1865-1895By Alexander Maddox

1850 1850-70 1857

Bessemer Process

Developed independently by the British manufacturers. Henry Bessemer and American ironmaker William Kelly, soon became widely used. This technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.

Sweat Shops

Is a negatively connoted term for any working environment considered to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous.

Fredrick Olmstead

Landscape architect, spearheaded the movement for the planned urban parks. 1857 Olmstead helped draw up a plan for “greensward” which was selected to become Central Park in NYC.

1859 1862 1862

Social Darwinism

Grew out of the English naturalist Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. Darwin described his observation that some individuals of a species flourish and passed their traits along to the next generation while others do not. He explained that a process of natural selection weeded out less suited individuals and enabled the best adapted to survive.

Homesteader

Settler on the free land that the government was giving out by the Homestead Act.

Homestead Act

Congress passed in 1862. This Act which offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizens who was head of the household. 1862-1900 up to 600,000 families took advantage of the governments offer..

1864

Sand Creek Massacre

Most of the Cheyenne, assuming they were under the protection of the U.S. government had peacefully returned to Colorado’s Sand Creek Reserve of winter. General S.R. Curtis telegram to Colonel John Chivington that read, “I want no peace till the Indians suffer more.” Nov.29, 1864 his trooped attack at dawn and killed over 1,150 inhabitants, mostly women and children.

1864 1866

Buffalo Soldiers

Formed in 1866, from the U.S. 10th Cavalry regiment, the buffalo soldiers were established by congress as first peacetime all-black regiment in the regular U.S. Army. These regiments served to a variety of posts in the southwest and Midwest region of the U.S.

Credit Mobilizer

Form in 1864, stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost and pocketed the profits..

1862

Exoduster

African American who moved form the Post-Reconstruction south to Kansas, part of the Homestead Act.

1867 18671867

Oliver Kelley

1867 started the Patron of Husbandry, an organization for farmers that became popularly know as the Grange. Its original purpose was to provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families.

Grandfather Clause

Stated that if a man failed the literacy test or could not pay the poll tax, he was entitled to a vote if he, his father, or grandfather had been eligible to vote before private facilities.

Grange

Grange members spent most of their time and energy fighting the railroads. The Granges battle plan included teaching its members how to organize, how to set up farmers cooperatives and how to sponsor state legislation to regulate railroads.

1868 1869 1869

Trust

Participants in a trust turned their stocks over to a group of trustees-people who ran the separate companies were entitled to dividends on profits earned by the trust.

Tammany Hall

NYC most powerful Democratic political machine in 1868. Headed by Boss tweed.

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad line linking the Atlantic and the Pacific Coasts of the U.S. completes in 1869..

John D. Rockfeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, took a different approach to mergers, they joined competing companies in trust agreements. He used trust to gain total control of the oil industry in America. In 1870 Rockfeller’s Standard Oil Company of Ohio processed two or three of the country crude oil. Within a decade it controlled 90 percent of the refining. Rockfeller reaped huge profits by paying his employees extremely low wages and driving his competitors out by selling his oil at a lower price than it cost to produce it. Then he controlled the market, he hiked prices far above original levels.

Tweed Ring

Boss Tweed became head of Tammany Hall in 1868. Between 1869-1971 Boss Tweed led the tweed ring, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding a city.

Graft

Once a political machine got its candidates into office, it could take advantage of numerous opportunities for graft- the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

1870 18701869

Andrew Carnegie

By 1865, Carnegie was so busy managing the money he had earned in dividends that he happily left his job at the Penn. Railroad. He entered the steel business in 1873 after touring a British steel mill and witnessing the awesome spectacle of the Bessemer process in action.

Jacob Riis

1870, left his native Denmark for U.S. Riis found work as a police reporter, a job that took him into some of New York City’s worst slums, where he was shocked at the conditions in the overcrowded, airless, filthy tenements. Riis used his talents to expose the hardships of NYC Police.

1871 18731870

Fredrick Olmstead

Planned landscapes for Washington D.C. and St.Louis.

Sitting Bull

In early June, 1876, the Sioux and Cheyenne held a sun dance, during which Sitting Bull had a visions of soldiers and some Native Americans falling from their horses. When Colonel Custer and his troops reached Little Bighorn River, the Native American were ready for them.

Battle of Little Big Horn

AKA Custer’s last Stand. Occurred on June 25 and 26, 1876. Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribe against the 7th Regiments of the U.S. 700 men led by Custer suffered a serve defeat.

1876 18761874

George A. Custer

He reported that he the Black Hills had Gold “from the grass roots down”. Gold rush was on.

Thomas Alva Edison

Became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he establishes the world’s first research laboratory in Mento Park, NJ.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone with Thomas Watson help. It opened a way for a worldwide communication networks. Telephone particular affected office workers and created new jobs for women.

1876 18761876

George A Custer

Led the 7th Regiment in the Battle of Little Bighorn. The Native American outflanked and crushed Custer’s troop. Within an hour, Custer and all of the men of the 7th Cavalry were dead.

Political Machine

An organized group that controller the activities of a political party in a city, there also offered services to voters and business in exchange for political of financial support.. In the decades after the civil war, political machines gained control of local government in Baltimore.

Thomas Edison

Perfected the incandescent light bulb and later invented and entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

1880 18801879

Dumbbell Tenements

Law that required that every inhabitable room have a window opening to plain air, a requirement that was meant by including air shaft between adjacent buildings. The air shaft gives each tenement the shape of a dumbbell.

Ragtime

A Blend a African American and European musical forms, it originated in saloons of the south in the 1880’s.

Ida B. Wells

Moved to Memphis in 1880’s to work as a teacher. She later became a editor of a paper. Radical Justice was a persistent theme in her reporting. The events of March 9, 1892 turned that theme into a crusade. Three African American business, friends of Wells, were illegally executed without a trial.

1880 18801880

George Pullman

Built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie.

Joseph Pulitzer

A Hungarian immigrant who has bought the NY world in 1883. Pioneered popular innovation, such as Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage.

George Westinghouse

Along with Edison, added innovations that make electricity safer and less expensive.

1881 18831881

Booker T. Washington

Believed that racism would end once blacks acquires useful labor skills and proved their economic valve to society. By 1881 he headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. In which he aimed to educated African American by teaching diplomats and useful skills.

Settlement House.

Community Centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area especially immigrants, many settlement workers lived at house so that they could learn firsthand about the problems caused by urbanization and help create solution.

Sitting Bull

By late 1876, however, the Sioux were beaten. Sitting Bull and a few followers took refuge in Canada, where they remained until 188. Eventually, to prevent his people’s starvation, Sitting Bull was Forced to Surrender. Later, in 1885 he Appears in William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show.

1885 18861884

Mugwumps

Republicans who refused to vote republican in1884. Blaire political and financial corruption, supported Govern Cleavland Democrat.

Interstate Commerce Act

Reestablished that right of federal government to supervise railroad activities and establish a five man Interstate Commerce Commission.

Dawes Act

Congress passed this Act aiming to Americanize the Native American. The Act broke up the reservations and gave some of the reservations land to individual Indians, 160 acres to each head of the household and 80 acres to each unmarried adult.

1887 18871886

Haymarket Affair

Encouraged by the impact of the 1871 strike, labor leaders continues to press for change. On the evening of May 4, 1886, 3,000 people gathered at Chicago Haymarket Squares to protect. Police brutality-a striker had been killed the day before.

Wounded Knee

Dec. 28, 1890, the 7th Cavalry, rounded up about 350 starving and freezing Sioux and took them to wounded knee creek in South Dakota. The nest day soldiers demanded that that Sioux give up there weapons. A Shot was fires and soldiers open fired with deadly cannons, within minutes they slaughtered about 300 unarmed Indians. This event brought the Indian War to an end.

Jane Addams

One of most influential member of the movement (Social Gospel Movement). Addams was also an antiwar activist, a spokesperson for radical justice and an advocate for quality of life issues.

1889 18901888

George Eastman

Introduced his Kodak camera. The price $25 included a 100 pictorial of film.

Ellis Island

About 20 percent of immigrants at Ellis Island were detained for a day or more before being inspected. However, only about 2 percent of those who were detained were denied.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other companies.

1890 18921890

Ghost Dance

A ritual Indians lands and way of life would be restored. Ghost Dance movement spread rapidly among the 25,000 Sioux on the Dakota Reservation.

Urbanization

The result of rapid growth of cities,mostly in the region of the North East and Midwest. Technological boom in the late 19th century.

Populism

The movement of the people. Political movement where the people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers.

1892 18831892

Scab

A strikebreaker to kept the company going while a strike was going on.

1892

Omaha Platform

Was the party program adopted at the formative convention of the Populism Party held in Omaha Nebraska on July 4th, 1892

William Randolph Hearst

The Wealthy Hearst had purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895, and Owned the San Francisco Examiner.

Pullman Strike

Pullman had hoped that his tightly controlled environment would ensure a stable work force. However, pay led to a violent strike in 1894.

1894 18951894

Eugene V Deb

Some labors leader felt that unions should include all laborers- skilled and unskilled in a specific industry which captured the imagination of Eugene. 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages.

Plessy VS Ferguson

In 1896 this, the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment.

Samuel Gompers

Led the Cigar Makers International union to join with other craft union in 1896. The American Federation of Labor with Gompers as president , focused on collective bargaining.

1896 18961896

William Mckinley

1896 Republican party nominated Ohioan William Mckinley for president. Mckniley got approximately 7 million votes and carries the east. With Mckinley edition, Populism collapsed burying the hopes of the farmers.

Andrew Carnegie

The Carnegie steel company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain.

Karl Marx

Socialism carried to its extreme form-communism as advocate by him, would result in the overthrow of the capitalists system.

1897 18991896

Cross of Gold

Impassioned address delivered by former congressmen William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic convention in Chicago on July 8, 1896. The speech talk about the idea of limiting the supply of gold and silver as currency and have paper currency so they would not have a shortage of money.

Angel Island

Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the west coast gained admission at this island in San Francisco Bay Between 1910-1940 about 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered the U.S. . Contrast form Ellis Island immigrants endured harsh questioning and a long detention in filthy buildings while they waited to find out whether they would be admitted or rejected.

Instate Commerce Commission

Not until 1906, under President Theodore Roosevelt, did the ICC gain the power it needed to be effective.

1906 19101901

Andrew Carnegie

By the time he sold his business in 1901, Carnegie’s companies producer by the far the largest portion of the nation's steel.

Work Cited

Nez Perce: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_War

Chief Joseph: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Joseph

Buffalo Soldiers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers

Greenback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_Party

Sweat Shop: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_Shop

Dumbbell Tenements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Law-Tenement

All the pictures and photos were provided by google images