Time travelling to climates of the past
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Transcript of Time travelling to climates of the past
![Page 1: Time travelling to climates of the past](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062313/559462581a28abbe6a8b4763/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Time travelling to climates of the past Mark Hodson, Emma Versteegh
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know that the climate is changing?
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know that the climate is changing?
![Page 4: Time travelling to climates of the past](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062313/559462581a28abbe6a8b4763/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know that the climate is changing?
![Page 5: Time travelling to climates of the past](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062313/559462581a28abbe6a8b4763/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know that the climate is changing?
![Page 6: Time travelling to climates of the past](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062313/559462581a28abbe6a8b4763/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know what will happen in the future?
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know what will happen in the future?
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know what will happen in the future?
![Page 9: Time travelling to climates of the past](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062313/559462581a28abbe6a8b4763/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know what will happen in the future?
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How do we know what will happen in the future?
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
How can we trust the models?
Present Day Cretaceous
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Looking into the past: calcium carbonate
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Calcium carbonate
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Calcium carbonate: stalagmites and stalactites
14
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Calcium carbonate: stalagmites and stalactites
15
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Calcium carbonate: shells
16
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Calcium carbonate: shells
17
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Earthworm calcium carbonate
18
Image: Amy Stewart
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Earthworm calcium carbonate
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Earthworm calcium carbonate
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Earthworm calcium carbonate
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Earthworm calcium carbonate
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
“It may be doubted whether there are many
other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world,
as have these lowly organized creatures."
Darwin, 1881
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
…several small, or two or three larger, or a single very
large concretion of carbonate of lime as much as 1.5 mm in
diameter…they are often found in the gizzard, intestines and in
the castings of worms…
Darwin, 1881
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
What is the function of granules?
• Elimination of excess Ca • Neutralisation of gut pH • Fixing metabolic CO2
• Osmoregulation
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Metal mobility
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Material Science
(a) BSE image of a mixed calcite-ACC granule. (b) Corresponding EBSD orientation contrast map. Calcite generates good Kikuchi patterns (inset) and crystal orientations are colour coded. ACC lacks a Kikuchi pattern (inset), rendering it black in the EBSD map.
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Production experiment
• 11 contrasting soils
• 1 earthworm per 300 g soil
• 27 days
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Production experiment
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Putting granules into perspective • Granule production =
65 x 103 – 5.7 x 106 tonnes CaCO3 a-1
9 – 840 Olympic swimming pools
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Putting granules into perspective
• Granule production =
– 0.01 – 0.5 % UK C emissions
– Up to c. 5 % of C emitted from soils
– 0.04 – 3 % of C fixed by temperate grassland
– +100% Ca fixed by plants, released to soils from minerals,
in rainfall
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Granules and climate change
I formed … years ago
and the temperature was…
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Dating
You gotta check this out, Stuart. Vinnie’s over on the couch putting the moves on Zelda Schwartz – but he’s talkin’ to the wrong end
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Calcite chemistry
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Calcite chemistry
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
U
Calcite chemistry
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Dating
234
230
92 U
90 Th
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Uranium-234 radioactive decay chain
Dating
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Dating
time
amou
nt
thorium
uranium / thorium
uranium
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Silbury Hill
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Silbury Hill
U-series isochron plot of multiple analyses of earthworm granules form Silbury hill. The earliest date for this is circa 4400 B.P. which is consistent with the U-series age for the carbonate granules, indicating they are contemporaneous with the soil formation.
230 Th/U age = 4.67 ± 0.44 ka MSWD = 63, probability = 0.000
230Th / 232Th
238U / 232Th
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Granules and climate change
I formed 1000 years ago
and the temperature was…
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Atomic structure
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Isotopes
44
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Heavy water
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Forming calcite
calcium Ca2+
carbon dioxide CO2
water H2O
+ +
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Forming calcite at low temps
calcium Ca2+
carbon dioxide CO2
water H2O
+ +
light heavy
low temperature calcite enriched in heavy O
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Forming calcite at high temps
calcium Ca2+
carbon dioxide CO2
water H2O
+ +
light heavy
higher temperature less heavy O enrichment
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Enrichment of heavy isotope decreases with temperature
49
enric
hmen
t in
heav
y ox
ygen
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Separating water molecules
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Separating water molecules
evaporation
Subtropics
Water vapour depleted in heavy water
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Separating water molecules
condensation
Mid latitudes
Further depletion of heavy water in atmosphere Heavy water enriched water
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Separating water molecules
condensation
Poles
Water vapour very depleted in heavy water
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Varying water composition
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Varying water composition
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Establishing a thermometer
3 temperatures
x 3 waters
x 2 soils
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Measuring isotopes
57
granule
Oxygen isotope composition
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Establishing a thermometer
58
enric
hmen
t in
heav
y ox
ygen
in c
alci
te
enrichment in heavy oxygen in water
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Establishing a thermometer
temperature
enric
hmen
t in
heav
y ox
ygen
Earthworm calcite Stalagmites Mussels
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Temperature equation
1000 ln α = 20.21 (103 T-1) - 38.58
α = (1000 + δ18OcVSMOW) / (1000 + δ18OwVSMOW)
60
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
A speleothem climate record
61
← warmer - colder →
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
A shell climate record
62
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Applying the thermometer
63
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Applying the thermometer
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Mark Hodson and Emma Versteegh, Time-travelling to climates of the past
Time travelling Boxgrove 500,000 years ago
65