Timeline of Christianity

This article is about the timeline of Christianity be-ginning with Jesus. For the timeline of the Bible, seeBiblical chronology. For the history of Christianity, seeHistory of Christianity. For the timeline of the RomanCatholic Church, see Timeline of the Roman CatholicChurch.

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed ac-count of Christianity from the beginning of the currentera (AD) to the present. Question marks on dates indi-cate approximate dates.Main article: Chronology of Jesus

The year one is the first year in the Christian calendar(there is no year zero), which is the calendar presentlyused (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost ev-erywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to bethe year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholarsargue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed uponbeing between 6 BC and 4 BC.

• 6 Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria,Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province underdirect Roman administration,[1] capital at Caesarea,Quirinius became Legate (Governor) of Syria, con-ducted Census of Quirinius, opposed by Zealots(JA18, Luke 2:1–3, Acts 5:37)

• 7-26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revoltand bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee[2]

• 9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies, temporaryrise of Shammai

• 14-37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor

• 18-36 Caiaphas, appointed High Priest of Herod’sTemple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syr-ian Legate Lucius Vitellius

• 19 Jews, Jewish Proselytes, Astrologers, expelledfrom Rome[3]

• 26-36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea,recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on com-plaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2)

• 28 or 29 John the Baptist begins his ministry inthe “15th year of Tiberius” (Luke 3:1–2), say-ing: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near”(Matthew 3:1–2), a relative of Jesus (Luke 1:36),

a Nazirite (Luke 1:15), baptized Jesus (Mark 1:4–11), later arrested and beheaded by Herod An-tipas (Luke 3:19–20), it’s possible that, according toJosephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36(JA18.5.2)[4]

Jesus begins his ministry after his baptism by Johnand during the rule of Pilate, preaching: “Repent, forthe kingdom of heaven is near” (Matthew 4:12–17).While the historicity of the gospel accounts is ques-tioned to some extent by some critical scholars andnon-Christians, the traditional view states the follow-ing chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermonon the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles,Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial,Passion, Crucifixion on Nisan 14th (John 19:14,Mark14:2, Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels),entombment by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus,Resurrection by God and Resurrection appearances of Je-sus to Mary Magdalene and other women (Mark 16:9,John 20:10–18), Simon Peter (Luke 24:34), and others,(1Cor.15:3–9), Great Commission, Ascension, SecondComing Prophecy to fulfill the rest ofMessianic prophecysuch as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judg-ment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and theMessianic Age.

1 Apostolic Age

Main article: Apostolic Age

Shortly after the death of Jesus (Nisan 14 or 15),the Jerusalem church is founded as the first Christianchurch with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (Acts1:15), followed by Pentecost (Sivan 6), the Ananias andSapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of theApostles (5:34-39), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see alsoPersecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersionof the Apostles (7:54-8:8, also Mark 16:20) which leadsto the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (8:9-24), andalso an Ethiopian eunuch (8:26-40). Paul’s "Road toDamascus" conversion to “Apostle to the Gentiles” is firstrecorded in 9:13-16, cf. Gal 1:11-24. Peter baptizes theRoman Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally consid-ered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (10). TheAntioch church is founded, it was there that the termChristian was first used (11:26).

• 37-41 Crisis under Caligula, proposed as the first

1

2 1 APOSTOLIC AGE

open break between Rome and the Jews[5]

• before 44 Epistle of James if written by James theGreat

• 44? Saint James the Great: According to ancientlocal tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, theVirgin Mary appeared to James on a pillar on thebank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while hewas preaching the Gospel in Spain. Following thatvision, St James returned to Judea, where he wasbeheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44during a Passover (Nisan 15) (Acts 12:1-3).

• 44Death of HerodAgrippa I (JA19.8.2, Acts 12:20-23)

• 44-46? Theudas beheaded by Procurator CuspiusFadus for saying he would part the Jordan river (likeMoses and the Red Sea or Joshua and the Jordan)(JA20.5.1, Acts 5:36-37 places it before the Censusof Quirinius)

• 45-49? Mission of Barnabas and Paul, (Acts13:1-14:28), to Cyprus, Pisidian Antioch, Iconium,Lystra and Derbe (there they were called “gods ... inhuman form”), then return to Syrian Antioch. Map1

• 47 The Church of the East is created by SaintThomas

• 48-100 Herod Agrippa II appointed King of theJews by Claudius, seventh and last of the Herodians

• 49 “Since the Jews constantly made disturbances atthe instigation of Chrestus,[6] he [Claudius] expelledthem from Rome.” (referenced in Acts 18:2)[7]

• 50 Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed(JA20.5.3,JW2.12.1)

• 50? Council of Jerusalem and the “Apostolic De-cree”, Acts 15:1-35, same as Galatians 2:1-10?,which is followed by the Incident at Antioch[8] atwhich Paul publicly accuses Peter of "Judaizing"(2:11-21), see also Circumcision controversy inearly Christianity

• 50-53? Paul’s 2nd mission, (Acts 15:36-18:22),split with Barnabas, to Phrygia, Galatia, Macedo-nia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth,“he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vowhe had taken”, then return to Antioch; 1 Thessaloni-ans, Galatians written? Map2. Lydia of Thyatira, aseller of purple, becomes the first European Chris-tian convert[9] (Acts 16:11-15)

• 51-52 or 52-53 Proconsulship of Gallio accordingto an inscription, only fixed date in chronology ofPaul[10]

• 52, November 21 St. Thomas the Apostle lands inIndia.[11][12] Establishes churches at Kodungalloor,Palayoor, Paraur, Kottakkav, Kokkamangalam,Nilakkal, Niranam and Kollam

• 53-57? Paul’s 3rd mission, (Acts 18:23-22:30),to Galatia, Phrygia, Corinth, Ephesus, Macedonia,Greece, and Jerusalem where James the Just chal-lenges him about rumor of teaching antinomianism(21:21); he addresses a crowd in their language(most likely Aramaic), Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2Corinthians, Philippians written? Map3

• 55? "Egyptian prophet" (allusion to Moses) and30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reen-actment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix(JW2.13.5, JA20.8.6, Acts 21:38)

• 58? Paul arrested, accused of being a revolutionary,“ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", teachingresurrection of the dead, imprisoned in Caesarea(Acts 23-26)

• 59? Paul shipwrecked on Malta, there he is called agod (Acts 28:6)

• 60? Paul in Rome: greeted by many “brothers”,three days later calls together the Jewish leaders,who hadn't received anyword from Judea about him,but were curious about “this sect”, which every-where is spoken against; he tries to convince themfrom the "law and prophets", with partial success –said the Gentiles would listen, and spends two yearsproclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching “theLord Jesus Christ” (Acts 28:15-31); Epistle to Phile-mon written?

• 60-64? early date for writing of 1 Peter (Peter asauthor)

• before 62 Epistle of James if written by James theJust

• 62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgres-sion by High Priest Ananus ben Artanus, popularopinion against act results in Ananus being deposedby new procurator Lucceius Albinus (JA20.9.1)

• 63-107? Simeon, 2nd Bishop of Jerusalem, cruci-fied under Trajan

• 64-68 after July 18 Great Fire of Rome,Nero blames and persecutes the Christians (orChrestians[13]), possibly the earliest mention ofChristians, by that name, in Rome, see also Tacituson Jesus, Paul beheaded? (Col 1:24,Eph 3:13,2 Tim4:6-8,1Clem 5:5-7), Peter crucified upside-down?(Jn 21:18,1 Pet 5:13,Tertullian’s PrescriptionAgainst Heretics chapter XXXVI,Eusebius’ ChurchHistory Book III chapter I), "...a vast multitude,were convicted, not so much of the crime ofincendiarism as of hatred of the human race. And

3

in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport;for they were wrapped in the hides of wild beastsand torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, orset on fire, and when day declined, were burnedto serve for nocturnal lights.” (Annals (Tacitus)XV.44)

• 64/67(?)−76/79(?) Pope Linus succeeds Peter asEpiscopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)

• 64 Epistle to the Hebrews written

• 65? Q document, a hypothetical Greek text thoughtby many critical scholars to have been used in writ-ing of Matthew and Luke

• 66-73 Great Jewish Revolt: destruction ofHerod’s Temple and end of Judaism according toSupersessionism, Qumran community (site of DeadSea Scrolls found in 1947)destroyed

• 70(+/−10)? Gospel of Mark, written in Rome, byPeter’s interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), original ending ap-parently lost, endings added c. 400, see Mark 16

• 70? Signs Gospel written, hypothetical Greek textused in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah

• 70-100? Additional Pauline Epistles

• 70-200? Gospel of Thomas, Jewish ChristianGospels: Gospel of the Ebionites, Gospel of the He-brews, Gospel of the Nazarenes

• 72, July 3 Martyrdom of St. Thomas the Apostle atChinnamala, Mylapore, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

• 76/79(?)−88 Pope Anacletus: first Greek Pope,who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus (Bishopof Rome)

• 80(+/−20) Didache written

• 80(+/−20)? Gospel of Matthew, based on Markand Q, most popular in Early Christianity

• 80(+/−20)? Gospel of Luke, based on Mark and Q,also Acts of the Apostles by same author

• 80(+/−20)? Pastoral Epistles written (possiblepost-Pauline authorship)

• 88-101? Clement, fourth Bishop of Rome: wroteLetter of the Romans to the Corinthians (ApostolicFathers)

• 90? Council of Jamnia of Judaism (disputed),Domitian applies the Fiscus Judaicus tax even tothose who merely “lived like Jews”[14]

• 90(+/−10)? late date for writing of 1 Peter (asso-ciate of Peter as author)

• 94 Testimonium Flavianum, disputed section ofJewish Antiquities by Josephus in Aramaic, trans-lated to Koine Greek

• 95(+/−30)? Gospel of John and Epistles of John

• 95(+/−10)? Book of Revelation written, by John(son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his

• 96Nervamodifies theFiscus Judaicus, from then on,practising Jews pay the tax, Christians do not[15]

• 98-117? Ignatius, third Bishop of Antioch, fed tothe lions in the Roman Colosseum, advocated theBishop (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1,6:1,7:1,13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy8:1,9:1), rejected Sabbath on Saturday in favor of“The Lord’s Day” (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejectedJudaizing (Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the termcatholic (Smy 8:2).

• 100(+/−30)? Epistle of Barnabas (Apostolic Fa-thers)

• 100(+/−25)? Epistle of James if written by authorother than James the Just or James the Great

• 100(+/−10)? Epistle of Jude written, probably bydoubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected bysome early Christians due to its reference to apoc-ryphal Book of Enoch (v14)

2 Ante-Nicene Period

Main article: Ante-Nicene Period

• 100-150? Apocryphon of James, Gospel of MaryMagdalene, Gospel of James, Infancy Gospel ofThomas, Secret Gospel of Mark (Complete Gospels,published by Jesus Seminar)

• 110-130? Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, writes “Ex-positions of the Sayings of the Lord”, lost, widelyquoted (Apostolic Fathers)

• 110-160? Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, Letter to thePhilippians, (Apostolic Fathers)

• 120? Rabbi Tarfon advocates burning theGospels[16]

• 125(+/−5)? 2 Peter written, widely accepted intocanon by the early 4th century

• 125? Rylands Library Papyrus P52, oldest extantNT fragment, p. 1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38

• 130-250? “Christian Apologists” writings againstRoman religion: Justin Martyr, Athenagoras,Apology of Aristides, Theophilus of Antioch,Tatian, Quadratus, Melito of Sardis, ApollinarisClaudius, Marcus Minucius Felix, Arnobius, Epistleto Diognetus

4 2 ANTE-NICENE PERIOD

• 132-135 Bar Kokhba’s revolt: final Jewish revolt,Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, region re-named Syria Palæstina (the term Palestine was orig-inally coined by Herodotus), Jerusalem renamedAelia Capitolina

• 142-144? Marcion of Sinope: bishop according toCatholic Encyclopedia, goes to Rome, possibly tobuy the bishopric of Rome, upon rejection forms hisown church in Rome, later called Marcionism, re-jected Old Testament, decreed canon of one Gospel,oneApostolicon (10 Letters of Paul) and oneAntithe-sis[17] which contrasted the Old Testament with theNew Testament, cited Western text-type, see alsoExpounding of the Law#Antithesis of the Law

• 150? “Western Revisor” adds/subtracts from origi-nal Acts to produce Western version which is 10%larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and CodexBezae (D)

• 150? Valentinius (most famous Christian Gnostic,according to Tertullian) narrowly loses election forBishop of Rome

• 150(+/−10)? Shepherd of Hermas, written inRome (Apostolic Fathers)

• 150-200? Other Gospels: Unknown Berlin Gospel,Gospel of Peter, Oxyrhynchus Gospels, Dialogue ofthe Saviour

• 155? Montanus claims to be the Paraclete (“Coun-selor”) of John 14:16

• 160? Martyrdom of Polycarp (Apostolic Fathers)

• 170? Dionysius, bishop of Corinth[18] claimedChristians were changing and faking his own let-ters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels(Eusebius’ EH 4 c.23 v.12;Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.8)

• 170? Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) byblending 4 “Western” text-type Gospels into 1

• 170? Symmachus the Ebionite writes new Greektranslation of Hebrew Bible

• 177 Persecution in Lyon, martyrdom of Blandina

• 180? Hegesippus

• 180-202? Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon: combatedheresies, cited “Western” Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers); second “Primate of the Gauls”

• 185-350? Muratorian fragment, 1st extant canon forNew Testament after Marcion?, written in Rome byHippolytus?, excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse ofPeter

• 186? Saint Apollonius: used the term catholic inreference to 1 John

• 188-231 Saint Demetrius: bishop of Alexandria,condemned Origen

• 189-198 Pope Victor I: 1st Latin Pope, excommu-nicated Eastern churches that continued to observeEaster on Nisan 14 Quartodeciman

• 196? Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus (Ante-NiceneFathers)

• 199-217? Caius,[19][20] presbyter of Rome, wrote“Dialogue against Proclus” in Ante-Nicene Fathers,rejected Revelation, said to be by Gnostic Cerinthus,see also Alogi

• 200? Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, Alexandriantext-type; Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956,“Alexandrian/Western” text-types; Papyrus 75:Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke,~Vaticanus; 200? Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library:Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8; Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28; 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33

• 200? Sextus Julius Africanus

• 200? Antipope Natalius,[21] rival bishop of Rome,according to Eusebius's EH5.28.8-12, quoting theLittle Labyrinth of Hippolytus, after being "scourgedall night by the holy angels”, covered in ash, dressedin sackcloth, and “after some difficulty”, tearfullysubmitted to Pope Zephyrinus

• 217-236 Antipope Hippolytus, Logos sect? Laterdispute settled and consideredmartyr, Roman canon

• 218-258 Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cited “West-ern” NT text-type, claimed Christians were freelyforging his letters to discredit him (Ante-Nicene Fa-thers)

• 220? Clement of Alexandria, cited “Alexandrian”NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel ofthe Egyptians; wrote “Exhortations to the Greeks";“Rich Man’s Salutation"; “To the Newly Baptized";(Ante-Nicene Fathers)

• 220?−340? Codex Tchacos, manuscript containinga copy of the Gospel of Judas, is written

• 223? Tertullian: sometimes called “father ofthe Latin Church”, because he coined trinitas,tres Personae, una Substantia, Vetus Testamentum,Novum Testamentum, convert to Montanism, cited“Western” Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers)

• 225? Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty Pa-pyri, Gospels (Caesarean text-type, mixed), Acts(Alexandrian text-type)

• 235-238Maximinus Thrax: emperor of Rome, endsChristian schism in Rome by deporting Pope Pon-tian and Antipope Hippolytus to Sardinia, wherethey soon die

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• 248-264 Dionysius, Patriarch of Alexandria see alsoList of Patriarchs of Alexandria

• 250? Apostolic Constitutions, Liturgy of St James,Old Roman Symbol, Clementine literature

• 250? Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, PorphyryTyrius, Commodianus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)

• 250? Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959,“Alexandrian” text-type: Nativity of Mary; 3Cor;Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito’s Homilyon Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas;Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18

• 250? Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adoptedat First Council of Nicaea in 325, compiledHexapla;cites Alexandrian, Caesarean text-type; Eusebiusclaimed Origen castrated himself for Christ due toMt19:12 (EH6.8.1-3)

• 251-424? Synods of Carthage

• 251-258 Antipope Novatian decreed no forgivenessfor sins after baptism (An antipope was an individualwhose claim to the papacy was either rejected by theChurch at the time or later recognized as invalid.)[22]

• 254-257 Pope Stephen I: major schism over rebap-tizing heretics and apostates

• 258 "Valerian's Massacre": Roman emperor issuesedict to execute immediately all Christian Bishops,Presbyters, and Deacons, including Pope Sixtus II,Antipope Novatian, Cyprian of Carthage (CE: Va-lerian, Schaff’s History Vol 2 Chap 2 § 22)

• 264-269 Synods of Antioch: condemned Paulof Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder ofAdoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spiritdescended at his baptism), also condemned termhomoousios adopted at Nicaea

• 265 Gregory Thaumaturgus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)

• 270? Anthony begins monastic movement

• 275? Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus,Rev9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2

• 276 Mani (prophet), crucified, founder of the dual-istic Manichaean sect in Persia

• 282-300? Theonas, bishop of Alexandria (Ante-Nicene Fathers)

• 290-345? St Pachomius, founder of Christianmonasticism

• 296-304 Pope Marcellinus, offered pagan sacrificesfor Diocletian, later repented. Name inMartyrologyof Bede

• 301 - Armenia is the first kingdom in history toadopt Christianity as state religion

• 303-312 Diocletian’s Massacre of Christians, in-cludes burning of scriptures (EH 8.2)

• 303 Saint George, patron saint of Georgia, Englandand other states

• 304? Victorinus, bishop of Pettau

• 304? Pope Marcellinus, having repented from hisprevious defection, suffers martyrdom with severalcompanions

• 306 Synod of Elvira prohibits relations betweenChristians and Jews

• 310 Maxentius deports Pope Eusebius andHeraclius[23][24] to Sicily (relapse controversy)

• 312 Lucian of Antioch, founder of School of Anti-och, martyred

• 312 Vision of Constantine: while gazing into the sunhe sees a cross with the words by this sign conquer,see also Labarum, he was later called the 13th Apos-tle and Equal-to-apostles

• 313 Edict of Milan: Constantine and Licinius endpersecution, establish toleration of Christianity

• 313? Lateran Palace given to PopeMiltiades for res-idence by Constantine

• 313? Traditional date for founding of theBrotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre

• 314 King Urnayr of Caucasian Albania adoptsChristianity as official religion

• 314 Catholic Council of Arles,[25] called by Con-stantine against Donatist schism to confirm theCouncil of Rome in 313

• 314-340? Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, churchhistorian, cited Caesarean text-type, wroteEcclesiastical History in 325[26]

• 317? Lactantius

• 321 Constantine decrees Sunday as state “day ofrest” (CJ3.12.2), see also Sol Invictus

3 First Seven Ecumenical Councils

Main article: First seven Ecumenical Councils

Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325to unify Christology, also called the first great Chris-tian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed theOriginal Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarianssuch as Arius, Theonas, Secundus of Ptolemais, Eusebiusof Nicomedia, and Theognis of Nicaea who wereexcommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and

6 3 FIRST SEVEN ECUMENICAL COUNCILS

passed 20 Canon laws such as Canon VII which grantedspecial recognition to Jerusalem.

• 325, 20 May- 19 June: The First Council of Nicaea

• 325 The Kingdom of Aksum (Modern Ethiopia andEritrea) declares Christianity as the official state re-ligion, becoming the 2nd country to do so

• 325 Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, orderedbuilt by Constantine

• 326, November 18 Pope Sylvester I consecrates theBasilica of St. Peter built by Constantine the Greatover the tomb of the Apostle

• 328-373 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, first citeof modern 27 book New Testament canon

• 330 Old Church of the Holy Apostles, dedicated byConstantine

• 330, May 11: Constantinople solemly inaugurated.Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empireto Byzantium, renaming it New Rome

• 331Constantine commissions Eusebius to deliver 50Bibles for the Church of Constantinople[27]

• 335 Council in Jerusalem reverses Nicaea’s con-demnation of Arius, consecrates Jerusalem Churchof the Holy Sepulchre

• 337? Mirian III of Iberia (present-day Georgia)adopts Christianity.[28]

• 337, May 22: Constantine the Great dies (baptizedshortly prior to his death)

• 341-379 Shapur II's persecution of Persian Chris-tians

• 343? Catholic Council of Sardica, canons con-firmed by Pope Julius

• 350? Julius Firmicus Maternus

• 350? Codex Sinaiticus(א), Codex Vaticanus Grae-cus 1209(B): earliest Christian Bibles, Alexandriantext-type

• 350? Ulfilas, Arian, apostle to the Goths, translatesGreek NT to Gothic

• 350? Comma Johanneum 1Jn5:7b-8a(KJV)

• 350? Aëtius, Arian, “Syntagmation": “God is agen-netos (unbegotten)", founder of Anomoeanism

• 350? School of Nisibis founded

• 353-367 Hilary, bishop of Poitiers

• 355-365 Antipope Felix II, Arian, supported byConstantius II, consecrated by Acacius of Caesarea

• 357 Council of Sirmium issues so-called Blasphemyof Sirmium or Seventh Arian Confession,[29] calledhigh point of Arianism

• 359 Council of Rimini, Dated Creed (Acacians);Pope Liberius rejects Arian creed of council

• 360 Julian the Apostate becomes the last non-Christian Roman Emperor

• 363-364 Council of Laodicea: Canon 29 decreedanathema for Christians who rest on the Sabbath,disputed Canon 60 named 26 NT books (excludedRevelation)

• 366-367 Antipope Ursicinus, rival to Pope DamasusI

• 367-403 Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, wrote Pa-narion against heresies

• 370-379 Basil the Great, Bishop of Caesarea

• 370? Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3Corinthians) Syriac Orthodox Church

• 370 (d. ca.) Optatus of Milevis, who in his con-flict with the sectarian Donatists stressed unity andcatholicity as marks of the Church over and aboveholiness, and also that the sacraments derived theirvalidity from God, not from the priest

• 372-394 Gregory, Bishop Of Nyssa

• 373 Ephrem the Syrian, cited Western Acts

• 374-397 Ambrose, governor of Milan until 374,then made Bishop of Milan

• 375-395 Ausonius, Christian governor of Gaul

• 379-381 Gregory Nazianzus, Bishop of Con-stantinople

• 380, February 27: Emperor Theodosius I issues theEdict of Thessalonica, declaring Nicene Christianityas the state church of the Roman Empire[30]

• 380, November 24: Emperor Theodosius I is bap-tised

• 381 First Council of Constantinople, 2ndecumenical: Jesus had true human soul, NiceneCreed of 381

• 382 Catholic Council of Rome under Pope DamasusI sets the Biblical Canon, listing the inspired booksof the Old Testament and the New Testament (dis-puted)

• 383? Frumentius, Apostle of Ethiopia

• 385 Priscillian, first heretic to be executed?

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• 386 Cyril of Jerusalem: wrote compellingly ofcatholicity of the Church

• 390? Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, believed Je-sus had human body but divine spirit

• 391: The Theodosian decrees outlawmost pagan rit-uals still practiced in Rome

• 396-430 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, consid-ered the founder of formalized Christian theology(Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)

• 397? Saint Ninian evangelizes Picts in Scotland

• 398-404 John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Con-stantinople, see also List of Patriarchs of Con-stantinople, (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)

• 400: Jerome's Vulgate (Latin edition and translationof the Bible) is published

• 400? Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standardEthiopian Orthodox Bible

• 400? Peshitta Bible in Syriac (Aramaic), Syr(p), OT+ 22 NT, excludes: 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; standardSyriac Orthodox Church Bible

• 406 Armenian Bible, translated by Saint Mesrop,standard Armenian Orthodox Bible

• 410, 24 August: Sack of Rome by Alaric and theVisigoths

• 412-444 Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, coinedHypostatic union

• 418-419 Antipope Eulalius, rival to Pope BonifaceI

• 420 St. Jerome, Vulgate translator, Latin scholar,cited expanded ending in Mark after Mark 16:8,Pericope of the Adultress addition to John (John7:53-8:11) (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)

• 423-457 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, noted Ta-tian’s Diatesseron in heavy use, wrote a Church His-tory

• 431 Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical: repu-diated Nestorianism, decreed Mary the Mother ofGod, forbade any changes to Nicene Creed of381, rejected by the Persian Church, leading to theNestorian Schism

• 432 St Patrick begins his mission in Ireland. Almostthe entire nation is Christian by the time of his deathin a conversion that is both incredibly successful andlargely bloodless

• 440-461 Pope Leo the Great: sometimes consid-ered the first pope (of influence) by non-Catholics,stopped Attila the Hun at Rome, issued Tome insupport of Hypostatic Union, approved Council ofChalcedon but rejected canons in 453

• 449 Second Council of Ephesus, Monophysite: Je-sus was divine but not human

• 450? Codex Alexandrinus(A): Alexandrian text-type; Codex Bezae(D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts;Codex Washingtonianus(W): Greek Gospels; bothof Western text-type

• 450? std. Aramaic Targums, Old Testament inAramaic

• 450? Socrates Scholasticus Church History of 305-438; Sozomen Church History of 323-425

• 451 Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, de-clared Jesus is a Hypostatic Union: both humanand divine in one (Chalcedonian Creed), rejectedby Oriental Orthodoxy

• 455: Sack of Rome by the Vandals. The spoils ofthe Temple of Jerusalem previously taken by Titusare allegedly among the treasures taken to Carthage

• 456? Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysite

• 465? Prosper of Aquitaine

• 476, September 4 Emperor Romulus Augustus isdeposed in Rome, marked by many as the fall ofthe Western Roman Empire

• 484-519 Acacian Schism, over Henoticon, dividesEastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) churches

• 491ArmenianOrthodox split fromEast (Greek) andWest (Latin) churches

• 495, May 13 Vicar of Christ decreed a title ofBishop of Rome by Pope Gelasius I

• 496 Clovis I, King of the Franks, baptized

• 498-499,501-506 Antipope Laurentius, rival ofPope Symmachus, Laurentian schism

• 500? Incense introduced in Christian church ser-vice, first plans of Vatican

• 524 Boethius, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote“Theological Tractates”, Consolation of Philosophy;(Loeb Classics) (Latin)

• 525 Dionysius Exiguus defines Christian calendar(AD)

• 527 Fabius Planciades Fulgentius

• 529 Benedict of Nursia establishes his firstmonastery in the Abbey of Monte Cassino, Italy,where he writes the Rule of St Benedict

• 530 Antipope Dioscorus, possibly a legitimate Pope

• 535-536 Unusual climate changes recorded

8 3 FIRST SEVEN ECUMENICAL COUNCILS

• 537-555 Pope Vigilius, involved in death of PopeSilverius, conspired with Justinian and Theodora,on April 11, 548 issued Judicatum supporting Jus-tinian’s anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated bybishops of Carthage in 550

• 538 Byzantine general Belisarius defeats last Ariankingdom; Western Europe completely Catholic

• 541-542 Plague of Justinian

• 543 Justinian condemns Origen, disastrous earth-quakes hit the world

• 544 Justinian condemns the Three Chapters ofTheodore of Mopsuestia (died 428) and other writ-ings of Hypostatic Union Christology of Council ofChalcedon

• 550 St. David converts Wales, crucifix introduced

• 553 Second Council of Constantinople, 5thecumenical, called by Justinian

• 556-561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, en-dorsed Judicatum

• 563 Columba goes to Scotland to evangelize Picts,establishes monastery at Iona

• 567 Cassiodorus

• 589 Catholic Third Council of Toledo: Reccaredand the Visigoths convert from Arianism to Catholi-cism and Filioque clause is added to Nicene Creedof 381

• 590-604 Pope Gregory the Great, whom many con-sider the greatest pope ever, reforms church struc-ture and administration and establishes GregorianChant, Seven deadly sins

• 591-628 Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, be-gan gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholi-cism

• 596 St. Augustine of Canterbury sent by Pope Gre-gory to evangelise the Jutes

• 600? Evagrius Scholasticus, Church History ofAD431-594[31]

• 604 Saxon cathedral created (by Mellitus) where StPaul’s Cathedral in London now stands

• 609 Pantheon, Rome renamed Church of SantaMaria Rotonda

• 612? Bobbio monastery in northern Italy

• 613 Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland

• 614 Khosrau II of Persia conquers Damascus,Jerusalem, takes Holy Cross of Christ

• 622Mohammed founds Islam after fleeing toMecca

• 624 Battle of Badr, considered beginning of IslamicEmpire

• 625 Paulinus of York comes to convert Northumbria

• 628 Babai the Great, pillar of Church of the East,dies

• 628-629 Battle of Mut'ah: Heraclius recovers Crossof Christ and Jerusalem from Islam until 638

• 632 Eorpwald of East Anglia baptized under influ-ence of Edwin of Northumbria

• 634-644 Umar, 2nd Sunni Islam Caliph: capital atDamascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Hera-clius at Battle of Yarmuk in 636, conquered Egyptand Armenia in 639, Persia in 642

• 635 Cynegils of Wessex baptized by Bishop Birinus

• 664 Synod of Whitby unites Celtic Christianity ofBritish Isles with Roman Catholicism

• 680-681 Third Council of Constantinople, 6thecumenical, against Monothelites, condemned PopeHonorius I, Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople,Heraclius’ Ecthesis

• 681-686 Wilfrid converts Sussex

• 687-691 Dome of the Rock built

• 690? Old English Bible translations

• 692 Orthodox Quinisext Council, convoked byJustinian II, approved Canons of the Apostles ofApostolic Constitutions, Clerical celibacy, rejectedby Pope Constantine

• 698 Fall of Carthage

• 711-718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania

• 717-718 Second Arab siege of Constantinople

• 718-1492 Reconquista: Iberian Peninsula retakenby Roman Catholic Visigoth monarchs

• 718 Saint Boniface, archbishop of Mainz; an En-glishman, given commission by Pope Gregory II toevangelize the Germans

• 720? Disentis Abbey of Switzerland

• 730-787 First Iconoclasm: Byzantine Emperor LeoIII bans Christian icons; Pope Gregory II excommu-nicates him

• 731 English Church History written by Bede

• 732 Battle of Tours stops Islam from expandingwestward

9

• 750? Tower added to St Peter’s Basilica at the frontof the atrium

• 752? Donation of Constantine, granted WesternRoman Empire to the Pope (later proved a forgery)

• 756 Donation of Pepin recognizes Papal States

• 781 Nestorian Stele, Daqin Pagoda, Jesus Sutras,Christianity in China

• 787 Second Council of Nicaea, 7th ecumenical:ends first Iconoclasm

• 793 Sacking of the monastery of Lindisfarne marksthe beginning of Viking raids on Christendom

4 Middle Ages

Main article: Medieval history of Christianity

• 800 King Charlemagne of the Franks is crownedfirst Holy Roman Emperor of the West by Pope LeoIII

• 849-865 Ansgar, Archbishop of Bremen, “Apostleof the North”, began evangelisation of North Ger-many, Denmark, Sweden

• 855 Antipope Anastasius: Louis II, Holy RomanEmperor appoints him over Pope Benedict III butpopular pressure causes withdrawal

• 863 Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius sent by thePatriarch of Constantinople to evangelise the Slavicpeoples. They translate the Bible into Slavonic

• 869-870 Catholic Fourth Council of Constantinoplecondemns Patriarch Photius (rejected by Orthodox)

• 879-880 Orthodox Fourth Council of Constantino-ple restores Photius, condemns Pope Nicholas I andFilioque (rejected by Catholics)

• 897, January Cadaver Synod: Pope Stephen VI con-ducts trial against dead Pope Formosus, public up-rising against Stephen leads to his imprisonment andstrangulation

• 909 Abbey of Cluny, Benedictine monastery,founded in France

• 966 Duke Mieszko I of Poland baptised; Poland be-comes a Christian country

• 984 Antipope Boniface VII, murdered Pope JohnXIV, alleged to have murdered Pope Benedict VI in974

• 988? Christianization of Kievan Rus’

• 991 Archbishop Arnulf of Rheims accuses PopeJohn XV of being the Antichrist

• 997-998 Antipope John XVI, deposed by Pope Gre-gory V and his cousin Holy Roman Emperor Otto III

• 1000 or 1001 Saint Stephen of Hungary crowned;Hungary becomes a Christian country

• 1001 Byzantine emperor Basil II and Fatimid CaliphAl-Hakim bi-Amr Allah execute a treaty guarantee-ing the protection of Christian pilgrimage routes inthe Middle East

• 1009 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroys theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb ofJesus in Jerusalem, and then rebuilds it to its currentstate

• 1012 Antipope Gregory VI, removed by Henry II,Holy Roman Emperor

• 1030 Battle of Stiklestad, considered victory ofChristianity over Norwegian paganism

• 1045 Sigfrid of Sweden, Benedictine evangelist

• 1046 Council of Sutri: Pope Sylvester III exiled,Pope Gregory VI admits to buying the papacy andresigns, Pope Benedict IX resigns, council appointsPope Clement II

• 1054 East-West Schism split between Eastern(Orthodox Christianity) and Western (RomanCatholic) churches formalized

• 1058-1059 Antipope Benedict X, defeated in warwith Pope Nicholas II and Normans

• 1061-1064 Antipope Honorius II, rival of PopeAlexander II

• 1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated

• 1073-1085 Pope Gregory VII: Investiture Contro-versy with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, pro-ponent of clerical celibacy, opponent of simony,concubinage, Antipope Clement III

• 1079 Stanislaus of Szczepanów, patron saint ofPoland

• 1080 Hospital of Saint John the Baptist founded inJeruselem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno -serves as the foundation for the Knights Hospitaller

• 1082 Engelberg Abbey of Switzerland built

• 1093-1109 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury,writes Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), alandmark exploration of the Atonement

• 1095-1291 10 Crusades, first called by Pope UrbanII at Council of Clermont against Islamic Empire, toreconquer the Holy Land for Christendom

10 5 RENAISSANCE

• 1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery ofCîteaux, leads to the growth of the Cistercian order

• 1101 Antipope Theodoric and Antipope Adalbertdeposed by Pope Paschal II

• 1113 Knights Hospitaller confirmed by Papal bullof Pope Paschal II, listing Blessed Gerard (GerardThom) as founder, (a.k.a. Sovereign Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knightsof Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers ofMalta)

• 1118 Knights Templar founded, to defend HolyLand

• 1123 Catholic First Lateran Council

• 1124 Conversion of Pomerania - first mission ofOtto of Bamberg

• 1128 Holyrood Abbey in Scotland

• 1128 Conversion of Pomerania - second mission ofOtto of Bamberg

• 1130 Peter of Bruys burned at the stake

• 1131 Tintern Abbey founded in Wales

• 1131-1138 Antipope Anacletus II

• 1139 Catholic Second Lateran Council

• 1140? Decretum Gratiani, Catholic Canon law

• 1142 Peter Abélard, Letters of Abelard and Heloise

• 1144 The Saint Denis Basilica of Abbot Suger is thefirst major building in the style of Gothic architec-ture

• 1154-1159 Pope Adrian IV, first (and to date only)English pope

• 1155 Theotokos of Vladimir arrives to Bogolyubovo

• 1155 Carmelites founded

• 1163 Construction begins on Notre Dame de Paris

• 1168 Conversion of Pomerania - Principality of Ru-gia missioned by Absalon

• 1173 Waldensians founded

• 1179 Catholic Third Lateran Council

• 1191 Teutonic Knights founded

• 1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople

• 1205 Saint Francis of Assisi becomes a hermit,founding the Franciscan order of friars; renounceswealth and begins his ministry

• 1208 Start of the Albigensian Crusade against theCathars

• 1214 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic(who founded Dominican Order) by an apparitionof Mary

• 1215 Catholic Fourth Lateran Council decrees spe-cial dress for Jews and Muslims, and declaresWaldensians, founded by Peter Waldo, as heretics.One of the goals is the elimination of the heresy ofthe Cathars

• 1219 Francis of Assisi crosses enemy lines duringthe Fifth Crusade to speak to Sultan al-Kamil; themeeting ends with a meal. James of Vitry writesthat Muslim soldiers returned Francis and anotherfriar, Illuminato, “with signs of honor.”[32]

• 1220-1263 St Alexander Nevsky, holy patron ofRussia

• 1231 Charter of the University of Paris granted byPope Gregory IX

• 1241 Pope Gregory IX denounced as Antichrist byEberhard II von Truchsees, Prince-Archbishop ofSalzburg, at the Council of Regensburg

• 1245 Catholic First Council of Lyon

• 1252, May 15 Ad exstirpanda: Pope Innocent IVauthorizes use of torture in Inquisitions

• 1260 Date at which a 1988 Vatican sponsored sci-entific study places the origin of the Shroud of Turin

• 1263, July 20–24 The Disputation of Barcelona isheld at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon inthe presence of the King, his court, andmany promi-nent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights, betweena convert from Judaism to Christianity DominicanFriar Pablo Christiani and Rabbi Nachmanides

• 1274 Summa Theologiae, written by ThomasAquinas, theologian and philosopher, landmarksystematic theology which later becomes officialCatholic doctrine

• 1274 Catholic Second Council of Lyon

• 1291 Last Crusader city (Acre) falls to theMamelukes

5 Renaissance

Main article: Medieval history of Christianity § LateMiddle Ages (1300–1499)See also: Renaissance

11

• 1308-1321 Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia), byDante Alighieri; most consensual dates are: Infernowritten between 1307–1308, Purgatorio from 1307-1308 to 1313-1314 and last the Paradiso from 1313-1314 to 1321 (year of Dante’s death)

• 1307 The arrest of many of the Knights Templar,beginning confiscation of their property and extrac-tion of confessions under torture

• 1305-1378 Avignon Papacy, Popes reside in Avi-gnon, France

• 1311-1312 Catholic Council of Vienne disbandsKnights Templar

• 1313 Foundation of the legendary Order of the RoseCross (Rosicrucian Order), a mystic Christian frater-nity for the first time expounded in the major Chris-tian literary work The Divine Comedy[33][34][35][36]

• 1314 Jacques de Molay, last Grandmaster ofKnights Templar, burned at the stake

• 1326Metropolitan Peter moves his see from Kiev toMoscow

• 1341-1351 Orthodox Fifth Council of Constantino-ple

• 1342 Marsilius of Padua

• 1345 Sergii Radonezhskii founds a hermitage inthe woods, which grows into the Troitse-SergiyevaLavra

• 1378-1418 Western Schism in Roman Catholicism

• 1380-1382 Wycliffe’s Bible, by John Wycliffe, em-inent theologian at Oxford, NT in 1380, OT (withhelp of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translationsinto Middle English, 1st complete translation toEnglish, includes deuterocanonical books, preachesagainst abuses, expresses anti-catholic views of thesacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the use ofrelics, and clerical celibacy

• 1388 Twenty-five Articles of the Lollards published

• 1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of theScriptures into the vernacular, unless and until theyare fully approved by church authority

• 1409 Council of Pisa declares Roman Pope Gre-gory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed,electsd Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope)

• 1414-1418Catholic Council of Constance asksGre-gory XII, Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII toresign their papal claims, then elects PopeMartin V;condemns JohnWycliffe and JanHus, who is burnedat the stake

• 1423-1424 Council of Siena

• 1425 Catholic University of Leuven

• 1430? Andrei Rublev, the greatest ofmedieval icon-painters

• 1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine,burned at the stake

• 1431-1445 Catholic Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence

• 1439Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, highest building inthe world until 1874

• 1452 Dum Diversas, papal bull issued on 18 June1452, credited with ushering in the West Africanslave trade in Europe and the New World

• 1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by OttomanEmpire

• 1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by JohannGutenberg

• 1473-1481 Sistine Chapel built

• 1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope SixtusIV

• 1483 Martin Luther born in Eisleben

• 1484 December 5, Summis desiderantes againstWitchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII

• 1487 Persecution and crusade against theWaldensians instigated by Pope Innocent VIII

• 1492 Columbus opens new continents to Christian-ity

• 1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest,writes Bonfire of the Vanities

• 1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St. Peter’sBasilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramanteto plan a new structure (demolition completed in1606); Vatican Swiss Guard founded

• 1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the SistineChapel's vaulted ceiling

• 1512-1517 Catholic Fifth Council of the Lateran:condemned Conciliarism

6 Reformation

See also: Protestant Reformation

• 1517 95 Theses of Martin Luther begins GermanProtestant Reformation

12 6 REFORMATION

• 1518 Heidelberg Disputation: Martin Luther putsforth his Theology of the Cross

• 1519 Leipzig Debate between Martin Luther andJohann Eck

• 1520 Luther publishes three monumental works, Tothe Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On theBabylonian Captivity of the Church, andOn the Free-dom of a Christian

• 1521 Luther refuses to recant his works at the Dietof Worms

• 1521 Papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem (ItPleases the Roman Pontiff) excommunicates Luther

• 1521 Ferdinand Magellan claims the Philippinesfor Spain, first mass and subsequent conversion toCatholicism, first in East Asia

• 1522 Luther’s NT, German NT translation

• 1524 The Freedom of the Will published byErasmus

• 1525 On the Bondage of the Will published byLuther in response to Erasmus

• 1525 Anabaptist movement begins

• 1526 Tyndale’s NT, English NT translation from1516 Greek text of Erasmus, first printed edition,reflects influence of Luther’s NT in rejecting priestfor elder, church for congregation, banned in 1546by Henry VIII of England

• 1526 Luther publishes his German Mass and TheSacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Againstthe Fanatics, his first written work against theSacramentarians

• 1528 Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Hol-stein, Lutheranism is officially adopted

• 1528 Luther affirms the real presence of Christ’sbody and blood in his Confession Concerning Christ’sSupper

• 1529Marburg Colloquy, Luther defends doctrine ofReal Presence in discussion with Zwingli

• 1530 Augsburg Confession, first doctrinal statementof the Lutheran Church

• 1531 Huldrych Zwingli is killed during the Secondwar of Kappel

• 1531Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico: Accordingto tradition, when the roses fell from it the icon ofthe Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on thecactus cloth. The sudden, extraordinary success ofthe evangelizing of ten million Indians in the decadeof 1531–1541.

• 1534 Henry VIII establishes new independent entityChurch of England, see also English Reformation

• 1534 Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola,helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary,and southGermany and sentmissionaries to theNewWorld, India, and China

• 1535-1537Myles Coverdale's Bible, used Tyndale’sNT along with Latin and German versions, includedApocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther’s Bibleof 1534) as was done in later English versions, 1537edition received royal license, but banned in 1546by Henry VIII

• 1535 Thomas More refuses to accept King HenryVIII’s claim to be the supreme head of the Churchin England, and is executed

• 1535-1679 Forty Martyrs of England and Wales

• 1536 Desiderius Erasmus, eminent Dutch humanistand editor of the Textus Receptus, dies

• 1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translationin manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities or-dered his Bible burned because it was thought to bepart of Lutheran reform

• 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion written byJohn Calvin (Calvinism)

• 1536 John of Leiden, fanatic Dutch Anabaptist

• 1536 Jacob Hutter, founder of Hutterites

• 1536 Helvetic Confessions of the ReformedChurches of Switzerland

• 1536-1540 Dissolution of the Monasteries in Eng-land, Wales and Ireland

• 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace

• 1536-1541 Michelangelo paints “The Last Judge-ment”

• 1537 Christian III of Denmark decreedLutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark

• 1537 Luther writes Smalcald Articles

• 1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers, basedon Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license butnot authorized for use in public worship, numer-ous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes(based on Tyndale)

• 1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1stEnglish Bible to be authorized for public use inEnglish churches, defective in many places, basedon last Tyndale’s NT of 1534-1535, corrected bya Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible ofErasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition1569, never denounced by England

13

• 1541 John Calvin returns to Geneva

• 1542 Roman Inquisition established by Pope Paul III

• 1542 Robert Bellarmine born - became a CardinalInquisitor under Pope Clement VIII

• 1543 Parliament of England bans Tyndale’s transla-tion as a “crafty, false and untrue translation”

• 1545-1563 Catholic Council of Trent: Counter-Reformation against Protestantism, clearly definedan official theology and biblical canon

• 1549 Original Book of Common Prayer of theChurch of England written by Thomas Cranmer

• 1551 The Stoglav Church Council (One HundredChapters) Moscow, Russia

• 1552 Joachim Westphal starts controversy againstCalvinists, defending Lutheran doctrine of RealPresence

• 1552 Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary, “Apostle ofthe Indies”

• 1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded atVatican City

• 1553 Michael Servetus founder of Unitarianism,burned at the stake in Geneva

• 1553-1558 Queen Mary I of England persecutes re-formers: John Rogers, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ri-dley, Thomas Cranmer; of 238 burned at the stake

• 1555 Peace of Augsburg gives religious freedom inGermany only to Lutheran Protestants

• 1558 Church of England permanently reestablishedafter Mary I of England deposed

• 1559 Military Order of the Golden Spur founded byPope Paul IV

• 1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew’s ver-sion of Tyndale with use of Theodore Beza's NT(1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, ap-pointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), atleast 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and versenumbers

• 1560 Scots Confession, Church of Scotland, Scot-tish Reformation

• 1560-1598 French Wars of Religion

• 1560-1812 Goa Inquisition, persecution of Hindusand Jews in India, see also Christianity in India

• 1561 Menno Simons, founder of Mennonites

• 1563 Thirty-Nine Articles of Church of England,also decreed Biblical canon

• 1563 Heidelberg Catechism of Reformed churches

• 1565-73 Examination of the Council of Trent byMartin Chemnitz

• 1566 Roman Catechism and Index of ProhibitedBooks published

• 1569 Metropolitan Philip of Moscow strangled byMalyuta Skuratov

• 1571 Dutch Reformed Church established

• 1571 Battle of Lepanto saves Christian Europe;Pope Pius V organizes the Holy League led by DonJuan de Austria to defend Europe from the larger Is-lamic Ottoman forces (230 galleys and 56 galliots)

• 1572 John Knox founds Scottish PresbyterianChurch, due to disagreement with Lutherans oversacraments and church government

• 1572-1606 Bishops’ Bible, a revision of the GreatBible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to bepublished in England by episcopal authority

• 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: Thousandsof Protestants murdered in France

• 1577 Formula of Concord adopted by GermanLutherans

• 1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, OurLady of Kazan

• 1580 Book of Concord of Lutheranism

• 1582 St Teresa of Avila dies

• 1582 Gregorian calendar of Pope Gregory XIIIadopted at different times in different regions of theworld

• 1582 Rheims New Testament published - it later be-came part of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible

• 1585 Jesuit scholar Francisco Ribera publishes firstfuturist interpretation, of the Biblical books ofDaniel and Revelation

• 1587 Toyotomi Hideyoshi expels Jesuits fromKyūshū

• 1587? Mission Nombre De Dios in St. Augustine,Florida, considered first Catholic mission to NorthAmerica[37]

• 1588 Spanish Armada defeated in its efforts to re-conquer England for Catholicism

• 1589 Metropolitan Jove is elected the first Patriarchof Moscow

• 1590 Michelangelo’s dome in St Peter’s Basilicacompleted

14 7 17TH CENTURY

• 1591 St John of the Cross

• 1592 The Clementine Vulgate of Pope ClementVIII, replaced the Sistine Vulgate of 1590, the stan-dard Latin Catholic Bible until the Second VaticanCouncil

• 1596 Ukrainian Catholic Church forms whenUkrainian subjects of the king of Poland arereunited with Rome, largest Byzantine CatholicChurch

• 1598 Edict of Nantes grants toleration to FrenchProtestants (Huguenots)

• 1600 Giordano Bruno, Dominican priest, burned atthe stake

7 17th century

See also: Age of Reason

• 1604 Fausto Paolo Sozzini Socinianism

• 1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter’s Basilicainto a Latin cross

• 1607 Jamestown, Virginia founded

• 1608 Quebec City founded by Samuel de Cham-plain

• 1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, dueto objections to infant baptism and demands forchurch-state separation

• 1609-1610 Douay-Rheims Bible, 1st Catholic En-glish translation, OT published in two volumes,based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sis-tine Vulgate, NT is Rheims text of 1582

• 1611 King James Version (Authorised Version) ispublished, based primarily on Tyndale’s work andBishop’s Bible of 1572, first printings included sep-arate Apocrypha between the testaments

• 1614 Fama Fraternitatis, the first Rosicrucian man-ifesto (may have been in circulation ca. 1610) pre-senting the “The Fraternity of the Rose Cross"

• 1615 Confessio Fraternitatis, the second Rosicru-cian manifesto describing the “Most Honorable Or-der” as Christian[38]

• 1616 Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz,the third Rosicrucian manifesto (an hermetic alle-gory presenting alchemical and Christian elements)

• 1618-1648 Thirty Years’ War

• 1620 Plymouth Colony founded by Puritans

• 1622-1642 Armand Jean du Plessis, CardinalRichelieu

• 1630 City upon a Hill, sermon by John Winthrop

• 1634-37 Confessio catholica by Lutheran theologianJohann Gerhard

• 1635 Roger Williams banished from MassachusettsBay Colony, for advocating separation of church andstate

• 1636 Founding of what was later known as HarvardUniversity as a training school forministers - the firstof thousands of institutions of Christian higher ed-ucation founded in the USA

• 1636-1638 Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres,founder of Jansenism

• 1637-1638 Shimabara Rebellion

• 1638 Anne Hutchinson banished as a heretic fromMassachusetts

• 1641 John Cotton, advocate of theonomy, helps toestablish the social constitution of theMassachusettsBay Colony

• 1643 Acta Sanctorum

• 1643 John Campanius arrives in New Sweden

• 1644 Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams asfirst colony to establish complete religious liberty

• 1644 Long Parliament directs that only Hebrewcanon be read in the Church of England (effectivelyremoving the Apocrypha)

• 1646 Westminster Standards produced by the As-sembly, one of the first and undoubtedly the mostimportant and lasting religious document drafted af-ter the reconvention of the Parliament, also decreesBiblical canon

• 1648 George Fox founds the Quaker movement

• 1648 Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Year’s War,extends religious toleration to Calvinists

• 1650 Bishop James Ussher calculates date of cre-ation as October 23, 4004 BC

• 1653-56 Raskol of the Russian Orthodox Church

• 1655-1677, Abraham Calovius publishes SystemaIocorum theologicorum, height of Lutheran scholas-ticism

• 1660-1685 King Charles II of England, restorationof monarchy, continuing through James II, reverseddecision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating theApocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists

15

• 1666 Paul Gerhardt, Lutheran pastor and hymn-writer, is removed from his position as a pastor inNikolaikirche in Berlin, when he refuses to accept“syncretistic” edict of the Elector FriedrichWilhelmI of Brandenburg

• 1672 Greek Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem: decreedBiblical canon

• 1675 Philipp Jakob Spener publishes Pia Desideria,which becomes a manifesto for Pietism

• 1678 John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim’s Progress

• 1682 Avvakum, leader of the Old Believers, burnedat the stake in the Far North of Russia

• 1683 Roger Williams, advocate of Separation ofchurch and state, founder of Providence, Rhode Is-land, dies

• 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantismin France

• 1685 James II of England baptizes his son as aCatholic

• 1685 Orthodoxy introduced to Beijing by RussianOrthodox Church

• 1688 'Glorious Revolution' overthrows James II ofEngland over fears of Catholic restoration; Williamof Orange takes English throne

• 1689 English Bill of Rights establishes religious lib-erty

• 1692 Salem witch trials held in Colonial America

• 1692-1721 Chinese Rites controversy

• 1693 Jacob Amman founds Amish sect

8 18th century

See also: Age of Enlightenment

• 1701 Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands splitswith Roman Catholicism

• 1706 Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, missionary, arrivesin Tranquebar

• 1707 Examen theologicum acroamaticum by DavidHollatz: the last great Lutheran doctrinal work be-fore the Age of Enlightenment

• 1718-22 Orthodox Lutheran Valentin Ernst Löscherpublishes The Complete Timotheus Verinus againstPietism

• 1721 Peter the Great substitutes Moscow Patriar-chate with the Holy Synod

• 1722 Hans Egede, missionary, arrives in Greenland

• 1728 The Vicar of Bray (song)

• 1730-1749 First Great Awakening in U.S.

• 1735 Welsh Methodist revival

• 1738 Methodist movement, led by John Wesley andhis hymn-writing brother Charles, begins

• 1740 Johann Phillip Fabricius, missionary, arrivesin South India

• 1741 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, famousFire and brimstone sermon

• 1741 George Frederick Handel performs his classicgospel oratorio “Messiah” for the first time

• 1754 An Historical Account of Two Notable Cor-ruptions of Scripture, by Isaac Newton, published

• 1767-1815 Suppression of the Jesuits

• 1768 New Smyrna, Florida, Greek Orthodoxcolony, founded

• 1768 Reimarus dies without publishing his radi-cal critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versusChrist of Faith

• 1769 Mission San Diego de Alcala, first Californiamission

• 1771 Emanuel Swedenborg publishes his “UniversalTheology of the True Christian Religion”, later usedby others to found Swedenborgianism

• 1774 Ann Lee, leader of American Shakers, emi-grates to New York from England

• 1774 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing starts publishingReimarus’ works on historical Jesus as Anony-mous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (inChristology)

• 1776-1788 Gibbon’s The History of the Decline andFall of the Roman Empire, critical of Christianity

• 1776 Mission Dolores, San Francisco

• 1779 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: “Jesusnever coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposi-tion of a religion by government officials is impious”

• 1780 Robert Raikes begins Sunday schools to reachpoor and uneducated children in England

• 1784 American Methodists formMethodist Episco-pal Church at so-called “Christmas Conference”, ledby bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury

16 9 19TH CENTURY

• 1784 Roman Catholicism is re-introduced in Korea,and disseminates after almost 200 years since its firstintroduction in 1593

• 1789-1815 John Carroll, Archdiocese of Baltimore,first Roman Catholic US bishop

• 1789-1801 Dechristianisation of France during theFrench Revolution

• 1791 First Amendment to the United States Consti-tution: “Congress shall make no law respecting anestablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free ex-ercise thereof”

• 1793Herman of Alaska brings Orthodoxy to Alaska

• 1795 The Age of Reason, written by Thomas Paine,advocates Deism

• 1796 Treaty with Tripoli (1796), article 11: “theGovernment of the United States of America is not,in any sense, founded on the Christian religion”

• 1800 Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes his firstbook, beginning Liberal Christianity movement

9 19th century

See also: Industrial Revolution

• 1801 Cane Ridge Revival in Cane Ridge, Kentuckyinitiates the Christians (Stone Movement) wing ofthe Restoration Movement

• 1809 Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)wing of the RestorationMovement initiated with thepublication of the Declaration and Address of theChristian Association of Washington

• 1815 Peter the Aleut, orthodox Christian, torturedand martyred in Catholic San Francisco, California

• 1816 Bishop Richard Allen, a former slave, foundsthe African Methodist Episcopal Church, the firstAfrican-American denomination

• 1817 Claus Harms publishes 95 theses againstrationalism and the Prussian Union of churches

• 1819 Thomas Jefferson produces the Jefferson Bible

• 1824 English translation of Wilhelm Gesenius'...Handwörterbuch...: Hebrew-English Lexicon,Hendrickson Publishers

• 1827 Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg takes on the edi-torship of the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, the chiefliterary organ of the Neo-Lutheranism

• 1828 Plymouth Brethren founded; promotesDispensationalism

• 1830 Catherine Laboure receives Miraculous Medalfrom the Blessed Mother in Paris, France

• 1830 Charles Finney's revivals lead to Second GreatAwakening in America

• 1830, April 6 Church of Christ (Mormonism, LatterDay Saint Movement) founded by Joseph Smith asa result of reported visitations and commandmentby God the Father, Jesus Christ, and later the AngelMoroni. Book of Mormon also published in 1830

• 1831 William Miller begins the Advent Movement,by preaching his first sermon on the Biblical booksof Daniel and Revelation

• 1832 Christians (Stone Movement) and Disciplesof Christ (Campbell Movement) merge to form theStone-Campbell Restoration Movement

• 1832, February 28- Persecution of Old Lutherans:by a royal decree all Lutheran worship is declaredillegal in Prussia in favour of the Prussian Unionagenda[39]

• 1833 John Keble’s sermon "National Apostasy" ini-tiates the Oxford Movement in England

• 1838-1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to theologicalrationalism emigrate from Germany to the UnitedStates; settle in Perry County, Missouri. Leads toformation of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod

• 1843 Disruption of: schism within the establishedChurch of Scotland

• 1844 Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, missionary,arrives in Port Natal, South Africa

• 1844 Lars Levi Laestadius experiencesawakening—beginning of Laestadianism

• 1844, October 22 Great Disappointment: false pre-diction of Second Coming of Christ by Millerites

• 1844, December Ellen G. White, co-founder andprophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church,has her first vision

• 1845 Southern Baptist Convention formed in Au-gusta, Georgia

• 1846 Bernadette Soubirous receives the first of 18apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes,France. Six million a year visit Lourdes Shrine

• 1847 Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod founded inChicago, Illinois

• 1847 John Christian Frederick Heyer, missionary,arrives in Andhra Pradesh, India

17

• 1848 Epistle to the Easterners and Encyclical of theEastern Patriarchs response

• 1848 Perfectionist movement in western New Yorkstate

• 1849 Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe founds the firstdeaconess house in Neuendettelsau, Bavaria

• 1850 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synodfounded in Milwaukee

• 1853 Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical LutheranChurch in America founded outside Madison, Wis-consin

• 1854 Missionary Hudson Taylor arrives in China

• 1854 Immaculate Conception defined as Catholicdogma

• 1855 Søren Kierkegaard, founder of Christian exis-tentialism

• 1855 Samuel Simon Schmucker begins attempt toreplace the Augsburg Confession with the DefinitePlatform in the General Synod, leading to schism in1866

• 1859Ashbel Green Simonton, missionary, arrives inBrazil and founds Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, theoldest Brazilian Protestant denomination

• 1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officiallyformed 19 years after the Great Disappointment

• 1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds theSalvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into thestreets to the most desperate and needy

• 1866 General Council (Lutheran) formed by tenLutheran synods in the United States

• 1869-1870 Catholic First Vatican Council assertsdoctrine of Papal Infallibility (rejected by ChristianCatholic Church of Switzerland)

• 1870 Italy declares war on the Papal States; ItalianArmy enters Rome; Papal States cease to exist

• 1871 Pontmain, France is saved from advancingGerman troops with the appearing of Our Lady ofHope

• 1871-1878 German Kulturkampf against RomanCatholicism

• 1872 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference ofNorth America organized

• 1876 Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)founded

• 1878 First translation of the New Testament intoBatak by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen

• 1879 Knock, Ireland is location of apparition of OurLady, Queen of Ireland

• 1879 Church of Christ, Scientist founded in Bostonby Mary Baker Eddy

• 1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Churchof England, uses Greek based on Septuagint (B)and (S), HebrewMasoretic Text used in OT, followsGreek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, in-cludes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed

• 1884 Charles Taze Russell founds Bible Studentmovement

• 1885-1887 Uganda Martyrs

• 1885 Baltimore Catechism published

• 1886 Moody Bible Institute founded

• 1886 Onesimos Nesib begins translation of the en-tire Bible into the Oromo language

• 1886 Johann Flierl, missionary, arrives in NewGuinea

• 1891 Albert Maclaren and Copland King, Anglicanmissionaries, arrive in New Guinea

• 1893 Heresy trial of Luther Alexander Gotwald

• 1894 The Kingdom of God is Within You, by LeoTolstoy, start of Christian anarchism

• 1897 Christian flag conceived in Brooklyn, NewYork

• 1899 Gideons International founded

10 20th century

Main article: Christianity in the 20th century

• 1903 First group baptism at Sattelberg Mission Sta-tion under Christian Keyser in New Guinea pavesway for mass conversions during the following years

• 1904 Welsh revival

• 1904 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil - IgrejaEvangélica Luterana do Brasil - is founded in Juni24, in São Pedro do Sul city, State Rio Grande doSul

• 1905 French law on the separation of Church andState

• 1906 Albert Schweitzer publishes The Quest of theHistorical Jesus (English translation 1910)

• 1906 Biblia Hebraica

18 10 20TH CENTURY

• 1906-1909 Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles,CA begins modern Pentecostal movement

• 1907 The Church of God in Christ is formed as aPentecostal body

• 1907-1912 Nicholas of Japan, Archbishop ofJapanese Orthodox Church

• 1908Church of theNazarene founded in Pilot Point,Texas

• 1909 Scofield Reference Bible published

• 1909-1911 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an inter-national association of Esoteric Christian mystics,founded at Mount Ecclesia

• 1910 Christian Congregation in Brazil founded inSanto Antônio da Platina, Brazil by Italo-AmericanLouis Francescon. It begins Pentecostalism in Braziland South America

• 1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference launchesmodern missions movement and modernecumenical movement; 5-point statement ofthe Presbyterian General Assembly also used byFundamentalists

• 1910-1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collec-tion of essays by 64 British and American scholarsand preachers, forms foundation of Fundamentalism

• 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

• 1914 Welsh Church Act 1914

• 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo incorporated in the Philip-pines

• 1914 Paul Olaf Bodding completes his translation ofthe Bible into the Santali language

• 1915 Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess ofthe Seventh-day Adventist Church, dies

• 1915-1923 The Armenian Genocide occurs

• 1916 Father Divine founds International Peace Mis-sion movement

• 1916 And did those feet in ancient time

• 1917 Heinrich Hansen publishes LutheranEvangelical Catholic theses Stimuli et Clavi

• 1917 Our Lady of Fatima appears Marian appari-tions to 3 young people, in Fatima, Portugal - JacintaMarto, Francisco Marto and Lúcia Santos ("SisterLucia")

• 1917 - 13 October Miracle of the Sun is witnessedby as many as 100,000 people in the Cova da Iriafields near Fátima, Portugal (“How the Sun Dancedat Midday at Fátima”)

• 1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy withTikhon as patriarch

• 1917 True Jesus Church founded in Beijing

• 1918 Execution of Holy Martyrs of Russia, includ-ing the last tsar, Nicholas II, and his wife, AlexandraFeodorovna, by the Communists

• 1918 United Lutheran Church in America founded

• 1919 Karl Barth's Commentary on Romans is pub-lished, critiquing Liberal Christianity and beginningthe neo-orthodox movement

• 1920 The Ecclesia, an Esoteric Christian Temple, iserected and dedicated on Christmas Day (December25)

• 1921 Oxford Group founded at Oxford

• 1923 Aimee Semple McPherson builds AngelusTemple

• 1924 First religious radio station in the U.S., KFUO(AM), founded

• 1925 Scopes Trial causes division among Funda-mentalists

• 1925 United Church of Canada formed

• 1925 St. Therese of Lisieux canonized

• 1925 TheWorld Conference of Life andWork is heldin Stockholm, Sweden

• 1926 Father Charles Coughlin's first radio broadcast

• 1926-1929 Cristero War in Mexico: The Constitu-tion of 1917 brings persecution of Christian prac-tices and anti-clerical laws - approximately 4,000Catholic priests are expelled, assassinated or exe-cuted

• 1927Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly founds theCongregation of Sisters of the Destitute

• 1927 Pope Pius XI decrees Comma Johanneumopen to dispute

• 1929 Lateran Treaty signed, containing three agree-ments between kingdom of Italy and the papacy

• 1929 Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly dies

• 1929 Voice of Prophecy radio ministry founded bySeventh-day Adventist pastor H.M.S. Richards Sr.

• 1930 Rastafari movement founded

• 1930 Old American Lutheran Church founded

• 1930 The Lutheran Hour begins with Walter A.Maier as speaker

19

• 1931 Jehovah’s Witnesses formally separate fromthe Bible Student movement

• 1931 Christ the Redeemer (statue) built in Rio deJaneiro, Brazil

• 1932 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doc-trinal Position of the Missouri Synod adopted by theLCMS

• 1932 Marian apparitions to five school children inBeauraing, Belgium as Lady Virgin of the Poor[40]

• 1933 Catholic Worker Movement founded

• 1934 Herbert W. Armstrong founds Radio Churchof God

• 1935 Gunnar Rosendal publishes Lutheran HighChurch manifesto Kyrklig förnyelse

• 1935Dr. Frank C. Laubach, known as “TheApostleto the Illiterates”, working in the Philippines, devel-ops a literacy program that continues to teach mil-lions of people to read

• 1935 Rahlf’s critical edition of the Koine GreekSeptuagint published

• 1935 Billy Sunday, early U.S. radio evangelist, dies

• 1938 First Debbarma Christian, Manindra Deb-barma, is baptized at Agartala

• 1938 Tripura Baptist Christian Union established atLaxmilunga, Tripura

• 1939 Southern and Northern US branches ofthe Methodist Episcopal Church, along with theMethodist Protestant Church, reunite to form TheMethodist Church (slavery had divided the churchin the 19th century)

• 1940 Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Vallede los Caidos, world’s largest cross, 152.4 metershigh

• 1942 National Association of Evangelicals founded

• 1945 On the Feast of the Annunciation, “Our Lady”appears to a simple woman, Ida Peerdeman, in Am-sterdam. This is the first of 56 appearances as “OurLady of All Nations”,[41] which took place between1945 and 1959.

• 1945 Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executed by the Nazis

• 1945 Ludwig Müller

• 1945 The Nag Hammadi library is discovered

• 1946-1952 Revised Standard Version, revision ofAV “based on consonantal Hebrew text” for OTand best available texts for NT, done in response tochanges in English usage

• 1947 Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamental-ism by Carl F. H. Henry, a landmark of Evangeli-calism versus Fundamentalism in US

• 1947 Oral Roberts founds Evangelistic Association

• 1947 Dead Sea scrolls discovered

• 1947 Lutheran World Federation founded

• 1948 World Council of Churches is founded

• 1948 Declaration of the Establishment of the Stateof Israel, see also Christian Zionism

• 1949 evangelist Billy Graham preaches his first LosAngeles crusade

• 1949 - October 2 Saint John Evangelical LutheranCommunity - Comunidade Evangélica LuteranaSão João da Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil -is founded in Passo Fundo city, State Rio Grande doSul

• 1950 First part of the Common Confession betweenthe American Lutheran Church and the LCMS isadopted, resulting in the schism of the OrthodoxLutheran Conference

• 1950 New World Translation of the Christian GreekScriptures released

• 1950Assumption ofMary decreed by Pope Pius XII

• 1950 Missionaries of Charity founded by MotherTeresa

• 1951 Bishop Fulton Sheen (1919–1979) debutshis television program Life is Worth Living on theDuMont Network. His half hour lecture programon Roman Catholic theology remained the numberone show on U.S. television for its time slot, win-ning several Emmys until Sheen ended the programin 1957

• 1951 The Last Temptation, a fictional account of thelife of Jesus written by Nikos Kazantzakis, whereinChrist’s divinity is juxtaposed with his humanity, ispublished, and promptly banned in many countries

• 1951 Campus Crusade for Christ founded at UCLA

• 1952 Novum Testamentum Graece, critical editionof Greek NT, basis of modern translations

• 1952 C. S. Lewis' Mere Christianity published

• 1952 This Is the Life TV series begins

• 1954 Unification Church founded by Reverend SunMyung Moon, under the name Holy Spirit Asso-ciation for the Unification of World Christianity(acronym HSA-UWC)

20 10 20TH CENTURY

• 1954 U.S. Pledge of Allegiance modified by act ofCongress from “one nation, indivisible” to “one na-tion under God, indivisible”

• 1956 In God We Trust designated U.S. nationalmotto

• 1956 Anchor Bible Series

• 1956 The Ten Commandments (1956 film)

• 1956 It Is Written television ministry founded bySeventh-day Adventist pastor George Vandeman

• 1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumeni-cal union of Congregationalists and Evangelical &Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans

• 1957 English translation of Walter Bauer's Wörter-buch ...: A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Tes-tament and Other Early Christian Literature, Uni-versity of Chicago Press

• 1958 Sedevacantism

• 1959 Family Radio founded by Harold Camping

• 1959 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doctri-nal Position of the Missouri Synod reaffirmed by theLCMS

• 1960 Merger creates the “new” American LutheranChurch

• 1960 John F. Kennedy becomes the first RomanCatholic to be elected President of the United States

• 1961 NewWorld Translation of the Holy Scripturespublished

• 1961 Christian Broadcasting Network founded byPat Robertson

• 1962 Engel v. Vitale, first U.S. Supreme Court de-cision against School prayer

• 1962 Karl Rahner, Joseph Ratzinger, Yves Con-gar, John Courtney Murray, Hans Küng among oth-ers appointed “periti” for upcoming Second Vati-can Council. Rahner famous for paraphrasing Au-gustine’s axiom: “Many whom God has the Churchdoes not have; andmany whom the Church has, Goddoes not have.”

• 1962-1965 Catholic Second Vatican Council, an-nounced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produces 16documents which become official Roman Catholicteaching after approval by the Pope, purpose to re-new “ourselves and the flocks committed to us”

• 1963 Martin Luther King leads a civil rights marchin Washington, D.C.

• 1963 A campaign by atheist Madalyn MurrayO'Hair results in U.S. Supreme Court ruling pro-hibiting reading of Bible in public schools

• 1963 Oral Roberts University founded

• 1963 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference ofNorth America dissolves in schism

• 1963 New Testament of Beck’s American Trans-lation completed, thousands of copies distributedthrough The Lutheran Hour

• 1965 Reginald H. Fuller’s The Foundations of NewTestament Christology

• 1965 Rousas John Rushdoony founds ChalcedonFoundation

• 1965 Nostra aetate declaration promulgated at Vat-ican II that repudiates the charge of deicide againstJews

• 1966 Roman Catholic Index of Prohibited Booksabolished

• 1966 Raymond E. Brown's Commentary on theGospel of John

• 1967 Lutheran Council in the United States ofAmerica organized

• 1968 Zeitoun, Egypt, a bright image of the VirginMary asOur Lady of Zeitounwas seen over the Cop-tic Orthodox Church of Saint Demiana for over a 3-year period. Over six million Egyptians and foreign-ers saw the image, including Copts, Eastern Ortho-dox, Roman Catholic, Protestants, Muslims, Jewsand people of no particular faith

• 1968 United Methodist Church formed with unionofMethodist Church&Evangelical United BrethrenChurch, becoming the largest Methodist/Wesleyanchurch in the world

• 1970s The Jesus movement takes hold in the U.S.One-way.org

• 1970 Mass of Paul VI replaces Tridentine Mass

• 1970 The Late, Great Planet Earth, futurist book byHal Lindsey, published

• 1970? Chick Publications

• 1971 New American Standard Bible

• 1971 The Exorcist, a novel of demonic possessionand the mysteries of the Catholic faith, is published

• 1971 Liberty University founded by Jerry Falwell

• 1972 Most Lutheran free churches in Germanymerge, forming the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church

21

• 1973, June 12- Near the city of Akita, “Our Lady”appeared to Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa. Three mes-sages were given to her over a period 5 months OurLady of Akita.[42]

• 1973 The Apostle in the End-Time called[43] Arse-nio Tan Ferriol (Pentecostal Missionary Church ofChrist in the 4th WATCH) Philippines

• 1973 Trinity Broadcasting Network founded by Pauland Jan Crouch

• 1973 New International Version of the Bible is firstpublished (revised in 1978, 1984), using a varietyof Greek texts, Masoretic Hebrew texts, and currentEnglish style

• 1973 Walkout at Concordia Seminary begins theSeminex controversy in the LCMS

• 1974 Jim Bakker founds PTL television ministry

• 1975 Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on theGreek New Testament

• 1976 Anneliese Michel, Bavarian woman, under-goes exorcism against demon possession

• 1976 Suicide by self-immolation of East Germanpastor Oskar Brüsewitz, leads to mass protestsagainst communism

• 1977 New Perspective on Paul

• 1977 Focus on the Family founded by JamesDobson

• 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy

• 1978-2005 Pope John Paul II: reaffirmed moral tra-ditions (The Splendor of Truth)

• 1979 Moral Majority founded by Jerry Falwell

• 1979 Jesus (1979 film), most watched movie of alltime according to New York Times

• 1979-1982? NewKing James Version, complete re-vision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms while retain-ing style

• 1980 Glacier View Conference: Seventh-day Ad-ventist pastor and professor Desmond Ford is de-frocked for questioning the sanctuary doctrine of thechurch, in a 1979 lecture at Pacific Union College

• 1981 Kibeho, Rwanda reported that “Our Lady” ap-peared to several teenagers telling them to pray toavoid “rivers of blood” (Marian apparitions)[44]

• 1981 Mother Angelica launches EWTN; it grows tobecome one of the largest television networks in theworld; the operation expands to radio in 1992

• 1981 Institute on Religion and Democracy isfounded

• 1981 Pope John Paul II shot by Mehmet Ali Agca;survives and later forgives him

• 1982 Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics

• 1985 Jesus Seminar founded

• 1985 E. P. Sanders' Jesus and Judaism published

• 1986 Chicago Statement on Biblical Application

• 1986 Desmond Tutu becomes Anglican Archbishopof South Africa; joins anti-apartheid movement

• 1987 Danver’s Statement - Council on BiblicalMan-hood and Womanhood

• 1988 Evangelical Lutheran Church in Americafounded

• 1988 Lutheran Council in the United States ofAmerica dissolved

• 1988 Christian Coalition founded by Pat Robertson

• 1988 The Last Temptation of Christ, directed byMartin Scorsese, is released by Universal Pictures,and promptly attacked as heretical by organizedChristian and Catholic groups

• 1988 The celebration of 1,000 years since thebaptism of Kievan Rus throughout the R.O.C.

• 1988 Assemblies of God pastor Jimmy Swaggartcaught in sex scandal

• 1989 New Revised Standard Version

• 1990 American Center for Law and Justice founded

• 1991 John P. Meier’s series A Marginal Jew: Re-thinking the Historical Jesus, v. 1

• 1992 New Catechism of the Catholic Church pub-lished

• 1993 Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Confer-ence founded

• 1993 International Lutheran Council founded

• 1994 “Evangelicals & Catholics Together”[45]

• 1994 Porvoo Communion

• 1994 Answers In Genesis founded by Ken Ham

• 1994, July 3- Glorification of St. John of Shanghaiand San Francisco

• 1996 Cambridge Declaration - Alliance of Confess-ing Evangelicals[46]

• 1997, March 5–10- World Council of Churches:Towards a Common Date for Easter, see alsoReform of the date of Easter

22 11 21ST CENTURY

• 1998, April 6 PBS Frontline: From Jesus to Christ

• 1999 International House of Prayer in Kansas Citybegins non-stop 24/7 continual prayer

• 1999, October 31- signing of the Joint Declara-tion on the Doctrine of Justification between theLutheranWorld Federation and the Catholic Church

• 1999 Gospel of Jesus Christ - An Evangelical Cel-ebration; a consensus Gospel endorsed by vari-ous evangelical leaders including J.I. Packer, JohnAnkerberg, Jerry Falwell, Thomas C. Oden, R.C.Sproul, Wayne Grudem, Charles Swindoll, et al.

• 1999 Radical Orthodoxy Christian theologicalmovement begins, critiquing modern secularism andemphasizing the return to traditional doctrine; sim-ilar to the Paleo-orthodoxy Christian theologicalmovement of the late 20th and early 21st centuries,which sees the consensual understanding of the faithamong the Church Fathers as the basis of Biblicalinterpretation and the foundation of the Church

• 2000 Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christfounded in schism from Evangelical LutheranChurch inAmerica (ELCA) over fellowship with theEpiscopal Church (TEC)

• 2000 Visions of the Virgin Mary are reported inAssiut, Upper Egypt;[47] phenomena associated toMary is reported again in 2006, in a church at thesame location during the Mass.[48] Local Copticpriests and then the Coptic Orthodox Church of As-siut issue statements in 2000 and 2006 respectively

11 21st century

Main article: Christianity in the 21st century

• 2001 The Way of the Master founded

• 2001 Armenia marks 1,700th anniversary ofChristianity as its state religion (First country toadopt Christianity as its state religion - Kingdom ofArmenia - 301 AD)

• 2003 the Mission Province is established in Churchof Sweden: new era for confessional Lutheranism inScandinavia

• 2005 Death of Pope John Paul II, election of PopeBenedict XVI

• 2006 World Methodist Council votes unanimouslyto adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine ofJustification (July 18).[49][50]

• 2006 The Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zion-ism, signed by several Christian denominations inthe Middle East, criticizes the doctrine as associat-ing the Gospel with imperialism and militarism

• 2006 A film of the Gospel of Judas, a 2nd-centuryGnostic account of Judas discovered in the 1970s, isshown on TV

• 2007 The Creation Museum opens in Kentucky,United States

• 2007 The American Association of LutheranChurches and LCMS declare pulpit and altar fellow-ship

• 2007, May 17- The Russian Orthodox Church is re-unified after 80 years of schism

• 2008 Conservative Anglicans indicate that they planto split from liberal Anglicans in “The JerusalemDeclaration”[51]

• 2009 Damien of Molokai canonized; apostle to lep-ers

• 2009, August 21- The Minneapolis Churchwide As-sembly of the ELCA passes four ministry policy res-olutions that will permit clergy in committed homo-sexual partnerships to be rostered leaders within theELCA

• 2009 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an internationalassociation of Esoteric Christian mystics,[52] cel-ebrates the centennial anniversary -- The Frater-nity should remain secret one hundred years;[53] thecelebration ceremonies, on August 8 and Novem-ber 13[54] at Mount Ecclesia, serve the purpose ofheralding the revival of the Christian mystic path ofthe Rose Cross.[55][56]

• 2009 Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly de-clared Servant of God

• 2009 Manhattan Declaration: A Call of ChristianConscience is issued, signed by over 150 Americanreligious leaders

• 2009 Dr. Frederick Eikerenkoetter (Reverend Ike),a pioneering prosperity preacher, dies

• 2010 Lutheran CORE creates North AmericanLutheran Church in schism from the ELCA

• 2010, October 31- Attack on Baghdad church resultsin 52 deaths[57]

• 2011, January 1- A church in Alexandria, Egypt isbombed, killing 21 people, mostly Christians

• 2011 Martyrdom of Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistanipolitician and the only Christian elected member ofthe National Assembly, who was an outspoken criticof Pakistan’s blasphemy laws

23

• 2013, March- Pope Francis, an Argentinean, be-comes the first non-European pope in modern times

12 Sources

• World Almanac and Book of Facts

• Academic American Encyclopedia (on Com-puserve)

• Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary

• English Versions of the Bible by John BerchmansDockery O.F.M.

• Catholic Encyclopedia: Biblical Chronology

13 See also

• Christ myth theory

• Chronology of the Bible

• Great Church

• History of ancient Israel and Judah

• Timeline of Christian Missions

• Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church

14 External links

• Christian History Project Online Version of the 12-Volume Popular History Series 'The Christians :Their First Two Thousand Years’, Sponsored by theSociety to Explore and Record Christian History

• OrthodoxWiki: Timeline of Church History (fromthe Orthodox POV)

• St. Ignatius Church: Timeline (from the OrthodoxPOV)

• Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)

• Missions time line - Important events, locations,people and movements in World Evangelism

15 Footnotes[1] H.H. Ben-Sasson, AHistory of the Jewish People, Harvard

University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 246:“When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were convertedinto a Roman province under the name Iudaea.”

[2] John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew, v. 1, ch. 11; also H.H.Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard Uni-versity Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 251: “Butafter the first agitation (which occurred in the wake of thefirst Roman census) had faded out, we no longer hear ofbloodshed in Judea until the days of Pilate.”

[3] Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 36;

• Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled UnderTiberius: “The Jewish deputation which peti-tioned for the deposition of the royal house of theIdumeans was joined by 8,000 Jewish residents ofRome. Several Romans adopted Jewish customs,and some, as the rhetor Cilicius of Kalakte, a friendof Dionysius of Halicarnassus, even embraced Ju-daism (Müller, “Fragmenta Historicorum Græco-rum,” iii. 331). The reign of Tiberius (until theremoval of his minister Sejanus) was fraught withmisfortune for the Jews. When the cult of Isis wasdriven out of Rome (19 CE.) the Jews also were ex-pelled, because a Roman lady who inclined towardJudaism had been deceived by Jewish swindlers.The synagogues were closed, the vessels burned,and 4,000 Jewish youths were sent upon militaryservice to Sardinia. After the death of Sejanus (31)the emperor allowed the Jews to return.";

• Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (and Abraham Malamatcontributor)AHistory of the Jewish People, HarvardUniversity Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0674397316,page 288 quote: “Explicit evidence of a systematicattempt to propagate the Jewish faith in the city ofRome is found as early as 139 BCE. With the in-crease of the Jewish population of Rome, the Jewsintensified their efforts to make converts among theRomans. Although the activity of Jewish mission-aries in Roman society caused Tiberius to expelthem from that city in 19 CE, they soon returned,and Jewish religious propaganda was resumed andmaintained even after the destruction of the Tem-ple. Tacitus mentions it regretfully (Histories 5.5),and Juvenal, in his Fourteenth Satire (11. 96ff.), de-scribes how Roman families 'degenerated' into Ju-daism: the fathers permitted themselves to adoptsome of its customs and the sons became Jews in ev-ery respect.” ... [last sentence of next paragraph:] “In addition,the Bible provided the apostles of Judaism with aliterature unparalleled in any other religion.”

[4] G. J. Goldberg. “John the Baptist and Josephus”. Re-trieved 2006-08-16.

[5] H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Har-vard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, TheCrisis Under Gaius Caligula, pages 254-256: “The reignof Gaius Caligula (37-41) witnessed the first open breakbetween the Jews and the Julio-Claudian empire. Untilthen — if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the troublecaused by the census after Archelaus’ banishment— therewas usually an atmosphere of understanding between theJews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seri-ously during Caligula’s reign, and, though after his deaththe peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bit-terness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that

24 15 FOOTNOTES

a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple inJerusalem. ... Only Caligula’s death, at the hands ofRoman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of aJewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the en-tire East.”

[6] A. J. MAAS (2003). Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ.Retrieved January 23, 2006. Walter Bauer's et al. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, 1979, under Chris-tos notes: “as a personal name; the Gentiles must haveunderstood Christos in this way to them it seemed verymuch like Chrestos [even in pronunciation ...], a name thatis found in lit.”

[7] Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Claudius XXV.4;Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius:"... in 49-50, in consequence of dissensions among themregarding the advent of the Messiah, they were forbiddento hold religious services. The leaders in the controversy,and many others of the Jewish citizens, left the city.”

[8] Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers see section titled: “THEINCIDENT AT ANTIOCH”

[9] Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Coll-geville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24

[10] Pauline Chronology: His Life andMissionaryWork, fromCatholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.

[11] Staff Reporter. "‘More studies needed at Pattanam’". TheHindu. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[12] “stthoma.com”. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[13] In the earliest extant manuscript containing Annales15:44, the second Medicean, the e in “Chrestianos”,Chrestians, has been changed into an i; cf. Gerd Theißen,Annette Merz, Der historische Jesus: ein Lehrbuch, 2001,p. 89. The reading Christianos, Christians, is thereforedoubtful.

[14] Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Iudaicus, Suetonius’s Domi-tian XII: “Besides other taxes, that on the Jews [A taxof two drachmas a head, imposed by Titus in return forfree permission to practice their religion; see Josephus,Bell. Jud. 7.6.6] was levied with the utmost rigor, andthose were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledg-ing that faith, yet lived as Jews, as well as those who con-cealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upontheir people [These may have been Christians, whom theRomans commonly assumed were Jews]. I recall beingpresent in my youth when the person of a man ninetyyears old was examined before the procurator and a verycrowded court, to see whether he was circumcised.”

[15] Wylen, Stephen M., The Jews in the Time of Jesus: AnIntroduction, Paulist Press (1995), ISBN 0-8091-3610-4, Pp 190-192.; Dunn, James D.G., Jews and Christians:The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135, Wm. B. Eerd-mans Publishing (1999), ISBN 0-8028-4498-7, Pp 33-34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J &Talbert, Richard John Alexander, The Romans: From Vil-lage to Empire, Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 0-19-511875-8, p. 426.;

[16] Jewish Encyclopedia: Tarfon: “R. Ṭarfon was extremelybitter against those Jews who had been converted to thenew faith; and he swore that he would burn every book oftheirs which should fall into his hands (Shab. 116a), hisfeeling being so intense that he had no scruples against de-stroying the Gospels, although the name of God occurredfrequently in them.”

[17] “ANTITHESIS”. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[18] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Dionysius”. Retrieved14 March 2015.

[19] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caius (3rd Century)".Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[20] “ANF05. Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus,Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, Appendix”. Retrieved 14March 2015.

[21] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Monarchians”. Re-trieved 14 March 2015.

[22] Richard McBrien The Church (New York: HarperOne,2008) 390

[23] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lapsi”. Retrieved 14March 2015.

[24] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Eusebius”.Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[25] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Synods of Arles”.Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[26] “NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Lifeof Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine”. Re-trieved 14 March 2015.

[27] The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002,pages 414-415

[28] Rapp, Stephen H., Jr (2007). “7 - Georgian Christianity”.The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. JohnWiley & Sons. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4443-3361-9. Re-trieved 11 May 2012.

[29] “The Seventh Arian Confession”. Retrieved 14 March2015.

[30] Theodosian Code XVI.1.2 Medieval Sourcebook: Ban-ning of Other Religions by Paul Halsall, June 1997, Ford-ham University, retrieved September 25, 2006; Theo-dosian Code XVI.1.2; Catholic Encyclopedia: Theodo-sius I: “In February, 380, he and Gratian published thefamous edict that all their subjects should profess the faithof the Bishops of Rome and Alexandria (Cod. Theod.,XVI, I, 2; Sozomen, VII, 4).”

[31] “Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History (AD431-594), translated by E.Walford (1846). Introduction”. Re-trieved 14 March 2015.

[32] Paul Moses, “Mission Improbable: St. Francis and theSultan” Commonweal 25 September 2009, 16.

[33] The Rosicrucian Fellowship: The Rosicrucian Interpreta-tion of Christianity

25

[34] Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Ac-cepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, XXX: Knight Kadosh,p. 822, 1872

[35] René Guénon, El Esoterismo de Dante, p. 5-6, 14, 15-16,18-23, 1925

[36] Manly Palmer Hall, The Secret Teachings of All Ages: TheFraternity of The Rose Cross, p. 139, 1928

[37] “NOMBRE DE DIOS Mission in Spanish La Florida”.Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[38] (“What think you, loving people, and how seem you af-fected, seeing that you now understand and know, thatwe acknowledge ourselves truly and sincerely to professChrist, condemn the Pope, addict ourselves to the truePhilosophy, lead a Christian life (...)".

[39] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Evangelical Church”.Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[40] “Beauraing 1932”. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[41] “The Lady of All Nations - Family of Mary”. Retrieved14 March 2015.

[42] “Messages of Our Lady at Akita Japan”. Retrieved 14March 2015.

[43] “PMCC 4th Watch - Pentecostal Missionary CHURCHOFCHRIST (4thWatch)". PMCC (4thWatch). Retrieved14 March 2015.

[44] APPROVED APPARITIONS: Our Lady of Kibeho Thiswas an ominious foreshadowing of the Rwanda Genocideof 1994.

[45] “Evangelicals and Catholics Together”. Retrieved 14March 2015.

[46] “Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals, Inc”. Retrieved 14March 2015.

[47] Independent Online - South Africa, Virgin Mary 'appearsover Egyptian church', August 31, 2000

[48] Holy Lights in Assiut: Apparition in Assiut: EyewitnessAccount, Upper Egypt March/April 2006

[49] Joan G. LaBarr, United Methodist Church, WorldMethodists approve further ecumenical dialogue

[50] “CNS STORY: Methodists adopt Catholic-Lutheran dec-laration on justification”. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[51] Schism - By Travis Kavulla - The Corner - National Re-view Online

[52] Cf. years 1909-1911 and 1920 in the 20th century section

[53] Cf. Fama Fraternitatis. 1614

[54] Note: Centennial anniversary (on November 13, 2009) ofthe publication of The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception orMystic Christianity

[55] Cf. year 1313 in the Renaissance section and years 1614to 1616 in the 17th century section

[56] Rosicrucian revival. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Au-gust 2009

[57] “Eyewitness: Baghdad church siege”.

26 16 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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