epidermis


tissue lacks protoplasm at

maturity ?

(A) Sclerenchyma

(B) Collenchyma

(C) parenchyma

(D) Epidermis

10. In plants phloem tissues perform

the function of

(A) conduction of water

(B) conduction of food

(C) photosynthesis

(D) mechanical support

11. Tendon is a structure which

connects

(A) a bone with another bone

(B) a muscle with a bone

(C) a never with a

(D) a muscle with a muscle

12. Fluid part of blood after removal

of corpuscles is

(A) plasma

(B) lymph

(C) serum

(D) vaccine

13. Which of the following structures

joins skeletal muscle to bone ?

(A)Ligament

(B)Tendon

(C)Blood

(D) Bone

14. Yellow muscle fibers are also

called as

(A) bone

(B) muscle

(C) ligament

(D) none of these

15. Ligament joins

(A) bone the muscle

(B) muscle to muscle

(C) bone to bone

(D) none of these

16. Intercalated discs are present in

(A) striated muscle


(C) cardiac muscle


23

17. The function unit of nervous

tissue is called as

(A) cyton

(B) synapse

(C) neuron

(D) axon

18. Which type of tissue forms spinal

cord and brain ?

(A) muscle tissue

(B) Nervous tissue

(C) epithelial tissue

(D) Epidermis

19. Involuntary tissue forms wall of

which of the following organ ?

(A) intestine

(B) stomach

(C) bronchi


20. Movements in body are brought

about by

(A) muscle tissue

(B) epithelial tissue

(C) Bones

(D) tendons and ligaments

24

SKILL BOOSTER 2

1. The cell division is restricted to

(A) meristematic cells (B) permanent cells

(C) secretory cells (D) all of the above

2. The meristematic cells have

(A) thin walls (B) dominant nuclei

(C) absence of vacuoles (D) all of the above

3. Match the following and choose the correct option

a. Osteocytes 1. Fluid connective tissue

b. Schwann cells 2. Skeletal tissue

c. Thrombocyte 3. Areolar connective tissue

d. Fibroblast 4. Nervous tissue

(A) a - 1, b - 3, c - 2, d - 4 (B) a - 2, b - 4, c - 1, d - 3

(C) a - 3, b - 2, c - 1, d - 4 (D) a - 2, b - 4, c - 3, d - 1

4. Which of the following lack blood supply?

(A) Bone (B) Connective tissue

(C) Cartilage (D) Vessels

5. Companion cells are usually seen associated with?

(A) fibers (B) parenchyma

(C) xylem vessels (D) sieve tubes

6. Tendon is made up to

(A) only collagen fibers

(B) inelastic connective tissue fibers

(C) elastic connective tissue fibers

(D) inelastic and elastic connective tissue fibers

7. Nodes of Ranvier are found in

(A) neurons (B) chondroblasts

(C) osteoblasts (D) gland cells

8. Which of the following take part in the human body’s defense mechanism

against diseases?

(A) Antibodies and RBC (B) Antigens and antibodies

(C) WBC and RBC (D) Leucocytes and lymphocytes

9. Fluid part of blood after removal of corpuscles is

(A) Antigen (B) plasma

(C) serum (D) vaccine

10. The tissue is defined as a group of

(A) cells which are dissimilar in origin, but are similar in form and function

(B) cells which are similar in origin, but dissimilar in for and function

(C) cells which are dissimilar in origin, form and function

(D) cells which are similar in origin, form and function

11. Meristematic tissues of plants include

(A) mature fruits, tips of stem and root & cork cambium

25

(B) stem tips, root tips, vascular cambium & cork cambium

(C) vascular cambium, cork cambium & tips of mature leaves

(D) tips of mature leaves & mature fruits

12. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given

below the lists.

List - I List - II

(Plant tissue) (Function)

a. Sclerenchyma 1. Conduction of water

b. Xylem 2. Transport of food

c. Phloem 3. Mechanical strength

d. Meristem 4. Cell Division

a b c d

(A) 4 2 1 3

(B) 1 4 3 2

(C) 3 1 2 4

(D) 2 3 4 1

13. Contraction and relaxation are unique features of

(A) epithelial tissue (B) connective tissue

(C) muscular tissue (D) nervous tissue

14. The muscle which work throughout life without undergoing fatigue is

(A) striated muscle (B) non-striated muscle

(C) cardiac muscle (D) all of the above

15. The tissue that join one bone to the other is

(A) ligament (B) tendon

(C) blood (D) cartilage

16. In plants, cytokinesis is due to

(A) Cell plate formation (B) permanent cells

(C) xylem (D) phloem

17. Tendon is a structure which connects

(A) a bone with another bone (B) a muscle with a bone

(C) a nerve with a muscle (D) a muscle with a muscle

18. A nail inserted some years back at 1.5-meter height on a tree trunk shall

(A) remain where it was (B) move upwards

(C) move downwards (D) move laterally

SKILL BOOSTER 3

ONE-MARK QUESTIONS

26

1. The tissues derived directly from the meristem of embryo is called as

…………

2. A group of cells with similar structure, organized to do a common

function is celled as.

3. Which plant tissue remains in active metabolic state always?

4. Sieve tubes and companion cells are found in …………. tissue.

5. Long, narrow, dead cells having a thick deposition of lignin in the cell wall

are called ………. cells.

6. Which tissue is responsible for transport of water in plants?

7. The special property of muscle fibres to contract forcefully and return to

relaxed state is called ……………

8. A branch of science dealing with the study of bones is called …………..

9. The fluid matrix of blood is called…………….

10. Spindle-shaped, non-striated, involuntary muscle fibres present in hollow

internal organs like urinary bladder are called ………….

11. The brain and the spinal cord are made up of ……………..

12. The small, branched processes of a nerve cell is called………………

TWO-MARK QUESTIONS

13. Define tissue. Give any two examples of plant and animal tissue each.

14. What do you mean by division of labour?

15. Name the different elements of xylem and phloem.

16. In hydrophytes xylem is less developed, why?

17. Write the composition of mammalian blood.

18. What is the function of nervous tissue?

19. State the main features of muscular tissue.

THREE-MARK QUESTION

20. What is Tissue? Explain Meristematic plant tissue.

FIVE- MARK QUESTIONS

21. Mention the role of parenchyma, collenchyma & Sclerenchyma.

22. Give summarized classification of animal-tissue.

23. Describe the structure of neuron with labelled diagram.

27

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A D A A B A B D B B

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

B C B A C C B C A B

EXERCISE-2

(NTSE/OLYMPIAD)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

D D A C A D B C C A

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

D D D C C D A B A B

EXERCISE-3

(BOARD PATTERN)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. CHONDRIN, OSSEIN

2. CHONDRIOBLASTS, OSTEOCYTES

3. 1.5 LITRES

4. ERYTHROPOIESIS

5. NUCLEI, MITOCHONDRIA, ENERGY

6. DENDRONS, AXONS

7. MERISTEMATIC

8. SIMPLE

9. COMPLEX

10. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

11. SECONDARY MERISTEM

12. LENTICLES

SKILL BOOSTER-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C A D B C D A C A B

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

B A B C C C C B D A

SKILL BOOSTER-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A D B C D A A D B D

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

B C C C A A B A

TISSUES - Amar Ujala

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