Superconducting Optoelectronic Circuits for Neuromorphic ...
Timer, Op Amp & Optoelectronic Circuits & Projects
130
tlMVjllMttK Build these projects: • Sound effects generator • Tone burster • Chirp generator 1 • Gated oscillator i • Pulse generator • Frequency meter • LED flasher • Audio amplifier • Sound meter • Bargraph • Percussion synthesizer • Photophone • Light sensitive circuits • And many more Forrest M. Mims III
Transcript of Timer, Op Amp & Optoelectronic Circuits & Projects
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Build these projects:
• Sound effects generator
• Tone burster
• Chirp generator 1
• Gated oscillator i
• Pulse generator
• Frequency meter
• LED flasher
• Audio amplifier
• Sound meter • Bargraph
• Percussion synthesizer
• Photophone
• Light sensitive circuits • And many more Forrest M. Mims III
Cl RCllIT CY MBOLS
Fixed P-EOSTCP
vARi AEL£ Resistor
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Rest ifier/
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fixed polarized C APAe\toR CAPAcToR
PM CTO- PMoTO¬
RES ISTOR TR ANSISTOR
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t 4- Connected unconnected Positive.
WIRES WIRES SUPPLY
o
/normally normally SPST CPDT OPEN CLOSED
Switch -vjitcH PUSH 6uTToaj PuSH8urrooJ
RELAY TRANSFORMER SPEAkER SPEAkER
METER LAMP EATTERY op-amp
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ALL_ RIGHTS RESERVED
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MIMS H[
PRiKITED AM THE LIMITED STATES OF AM£gJ CA ; i s ;
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ABOUT THE: ENGIMEER^TXLL m MI-NOTEBOOK COLLECTION
Each book in tHus 1 THREE OR FOUR ENGINEER'S MINI-NOTEBOOKS. Each Book includes both standard circuits Am5 CIRCUITS DESIGNED BY FORREST M. WIMSHC. EACH Circuit WAS Built Amo TESTED AT LEAST twice.. the circuits uj£AE also Built FRom THE. FINAL BOOK TO P/nD ERRORS.
variations in components And construction METHODS NVAY CAUSE YOUR RESULTS TO DiPFE£ FROM THOSE DESCRIBED HERE. THEREFORE the Author and rad\oshAck are not RESPONSIBLE FOR THE Su ITABiLITY OP THE Circuits FOR Any APPLICATION. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CIRCUITS IN THIS BOOK SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR MEDICAL APPL/cAT70nS; SAFETY DEVICES, TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS OR Any OTHER USE THAT Ma6HT SOMEHOWJ RESULT IN) DAM46E to Property or jn^vRy to Vou or others. IT is YouR RESPONSIBILITY TO DETERMINE IF COMMERCIAL USE SALE OR MANUFACTURE OF ANY DEVICE gASED ON /NFDRM4T70AJ IN THIS Book INFRINGES Any PATENT v COPYRIGHT OR OTHER. Rl 6 HT.
FOR MORE INFORMATION Due to the many inquiries received by the Author and Radioshack, it is not possible TO PROVIDE CUSTOM CIRCUIT DESIGNS AajD TECHNICAL ADVICE. YOU CAN L64RN MORE ABOUT ELECTRONICS FRoM OTHER Boo KSlJ AVAILABLE FROM RADIO SHACK AND PROM RADioshack lab kits. Electronics M6AeiN£S ARE ALSO A GOOD SOURC£.Lo£~~i INFORMATION..VARIOU5 6l6CTR0kjICS SITES.. ON THE INTERNET And world WIDE. VvEE ARE Also very helpful.
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BASIC MOMO STABLE * LC -L BASIC ASTA0LE : Uj . 1 1
BOO MCE FREE L SWITCH If ^ > .i TOUCH A CTl V AT £ D 1 Suu 1TC H ti JJri M£R PLUS RELAV 13 .L CASCADED TI MER ...i 19 .i.]1M T E R V A LOME TER i j_ J.1 J I [ 13 a. Missimg Pulse detector juti
EVENil FAILURE alarm 17 \ FREQuEMCV DIVIDER J. i.i.... is ■ VO LTA6E-COKJTROLLED OSCILLATOR 19 i Pulse gemerator
.....Jim...
2.0 L FRE&UEMCV meter. 2.1
audio oscillator/metromome 11 TOV 0R6 AM 2.3 GATED OSC/LLATOR 19 CHIRP GEMERAtoR IS stepped-tone 6EMERATOR
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Ha .L 3 -STATE TOME GENFRATrtP LI .i tome Burst gemerator ta
SOUMD effects gemerator 19 _l.Led fiashek.i ] 39
PoujEr Pet lamp dimmer • - SI
L L| 6hi j dark L detecto r 3Z -_L AM FRA RED J SECURITY ALAGM
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CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY
'33°! QUAD COMPARATOR .38A AUDIO AMPLIFIER
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SINGLE-SUPPLY .INTEGRA .- DUAL-SUPPLY blFFERENTl
SINGLE-SUPPLY DIFFEREi ...!... PE AIL. DETECT Q Ri : ; :
. . INVERTING CLIPPER. ._ .-4-44.NON-INVERTING CUPPEI
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. EARGRAPR VOLTMETER ..j—J.I.\.L.L. J LIGHT-ACTIVATED RELAYS LIGHT-ACTIVATED ALERTER ..1.44-4- DARK-ACTIVATED ALERTER LlGHTbSENElTlVE OSCLLjLATOR.S ,...4-4-1-.- HIGH -SENSITIVITY LIGHT METER I 4- SOUhlD r LEVEL NAETER|--..!—LJ-l-l-J .L JSOUND - ACTIVATED RELAY 44--....L PIEZO ELEMENT DRIVERS per cuss idm synthesizer.L1J...L i4Mt.-P-4ssi.FTi4xtRl.1.4.44...—14-4.L
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LOW- PP.SS FILTER . .. |{4.1L . HIGH “PASS FILTER Mi 55 L AO-Hz NOTCW FILTERS;.Li .J ~iH TUMAfeLE. EMslfePASS. FILTER. 75 MINI-COLOR ORGAN 7b - "7 7 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR.... ..76 SINE WAVE OSCILLATORL j j L4- .7 9 FUNCTI 0N SENE.R ATOR _____i_L.BJOi I j r j j j j __ j j__ j j \ 4_!_|_j_|_ j_I_4 i |
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FOR USE ; IN AnALOS-. COMPUTERSlink.THE.L41 +H~
a^HOS. EARLY.OP-AMPS USED VACUUM TUBES And. WERE LAREE JW S12E AND CONSUMED.L. considerable Po wer. 4. im. 19l7 . Fairchild SEMICONDUCTOR INTRODUCED THE frlRST LI. integrated..circuit Xcp-amp,4xdday’s -lie.
iOP-AMPS -ARE FAR SUPERIOR TD..iTKiElA.
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OPTOELECTRONICS
OPTICAL SPECTRUM COMPONENTS
SIMPLE i LENSES POSITIVE LENS NEGATIVE: LENS FILTERS LIGHT SHIELDS OPTICAL FIBERS
SOURCES
INCANDESCENT LAMPS GAS-DISCHARGE LAMPS LIGHT*EMITTING DIODES LIGHT SOURCE SPECTRA HOW TO USE LED*i SAMPLE LED CIRCUIT _L LOGIC CIRCUIT LED DRIVERS AC /DC POLARITY VOLTAGE-LEVEL LED BRIGHTNESS LOGIC PROBE
INDICATOR INDICATOR
CONTROL
HOW TO USE iTRV-COLOR LEDs HOW TO USE FLASHER LEDs BASIC... LED FLASHERS dual led flasher.. POWER ! FLASHER SINGLE LED FLASHER DUAL LED FLASHER 1NC ANDES CENT LL AM P FLASHER NEON LAMP FLASHER
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LIGHT SEMSO-.R^-fLflX 4^i|
PHOTO RESISTORS ITEXltlllt ZM .....i...CE4^4£^i-4-L4-j~i.1-.1 1 T 99
1 ! PUOTQT^NjSliGTOp^ 1 95 SENSOR SPECTRAL4MSPONSE 95
j 1 ~toms4 inKiVrj tfetEjCtoiss 9G 1 PKOTORESISTORS 9(e —-»—*•!>»-* VI * ■ ■#! ■iili»%|l 1 1 ■■ | — J——*- —-« 4 ♦.
JJ.MLjkfe.. IcfeiHZ 91 PHOTOTRANSISTORS 91
„.i ! SIMPLE LIGHT LMETERS j. L 98 *■ • V**' Ms MM • . s ftft . - >> VV. • B. 4— ^ * w • 4 4 - f- Ss . S SS S'S ss S- *y—1 ... - . ... ... - .^ ^
ULTRA- SIMPLE LIGHT METER 19 j i jSOLAR battern charger! Li loo
SOLAR-POWERED CIRCUITS 101 ..1 ..j.L1GHT-SENSITIVE, QSCtLLATORS 1 ol- 103
Light-activated relans f ON ! i DARK- ACT WAT ED RE LAN Si L 1 1 10s
dark-activated led flashers 10^ LIGHTS DARK-ACTIVATED ALERTER 101
L GUTWM/E COMMUN CM 0NC 108
IT.T & iji n>AUE ^ ZqLrq nM j 1 l 108 OPTICAL FIBER LINKS 108 FREE- SPACE LINKS lo9 LIGHTWAVE TONE TRANSMITTERS 110
-4 1 felMlt lUGHTyJAVE RECE1VERS 111 1 T H E PHOTOPHON B 1 11 1 12- 113
h A^A LIGHTWAVE TRANSMilTilfeB .—
119 A NVi-AllG HTWAVE RECEIVER:
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115 .j.T BREAK- BEAhAlUE TECT1 ON SNisTE M 3 ip U3
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LOPrOELECTR 0M1G.Ll QGIC lift
BUFFERS .zzzrnx its . j ] Inverters. I I HR .. AMD. CIRCUITS 1 i_j il i | j 119
OR CIRCUITS i 1 i-i i i 1 L L 114; ' 1 J^"K' #■»» 1 SBH a. |M_- 1 T ft fa; IT f ■■ 1 -
SOURCE/ SENSOR PMRS [itijjp
, L j jNtTi^RATFD [SOURCE / ifiNSORS Till — . DRTOCDDPLER. CIRCUITS .l_. lit- 129
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THE 555 TImER is ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR AND VERSATILE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. IT iNCQU*>£S Z.I TRANSISTORS J 2 DIODES AND \1o RESISTORS. THE SSb is A DUAL version OP THE S5S\. BOTH THE 55 S And SSb ARE AvA/LA66£ IN
; LOUJ-POIAJER versions, the sss has two] principle operating modes :
MONO STABLE MODE 3 IN -THIS MODE THE 555 Functions as a "one-shot. " applications include timers, missing pulse detection, Bounce free sln itches, touch suwtches;£tc.
ASTABLE mode- THE 55S CAN OPERATE AS U.I an oscillator, uses include led and lamp
FLASHERS, PULSE GENERATION, LOGIC CLOCKS* TONE GENERATION, SECURITY ALARMS ETC.
CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY Tlra’W . Build test versions of your circuits on A SOLERLESS BREADBOARD BEFORE MAKING THEM Permanent* in monostable circuits, where false triggering might cause problems, tie PIN S TO GROUND WTH A O .I,*F CAPACI TOR. IP POWER leads ARE long, OR if A CIRCUIT SEEMS TO tUALfuHCTlOti. PLACE A 0.1 ^if CAPACITOR ACROSS PINS 6 AnD 1. A l/nf CAPACITOR MAV ALSO 8E /NECESSARY. BE SURE to Experiment ujith values op timing resistors and capacitors, the basic 555 CiRcu\TS EyPLA/n THE ROLE OP THESE COMPONENTS. REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN USE A 5SG TO REPLACE “RUO 555$. SOME louj Power versions of the 555 may REQUIRE REWSioms td Some OF THE.L.i.j.1. CIRCUITS IN THIS SECTION* 8
cn ln on
L_ o
1 cn cn CT- 1
FUMCT 10 W
GRoumd
T R\£oER 1
out put
RESET
CONTROL V
THRESHOLD
DlSCHARGt *
Vcc
55 5 (1) 5SC? a)
7 6
5S5 SPECIFICATIOM^
SUPPLY VOLTA6E (Vice) SUPPLY CuRReuT CUcc = +S\/)
SUPPLY CURRENT d)k^4±tSJ|d
OUTPUT CURRENT (MAXIMUM)
Power D\ssiPAtic>n)
OPERAT\n*<£ TEMPERATURE.
U4~ 4 v 3> TO (c \m (\
10 TO IS Ha A 2oo ^ A (pQO tw W
0 TO 70° C
1 VALUES SKovaJM APPLY no ME5SS.
BASIC MONOSTABLE CIRCUIT
RESET TIMING. CVCL£
O THERvaMsE.
TRIGGER
MOWO STABLE
CHARGE
A NEGATIVE TRV6GER OFF A TRANSISTOR T> TD GROUND. THE <X>T( Cl CHARGES THROUGH
ON Cl IS 3p Vcc, THf
GRounD. THE output
100...
Pulse 2 TURNS SHORTS Cl MI6H AS £ CHARGE
iC vuSEC K\SEC SE TIME DELAY Ct)
C2- l OUT
.oi/(F
l
Vcc 05 to +15V) MAKE Reset Ano trigger
1 INPUT MDMEN- _1, 8 F— * ■ ■■ 1 ---1 ‘ tar\lt low
STABLE CIRCUIT BASIC
Puises Output
CHARGE on Cl
FREQUENCY
EACH TIMING AS AN OSCILLATOR.
R'l EuT DISCHARGES
range OSClUATION
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
s r Z
Cl _ + _
r— i i 1 t ■
j
HERE Pins Z
K—~ CIRCUIT WILL J
—
o c _1 r c do 5
1
L - 7
RELAY
6 SI MOME.MTAP.ILY ACTUATED
RL AMD Cl RELAY
EUT\RE DELAY
DUR1M6 THE COKi TP-OL TIM FALSE X-TRl 66 <S6 M 6 RATED IS SWITCHED COMMECT IM 6
RELAY X. COMM
CE PREVEMTS
ABSORBS VOLT COIL WHEN) f
CAUTIOM WH
£D DEVICES
RELAY
TYPICAL
I a
.r
R1 relay l
10K LS to q 1 v ' -L*
2 50 TO t
500 -Pc')
SI
.L
IuiwuwJ
TRIGGER THeiR
IMPOT starts timer TAEM STARTS timer
INTERVM-OMETER
+ 12 V
F# iy 10
it 55b
R3 lOOK
D1 lN<UH
IE
D1 IMUH
RELAY
( S TO 9 V, 250 TO
TIMER 1 1*5 CONNECTED AS ASTA0LE OSCILLATOR VuHICH OSCULATES AT A FREQUENCY DET ERMINE.0 E>Y R1 AMD Cl. TIMER Z IS A OME-SHOT THAT DRIVES A RELAY VIA PI. TIMER 1 TRIGGERS TIMER Z OVC£ PER CYCLE
F&R l TO S SECONDS.
timer. 1 CP'h 5)
TIMER:.Z C relayV
t t RELAT PULLED In L. RELA'f PULLED M
MISSING PULSE DETECTOR
+S TO +15 v
i. I In 12.2. 1 Cl SET
time. delay.
Sell .01 b 1 Jil
01 lH3>°lO<o
.01 ynF
SET TIME DELAY TT>
SLIGHTLY EXCEED
TIME BETWEEN THE
incoming pulses.
INCOMING PULSES CONTINUALLY RESET THE TIMING CYCLE. A MISSING PULSE Allows the timing cycle to be
COMPLETED, CHANGING THE OUTPUT STATE.
SIGNAL
IN
OUT
CHARGE ON
Cl
EVENT FMLURE ALARM
+ Hv I
R1 htk
RZ 1M 1
8
555
jQl Iznssol
3.
PIEZ.C
eozzer
E
\ _ +•
J i a c
.—- ■ -
1 5L cz
Cl 4 $.4 control oelhy
Cl*. 2.Z/aF to pUE
-rt
APPLIED Cl BEGINS TO \AJHEN POWER IS CHARGE THROUGH R2.. UNLESS SI IS CLOSED BEFORE THE 5SS TIMING CYCLE IS COMPLETED, THE BUZZER WILL Sol/nD.
SI CfcN EE ANY EXTERNAL SWITCH.
-.t~
SI OPENED'. closed; m u
CHARGE ON Cl
threshold
4—4-
17 i—t.
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FREQUENCY DIVIDER
+ 5 TO + lSV THIS ciRCuit ALSO
SQUARES SLOWLY 4 R\SlNG I nPuT PULSES.
555 rLnjui_r
.OOl nF 10 uf cz
IM THIS CIRCUIT THE
as a m&nosta&lE A TIMING CYCLE IS
pulse ^ subsequent effect UNTIL cycle
0ELOMJ ARE typical
for typical input j AMO OUTPUT WAVE¬
FORMS SHOWN) ,
OUTPUT FREQUENCY = 7t IMPuT frequency,
5SS IS CO MfOECTED
MULTIVIBRATOR. OrOC£ initiated BY Am inPuti lMpuT PULSES HAVE NO
IS COMPLETED. SHOWN
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVE-; FORMS (Cl'O.ly.iFj Rl VARIED IN l/ALuE).
- rLummnmiiii
OSCILLATOR CONTROLLED VOLTAGE
10OK
IMPuT
(cowl ROO VOLTAGE
IKJPUT VAR\PsU£ CIRCUIT
USE to PRovi&E TEST IMG WHEN
A PREQOEMCY WOC TAGE
IMPUT
MORE V<
SRounjD
MPuT VOLTAGE
TOME FREQUENCY
8
555
''Cl I_ (.001- L^F)
USE. FREQUENCY
TASLE TD SELECT
R1 AMO Cl. OK TO
CONNECT PlfO 3 Tt>
FREQUENCY METER OW FACING PAGE,
use digital logic clock Pulse
■ ~r t r i .
GENERATOR, SIGNAL GENERATOR t ETC.
FREQUENCY TA6CE (FREQUENCES im Wz)
Cl (Mf
.OOZ2. *0033
.00^7
... 0 04>8
. 015
4 O VL .033
ItiHV . 0 eg, 11 .IS
L . VL
R.1- loK Rl-looid RliilM
52.0 30,
2,1„
H 7 0
H ^
SZ
O
z 10. 30 o
11, 7^ Z1
Z o
H, AS A
53
t o
z. 35 1
L_XJ 73 7 T; 1. 1.V I 1
8o^
5SO
FREQUENCY METER
+ 5 TO +15 V
h.'k 5 55
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i t
1
x..
1.
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4**“" ■ .J
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Ok to add AMPLIFIER
THIS ULTRA" SAMPLE CIRCUIT FREQUENCE S\GfOALS. RAM6£ FROM 2..S Tt>
COMMECT PuLS£ GEM
PAGE DIRECTLY TO P
ALS. INPUT i TO 5 VOLT S. GENERATOR
MEASURES
S\6MAL S
FOR TE5
AUDIO
AL SHOULD
TESTIMG. FACIM6
PIM Z (OMIT ClV AMO fcETERM'ME FREQUENCY RAN5GE.
A note non-c»k.ear ' >r RESPONSE AT
IKHx.
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1 I
T !."f f ! *
|-
■ i ;"T
/S• “RS-lOK V
RS= 2.2 K
—-t—r
FREQUENCY. (KHx)
R3 \S OPTIONAL
VOLUMI
RES IS’
E COWTP-OC
roR. use 10 JL Tl > 10O0JL.
THIS CIRCUIT WILL FUNCTION \AJ VTH EITHER
or Both output devices, the speaker GIVES MORE volume, But USES MORE CURRENT. USE R3 TO REDUCE l/OLUME. HERE ii E TYPICAL FREQUENCIES for various settings of Rl*.
OSCILLATOR (c^.Ol^F)
Rl Ifrequency CHz
METRONOME (Cl'l/uF)
Rl 1 FREQUENCY (Hz)
HIO 110
too HI 11 10
H.n 21
1
n 1 HO L6< as H TC
T 1 uc 10 1D< .38
NOTE*. YouR \ l/ALUES ma> 1 VARY
PIEZO GIVES UoTE^SE 4 SOUND.
ORGAN!
FREQUENCIES
OOb, 8 OOH1
J a il SlK! l
£8 ~ u 1.7 >u» F
*
GATED OSCILLATOR
+ 5TO +15 V
THIS CIRCUIT VAJ\LL ALLOW VC u TO SWITCH i
THE TOK'P. GENERATED by the 55S SY HEAms of An> External losic signal, the tri amgolar svm&ol is amy external LOGIC GATE. OK TO SWITCH THE TOME
OK) An) D OFR Ev/ COmMECTIMG GATE Of
Q1 TO +V OR GROUND THROUGH 1M RESISTOR. Rl And Cl comtpol tone frequency. Q1 CAM EE CommECTED as A SWITCH A6L£ CATE ELSEWHERE in CIRCUIT.
IN TONE caution: qi cam ee destroyed sy static
Low OFF ELECTRICITY* Dc> mot touch Exposed leads.
KlGH OM Follow Hamdling
PRECAUTIONS OM PACKAGE.
THIS CIRCUIT applies brief Pulses of
current to A Piezo buzzer. (Radio smack
mi-0U5 OR. SIMILAR). THIS CAuses TH£ BUZZER TO EMIT ATTENTION - GETTING CHIRPS. THE CIRCUIT MAKES A GOOD
UJRRNING DEVICE.
Rl CONTROLS RATE OF CHIRPS. USE lOOK FIXED RESISTOR FOR ABOUT Z>3 CHIRPS
PER SECOND. Cl controls DURATION OF
chirps. For long duration pulses Cujhich become tone Bursts) increase cs to
Qi ZZ^uF OR MORE. REDUCE VOLUME BY inserting loo - 10,000Si RESISTOR
between Pin E and P\ezo Buzzer, try using CAS photoresistor for Rl.
an
500K
FREQUENCY falls
AS HZ HEOOceO-) PRODUCES
PLUCKED
ADJUSTED
Stepped output
progressively •smaller
IS REDUCED
GRAPH SHOWN) HER
\L FOR VALUES
OK TO CHAfJGE typical")
FREQUEM C'i.OUT
R1
500 K * %
1
R2 1
IK 1 2
55k
C3>
y 4f4
R.(c
27 o
Bit SPKR.
EXPERIMENT \AJ»TH.r. VALUES
OF feu Cl, PM AMD C2.. 4.- 51 (center off):
1 ~ TOME &U R. ST jfcjliui_IUUUl_ z - BTEADV tone. JliniiM^
5t\ajO — tomE m^UL^LPJUUUUlJHlM
•t—I-—-i
—r—i—th—i—i—I—{—1—1—-}—b
SPKR
THE FIRST 555 OSC/UATEE FREQuE^CV DETERMINED BY ITS OUTPUT CHARGES CE 1 THE SECOND 555 OSC/CCATES FREQUENCY DETE R. MINED EV THE VOLTACE AT PI #0 5 ( CHARGE
THE YAluES CETHiM U/AKBCE AND
CHARGE
TOME
a
; ]
j
|
"*"T
; '
r..
..
iirrlrrr-i
t
_L 1
L.
7
-\- r"**f
f-i..
t
I ;.
"T 5
T*.—
t
i 1 i : i
<
r t t i
l. i T ~
j ( j 1 %
< |
|
i l »
l l
j |
-
J l
LED FLASHER
R2
1 .k L
2
R H 270
Cl H1/a£
<anmn oi x:—' 2N2ZZ2
1
LED ^
FH1S CIRCUIT WILL DRIVE EOTh VIS I £-5 light anjo infrared - emitting diodes. UCE RED GREEN OR YELLOW LED TO MARE A VISt&LE LIGHT FLASHER. USE NBAR-INFRARED EMITTER TD M ARE Powerful transmitter-. connect solar CELL , PHOTODIODE OR PHOTO TRAN SIS TfcR TO AMPLIFIER TD RECEIVE SIGNAL .
lOO k H7 K
.22 R 10 R
&4 k 2-2 K 1.0 R
RATE (Uzs
.2 J*
14 2.1 3.L
AJL 8.3
CONNECT PIEZO BUZZER
ACROSS LED FOR LI6HT/S0UND DARKROOM timer.
REDUCE Cl For faster Pulse Rates,
ESPECIALLY WHEN infrared emitter is USED. SEE u GETTING Started id Electronics
(RADIO SWALK , pp.CL-^),
POWER FET LAMP DIMMER
+9 v
ftl 100
some. VERSIONS MAY OPERATE WHEW 555 15 POWERED BY
.... \
U 2
RS IK (o
Z
555
.0H7^F
R.H Gn^-^ 10 K
* SEE BELOW.
THIS CIRCUIT IS A LINEAR LAMP DIMMER. IN OPERATION, THE 555 SWITCHES Q1
ON ANO OFF AT A RATE DETERMINED
ST R14 R2. AsJD Cl. WHEN Qt IS ON,
LI IS ALSO ON). THE SWITCHING RATE \S SO PAST LI APPEARS TO GLOW
continuously. increasing the switching RATE INCREASES THE APPARENT 8R\GHTnESS Of LI.
Q1 MUST &E PROPERLY RATED. POR EXAM RLE, a pirn' g-volt flashlight lamp consumes 0.5 AMPERE OR 3 WATTS. THEREFORE USE
AN XRFS11 OR SIMILAR POWER FEfu. ATTACH A TO-22.0 HEATSINK TO DISSIPATE EXCESS HEAT.
LIGHT/DARK DETECTOR
PROTORE S1STOR „
55S
R2> 10 K
Bil SPKR
i l si
—O5)
OK TO ALTER
ftl * Cl TO
CHANGE. THE
FREQUENT OF THE TOME.
IaJHEM SI is ik) Position V THE SPEAKER
EMITS A TOME iMREN LI6HT STRIKES THE PROTORESISTOR. WHEN Si IS IN POSITION
u0" THE SPEAKER EMITS A TOME l/JHEN THE PHOTO RESIS TOR IS MOT ILLU Ml N AT £0.
POS 1TIOM*.
LIGHT
DARK
TOME OM
TOME OFF
INFRARED SECURITY ALARM
+ 5to +1SV
2M.LD Ql
FROM EXTERNAL Ll&HT.
CZ ■OH 1m P
QZ ^ V lui^oio
C 3
01 a'P 555
t J I
4
I
» i ?
■i 4 1
t
1 »
T—j ™f.—|—I—j—j
o m
- piezo tozzm ~4—*-—4-
Alar m soumds whel) THE. ImSERT IS MOLDED FROM EETVJtC. M LED OnFRARED eh(tter.) AMD
Ql. Ncdhokl doors etc.
13
ANALOG LIGHTWAVE TRANSMITTER
f9v
1 O _L
— r-~ r— u 35=-
11
Ri CAN CE ifcfe SENSOR HAVING l/ARIAELE RESISTANCE, WHEN Rjt 15 A
CADMIUM SUIFIDC (C«4S) PHOTORESISTS,
THE FREQUENCY of THE S\6N AL IBISES |
WITH LIGHT LEVEL.
1 LENS' infrared
SEAM
TH\5 CiRCuiT
DIODE at a
AND CL. TW RECEIVES Af •T THEN Co 'NTD A cuf
0*1 mA. ME RANGE. FOR
PULSES AN
FREQUENCY
INFRARED- EMITTING DETERMINED 0V R1
M| MS _ 1
.. THE RECEIVER ON THE FACING PAGE
;s and Amplifies the infrared signal, n converts rue sigmac’s fregency \ CURRENT WHICH is DISPLAYED C>N A
V METER.. USE LENSES td increase
. FOR FULL DETAILS, SEE "THE FORREST
CIRCUIT SCRAPBOOK" CMf£RAlN-HILL , 19&2>).
TEST RECEIVER CIRCUIT GAVE
NON-LINEAR response
WHEU 7R An$m ITT&R,
frequency EXCEEDED
1.1 kHz. J^c
CALIBRATE RECEIVER meter with R9.
0
ANALOG LIGHTWAVE RECEIVER
CIRCUIT RANC^'TTER
S16MALS
f. Pf\6e PROM
Photo
TRANHSTOR
TWO
PLACE
IMS 3.,
DIRECTLY ACROSS
^-calibrate
R :5 » \
MurUMj
2
1 cities : it
DC - DC CONVERTER
SIWvj Cv,m)
fcl HIM
55 5
CAUTMOfO*. HUSH
" VOLTAGE!
D1 \ ' 1MHOOH \
vlz.o v wi/ooiN)s " U>. I V WIMDIM6
Ti: MINIATURE G-3 v: 12.D V PovAJER tRAMsFOR m£R. (OK TO USE C.3 V C£AH£fc"W OP 12.*>V:12.CW uwir.)
THIS TO A
CIRCUIT APPLIES PULS/UlMC
TP-AMSFoRMER UUimP/AJ<S- VOLT ACE then Eoosted
TH£
ey
CURRENT I/oPuT
THE TRANS For mein's second WINDIMCS. use to POWER NEON LAMPS f PLASMA DISPLAY, ETC. Caution: do not touch output leads 1 (R3 0LEED5
WIWDIMCS. USE
CHARGE from cz . J bUHEf 0 V,
H?DK- i M
1. _AAA_. •T F- -TT
'‘■'Inn I V •2 SO V \ . w
_J T
, i_ _1 .4 . O' —i _
) to 3i D. z<0 5P GO
v
' L i i i
! |-
i i '•— _
;
L— 1 : i— __
» * t i
IS REMOVED.)
NJEON
LAMP FLASHER
THE6AU0 IS iU \JO LTA6E. Kion IS GROUNDED. AMPLIFIES THE |M Put AN)D cSRoufJD (
&ENT OF
v~~~4 —4 | _! 1 _i » ! > 1 i 1 i 5 I ! 1 | | i j.i -i- ttii * i » $ 1 ! ! i ? 1 1 i
j i. |. | r 1 | t j j j .i-i-L i > } t
1.-1.j.]-J.L-i-4-4-4 ~T~ T "f
—4—i- w
rupi cpphRtrkf epcic-r r>R l/Ce\ ! AND AkJ j t | •
( -.JUf.SW-y-R..— DP-AMP.
? r- i c n k. Form... A closed jiTTPh. TUP OP-1
FFEDRACl^ LOOP. WHENI 1 -i ^MP IS SAlD TO BE IN ITS -J
nppM LnftP MobP. TUP OP -AMP THEN EXHIBITS MAX- i -
imiika gain. Rut its output THEN SWINGS from
FULL OM to full off or viceLuersa for very . 1 j
cMai 1 C uAmcpc in imPuT VOLTAGE. THEREFORE.. » i « •
rue i TIdomi ilzvfpLMans i< i NOT PRACTICAL FOR j !
1 ' • wr | u Ll WEAR. AMPLIFICATION.
INDICATE. UJHEf
INSTEAD THIS MODE IS
jdFD TO 0 THE VOLTAGE AT ONE i 1
mput Differs from thatIat the other. In ; i
.—H
THIS MODE THE OP-AMP IE CALLED!. A COMPAR- t —*.—
! - A*ToR Since 1 lit boMPA RES ONE I^JPvT VOLTAGE •
i UliiTU THE OTHER. . 1_1 __,1..,,.- i _ _J_ _4
i
>--*-*•*
| —[—[—[—1
_ I > 1 .|.1.—V.--- _— f- ! i ; | | |
t!i> —
PfM/FRING OP-AMPS ■ »
„ 4~ 4*_n r"-
.1.L J • L .Li_1_1.i.1—1-J_i J J— .
i
ViOCT AC -1 —r —t-1— | r r
>-AMP< AMD DP -AMP CIRCUITS REf sLU IR£ •
| A i DUAL poi ap\T\ poujer supply, here i S A | <imD/C DUAL POLARlTY..
ratteries : j
SUPPLY MADE FROM TWO J — l * 3A f Wl-
3- VOLT LQ. j
i i 1 j -~~~4-4-
i .1-
| 9 VOLTS 9 VOLTS i
L—«*. —
+9 v/ - ̂ 11 1111 l+lil ,i i J - 9 f *
•
^T11'l1 1 Ml '11 > i
"^GROUND i.|...: i »
™L... ...—-
i — ■—i—T—1—< > —
LU_i 1_1_i_1-4_i_ j 1
1 1 _..i_X_
i~~~~ —j.—f—►—
| i } h 1 ! __L.J_
Important: the leads f -ROM THE SUPPLY TO THE
OP-AMP Suau/.b RP SHORT AmD DIRECT. IF THEY •
EXCEED
SO PPLY
ABOUT L» INCHES. THE OP-AMP\s Pins must be bypassed by connect-
-j- —
1 N G i A oi^F capacitor between each -..xj-aLam-A...
POWER supply Pin and ground, otherwise |
t
THE OP- -AmP MAY OSCILLATE 1 OR FAIL TO ; t > ... .». ....4—
OPERATE properly, always use fresh Batteries Li. —
Ratu mi )ct <nP pay the SAME VOLTAGE. be : j
C TUP R^tTCPV CZ/P< ARE CLP AM And Ll_
T
v —r r—~—r > T
TIGHT. NEVER APPLY An InPut SIGNAL WHEN tup D/muPo cupPZ Y is <ui iTCUED OFF. :
U-—
i . V*-».■■■ -4-- «• "*«*•
J » ! 1 t 1 t j_i > j l 1 i_|—\—I— i > ; l l 5 1-J-
F
1 : i i i
—J—j. I—^ —1. —
i i J J J | ; t { \ » j * r t i i | | 1 5 | | 1 * *
i
▼—~~ i
ze> i.-- —-r——
i i ? ? 1 1 > 1 s » i i ; } 5 ----~*4-i~-
J_!_J__j j | j_ j j 1 > ; j j .»——i.~~~ _i_
— —1—)————s—i—j—|—
! | | i i i — j j f i
— s -j-
_L —
1 ——
i < « i i ! I i 1 i j 1 l
._.1. .i....i. i.. if
"Tt zp
—H-f-—
1 1
-- Mil!! J ! ■ r j —
- OP-AMP 0 Ptc MCA 1 ! J l i ~L
~~ i 1 i i s i 1 1 I .1.J..|.1 ! i i i
FiP-AMOS 1 ARP c 4 A -h-—j— j--j-
Fb B V bo -> c. -4~*4- MS C c
L»_-
—-
__. .SPECIF IT ATlOMsl y 1 ^i. — -^.Mil-^ l* Z
SOME OF WHICH ABF ..~w
<3\ v£i KJ
— 0M. TH£ 1 FOLLOW 1MG PAGES THOSE
MPA Nll M fi IS MOT oEvious ARE:
IMPutI OFFSET VO LTAGE — EUC NJ WITH MO MPdiT
VOLTA 6 £ AM OP' amp Gives A VERY SMALL
MW« OUTPUT VOLTAGE. THE OFFSET voLtAgf 1 ) S....JTIk|.AT.... WHICH . uuHEkj APPLfPb TO OME! J Ml >UT. PAUSES i
.JTH£ OUTPUT TT> RE AT i 6 VOLT S. T i | j
. -j—
COM.MOM ; MO0£ REJECTION) RATIO " THlb L...1S,. A..
-L~
I
__ measure of thi c ARizlitv of am 0 p-Amp To!
REJECT A S\GK)AL Simultaneously APPLIET L
TO BOTH ihJPur s.
—*"T1'
BAKJDWl DTK - THE F REQUEMCY R AN<ȣ over UlHlC 'W
Am O.P-AMP W1U Pun)C.TIOM THE FR_F ouEMCV
AT WHlOU THE L ;aikj falls , td 1 1 5 -m f
UKHTV gain PRE^UPOCV. i >
SLEW, RATE*- the rate.1 o F C H A N <SE I/m THf • »
Oli)T POT lop AM opL Amp IM vot r s Pp e
—
_
Mi\dR.b i ! t i : j J : *!i***J: » j } J j { ; ; —►—l_L—.i_i_i.—
WHEm THE -*
GAIn L. IS
r.«
XL
-
PTTT. —
r i T t t i r p
C RCU T AS.SFMR Y TIPI s --
YOUi. CAM usu alls i SURSTlTurE DIFFEEFmT —
Op-AMPS |K1 A circuit. For ft ami p; F like "*■ 'j
aLihsq dual, op -AMP lK)i A JClRCuiT THAT
-- ~ ~ — t
REQUIRES TWO 7HL Op-AMPS. RE 1 T-
SURF TO
KEEP TRACK. OF PlM ! OlFF FftF MCF S . For
VERT HIGH Ikj PUT RESKTAM cf A MD
-t-fW-IV'.L——v
LOW — operatimg curr&mt . USE CMO s OP- Ab APS, |
USE A HIGH-IMPEDANCE iVOLTMFTER TD
MOKJITOR: TUF OUTPUT OF Akl S OP- -Amp THAt ISAMPLIFYING A
* * ■ y
d,c. LvoltagE.
pi—
1 F A Cl Rctl>r r Fails 1 ttj ujoBIc ft £ moi/F k i Pi IT" < TGLiAL CM? ST
-
ithem ihscommect r Power a me
—-W
)— CHECK iTHE E—-
» f
..
-v MJ1 Si KLGA.1 USE FRESH B ATTE ftlES I 1 i
i
-L~—i-—4-.i—_
r~-i-— } --
! 391 i j j j V V i I t
III
— i i
•mtjJHi is A, HIGHLY POPULAR NULL
GENERAL, i PURPOSE
SIMPLE. TO OSE, Reliable, And INEXPENSIVE., it
IS USUALLY OK TO SUBSTITUTE NEWER
op amps for the ih:
RATINGS MAXIMUM
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
POWER DISSIPATION differential in Put voltage
Input voltage Cnote l) OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT TIME OPERATIN 6 TEMPERATURE
SHOULD NOT
SUPPLY VOLT
CHARACTERISTICS
INPUT OFFSET VOLTA IlnPut RESISTANCE
VOLTAGE 6 AIN common-mode reject
bandwidth
SLEW RATE SUPPLY CURRENT Power consumption
RATIO
PlCAL NOTE Z\ VALUES SHOV MINIMUM TO TYPICAL
“1”“*“!” 1 ; 1 1 i T 1
-1
l 4-^
* * ; i i J ; * | 5 * 1 ‘ j 1
—4—\—i—\—-—\—i
1
| ! i i J i > J
!
^ L V.
'' 8 UNUSED
[Tv. 3 + V r-~.
4. / I —*
*Z3 n/ *— l| out
SJ OFFSET
NULL
_
........
il8 V —
500 vv\ W
*■50 V ,
*12 V INDEFINITE
0°CL TO 10° C ■* (.. .
... 1 —T
i
[ i -i,
i
+\ r } -j-
—
OUT
- \\ si -I
*_.....i..........
** ilsl
|_
—
| 1--
*—
~—^
-L
1—j 1 |
-j *—J MKlJ —^ —1 —j ■——4 -- i—
A < T "1
W5 8.
-1
bLJAL OP- -1 Ml P |
..........
! •j-- L—4 _—, -J THE 1 LM! l IN 1 Cl uc >E<
**
i l i TAJO 1 ME )E PE mDe LMT. Oi L)T E
LESS 1 "HI AN ± IS V. —
J 1 | j ---
MMI, T c w t\ R c T E IS C s (nc )TI ■■ - 2.) »
_
—H -j — .+ \
IN JT j OF FS E.' r V DL TP \G E. 1 -rr iL WO 7
INPUT RE S S' TA MCE —
.3 to 1 \A 0
VOLTA GAIN 2 .0. nr so TO tl .0 ooo '■'"~TV
COM MC 5N- RE .TEC LT 01 si F ipc nc •w\
in to ■S A R
,SUP PLV C UP IREN IT f r OOTE. .♦- Oi
*- 3 TO c
.... I.6i L vt/
Pou JE R C 01 OS kUl >T ION r / —~~
81 5 v v\ \A/ —■--- i~-
™*4*
NOT E • • Jk U IE s « ou u ^ j A • N T VF Me AL T'~~‘
Of MINI A 4.U M ro /? CAL
1
_ _ —~~ _ —
N DT E 3 • • . S>o TH i... 1 -IF ui ER s. -- — ---
} —
- i—...- 1 ~~~ • — —
COMPARATOR
THE.33.9 CONTAINS out z
OUT 1 OUT.9 iM&EPEMDENTt COMPARATORS,
■MAKING IT AN ECONOMICAL
1M APPROACH to comparator
+ IN1 ClRCQiiT.S»i.. IT
* IN 3 PRokll single;. polarity power supper. -HNZ
MAXIMUM RATINGS
+3faV OR*18V Supply], voltage Power dissipation differential input IMPyTL V0LTA(3EL
OUTPUT SHORT CIR OPERATING TEM.PE
VOLTAGE
OUTPUT TO GROUND... TO + V SINCE CHIP
note i: DO MOTJ WILL O'
SHORT OUTPUT
CHARACTERISTICS (note z)
*■ ZO >w\/l Input; offset
VOLTAGE SUPPLY 1 OUTPUT lo TO l(o A SINK CURRENT
SHOWN ARE MINIMUM NOTE Z : TYPICAL.
VALUES
Aumo AMPLIFIER
SIMPLE AvU DIO.i
.—TQ-I... ij)SjE..| amplifier ♦gain GAIN
WITH GAIN OF 2.0. OPERATES FROM, SINGLE J^ksttiy , Amy) CO NMECll iLOyUFi CAPACITOR BETWEEN) PINS it.AND 8 FOR
MAXIMUM RATINGS
SUPPLY VOLTAGE.^. DISSIPATION
INPUT VOLTAGE OPERATING TEMPER
RANGE SUPPLY STANDBY output... Power VOLTAGE 4<SAIN SAtpttuii d|tb total HARMONKU.-Q: IK) PUT RESISTANCE.
tmmmsM
VOLUME CONTROL
—p~
ZL
1
I 1 l-i-
-1
—*-
W-...
8 ~T
SPKR
MX
AMPLIFIER inverting
input is lNJ\/E.XTEt> ftT OUTPUT,
Gft
1O0O OKM.S , THEM G fi
EXAMPLE:L-IF El El i lO.Ooo OMi -(10,ooo/i,oooj)
»ST COMMON - IkjUERTED
>N THE FAC^ CONUECT Plk
INVERTER UNITY
TO 4.CONVERT
OHMS, THEN) / lxOOO) OH 11
Mor
iDjHITS -GMN FOLLOWER
uSJE.L~.TO &UFP£R4~S\6fJAL
{FROM HMOTHER, circuit.
1- 1 1 — j —
—
—
I i ! 1 1 i ■ ■ ■ j ■ I
I 2 M 3 l M 1st i ; i-] —
-1
—4— ! 1 1 !
I 1 SL K1 i » t
J ] i i 1 L_ A 1 1 i_
— o
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IS zi Li-i d; ±1£V « 1 ! 1 i » —
1 » R A
« _i.- 4—
j ^ U \ i j 1 ” i _
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r
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l { .!.i.j. — it*
j i i t xv! 1 Al IT •* 1 SORREMT ■4™t—
i ; \J~ ±s "Tto ±1SV 4 j__1 rnRou^H LOAD
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L .— *r • r
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r _ ivrarrvr
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X ftuT i \ /CRH fcz) i 1
9
1
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— 4~~~~}- :
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1 T .i.L.
T —
| | ! _j_p_ r
i » - TU\S c tRCx/lT IS A. .V 'OLTA6E-TO -i LUR.R EKJT. —
« -f*-
1 „I_
IMPUT J op Am
/oi -T le
A<^£
ld:
TC l. COMTROL
„ J „! L_.
■me 6Rl£HTM££5
* s !
| —~-i
— —
_ —r- Ml. - — _ — — —^ —~~--i —— —~ ——.
_ r *
i i —
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S •h
r
Rl >
R‘ 2, < \j 7 IK
l.ok 4 s J*.
—
A/ V/K «
Z 4 _
1? z Cc
a
)KJ- rC/ -v " *« LEC
VlK 1/ARV
.....
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9
■ H s rp» II * ■ * M «<
! ALtF- X ^L/1 i ■ ■ ■ ■ * « ■ 5 _ -.W* —
UFkirF THE ■■ m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ g Rt
»F
^UTKlPCcr — — .
c TWE L Et >. ~~~~ -1 —
A.7K —
~~ J J H b —
•
1- i l i
■-—*■*
t * .
ClRCU IT TRAMS FORMS A SOLAR C
ERTE R..
CURRENT
IER.E/S Wow IT
GENERATED BY PUT VOLTAGE INTO
THIS CIRCUIT CA/v) AMPLIFY THE SIGN from. MOW-CURRENT GENERATORS LI THERMISTORS AMD PHOTO RESISTORS. C one side of device to + 91/ AMD
GROUND NEWER SiNG4£ SuPPlY OP AMP (CONNECT Pim H TO
i IT 1 I I i I I l Zjin
— | —
— i — —
j ; !
i —H 1
H —j s
i — -4.f.f- H.i.\.F f- ! — — — 1 i 4
—i— i t 1
i —T _L
i ..., T ; 1 1
_
| j | _ —
J ] \
— — ""i )
~~ri i ■
1 1 i 1 1 1 ! 1 ! I j
t j
t —L
t! R s N 3 >U kAF >E MA »uiimwav L'l p 11 r R I 1
"5 j
j j — ■ ■
1 —J.—j——j—1—1—j——-f—-j — — 1 ] r~—“
1 ~T + y I _4_ • .J 1
1 V/ - t ■? TO t: LS V f Ri J.
1 AAA r 1
-
..... !
_ r ~ „.h _ ~~— -
r ...
. ~j-~ f- -j- —4 J j.
...l...__ □ I
-
n 2-^7 i | 1 v*.- -—
"lur \ lcL <
*L .. 1
3 + / .....j
t
1 ——J
i—
J- Y .i_._l GAIN - l/ftlll / t; ... \ — - L„.„
—
.t 4. -V L —-wr--* \
...... GAIN c T F li .J-
_ r
_ — :
Exakaw f $ 1 F Ril ts 1 OOO OU KJk?i TJ4P ^ 6A\L\ 2
1, ooo .
—— — —4—j—j.__4—1-——i—4—1— *"i— * 1
— — —
AMPLIFIER SINGLE -SUPPLY
THIS POINT
THIS
Cl SHOULD BE APPROXIMATELY l/(ZTT f (ftouj IS THE LOvaJ FREQUENCY CuToFF 01
FOR THE CIRCUIT ABOVE.) CZ SHOU£ APPROXIMATELY l/.(2TTfu»w Pl), (f the load Resistance.)
xjal- supply or-/ Ak)C> below GRo DIVIDER FORMEO
r AT 1/2. + V.4 'es above And this:
OUTPUT SIGNAL
1 —
2_
_3
K
RZ
look V C S
N 7 •
N Jo_ _1
-L —
AMPLIFIER AUDI 0
lOOk
. IS A PREAMPU Its GAlKJ. THE ZB><o.I< R£ CONTROLS THE VOL* OK TO L USEIPIXED lOo (REDUCE resvstance of OR GIVES DISTORTED OUT I THE PoujER SUPPLY COW WITH CAPACITORS
MIXER AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
ABOVE.
OUTPUT
.USE W'TR multiple^
MICROPHONES.
*F
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INTEGRATO R OUAL-SUPPLY
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OP IK)PuT TIMES DuRAT\ok) OP i_ in)Pur. use to MAKE TR\AM£LE vjmes^ for!
.MilttiL. .
Imp art FREQUENCY
.UES SKOUJfO 2,OoOUzr±2.5
VOLT SQUARE WAVE
THE OUTPUT JS 1.3 - VOLTiTRl AMGLE
INTEGRATOR SINGLE SUPPLY
FOR. VALUES SHOWN) fa 2,000 Hz
± 2.s VOLTS
THE OUTPUT A± 1.3-VOLT TRAAnKSLE WAVE*
WB0ERENTIATOR
. i MpO
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the DIFFERENTIATOR
\S PROPORTION AL
TO 'ml.DER.WATW6.-L ll/MJL IMPiUT
> fs-2^000
OUTPUT... IS VOLT
SOuARE ms. DIFFERENTIATOR PULSES
WILL TRANSFORM. VjAn/E
differentiator SINGLE SUPPLY
OUT
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IS VOLTS
THIS ©P-AMP
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auFFERS-i-XUj-- from the output.
1 TO lOyuF
INCOMING VOLTA 6£ MAXIMUM; V0LTA6E
DISCHARGE Cl AND
IT A VOLTMETER D TO MEASURE ITHE-
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DRIFT
INPUT
OUTPUT NOTE HONM
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— j ~ ~ 4_»-*■£**
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TIME -
4—4.i—
D1 AMD D2 ARE
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THEIR BREAKDOWN
VOLTAGE IS VvHAT
determines THE CUPPING
LlMixi
AMPLIFIERS TO CONVERT
waves to ie vVaVes.
OUTPUT
TYPICAL WAVEFORMS:
S SHOWN .GIVE
D-i.ii.D2.4-S \jolt
ON- INVERTING CLIPPER
INPUT
OUTPUT
TV PICALL.WAVE FORKS
GAIN = 1+ R2/21 VALUES SHOWN! Give *11. GAIN,
-^
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CHIP (THE HERE
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THESE HAVE And hold their CMD
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Output LEVEL LIMIT
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DIVIDE Ail INCOMING NVERT . AW IRREGULAR jiforka our Purl Pulse TYPICAL
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OUTPUT
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VOLTAGE (Vref) AMD; the other
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vi me Lt ky IL.I PvrFFD' V J DCC. aur Put
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4~~~ F—~
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COMPARATOR (CO'NT.)
MDW-ll MV£ RTIM6 Comparator
BURD ■mis BREADBOARD COMPARATOR vocrA<S£. Div-i OF _.„\/0LTA6eS- SttJ ITCHES CUR THE OUTPUT LoF CIRCUIT \>UOR<S
SIMPLE TO LB
CIRCUlTj. 4
N 4- Basics
PLA sti c THELlJ
FUKJC tioai THATL.. SUPPLY
Both 1HL is
TO THE MM. liJbiLl.saksL..
E THIS :
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Viw CVOLTS)
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Ckksh)
THIS IS AMONG THE COMPARATOR. ClRCU ITS IS S.S VOLTS AND Vf
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MOST VERSATIU Assume. IVref (high)
C\RCU1T
WINDOW
V/w : Cvolts)
voltages DIVIDER :
OME OR EorH P SUPPLIED 6V A
•
1 rHi S l
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Build {0^440 rcuit on a bread board to learn basics of the. WINDOW comparator. USE VOLTMETER to set (Ri) AND Vr&p low (rs). (connect Probes across Pin 2 of Xhsa And (sroond • Adjust Rl. Repeat EOR Pin 5 . And UsRoomd; Adjust R3.) ADJUST
JULi.TO.V4RV..y.uU J , I |. I 1 1. 111
A4nJ AT OR ABOVE Vrsf HI 6H Vinj WITHIN WINDOW* XiiN ATl OR BELOW V r.ef.-|jL0lV^„
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CAAE6ES THR006H RM« AS CH* PASS ES |S AMD S VOLTS, A EDS 2. , M sequence. reduce re to
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TIME TIME. DEL toleramce
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OSCILLATORS SENSITIVE LIGHT
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loxA
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r~
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METER
CAUTION U'bE EA* N ..WHE M
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l CO IT. THE METER CAM BE A MULTIMETER. SET TO READ
WAS TESTED luiTH A PlEZO rED A £>.S KHz. TOME JAT A of 190^6. when the Buz lomTHE MICROPHONE Amd R1 was AXIMUM GAIN, THE M EtEr[.Li-L-4
Sound
GAVE SPEECH UP TO
NORMAL SIGNAL FLUCtu ATI
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THIS C! PRODUCES A SERIES OF PERCUSSION
SOUNDS AT A Co/4
TROLLED BY
f*OR iMANUAC coMtROL REMOVE
And place switch
And... 0 Rum. SOUNDS CAN
BE PRODUCED
6 ROUND
100 k
VOLU MVE
Sound level
——i UNTIL: !; OR l clvcks per second
ARE EMITTED b(yJ THE SPEAKER.
NO\4-M>JUst-.R3 jujiTkiSPEARER E NUTS A.|TDNE4
BACK OFF UNTIL
tone tost control
PITCH.
r —— —
Cl »
T\001 J u A/
VOLTS
Cutoff FREQvEMCY
107 TIMES maximum output,
ztt RC
ZH/R3 Gf\ InJ = I
(about i.sr)
AKi EQUAL COMPONENT SALLEKi RS SHOULD 6E .SBQkiRjk.
IS RESPONSE OF FILTER. WHE It VOLT
TWIS \S FILTER BELouj
WAS U VUAvE
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THIS \RCU\T \S.[ IbEwTICAL TO THE EQUAL COMPONENT SAUENJ-KE^ FILTER ON FAC l MG PAGE L EXCGPT :R1. AnD RE.AnD-Lcl AkJD CE HAVE BEEN INTERCHANGED. 4_.EELow.4-15 RESPONSE WHEN IKJPUTL WAS A i- VOLT SlwE WAVE
H.IOOSL
CALCULATED
frequence
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s
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r
C.UTOF • F
FREQUENCY J ")o ■7 ■ TIME s
MAXI MU M OUT; PUT.
Twin te.£
GRAPH SHOWS
RESULTS For.
TEST iVERSlONS of Roth filters. UsiPirr WAS 1-Volt
PEAK PEAR-TO SI ME \a;Av;6
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HUMDRED..Hz AkiD about 2tOoO Hz DETECT PRESEMCE Actual Response
THIS Pass
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qh Form, i COM Sj£CT£ D An] OP-AmP
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PREauEjOCV TVPICAL RESULTS
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TRANSISTOR
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TRANSMIT S RELATIVELY- EASY ■ " StG N ALSBY MEAN) S INFRARED i RADIATION
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THROUGH J., OPTICAL FlgER
/JO PAGES. WILL
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USING TH1
OR CHANNELED THE INFORMATION ASSIST YOU In) 1—
FOLLOW THAT
ITABLE COMPONENTS
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5 Audio-* frequency RESULTS , USE HIGH RED “EMITTING DlOD£< include Photodiodes
And solar cells.
Small TO SEND VOICE An
SIGNALS.. FOR BEST
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OPTICAL FIBER LINKS
INFRARED emitting diode
DETECTORS INSTALL! RECEPTACLES LIRE
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Eqr1.J£b.st..REkuLS.[..4meld j pj^^ibt'T iftbik EXTERNAL UGWT WITH HOLLO VaJ TUBE
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PRACTICE FOCUSING AN infrared led__ by First I USING A RED.LED. Note that ravj beam. FROM CLEAR ENCAPSULATED, LED SwoujS BRIGHT SQUARE (THE CHIP)] /nSIDE
* . * * .
diffuse H ALO IS
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BY AN Externa L4~4JEjM.S4 TYPICAL 8 6 AjMl- 4,-1--4-.L.I-' —r——r-1—'—i-4-1-j--r-T'~
Focusing and align ing|_.iANi in^RAREd .IFREL—IsiAiEi.UnM-US TRICKY. H OuiUlt.topL-1 transmitter on a tripod For best results. Doubling t\*e diameter of the] Rccciuer LENS WILL APPROX 1MAT6LV DOUBLE _1_l- MAXimum Range. .For more Idetails, see "A PRACTICAL.INTRODUCTION TO L/GMTUjA l/JE COMMUNICATIONS " (FORREST MIMS* SAMS . J.982).
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I LIGHTWAVE —•
TON! T'
1 "RANShMTTER' —k— i
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L UjGHTWAv/E Kf Ci ill unu p m
TONE TRANSMITTERS TPCTlkJ/S! Li^pitujAuF
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£1 4 8 use lioFft A R.ED-
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'/ERYi.ElMPtE
4-1--j—~f
"INSTANT" LIGHTWAVE RECEIVER
SOLAR
CELL Portable, iSATTERY
POVJERED
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ALEXANDER J.I_U
TAIMTER, a Assistant ,
o transmit
OF ElECTRQ-
CALL6DMIS AMD SAID -X
SREAT E R„ ; TELEPHONE. THE Duplicated.
JRUARY i l^r 1880 iJ&iLC Msitx Summer sell’s laboratory • THE first PEOPLE VOICES OVER A l BE A TIC RADIATION. BEL4 lOMd THE photophome
|Fl> N DAM Em TALLY A IOM THAN THE AOME IS EASILY
PH OTOPHONE TRANSMITTER
voice
ALUMINUM FOIL O ALU Ml KHZ ED MYLAR
TIM CAM OR PAPER TUBE. (open at Both
Aluminum. FILM SHOULD STRETCHED
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Rubber
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BE SURE IL OR FILM.j TRANSMITTER >M IT TO A.L
THE RE-J. RM .. A DISTINCT FILM IS NOTt
CAM OR
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VER'Y LOOD
SOUMDS j
THERE PORE
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The first RadioShack Engineer's Mini-Notebook was "555 Timer 1C Circuits." This little book was an immediate success, and it was soon followed by "Op Amp Projects" and "Optoelectronics." This volume of the Engineer's Mini-Notebook Collection includes all three of these best-selling Engineer's Mini-Notebooks.
More than two dozen 555 timer circuits are featured in this volume, including tone generators, LED flashers, sound-effects circuits and a touch switch. Also included are more than 50 operational amplifier circuits, many with simple formulas to help modify them for special circuits of your own design. Finally, a wide range of optoelectronic circuits and projects are featured, including many LED circuits and various lightwave communication systems.
Forrest M. Mims III has written dozens of books for RadioShack. He personally builds every circuit in his best-selling Engineer's Mini-Notebook series. He then uses a 0.7mm mechanical pencil to create pages for the finished book.
Building tiny instruments for model rockets, travel aids for the blind and high-power lasers is how Forrest got his start in electronics. When he's not writing RadioShack books, he writes magazine articles and teaches experimental science at the University of the Nations in Hawaii.
Forrest also does scientific studies of sunlight, the atmosphere, mosquitoes and bacteria using instruments he designs and makes. A simple instrument he developed to measure the ozone layer earned him a prestigious Rolex Award. NASA has sent Forrest and his instruments to several of the Western states and twice to Brazil to measure the effects of smoke from giant fires.
Forrest is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the National Science Teachers Association and several scientific societies. He lives in Texas with his wife Minnie and their youngest daughter Sarah.
Printed in USA
