DATE: PREPARED BY:

PREPARED FOR:

TIN USE IN

ENERGY STORAGE

01/06/2017 DR JEREMY PEARCE INVESTING IN TIN SEMINAR, LONDON

Strong market drivers

Renewable energy

Reduced emissions

Communications

Rapidly changing technology

Lead-acid batteries

Lithium-ion batteries

Other energy storage

Battery market to grow 7.7%

Tin improves lead-acid performance

Lead-acid battery market sectors

248, 60%

102, 25%

61, 15%

2015 Units (millions)

Automotive

Motive

Stationary

ITRI China Survey data on tin content

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Automotive Electric Bike Motive Stationary

1.2-1.5% Sn

0.6-0.8% Sn

Sb / 0.1-0.3% Sn

tonnes

Estimated tin use

23,700

27,500

???

tonnes

2013

2015

2025

4th largest tin use

48V vehicles use four times tin

By 2025 one in ten sold globally

High end automotive favours tin

By 2020 all new cars in Europe and Japan

Low Speed Electric Vehicles (LSEV)

Residential solar reaches price parity

75% lead-acid in China

Completely new infrastructure

Battery Energy Storage (BESS)

Lithium ion will take market share

Lithium ion cost approaches parity

Euros (€)

All cars fully electric by 2050

Tin use may peak in 2025

tonnes

Tin may be used in lithium-ion

Silicon-Tin Alloy Lithium-Tin Alloy Tin-Boron-Phosphorus

SAFT, France GM Motors, US Eagle Picher, US

Uni Rochester, US Yokahoma Uni, Japan

St Petersburg Uni, Russia

Carbon-Tin

Nat Inst Mat Sci, Japan Uni Waterloo, US Uni Rome, Italy

Headline Tin probably used in ‘post-lithium’

Sodium-ion

Magnesium-ion

Potassium-ion

Supercapacitors

Flow batteries

Solar batteries

150 papers & patents since 2015

Headline

Tin Use Tin Property

Lead-acid batteries Improved metallurgy, corrosion resistance

Li-ion batteries Absorption of lithium ions in lattice

Post-lithium batteries Absorption of alkali metal ions in lattice

Solar panels Semiconductor for sunlight conversion

Thermoelectrics Semiconductor for ionic diffusion

Fuel cells Robust membranes for catalytic combustion

Biodiesel production Organic material cracking catalyst

Hydrogen production 1 Water splitting catalyst

Hydrogen production 2 Liquid metal for stripping methane carbon

Fusion / Solar coolant High heat capacity liquid metal

Market opportunities from tin versatility

ITRI

Unit 3, Curo Park

Frogmore St.

Albans

Hertfordshire

AL2 2DD

United Kingdom

+ 44 (0)1727 875544

www.itri.co.uk

ITRI China

Room 1606, C2 Tower,

Jinmao Building,

No. 18 Xizhimenwai Street,

Xicheng District, Beijing,

China, 100044

+86 10 6808 0915

chinaoffice@itri.co.uk

www.itri.com.cn

We believe that global co-operation on markets,

technology, sustainability and regulatory issues is the

most cost effective route to achieve long-term success for

the industry. If we work together effectively then the

outlook for tin is very positive.

Global co-operation for long-term success

Thank You