Tissue and Membranes ST110 Concorde Career College
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Transcript of Tissue and Membranes ST110 Concorde Career College
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TISSUE AND MEMBRANES
ST110CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE
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INTRODUCTION Tissue: group of similar cells that
perform a common function
Matrix: nonliving intercellular material
Histology: The study of the structure, composition and functions of tissues
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FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF HUMAN TISSUE
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle Nervous
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE Types
Epithelium is divided into two types: Membranous (covering or lining) epithelium Glandular epithelium
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EPITHELIAL TISSUELocations
Membranous epithelium: covers the body and some of its parts and lines the serous cavities; blood and lymphatic vessels; and respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
Glandular epithelium: secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands
Along with connective are bound together by a basement membrane.
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EPITHELIAL TISSUES Functions include:
Protection Skin
Excretion and Secretion endocrine glands Mucous glands Kidneys Sweat glands
Diffusion Alveolar wall
Cleaning Intestinal tract
(Ciliated) Absorption
Intestinal tract Kidneys
Sensation Skin Tongue
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE (CONT.) Generalizations about epithelial tissue
Limited amount of matrix materialMembranous type attached to a basement
membraneAvascularCells are in closely packed together, with
many desmosomes and tight junctionsCapable of reproduction
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: MEMBRANOUS Classification of epithelial tissue
Membranous (covering or lining) epithelium Classification based on cell shape
SquamousCuboidalColumnarTransitional Pseudostratified columnar
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: MEMBRANOUS Epithelial and Connective tissue are
bound together by basement membrane
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE Classification based on layers of cells: Simple epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium One-cell layer of flat cellsPermeable to many substancesExamples: Alveoli of the lungs and lining of
blood vessels Simple cuboidal epithelium
One-cell layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide
Found in many glands and ducts (secretion & absorption)
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS Found in the lining of the heart, blood
and lymphatic vessels, body cavities, and alveoli of the lungs.
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE (CONT.)
• Classifications based on layers of cells (cont.) Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of tall, column-shaped cellsCells often modified for certain functions
such as goblet cells (secretion), cilia (movement), microvilli (absorption)
Often lines hollow visceral structures Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Columnar cells of differing heightsAll cells rest on basement membrane but
may not reach the free surface aboveCell nuclei at odd and irregular levelsFound lining air passages and segments of
male reproductive systemMotile cilia and mucus are important
modifications
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
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CILIA Hair-like extensions of cells in the
respiratory tract and female reproductive system.
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE (CONT.)Classifications based on layers of cells
(cont.) Stratified epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Multiple layers of flat, squamous cells Cells filled with keratin Covering outer skin on body surface
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Lining vagina, mouth, and esophagus Free surface is moist Primary function is protection
Stratified cuboidal epithelium Two or more rows of cells are typical Basement membrane is indistinct Located in sweat gland ducts and pharynx
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KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Found in covering outer skin on body
surface.
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NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Found in lining of vagina, mouth and esophagus.
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STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE (CONT.)Classifications based on layers of cells (cont.) Stratified columnar epithelium
Multiple layers of columnar cells Only most superficial cells are typical in shape Rare Located in segments of male urethra and near
anus
Transitional epithelium Located in lining of hollow viscera subjected to stress (e.g., urinary bladder) Often 10 or more layers thick Protects organ walls from tearing Has varying shapes and is capable of stretching
(found in urinary bladder)
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Glandular epithelium Glands are usually composed of simple cuboidal
cells Specialized for secretory activity Exocrine glands: discharge secretions into ducts
Simple exocrine glands- only has one duct leading to the surface
Compound exocrine glands- only has two or more ducts leading to the surface
Endocrine glands: “ductless” glands; discharge secretions directly into blood or interstitial fluid
Goblet cells- glandular epithelial cells that secrete mucous to lubricate the intestinal wall
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM (CONT.)
Structural classification of exocrine glands Multicellular exocrine glands are
classified by the shape of their ducts and the complexity of their duct system
Shapes include tubular and alveolarSimple exocrine glands: only one duct
leads to the surfaceCompound exocrine glands: have two
or more ducts
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM (CONT.)
Functional classification of exocrine glands (Figure 5-12)Apocrine glands
Secretory products collect near apex of cell and are secreted by pinching off the distended end
Secretion process results in some damage to cell wall and some loss of cytoplasm
Mammary glands are good examplesHolocrine glands
Secretion products, when released, cause rupture and death of the cell
Sebaceous glands are holocrineMerocrine glands
Secrete directly through cell membrane Secretion proceeds with no damage to cell wall and
no loss of cytoplasm Most numerous gland typeMast= cell that produces heparin and histamine
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE Has large amounts of intracellular matrix Most varied and abundant tissue in the body Functions, characteristics, and types
General function: Support – holds organ together Bind together tissues Mechanical framework (skeleton)
General characteristics ECM predominates in most connective tissues and
determines its physical characteristics Consists of fluid, gel, or solid matrix, with or without
extracellular fibers (collagenous, reticular, and elastic) and proteoglycans or other compounds that thicken and hold together the tissue
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE Types
Three subgroups: Loose connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Specialized Connective Tissue
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT.)
Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Adipose Reticular
• Dense Connective Tissue • Fibrous • Elastic
• Specialized Connective Tissue • Bone
Compact bone Cancellous bone
• Cartilage Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic
• Blood
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LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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CONNECTION TISSUE CONT.Areolar connective tissue
One of the most widely distributed of all tissues Intercellular substance is prominent and consists
of collagenous and elastic fibers loosely interwoven and embedded in soft viscous ground substance
Several kinds of cells present, notably fibroblasts and macrophages, also mast cells, plasma cells, fat cells, and some white blood cells
Function: stretchy, flexible connection
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AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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CONNECTION TISSUE (CONT.)
Adipose tissue Similar to loose connective tissue but contains
mainly fat cells Functions: protection, insulation, support, and
food reserve Reticular tissue
Forms framework of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Consists of network of branching reticular fibers with reticular cells overlying them
Functions: defense against microorganisms and other injurious substances; reticular meshwork filters out injurious particles and reticular cells phagocytose them
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ADIPOSE TISSUE
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RETICULAR TISSUE
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DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Dense Connective Tissue Matrix consists mainly of densely packed
fibers and relatively few fibroblast cellsIrregular: fibers intertwine irregularly
to form a thick mat Regular: bundles of fibers are arranged
in regular parallel rows Fibrous(Collagenous): mostly
collagenous fibers in ECM Elastic: mostly elastic fibers in ECM
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DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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FIBROUS ELASTIC DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT.)
Locations: structures that need great tensile strength, such as tendons and ligaments; also dermis and the outer capsule of the kidney and spleen
Function: furnishes flexible connections that are strong or stretchy
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DAY 2 Membranes and Wound Healing
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SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BONE TISSUE Bone tissue
Uniquely hard and strong connective tissue type Cells (osteocytes) embedded in a calcified matrix Inorganic component of matrix accounts for 65% of
total bone tissue Functions
Support Protection Point of attachment for muscles Reservoir for minerals Supports blood-forming tissue Provide movement
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SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE:BONE TISSUE (CONT.)
Compact bone Osteon (Haversian system)
Structural unity of boneSpaces for osteocytes called lacunaeMatrix present in concentric rings called
lamellaeCanaliculi are canals that join lacunae with the
central Haversian canal (communication passageway)
Cell typesOsteocyte: mature, inactive bone cellOsteoblast: active bone-forming cellOsteoclast: bone-destroying cell
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COMPACT BONE TISSUE
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SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BONE TISSUE (CONT.)
Cancellous bone made up of trabeculae Trabeculae: thin beams of bone Supports red bone marrow
Myeloid tissue: a type of reticular tissue Produces blood cells
Called spongy bone because of its spongelike appearance
Endochondrial ossification- the conversion of cartilage to bone
Periosteum- membrane that surrounds bone
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SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE Cartilage
Chondrocyte is the only cell type presentLacunae house cells as in boneAvascular: nutrition of cells depends on
diffusion of nutrients through matrixHeals slowly after injury because of slow
nutrient transfer to cellsPerichondrium is membrane that surrounds
cartilageEndochondrial ossification- the conversion
of cartilage to bone
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SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE (CONT.)
Types Hyaline
Appearance is shiny and translucentMost prevalent type of cartilageLocated on ends of articulating bones
Fibrocartilage Strongest and most durable type of cartilageMatrix is semirigid and filled with strong white
fibersFound in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysisServes as shock-absorbing material between
bones at the knee (menisci) Elastic
Contains many fine elastic fibersProvides strength and flexibilityLocated in external ear and larynx
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FIBROCARTILAGE
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ELASTIC CARTILAGE
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SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD Blood
A liquid tissue Contains neither ground substance nor
fibersComposition of whole blood
Liquid fraction (plasma) is the matrix; 55% of total blood volume
Formed elements contribute 45% of total blood volumeRed blood cells (erythrocytes)White blood cells (leukocytes)Platelets (thrombocytes)
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BLOOD
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SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD (CONT.)
Functions Transportation Regulation of body temperature Regulation of body pH White blood cells destroy bacteria
Circulating blood tissue is formed in the red bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis; the blood-forming tissue is sometimes called hematopoietic tissue
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HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES Tissues that form RBC’s or WBC’s
Lymphoid organs WBC’s
Red bone Marrow RBC’s
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MUSCLE TISSUE Types
Skeletal, or striated voluntary Smooth, also known as nonstriated involuntary or
visceral Cardiac, or striated involuntary
Microscopic characteristics Skeletal muscle: threadlike cells with many cross-
striations and many nuclei per cell Smooth muscle: elongated narrow cells, no cross-
striations, one nucleus per cell Cardiac muscle: branching cells with intercalated
disks (formed by abutment of plasma membranes of two cells)
Works with connective tissue to provide movement
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
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SMOOTH MUSCLE Located in walls of hollow organs,
bladder, and uterus
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LOCATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
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CARDIAC MUSCLE
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NERVOUS TISSUE Functions: rapid regulation and
integration of body activities Special characteristics
ExcitabilityConductivity
OrgansBrainSpinal cordNerves
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NERVOUS TISSUE (CONT.) Cell types
Neuron: conducting unit of system. Composed of axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, and cell body (soma) Cell body, or soma Processes
Axon (single process): transmits nerve impulse away from the cell body
Dendrite (one or more): transmits nerve impulse toward the cell body and axon
Neuroglia: special connecting, supporting, coordinating cells that surround neurons
Epineurium- the connective membrane that surrounds entire nerve
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NERVOUS TISSUE
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BODY MEMBRANES Thin, “sheet like” tissue layers that
cover surfaces, line cavities, and divide spaces or organs
Four major types:Cutaneous SerousMucousSynovial (connective tissue)
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SEROUS MEMBRANES Line body cavities that are not open to the outside
of the body Secrete a thin watery fluid called Serous Fluid
Lubricates the surface of the membrane and reduces friction between structures
Visceral layer: covers the organs within the cavity Parietal layer: the inner linings of those cavities
Visceral peritenium- covers the organs within the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum- inner lining of the abdominal cavity
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SEROUS MEMBRANES Pleura: serous membranes in the
thoracic cavity
Peritoneum: serous membranes in the abdominal cavity
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CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES Epithelial membranes are most common
type
Cutaneous membrane (skin) Primary organ of integumentary system One of the most important organs Approximately 16% of body weight
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MUCOUS MEMBRANES Epithelial Tissue Membranes Cont.
Mucous membrane (mucosa) Lines and protects organs that open outside the
body Found lining ducts and passageways of the
respiratory, digestive, and other tracts Lamina propria: fibrous connective tissue
underlying mucous epithelium Mucus is made of mostly of water and mucins—
proteoglycans that form a double-layer protection against environmental microbes
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BODY MEMBRANES (CONT.) Connective tissue membrane:
Synovial membranes line the spaces between bone in joints (classified as connective tissue membrane) Do not contain epithelial components Have smooth and slick membranes that secrete
synovial fluid Help reduce friction between opposing surfaces
in a movable joint Synovial membranes also line bursae
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THE BIG PICTURE: TISSUES, MEMBRANES, AND THE WHOLE BODY Tissues and membranes maintain
homeostasis Epithelial tissues
Form membranes that contain and protect the internal fluid environment
Absorb nutrients Secrete products that regulate functions involved in
homeostasis Connective tissues
Hold organs and systems together Form structures that support the body and permit
movement
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THE BIG PICTURE: TISSUES, MEMBRANES, AND THE WHOLE BODY (CONT.)
Muscle tissues Work with connective tissues to permit
movementNervous tissues
Work with glandular epithelial tissue to regulate body function
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TISSUE REPAIR Tissues have a varying capacity to
repair themselves; damaged tissue regenerates or is replaced by scar tissue
Regeneration: growth of new tissue Scar: dense, fibrous mass; unusually
thick scar is a keloid Epithelial and connective tissues have
the greatest ability to regenerate Muscle and nervous tissues have limited
capacity to regenerate
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CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL WOUNDS Two types of surgical wounds:
Incisional : intentional cut through intact tissue for the purpose of exposing underlying structures
Excisional : Removal of tissue
Four Classes of surgical wounds: Classified by degree of microbial intrusion
Class I (clean)Class II (Clean-contaminated)Class III (Contaminated)Class IV (dirty-infected)
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CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL WOUND(CONT.)
Wound classes Class I- Clean occurs when an incision is made Class II- Clean-Contaminated occurs after a
primary closure- drain placed minor break in aseptic technique
Class III- Contaminated occurs when an open traumatic wound is encountered, aerodigestive tract, biliary, or genitourinary tract was entered with spillage, or major break in aseptic technique.
Class IV- Dirty-Infected occurs in open traumatic wounds in which microbial contamination had previously occured
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CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL WOUND(CONT.) Infection rate
Class I – 1%-5%Class II - 8%- 11% Class III - 15%- 20%Class IV - 27%- 40%
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WOUND HEALING
First Intention– Primary Union Second Intention-- Granulation
Third Intention– Delayed primary Closure
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FIRST INTENTION HEALING Primary union Ideal Wound heals side to side w/o infection Inflammatory Response aka Lag Phase: 3-5 days
InflammationSwelling Heat Redness Loss of functionScab forms
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FIRST INTENTION CONTINUED Proliferation Phase: begins around
the 3rd or 4th day and lasts for 20 days Collagen fibers provide some tensile
strengthNew capillary network is established (day 5-6)
Maturation aka Differentiation Phase: Day 14 – healed Tensile strength increases Wound contraction complete (day 21)Mature scar formed *Cicatrix
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SECOND INTENTION HEALING Granulation Occurs when a wound fails to heal by 1st
intention Wound left open to heal from the bottom
up Wound closure occurs by contraction Weak (herniation common) and forms a
large scar Examples:
When wound can not be reapproximated Infected wounds
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THIRD INTENTION HEALING Delayed primary closure Used for dirty wounds Wound is treated by debridment of
dead tissue………then left open to heal by second intention (4-6 days)
once the wound is infection free, it is closed with suture or staples to finish healing by first intention
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THIRD INTENTION HEALING
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COMPLICATIONS OF WOUND HEALING Dehiscence: partial or total separation of
a layer (or layers) of tissue after closure Most frequently between the 5th and 10th
Postop day Causes:
Abdominal distention Coughing or Vomiting Improper suture Improper suturing technique
Dead Space (pg. 55): can occur when subcutaneous tissues are not approximated with suture
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DEHISCENCE
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COMPLICATIONS OF WOUND HEALING CONT. Evisceration Hemorrhage Adhesions Herniation Fistula Keloid Scaring Sinus Tract
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EVISCERATION
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ADHESIONS
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HERNIATION
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KELOID SCARING
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TISSUE TYPING We have genetic markers on the surface
of our WBC’s Ex. HLA: Human leukocyte antigen
An antigen is something that when introduced into the body triggers an immune response.
Donor WBC’s and Recipient WBC’s are mixed If an immune response occurs (ex. Proliferation of
WBC’s) the tissue will likely be rejected
DNA Tissue TypingMHC: major histocompatibility complex
Particular genes unique to each individual
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SURGICAL SPECIMENS Permanent section:
10% formalin May remain on sterile field until the end of case
Fresh or Frozen section: Sent immediately after removal Pathologist will phone OR with results
Surgical Techs Responsibilities Must be able to Identity the specimen Identify the origin Must properly communicate information to circulator Properly identify and explain markers (suture)
Specimens should be placed in/on: Sterile specimen cup Sterile Telfa pad Sterile towel Sterile basin *a counted sterile sponge should never be used