TILLER’S GUIDETo Indian Country

II

©2015 by Veronica E. Velarde TillerAll rights reserved, Published in2015 Printed in the United States ofAmerica

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tiller, Veronica E. Velarde. Tiller’s guide to Indian country : economic profiles of American Indian reservations / edited and compiled by Veronica E.Velarde Tiller. — Third edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-885931-02-31. Indian reservations—Economic aspects—United States—Directories. 2. Indians of North America—Economicconditions—Directories. 3. Indian business enterprises—United States—Directories. I. Title. II. Title: Guide to Indiancountry. III. Title: Economic profiles of American Indian reservations. E93.T55 2015 330.9730089’97—dc23

2015022289

Cover Design and Book Layout Design by Mary M. VelardeCover Photographs Courtesy of: Jicarilla Apache Nation Fish & Wildlife, James Jay, Gila River, Jonathan Tsosie, Navajo,Veronica E. Tiller, Reba June Serafin, and Sheldon Nunez-Velarde, Jicarilla Apache

TILLER’S GUIDETo Indian Country

Economic Profiles ofAmerican Indian Reservations

Edited and Compiled by

VERONICA E. VELARDE TILLER

Featuring profiles for select private firms and companies, tribalenterprises, and non-profit organizations who have contributed

to Indian Country’s economic development

BowArrow Publishing Company:A Division of Tiller Research, Inc. Albuquerque, New Mexico USA

IV

It has now been more than fifty years since President Lyndon Johnson appointed me to the National Council on Indian Opportunity. In thatcapacity my colleagues and I traveled from coast to coast, visiting Indian communities in the nation’s largest cities and on the most isolatedreservations. The wounds were then still fresh from the twin federal policies of “Relocation” and “Termination.” Most Americans alive todaywill be incredulous to hear that after World War II their federal government openly embraced policies of “terminating” successful tribaleconomies by repudiating treaty and other obligations, and devastated Indian families and created urban ghettos by “relocating” Indianbreadwinners and their families from their reservation homes and moving them to major cities from Boston to Los Angeles.

Veronica Tiller has recognized one of the great untold American success stories of the late 20th Century in the emergence from that climateof Relocation and Termination of the thriving tribal economies chronicled here in this 3d edition of her groundbreaking work. Those of uswho have had even a minor role in this story admire Dr. Tiller for her insight and for the incredible effort Tiller’s Guide represents. She andher team have witnessed first-hand the local, regional, and national ripple effects of the tribal economies recorded here.

The advisory board to President Bill Clinton’s Initiative on Race advised him in a 1998 report that few Americans have an opportunity tolearn about the indigenous peoples of America, and that “little, if any, correct information about tribal governments is taught in mostschools.” Veronica Tiller has virtually single-handedly stepped forth to provide material to fill that gap in curriculum materials for virtuallyevery corner of America. It should be a task we all embrace to see that Tiller’s Guide to Indian Country is available to every federal agencyoffice in the country, and that it finds a place in the libraries of every school, college, and community in the nation.

All of us, native and non-Native alike, should take pride in the tribal communities and economies described here because they representwhat can happen when this country is willing to recognize mistakes, reverse course, and allow the human spirit in each of us to flourish.To date, no other country in the world can present a similar story of the survival, perseverance, and ultimate success of its indigenouspeoples such as is put forth here with such rich background and in such stunning detail. This Comanche woman thinks this nation inparticular, and perhaps the world in general, owes a deep debt of gratitude to Dr. Veronica Tiller for this scholarly contribution to anunderstanding of the true role of Indian tribes in Twenty-First Century America. It is my hope that governments throughout the world canlearn from our failures and our successes to realize the benefits they, too, might enjoy from appreciating the wisdom, the strength, and the“medicine” of their own indigenous peoples.

LaDonna HarrisPresident Emeritus

Americans for Indian Opportunity

ForewordBy LaDonna Harris

V

Preface

My Foreword to the 2d edition of this workten years ago noted significantchanges since the first publication in

1996. This 3d edition marks another ten-yearperiod of equally significant changes in the pic-ture of American Indian tribal economies. Someof these changes reflect national trends, and inothers tribes have been trend-setters for theirreservations and even for their regional econo-mies. Three sectors continue to be mainstaysof tribal economies: gaming, tourism, and natu-ral resources. Income and earnings from thesethree sectors are the primary sources of invest-ment in and development of tribal economies.These three sectors also provide tribal govern-ments with the greatest amount of employmentfor their people.

While the federal government laments a crum-bling national infrastructure, many tribes haveinvested in theirs, building community centers,housing, medical facilities, elder care resi-dences, and modern recreational centers. In2006 the majority of Indian students were at-tending public schools on or near their reserva-tions, but today many tribes have taken over theirschool systems and fund their own cultural andlanguage preservation programs. Many of thesetribal facilities have been designed by Ameri-can Indian architects and built by Indian-ownedconstruction companies. Tribes have donemore with their own resources to build moderneconomies in two generations than was ac-complished in a century of federal control oftheir resources and their funds.

Investments in Regional and NationalEconomiesThe Seneca Nation has invested more than $1billion in the economy of western New York, inthe process salvaging a failed urban renewalproject in downtown Buffalo and restoringriverfront “brownfield” properties to attractive andproductive use. Having purchased a privategame ranch from bankruptcy, the JicarillaApache Nation today owns and operates a world-class, big game enterprise, drawing visitors fromaround the world to the Chama Lodge in themountains of northern New Mexico. After oper-ating a Hard Rock hotel and casino on theirreservation for years, the Seminole Tribe ofFlorida acquired the brand with the purchaseof some 65 Hard Rock cafes and hotels through-out the country in one of the largest hotel acqui-sitions in the country in 2006. The Southern UteTribe of Colorado has financed commercialproperties in downtown Denver and invested in

offshore drilling operations in the Gulf of Mexico.Practicing sustained forestry techniques, theMenominee Tribe of Wisconsin harvests some30 million board-feet of timber annually whileincreasing the volume of standing timber andpreserving environmental and wildlife values.

Changes in Gaming IndustryAnother trend noted in my introduction to the2005 edition of this work was the then-uninter-rupted, straight-line, almost exponential growthof gaming operations and revenues on Indianlands. That, too, has changed dramatically overthe last ten years. Overall revenues from gam-ing on Indian lands have, with the single excep-tion of 2009, continued to rise although the rateof growth has slowed dramatically. Whether dueto market saturation, a general decline in dis-posable income following the recent Great Re-cession, or other reasons, Indian gaming rev-enue has continued to rise, albeit at a muchslower rate, and totaled some $28.3 billion in2013.

Revenues from gaming operations continue toprovide the basis of expansion, diversification,and growth of many tribal economies. Even theOsage Nation, which has produced oil and gasfrom its 1.4 million-acre mineral reserve in Okla-homa for more than 100 years, insisted for this3d edition of Tiller’s Guide that its economy nowrests primarily on gaming revenues, and not oiland gas income. The state of New York hasexperienced the sharpest, post-recession de-cline in gaming revenue growth for tribes, buteven there the Seneca Nation of western NewYork plans to continue “growing the pie” by ex-panding the number of venues and diversifyingthe level and range of entertainment options byexpanding the market in the face of the pros-pect of three new non-Indian mega-casino re-sorts in upstate New York.

The most dramatic change in the gaming sec-tor in coming years is likely to be the rise ofonline gaming that will increasingly be avail-able as more and more states open their mar-kets to this form of gaming which has beenlargely illegal in the U.S. since passage of theUnlawful Internet Gaming Enforcement Act of2006. As of this publication, no state with Indiangaming has acted to authorize or legalize onlinegaming. Tribes, however, seem to be increas-ingly interested in expanding their gaming op-portunities to this market which appears to rep-resent a different demographic than the visitorsto their casinos and resorts. To date, only Ne-

vada, Delaware, and New Jersey permit onlinegaming within their borders. Consequently, notribe can presently enter into a compact for ca-sino-style online gaming with its own state. Cali-fornia is considering legislation to authorizeonline gaming, and several tribes in that statehave expressed support for the initiative, al-though they differ widely on support for the vari-ous legislative proposals pending in the springof 2015. Although the established gaming in-dustry generally vigorously opposed onlinegaming for years as a threat to their investmentsin “brick and mortar” facilities, the point is notlost on gaming tribes that of the first three statesto legalize online gaming two of them are Ne-vada and New Jersey. Online gaming appearsto be on the horizon, and gaming tribes are pre-paring to be early participants.

TourismThe development of tourism on Indian reserva-tions began many decades ago and today it hasgrown even larger in part due to the availabilityof gaming revenues. Gaming and tourism goalmost hand in hand on many reservations andin Indian communities. Gaming facilities aredeliberately located close to recreational areasfor fishing, boating, hiking, golf courses, muse-ums, cultural centers, and other entertainmentfacilities. Gaming centers are also built aroundretail services that support tourism such as travelcenters, convenience stores, hotels, restau-rants, resorts, and gift shops.

Tribal tourism has thrived for many tribes withlarge reservations that are close to nationalparks and recreation areas, such as those inNew Mexico, Arizona, Montana, and Washing-ton.The Hualapai Tribe, for example has en-hanced its tourism program to by developing aSky-Walk over majestic views into the GrandCanyon, and by offering river rafting on the Colo-rado River through the reservation.Tourism hasbeen a major source of livelihood for many Na-vajo families for generations. Tourism is a prin-cipal driver of the economies of New Mexico

By Veronica E. Velarde Tiller

VI

and Oklahoma, and the tourism industry ofthose states rests largely on the presence ofIndian tribes within their borders.

The Natural Resources SectorNatural resources continue to provide the back-bone of many tribal economies. Although tribesthroughout the country own abundant quanti-ties of natural resources, for the most part thesetribal resource owners still do not benefit di-rectly from the value added to the raw materialsproduced from their lands. Oil and gas, coal,sand and gravel, agricultural crops, and rawseafood are produced as raw products on In-dian lands and manufactured into commercial,salable products by non-Indian enterprises. Verynotable and somewhat singular exceptions arethe commercial timber enterprises operated bytribes from the Olympic Peninsula to the GreatLakes and throughout the timbered mountainsof the Southwest.

Increasingly, however, as tribes embrace theprinciple of sustainability in developing theireconomies, they seem to be turning more andmore to retaining control of the entire produc-tion cycle of their resources. Private operatorshave mined forests, overgrazed grasslands, andhave over-harvested such natural food sourcesas game animals, wild rice, shellfish beds, andsalmon runs. Tribes are increasingly makinginvestments in sustainable practices in man-aging their own agriculture, timber, grazing, andgame and fisheries resources. Although themeans and tools are different, the fight to pro-tect and preserve the land and its life-sustain-ing waters is waged by tribes today as fiercelyas their forefathers fought to preserve what re-mains to them. Developing modern economiesis increasingly seen as the most promising wayto preserve their ancient cultures, languages,and ways of life.

Water Rights SettlementsA significant change I noted in introducing the2d edition ten years ago was the number of tribesthat were entering into water rights settlementsto firm up and quantify their rights to preciousand increasingly scarce water to support theireconomies and to ensure the permanent viabil-ity of their homelands. The first half of the year2015 has brought both historically unprec-edented rainfall throughout the southern plainsand what may prove to be a 1,000-year droughtfor California and much of the Southwest.Through flood and drought, in the past ten years,Congress has continued to approve Indian wa-ter rights settlements for tribes throughout thecountry.

The Soboba Band of California has achieved asettlement of its rights to waters of the San JacintoRiver basin. The Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of theDuck Valley Reservation have settled theirclaims to waters arising on the reservation andto the Owyhee River. Congress approved asettlement providing 600,000 acre-feet of wa-ter and some $461 million for water facilities onthe Crow Reservation in Montana. The WhiteMountain Tribe of Arizona achieved a settlementthat provides a 19th Century priority date for sig-nificant rights to water from the Salt River, plus$126 million for infrastructure development in-cluding a 60-mile pipeline to provide drinkingwater throughout the reservation.

In New Mexico the Nambe, Pojoaque, Tesuque,and San Ildefonso Pueblos concluded morethan 40 years of litigation with a settlement oftheir water rights claims and construction of aregional water system to serve both Indian andnon-Indian communities. The Taos Pueblo ofNew Mexico achieved a separate settlementthat provides the Pueblo with an aboriginal (pre-dating European contact) priority date to waterfrom an existing federal project. Finally, Con-gress approved a settlement that provides theNavajo Nation with rights to serve the westernportion of the Navajo Reservation with water fromexisting federal projects. As this 3d edition goesto press, Congress is considering additional wa-ter rights settlements.

All these water rights settlements of the last tenyears are much more detailed and complicatedthan indicated in the above cursory descriptionsof them here. Each of them provides a mea-sure of certainty both to the tribes and their non-Indian neighbors regarding sources and quan-tities of water available for present and futuredevelopment. Some of them provide authorityfor the tribes to market water that is surplus totheir current needs, which is another growingtrend throughout the western United States. Sig-nificantly, the dollar amounts associated withthese settlements provide a measure of the pre-viously unrecognized economic value of tribalwater rights.

Changes in oil and gas industryIn 2005, I noted that while oil and gas produc-tion continued on Indian lands, the industry hadlargely shifted its efforts to more promising andmore exciting prospects offshore and in foreigncountries. In 2006, however, Congress ex-empted the process of hydraulic fracturing(“fracking”) from regulation under the SafeDrinking Water Act and precipitated a domestic

“oil boom” that has been reminiscent of GoldRush days in California and Alaska. Ten yearsago, communities on both coasts and the Gulfof Mexico were looking to site terminals for im-porting liquefied natural gas to meet increas-ing U.S. demand and decreasing domestic sup-plies. Today, due to the drilling boom utilizingfracking technology, the U.S. boasts a 100-yearsupply of natural gas and ranks first in the worldamong countries producing crude oil. From thesprawling Fort Berthold Reservation in NorthDakota; throughout the Ute, Apache, and Na-vajo lands of the Four Corners region; and fromOklahoma to the Gulf Coast Indian tribes havebenefited from this latest boom time in the oiland gas fields.

Green Economy and Renewable EnergyA further significant change in tribal economiesover the last ten years has been the extent towhich tribes throughout the country have em-braced the green economy. From the Yukon toSan Diego County tribes have invested in formsof renewable energy on scales from residentialto industrial. The Campo Kumeyaay Nation (for-merly Campo Band of Mission Indians) on theMexican border of California was the first tribein the country to install an industrial scale windenergy farm that produces enough energy for30,000 homes a year. The Gwithyaa ZheeGwich’in Tribal Government of Fort Yukon,Alaska is installing a solar system to reduce itsannual fuel oil costs by 50 per cent. Tribes fromNew York to Oregon have built, acquired, or as-sumed licenses for hydroelectric plants.TheMoapa Paiute Tribe of Nevada is constructingan industrial scale solar plant to provide 200megawatts of power to southern California. TheJemez Pueblo is exploring the prospect of de-veloping commercial scale geothermal powerin the Valles Caldera region of the Jemez Moun-tains of New Mexico.

Resistance from established investor-ownedutilities to the development of renewable en-ergy appears to be giving way to cooperativeenterprises with tribes throughout the country.

Development as a two-sided coinThe monumental change in the magnitude andscope of tribal economies over the past tenyears has not been an unalloyed blessing. Theoil and gas boom resulting from hydraulic frac-turing and horizontal drilling has been accom-panied by all the vices proverbially associatedwith the gold rush frenzies of the 19th and 20th

Centuries. The distribution of wealth from de-velopment has been uneven. Where reserva-

Preface

VII

tion lands are individually owned, not all land-owners profit equally or even similarly. Loca-tion, location, location appears to be the rule inIndian country as elsewhere. Community andfamily dysfunction appear to accompany rapidand unplanned change in circumstances.

A Note about non-Tribal profies in this3rd edition.Finally, I want to offer a note of explanation re-garding the non-Tribal profiles in this edition.

Preface

The economic progress and development oftribal economies told through these tribal pro-files would not have been possible without thehelp, counsel, guidance, and wisdom of a verygreat many non-Tribal individuals, firms, andorganizations. Those few profiled here havebeen carefully selected for their outsized con-tributions to economic development in Indiancountry over the past decades, whether fromtheir precedent-setting legal cases, the magni-tude of recoveries they have achieved, the sig-

nificance of their of role in regional economies,and in all cases for their contributions to eco-nomic and business development for Indiantribes and Indian people .Their inclusion herereflects, among other things, my personal ad-miration and gratitude to them for their contri-butions to Indian country progress and to thepublication of this 3rd edition.

Veronica E. TillerJicarilla Apache

Acknowledgements

A work of this magnitude would not be pos-sible without the support of a virtual army of

writers, researchers, editors, proofreaders, agraphic designer, an indexer, and other mem-bers of the Tiller Research project team. I can-not possibly thank everyone who has contributedin one way or another to this 2014-2015 editionof Tiller's Guide, but our lead researchers andwriters were Brian Ramirez, Tammy Moon, Chris-tina Harrison, and Cass W. IV Walters. We re-ceived valuable assistance with the Californiaprofiles from Deanah Watson, Michael Land-kammer, and Susan Peone. Caroline Laurentassisted us with the Minnesota tribal profiles, andLiana S. Hesler lent a valuable hand with theOklahoma profiles. Stacey Sanchez assisted withNew Mexico.

We owe a special debt of gratitude to TammyMoon, who also served as our technical editorfor the entire manuscript. Her keen eye, analyti-cal skills, and her research and writing abilitieshave been invaluable. We are especially grate-ful, too, to Christina V. Harrison for deciphering,managing, and compiling the U.S. Census datafor all the tribes in the 33 states where they arelocated. Mary M. Velarde created all the graph-ics including the cover design, and was infinitelypatient in accommodating the rewrites, revisions,corrections, repaginations, and second thoughtsas she prepared the actual manuscript for ship-ment to the printer. Her creativity and technicalskills are evident in her page layout throughoutthis work. Mary Harper of Access Points Index-ing of Oregon provided the index. RobertaSerafin provided important management of fi-nancial records. Glenda Archuleta drew on herbottomless well of good will developed from de-cades of working with tribes throughout the coun

try and deserves credit for bringing in most of thetribal profiles. Ganelle Benallie provided valu-able records management services in the earlystages of this project. Emily (Emmie) Frederiksmade important contributions to earlier editionsof this work, and her contributions are still visiblethroughout this 3rd edition.

In addition to these individuals, Richard Linfield,Leilani Darling, Michael Chapman, JenniferGerard, Patricia Gerard, and Teresa Hicks allcontributed at various stages to the collection ofthis data and to plan for its dissemination. Otherindividuals who have provided valuable insights,assistance, and support in ways large and smallthroughout this project include Margo Hill,Jacqueline Croteau, Kay Bills, Travis Suazo, Jen-nifer Muskrat, Harlan McKosato, Susan Masten,Jim Gray, and Tom Teegarten.

Tiller's Guide to Indian Country would not be apremiere reference work without the coopera-tion, kindness, hospitality, and contributions ofthe people of Indian Country. The following indi-viduals all made a special effort by reviewing ourdraft profiles and sometimes even rewriting sec-tions of the profiles. Throughout the country wereceived help from tribal employees represent-ing various departments of their tribes, includingexecutive, economic development, public rela-tions, tribal administration, cultural preservation,libraries, environmental protection, businesscorporations, and from tribal consultants, all ofwhom care about their tribes and their peopleand want the general public to have accurateinformation about Indian Country.

We express our gratitude to Trib Choudary forassisting us with navigation of the 2010 US Cen-

sus data, and Don Motanic of the Intertribal Tim-ber Council, for sending us the 2013 ForestryReports for all the Indian tribes. We thank the BIARealty Offices from throughout the United Stateswho provided us with the Indian land acreagereports for tribes in their jurisdictions. LynnGlascoe and Schamell Padgett of the CIP Pro-gram at the Library of Congress helped us navi-gate the new technical rules of bringing a copy-righted work to press. I am especially grateful toMichael A. Corfman of Casino City Press of New-ton, Massachusetts, who has again allowed usaccess to his database from which we receivedthe latest information on Indian gaming statis-tics. We are especially thankful to Dick C.Winchell for providing us with the 2013 and 2014NAHASDA data compilations for updated tribalpopulations and tribal enrollment figures. A sin-cere thanks goes to the Cherie Tayaba and theAll Indian Pueblo Council for giving me the fo-rum to obtain permission from the 19 NewMexico Pueblo Governors to work with theirtribes. I offer my special thank you for their coop-eration and help to the following New MexicoPueblo Governors: E. Paul Torres (Isleta), JoshuaMadalena (Jemez), Richard Luarkie (Laguna),Richard Mermejo (Picuris), George Rivera(Pojaoque), and George M. Montoya (Santa Ana),J. Michael Chavarria (Santa Clara), Robert Mora(Tesuque) and Arlen Quetawki, Sr. (Zuni). LeonReval, Jicarilla Apache Legislative Councilmember, made it possible for me to request thehelp of all the Apache tribal leaders at theirApache Summit in updating their profiles. LeighBitsitty of the Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada ar-ranged for my meeting with her organization. Pei-Chen Chang and Robert Smith arranged for meto meet with the Southern California TribalChairmen's Association.

VIII

Acknowledgements (cont’d)

special gratitude for their contribution. In particu-lar, David Sloan of Sloan Architects of Albuquer-que and David Garce of GBSB Architects of SaltLake City were instrumental in making that pro-file possible. No list of influential non-profits inIndian country would be complete without twothat have set the standard for more than 40 year-- Americans for Indian Opportunity (AIO), andthe Native American Rights Fund (NARF). Thesetwo organizations are known, respected, ad-mired, and admired far beyond Indian Country,in the halls of Congress, throughout the Execu-tive reaches of government, in boardrooms, court-rooms, and tribal council chambers from oneend of the country to the other. I count it an honoran d a privilege to have enjoyed the friendshipand support of these organizations and their lead-ership, as well as their unflagging support forTiller's Guide. I thank John Echohawk, DonaldRagona, and Morgan O'Brien of NARF for theirhelp. My heartfelt gratitude goes to LaDonnaHarris, my dear friend , founder of AIO, and 'GrandLady for All Seasons' in Indian Country for theForeword to this edition, and for her consistentand long-standing support of Tiller's Guide. LauraHarris, executive director of AIO has my thanksfor always giving and sharing her support.

One individual who stands in a category by her-self for her generosity and support is PatriciaParker, (Choctaw from Oklahoma) of Reston Vir-ginia, a successful business woman who simplyfinds ways to help Native Americans in business.I will never forget her graciousness and confi-dence in me.

Veronica E. Velarde Tiller, Ph.D.(Jicarilla Apache)Editor & CompilerTiller Research, Inc.Albuquerque, New Mexico

Tiller's Guide is well illustrated with photographsbecause of the generosity and good will of vari-ous individuals, Indian tribes, non-profit organi-zations, and private companies. I greatly appre-ciation their generous consent for the use of thesephotographs, and these contributors are cred-ited throughout the text with their works.

There is a special group of supporters that I owemy utmost gratitude. Without the financial sup-port of their companies and non-profit organiza-tions, this 3rd edition of Tiller's Guide would nothave been possible. The original idea for off-setting the cost of publication was given to me byFrank Sims, my friend and general manager ofmy tribe's The Lodge at Chama. When invita-tions went out to select firms and enterprises whohave either made or are making a major contri-bution to Indian Country's economic develop-ment, one of Indian country's leading lawyers,Charles A. Hobbs of the Hobbs, Straus, Dean &Walker law firm was the first to lend the prestigeof his name and his firm to our efforts. Dan Rey-Bear, Deidre Lujan, Thomas Peckham, andDonald H. Grove of the Nordhaus Law Firm areindividuals I admire for their legal work in behalfof my tribe, the Jicarilla Apache Nation, and Icannot thank them enough for their contributions.Three other Washington, D.C.- based law firmsaccepted our invitation to showcase their contri-butions to Indian Country here. I am grateful toEzra Crawford, Public Relations Manager atBuckleySandler for providing his firm's profile.Our long-time and good friend Paul Mooreheadprovided the profile for his firm of Powers Pyles,Sutter & Verville. I was especially pleased thatmy Osage sister Elizabeth Homer agreed to al-low us to feature her firm, Homer Law, Charteredas well. These firms deserve an enormousamount of credit for the economic success sto-ries profiled throughout this book.

Since this book is devoted to profiling the econo-mies of Indian reservations throughout the coun-try, I am particularly pleased as well to profile afew of the tribal enterprises that are shaping thoseeconomies. I am grateful to Michael Chapmanfor bringing us the profile of his tribe's MenomineeTribal Enterprises. Cherie Gordon of theBurlington Northern-Santa Fe Railway has beenextremely supportive and helpful with sugges-tions from her business background we well asfor the profile of her company's work with thetribes on the Fort Peck reservation. Fred Vigil,CEO of the Jicarilla Apache Energy Company(JAECO), was very gracious in providing a pro-file of our own tribe's venture into the entrepre-neurial world of oil and gas production. Ron Allen,long-time chairman of the Jamestown S'KlallamTribe, has been a long-time supporter and cham-pion of Tiller's Guide. I am particularly grateful tohim for his national leadership in Indian Countryand to Ann Sargent and Bette Oppenheimer atJamestown S'Klallam for sharing their successstory here. The NOVA Corporation, a whollyowned enterprise of the Navajo Nation, is alsoprofiled here thanks to the assistance and coop-eration of Senior Vice President Clara Pratt andMarketing Director Oscencio Tom.

Finally, I am thoroughly pleased to have the op-portunity to profile here a slice of the non-profitsector of Indian Country that has made monu-mental and lasting contribution over their manydecades of service to Indian Country. Ted Pedro,Director, and Russell Pedro, economic special-ist at the American Indian Chamber of Commerceof New Mexico have a special place in my line-up of contributors with their pledge of publicityand networking opportunities. My appreciationgoes out to them. A special group of entrepre-neurs, who make up the American Indian Coun-cil of Architects and Engineers, (AICAE) have my

IX

Tribal Reviewers/Contributors List

LOUISIANATelah Robison, (Chitimacha)Kim Walden, (Chitimacha)David Sickey, (Coushatta)Babette C. Bordelon, (Tunica-Biloxi)

MAINEJohn Jouette, (Aroostook)Brian Reynolds, (Maliseets)Eric Nocolar, (Penobscot)

MASSACHUSETTSTobias Vanderhoop, (Wamponoag Gay Head)Victoria Wright, (Wamponoag Gay Head)Bettina Washington, (Wamponoag Gay Head)

MICHIGANTina Durant, (L'Anse)Peggy Loonsfoot, (L'Anse)Angie Pigeon, (Match E-Be-Nash-she-wish)Dave Anthony, (Match E-Be-Nash-she-wish)Marcella L. Hadden, (Isabella)

MINNESOTAHelen Wilkie, (Bois Forte)David Morrison, (Bois Forte)Curt Kalk, (Leech Lake)Joe Nayquonabe, (Leech Lake)Ryan White, (Leech Lake)Cindy Taube, (Prairie Island)Harvey Roy, (Red Lake)Trisha Nissen, (Shakopee)Willie Hardacker, (Shakopee)Michael Neusser, (White Earth)

MISSISSIPPIMisty B. Dreifuss (Choctaw)

MONTANAJodi Running Fisher, (Blackfeet)Cheryl Reevis, (Blackfeet)Ruth Swaney (Flathead)Steve Small, (Northern Cheyenne)Joanlyn Mitchell, (Rocky Boy)

NEVADADennis Smith, (Duck Valley)Virginia Sanchez, (Duckwater Shoshone)Jennifer Saunders, (Elko Band)Gerald Temoke, (Elko Band)Sandra Barela (Ely)Len George, (Fallon)Lori Williams, (Fallon)Trudy Ferber, (Las Vegas Paiute)Benny Tso, Chairman, (Las Vegas Paiute)Phil Swain, (Moapa)Darren Daboda, (Moapa)Aletha Tom, (Moapa),Gregory Anderson (Moapa) Arlan D. Melendez, (Reno Sparks)Stacey Montooth, (Reno Sparks)Frances Winn, (Summit Lake)Phaline Conklin, (Te-Moak)Carl Johnson, (Walker River)Christine Potts, (Walker River)

ALABAMASharon Delmar (Poarch Creek)

ALASKA CORPORATIONSAngela Bourdukofsky, (Aleut)Imafana Tuimaliifano, (Ahtna)Matt Gamley, (Bering Straits)Marlis Luke, (Calista)Randi Jo Grause, (Chugach)Brianna R. Cannon, (Chugach)Jason Moore (Cook Inlet)Josie E. Heyano, (Cook Inlet)Aaron Schulle, (Cook Inlet)Charlene Ostbloom, (Doyon)Dawn Kewan, (Koniag)Laura Orenga, (Koniag)Shelly Wozniak, (Koniag)Laura Kayuqtuq de Gattory, (NANA Corporation)Dixie Hutchinson, (Sealaska)

ARIZONALisa Garcia, (Ak-Chin)Jerry Owen, (Ak-Chin)Arnold Danford, (Fort Apache)Brenda Roberts, (Fort Apache)Gary Cantrell, (Fort Apache)Deena Domingo, (Gila River)Damascus Francisco, (Gila River)Gina Goodman, (Gila River)Andra Gutierrez, (Gila River)Adeline Koyayesva, (Gila River)Jim Larney, (Gila River)Dennis Smith, (Gila River)Lee Miguel, Jr., (Gila River)Claudette “Ann” Torres, (Gila River)Derek White, (Gila River)Buddy Rocha, (Camp Verde)David E. Lewis, (Camp Verde)Waylon Honga, (Hualapai)Clifford B Qotsaquahu, (Hopi)Carmen Bradley(Kaibab)Austin Nunez, (Tohono O'Odam)Iris Jones, (Salt River)Lisa Fulwilder, (Salt River)Margaret Cook, (Yavapai-Prescott)

CALIFORNIAKate Anderson, (Agua Caliente)Mark Dansby, (Agua Caliente)Dan Malcolm, (Agua Caliente)Bill Anderson, (Augustine)Chris Booth, (Auburn)Ben Ray, (Big Valley)Jana Ganion, (Blue Lake)Justin Nalder, (Bridgeport/Blue Lake)Rhonda Morning Star- Pope (Buena Vista)Silvia Burley, (California Valley Miwok Tribe)Mike Connolly (Campo)Nikki Munholand (Cedarville)David L. Toler, (Chemehuevi)Donner Ellsworth, (Chemehuevi)Vicki Macias, (Cloverdale)Blossom Hunter, (Cold Springs)Tracy Laub, (Dry Creek)

CALIFORNIA (cont’d)Thomas Leon Brown, (Elem)Craig Marcus, (Enterprise)Will Micklin, (Ewiiaapaay)Lindsey Stine, (Fort Independence)Coty Yarborough, (Hoopa)Javaugh Miller, (LaPosta)Cheri Smith Gibson, (Laytonville)LaVonne Peck, (La Jolla)Marc Romero, (Mesa Grande)Nick McMullen, (Montgomery)Bill Fisher, (Morongo)Elaine Bethel Fink, (North Fork Rancheria)Andrew Alejandre, (Paskenta Band)DaNikka Huss, (Pala)Jennifer M. Lutige, (Pinoleville)Nikki Symington, (Rincon)Mary Camp, (Redwood)Kathy Down, (Resighini)Matthew Mattison, (Rohnerville)Michael Contrares, (San Pasqual)Curtis Notsinneh, (Rumsey)Hildy Medina, (Santa Ynez)Virginia Hill, (Santa Ysabel)Aaron Abrazzanovic, (Susanville)Deborah Olstad, (Susanville)Glenn Quiroga, (Sycuan)Bill Gollnick, (Tejon)Julie Tuazon-Gonzalez, (Tejon)Rhodi Nieto, (Tule River)Victor Woods (Viejas)Terri Colton, (Yurok)Taralyn Ipinã, (Yurok)Larry Hendrix, (Yurok)Kim Mamaradlo, (Yurok)Tanya Sagrey, (Yurok)

COLORADOTawnie Knight, (Ute Mountain)Thomas H. Shipps, (Southern Ute)

CONNECTICUTHarriet Bromley, (Mashantucket Pequot)Cheryl Allen, (Mashantucket Pequot)

FLORIDAGeorgette Smith, (Seminole Tribe)Lee Tiger, (Seminole Tribe)

IDAHORandy L. Teton, (Fort Hall)Heather Keen, (Coeur d’ ALene)Patty Perry, (Kootenai)Chuck Fernin, (Kootenai)

KANSASDon June, (Sac and Fox)Tim Rhodd, (Iowa)Suzanne Heck, (Prairie Band Potawatomi)Thomas Wabnum, (Prairie Band Potawatomi)

LOUISIANATelah Robinson, (Chitimacha)Kim Walden, (Chitimacha)David Sickey, (Coushatta)Babette C. Bordelon, (Tunica-Biloxi)

X

RHODE ISLANDAnthony Dean Stanton, Narragansett

SOUTH CAROLINAWenonah Haire, (Catawba)

VIRIGINIAJoyce Krigsvold, (Pamunkey)

TEXASCarlos Bullock, (Alabama Coushatta)Patricia Riggs, (Ysleta Del Sur)Alejandro Simental, (Ysleta Del Sur)

UTAHGayle Rollo, (Paiute Tribe)Madeline Greymountain, (Goshute)Robert Colorow, (Uintah-Ouray)Mariah Cuch, (Uintah-Ouray)

WASHINGTONAmy Loudermilk, (Chehalis)Whitney Devlin, (Cowlitz)Ann Sargent, (Jamestown S'Kallam)Betty Oppenheimer, (Jamestown S'Kallam)Ron Allen, (Jamestown S'Kallam)April Pierre, (Kalispel)Raynell Zuni, (Lummi)Leonard Denney, (Makah)Rollin Fatland, (Muckleshoot)Katie Krueger, (Quileute)Renee Woodruff, (Quileute)Natalie Charley, (Quinault)Jacquire Poplin, (Quinault)Norma Joseph, (Sauk Suiattle)Windy Anderson, (Suquamish)Jody Rosier, (Skokomish)Leah Thomas, (Shoalwater Bay)Jaime Martin, (Snoqualmie)Leslie Eastwood, (Swinomish)Ed Knight, (Swinomish)

WISCONSINMichael Chapman, (Menominee)Michelle Dickinson, (Menominee)Barbara Webster, (Oneida)Jeff Ackley, Jr., (Red Cliff)Kim Swisher, (Red Cliff)Brandon Thomas, (Red Cliff)

Tribal Reviewers/Contributors List (cont’d)

NEVADA (cont’d)Deborah Dunn, (Yerington)Linda L. Howard, (Yerington)

NEW YORKDale T. White, (St. Regis Mohawk)Kelly Abdo, (Oneida)Tarah Seneca (Seneca)

NEW MEXICOAllie Thompson Moore, (Acoma)Bill Fisher, (Cochiti)Sheila Herrera, (Isleta)Carmela Sutherland, (Isleta)Chip R. Martin, (Isleta)Valentino Jaramillo, (Isleta)Governor E. Paul Torres, (Isleta)Kathy Trujillo, (Isleta)Governor Joshua Madalena, (Jemez)Harold W. Sando, (Jemez)Lynn Toledo, (Jemez)Bernice Muskrat, (Jicarilla Apache)Natasha D. Cuylear, (Jicarilla Apache)J.D. Knighthawk, (Jicarilla Apache)Stephen Montano, (Jicarilla Apache)Tammi Lambert, (Laguna)Natalie Pino, (Laguna)Diana Martinez, (Nambe)Sherry Archuleta, (Picuris)Levi Lementino, (Picuris)Governor Richard Mermejo, (Picuris)Samuel Villarreal Catanach, (Pojoaque)Christy Mermejo, (Okhay O Wingeh)Nathan Tsosie, (Ramah Navajo)Kee Lee (Ramah Navajo)Governor George M. Montoya, (Santa Ana)Governor J. Michael Chavarria (Santa Clara)Kenneth Pin (Santo Domingo)Darren Stand, (San Idelfonso)Andrew Othole, (San Idelfonso)Millie Weller, (Taos)Governor Arlen Quetawki, Sr. and staff, (Zuni)

NORTH DAKOTAKen Hall, (Fort Berthold)

OKLAHOMADan Little Axe, (Absentee-Shawnee)Eddie Broken Shoulder, (Absentee-Shawnee)Margaret Anoque, (Cheyenne Arapahoe)Anna Knight, (Cherokee)Donna A. Wahnee, (Comanche)

Jennifer Bell, (Citizen Band of Potawatomi)Kelley Francen, (Citizen Band of Potawatomi)J D Colbert, (Muskgoee Creek)Larry Dushane, (Eastern Shawnee)Jeff Haozous, (Ft Sill Apache)Phillip Cravatt, (Iowa)Michelle L Holiday, (Iowa)Ewell Longhorn, (Kiowa)Paula Smith, (Delaware)Sammie Still, (Keetoowah Cherokee)Donya Williams, (Miami)Emilee Truelove, (Miami)Candy Thomas, (Osage)Heather Payne, (Otoe Missouria)Tiffany Frietze, (Pawnee)Suzanne Heck, (Prairie Band Potawatomi)Donna Mercer, (Quapaw)Stephen Ward, (Quapaw)Kent Collier, (Kickapoo)Jennell Downs, (Kickapoo)Vanessa Vance, (Kickapoo)Rhonda Hayworth, (Ottawa/Pawnee)Paula Mendoza, (Ponca)Catherine Walker, (Sac and Fox)Sandra Massey, (Sac and Fox)Sam Caruso, (Sac and Fox)Steve Stand, (Sac and Fox)Leonard Harjo, (Seminole)Ericka Pinion, (Seminole)Calvin Cassady, (Seneca/Cayuga)George Scott, (Thlopthlocco)Edward Mouss, (Thlopthlocco)Emanuel Morgan, (Thlopthlocco)Rose Scott, (Thlopthlocco)Gary McAdams, (Wichita)Charles Tippeconnic, (Wichita)Ron Brown, (Wyandotte)Ron Kaiser, (Wyandotte)William Swaim, (Wyandotte)Troy LIttle Axe, (Modoc)

OREGONKenton Dick, (Burns Paiute)Kay Collins, (Coquille)Jesse Beers, (Coos Bay)Lower Umpqua, Siuslaw)Dean Rhodes, (Grand Ronde)Taylor Tuppe, (Klamath)Diane Rodriquez, (Siletz)Chuck Sams, (Umatilla)Lonny Macy, (Warm Springs)

XI

Sponsors

Tiller Research, Inc., thanks the following businesses for their support for the 3rd editionof Tiller’s Guide to Indian Country.

The Lodge at ChamaChama, New Mexico

www.Lodgeatchama.com

Hobbs, Straus, Dean & Walker, LLPWashington, D.C.Portland, OR

Oklahoma City, OKSacramento, CA

www.hsdwlaw.com

Nordhaus Law Firm, LLPAlbuquerque, NMSpokane, WashingtonWashington, DC

www.nordhauslaw.com

BNSF RailwayHeadquarters: Fort Worth, TX

www.bnsf.com

Menominee Tribal EnterprisesNeopit, Wisconsin

www.mtewood.com

Jicarilla Apache Energy CompanyDulce, New Mexico

www.jaeco.com

Jamestown S’Klallam Tribal EnterprisesSequim, Washington

www.jkt.org

Nova-Dine CorporationWindow Rock, AZAlbuquerque, NMChambersburg, PA

Columbia, MD www.nova-dine.com

BuckleySandler, LLPWashington, DCNew York, NYChicago, IL

Los Angeles, CALondon, England

www.buckleysandler.com

American Indian Chamberof Commerce of New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexicowww.aiccnm.com

Americans for Indian OpportunityAlbuquerque, New Mexico

www.aio.org

Homer Law CharteredWashington, D.C.

www.homerlaw.com

American Indian Councilof Architects and Engineers

www.aicae.org

Native American Rights FundDenver, CO

www.narf.org

Powers, Pyles, Sutter & VervilleWashington, DCwww.ppsv.com

Patricia ParkerReston, VA

XII

have scored over 500. This is in addition toChama’s traditional open ranch hunts.

Complementing the legendary elk, the Lodgeand Ranch at Chama Land & Cattle Companyalso features American bison, trophy mule deer,black bear, blue grouse, and the stunninglybeautiful Merriam’s turkey.

And, as if this weren’t enough, in spring andsummer Chama treats their guests to some ofthe most enticing trout fishing in North America.In addition to numerous pristine high-countrylakes with brown, cutthroat, brook, and rainbowtrout, the Ranch encompasses miles and milesof crystalline streams, such as Poso Creek andthe venerable Brazos River, including nearly fivemiles of the Brazos’ formative East and WestForks—thus offering absolutely sublime streamfishing in the most spectacular settings imag-inable.

All of this reflects an unmatched commitmentto excellence and stewardship by the JicarillaApache Nation. The management and staff ofthis celebrated lodge and ranch, with their de-votion to an uncompromising vision of distinc-tion, quality service, and preeminence, assuresthat friends and guests enjoy experiences thatwill stay with them for a lifetime. The resultsspeak for themselves, borne out by an unheardof 89% return rate. Guests come back, year af-ter year, to the Lodge and Ranch at ChamaLand & Cattle Company, a place they have cometo regard as home, to people they have come tothink of as family.

The Jicarilla Apache Nation’s

he Lodge and Ranch at Chama Land & Cattle Company

The Lodge and Ranch at Chama Land & CattleCompany has long been recognized as one ofthe world’s premier sporting destinations. Lo-cated less than two hours north of Santa Fenear the border of Colorado, in northern NewMexico’s soaring San Juan Mountains, theranch traces its origins back to its inception in1950 when it was acquired by the Vaughn fam-ily of Dallas, Texas. The Vaughns’ stated goalwas to establish the perfect hunting ranch, andto that end they were wildly successful. So be-gan the rich history of what has today becomethe Lodge and Ranch at Chama Land & CattleCompany.

In June of 1995 the Jicarilla Apache Nation ofDulce, New Mexico, purchased this sprawling32,000-acre ranch. Long known for extra ordi-nary resource management programs and afirm commitment to stewardship of the landsthey inhabit, the Jicarilla Apache people werenot only committed to continuing the rich tradi-tions of this world-renowned hunting and fish-ing destination, but to even further enhancing it.

The distinctive story of the Jicarilla Apachereaches far back into a noble history rich withintegrity, pride, and tradition, while today eagerlypressing forward into a future of extraordinaryvision, potential, and continued growth.

In 1998 the Jicarilla Apache Nation added the4,000-acre Mossman Ranch which adjoins thelodge and ranch on its eastern border. Twoyears later a 16,000 square-foot expansion wasadded to the already existing lodge that had

graced the ranch since 1972, thus completinga 27,000 square-foot architectural masterpiecewith massive timbers, two great rooms, 21 luxu-rious rooms and suites, and an entrance foyerfeaturing a 36-foot vaulted ceiling and monu-mental stone fireplaces. The Lodge has sincebeen the recipient of numerous national andinternational awards, acclaimed as one of thefinest, most luxurious hunting and fishing lodgesand business retreats on the planet. Here, youwill find some of the grandest elk on the face ofthe earth, along with luxurious accommoda-tions, opulent amenities, comprehensive busi-ness facilities, and exquisite landscapes thatare simply unrivaled.

For decades, the Lodge and Ranch at ChamaLand & Cattle Company has been famous forits spectacular elk hunting, for the elk herds thatmigrate annually across southern Colorado intonorthern New Mexico, and especially for theprivately managed elk herd ranging over 7,000acres of mountains and canyons on the ranchproper. Chama’s elk management program haslong been focused on enabling and encourag-ing the elk that inhabit this ranch to realize andexpress their full genetic potential. With meth-ods conceived and designed to introduce awhole new regimen of diverse genetics into theprivate herds, the goal was to accelerate evenfurther the development of some of the mostawe-inspiring bull elk to walk the earth. Theresults have been astounding. Chama’s hunt-ers have taken nearly three dozen bull elk thathave scored over 400 SCI points, two of which

XIII

Hobbs, Straus, Dean & Walker, LLP

A National Law Firm Exclusively Devoted to Promoting and Defending Tribal Rights

HOBBSHOBBSHOBBSHOBBSHOBBSSSSSSTRATRATRATRATRAUSUSUSUSUSDEAN &DEAN &DEAN &DEAN &DEAN &WWWWWALKERALKERALKERALKERALKER

A National Law Firm with offices in:

2120 L Street, NWSuite 700

Washington, DC 20037

202-822-8282202-296-8834 Fax

Portland806 S.W. Broadway

Suite 900Portland, OR 97205

503-242-1746503-242-1072 Fax

Oklahoma City101 Park Avenue

Suite 700Oklahoma, OK 73102

405-602-9425405-602-9426 Fax

Sacramento1903 21st Street

3rd FloorSacramento, CA 95811

916-442-9444916-442-8344 Fax

www.hobbsstraus.com

history that Indian Country will be proud to claimas its legacy.Hobbs, Straus, Dean & Walker is one of the

oldest law firms in America focused on pro-viding legal services to American Indians andAlaska Natives, and remains at the forefront oflegal and policy issues that affect Indian Coun-try. The current firm descends directly from thefirm of Wilkinson, Cragun & Barker (WCB). Thatfirm was founded in 1951 by three early pio-neers of utilizing the law to protect the rights, privi-leges, and immunities of American Indians andthe political sovereignty of Indian tribes. The cur-rent firm was founded when WCB broke up in1982, and Charlie Hobbs and Jerry Straus tooktheir Indian practice and started the new firm,joined by Bobo Dean and later by Hans Walker,who also had Indian practices.

In 1967, Charlie Hobbs took on the claims ofindividual Indian allottees on the Quinault Res-ervation on the Olympic Peninsula of Washing-ton State. Charlie litigated this case for twenty-two years (without compensation unless anduntil the case was won) including two trips to theUnited States Supreme Court, before that Courtfinally ruled in 1983 that the individual Indians'claims could proceed against the federal gov-ernment for failing to discharge the fiduciary du-ties owed to the Indian trust owners by the gov-ernment when it manages Indian trust timber.The government eventually agreed to a settle-ment of $26 million in favor of the over 2,500Indian plaintiffs, and it took another three yearsto determine how much each allottee was en-titled to. Some idea of the significance of thefirm's Supreme Court victory in Mitchell v. UnitedStates is suggested by the fact that this case hasso far been cited more than 2,770 times in otherpublished court decisions.

Another landmark achievement of our attorneysincludes the U.S. Supreme Court decision in1968, that the Menominee Tribe's treaty rights tohunt and fish free of state regulation had sur-vived the federal government's 1950's-era attemptto "terminate" the political relationship betweenthe United States and a number of Indian tribes.In the wake of this decision, the MenomineeTribe and almost every other terminated tribe inthe country, succeeded in reversing the legal ef-fects of the disastrous "Termination Era." Thesocial, human, and economic costs of that ill-fated policy, unfortunately, can still be seen inmany of those communities.

Jerry Straus played a major role in the years-long effort on behalf of the Taos Pueblo of NewMexico to restore to the Pueblo a parcel of U.S.Forest Service Land in the Sangre de Cristo

Mountains known as Blue Lake, which had beenan area of great religious significance to thePueblo since pre-Columbian days. Jerry, whojoined the WCB firm in 1963 after leaving theU.S. Department of Justice, led this effort againstfederal agency resistance, before the U.S. Con-gress and all the way into the Oval Office in 1970where President Nixon signed a law restoringBlue Lake to the Taos Pueblo. This paved theway for other federal actions to restore lands ofreligious significance to indigenous people fromthe Yakima Valley of Washington State to BearButte in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Thereturn of Blue Lake is widely regarded as a monu-mental watershed event in late 20th Century fed-eral Indian policy that culminated in the IndianSelf-Determination Act ushered in by PresidentNixon's Special Message on Indian Affairs of July8, 1970.

Bobo Dean, a former Rhodes Scholar, is one ofthe most prominent experts in the country on theIndian Self Determination Act. He assisted theMiccosukee Tribe of Florida in negotiating thefirst ISDA contract with the BIA under which anentire BIA agency is administered by a tribal gov-ernment. Partner Hans Walker was formerly incharge of Indian Affairs in the Solicitor's Office ofthe Interior Department, and is an enrolled mem-ber of the Three Affiliated Tribes of North Dakota(Mandan).

Today our firm provides a full spectrum of legalservices to Indian tribes and Alaska Natives invirtually every state where there are Indian reser-vations. With now 33 lawyers and offices in Okla-homa City; Portland; Sacramento; and Washing-ton, DC, the firm currently has the privilege torepresent dozens of federally recognized tribes,as well as many tribal organizations.

The firm's hands-on legal representation encom-passes almost every active area of Indian law,including federal agency and congressional re-lations; self-determination and self-governancenegotiations and tribal operations; natural re-source issues including water rights; develop-ment, operation, and regulatory compliance ofgaming operations; economic development;health care; Indian housing; taxation; and theunique challenges facing tribal communities inOklahoma and Alaska.

Hobbs, Straus, Dean & Walker is proud of itsrecord in promoting and defending tribal rights.We like to think we are a law firm that has madea difference, and with our Indian tribal clients wecontinue to write new chapters in our nation's

XIV

resort development in multiple states and suc-cessfully avoiding and resolving business andemployee disputes in a range of forums. We havetwo attorneys who have personal experienceserving on the boards of tribal enterprises, so weunderstand tribal business concerns from aninsider's perspective.

We also handle many uniquely governmentalmatters for our tribal clients, such as drafting,implementing, enforcing, and defending triballaws, as well as working with federal, state, andlocal governments for our clients, including work-ing to modify existing laws. We have success-fully defended tribal authority in the United StatesSupreme Court and in many other federal, state,and tribal court systems. In addition, we havesucceeded in implementing tribal regulatory re-gimes and encouraged compliance without liti-gation. Finally, we have assisted tribes in restor-ing hundreds of thousands of acres of tribal lands,developing and implementing plans for theirongoing protection and use.

Nordhaus Law Firm LLPmaintains offices in

Spokane, Washington, andWashington, D.C.,

to well serve our clients throughoutthe United States.

Albuquerque Office7411 Jefferson St. NE

Albuquerque, NM 87109-4488(505) 243-4275

FAX: (505) 243-4464

Spokane Office421 W. Riverside Ave.

Suite 1004Spokane, WA 99204

(509) 747-2502

Washington DC Office1401 K Street NW

Suite 801Washington, DC 20005

(202) 530-1270FAX: (202) 530-1920

Nordhaus Law Firm, LLPDedicated to the Representation of Indian Nations

Nordhaus Law Firm, LLP is one ofthe oldest law firms in the UnitedStates that is solely dedicated to the

representation of American Indian tribes, theirbusinesses and organizations. Our founder andnamesake, Robert J. Nordhaus, started workingfor Indian tribes in the 1950s. The law firm as it istoday was established in 1979, when our found-ing three partners, now all deceased or retired,decided to specialize solely in representing In-dian tribes. Alan Taradash, who remains activeat the firm as our senior partner, joined the firmshortly thereafter. Since then, Nordhaus Law Firmhas sought to attract the best attorneys who sharea common purpose-to seek justice for Indiantribes and their citizens and to protect, promote,and preserve tribal sovereignty, cultures, econo-mies, and resources. This unwavering commit-ment to tribal sovereignty has helped the firmform long-term relationships and true friendshipswith its tribal clients.

Mr. Nordhaus demonstrated how valuable suchlasting relationships can be. He began repre-senting the Jicarilla Apache Nation before theIndian Claims Commission in the 1950s. Thoseclaims were successfully resolved in the early1970s, after which Bob Nordhaus assisted theNation in implementing and then defending oneof the first tribal severance taxes. When 21 oiland gas companies sued to challenge the tax,Nordhaus worked tirelessly to establish that tribeshave the right to tax non-member activities ontribal lands. In 1982 the Supreme Court ultimatelyaffirmed tribal authority to tax nonmembersbased on their inherent sovereignty to govern theirlands. Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe standsas a major victory in the ongoing struggle for tribalsovereignty and as a testament to Bob's tenacity,dedication, and skill-traits which the NordhausLaw Firm continues to emulate and value.

After Merrion, the firm continued its innovativeapproach to helping build vibrant tribal govern-ments and economies. This included advocat-ing for enactment of the Indian Mineral Develop-ment Act and the Federal Oil and Gas RoyaltyManagement Act, as well as continuing litiga-tion to protect tribal rights. For example, the 1986Supron decision by the Tenth Circuit Court ofAppeals established that the United States has aduty as trustee to act in the best interests of tribesregarding Indian leases. Building on that deci-sion and working closely with the tribe's employ-ees, Alan Taradash and the firm were able tosecure quite substantial additional royalty col-lections for the Jicarilla Apache Nation.

The Nordhaus Law Firm continues to strive tofulfill the goals and standards established in theearly years of the firm. In the 36 years since thefirm's founding, our focus has been to develop ahigh level and wide range of experience and ex-pertise in federal Indian law. We always havebeen, and will continue to be, dedicated exclu-sively to representing Indian tribes and triballyowned enterprises and entities. This providesan additional assurance of undivided loyalty toour sovereign clients. Because of our particularmission, dedication, and background in Indianlaw, we are well positioned to accomplish thegoals of our tribal clients.

Through our extensive experience, we have de-veloped great depth and breadth of Indian lawexpertise. This includes administrative law, au-dits, business, complex transactions, contracts,code writing, cultural resources, economic de-velopment, environmental law, finance, forestry,gaming, governance, housing, ICWA, intergov-ernmental relations, jurisdiction, labor and em-ployment, land acquisitions, litigation, lobbying,natural resources management, planning, resortdevelopment, self-governance, sovereign immu-nity, taxation, trust management, utilities, andwater rights. We have worked for many IndianNations throughout the United States, includingin Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Louisi-ana, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, NewMexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma,Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

A primary focus of our firm has been trust re-sponsibility enforcement and improvement, aswell as related natural resource and financialmanagement. Those efforts have resulted in re-coveries of many millions of dollars in royaltiesand other sums properly due. We have also suc-cessfully litigated tribal and allottee class actions,including claims regarding coal, uranium, oiland gas, timber, and other natural resources, andrelated financial claims. We work tirelessly withour clients to achieve valuable court decisionsand very significant settlements, including whatis by far the largest trust mismanagement settle-ment for an Indian tribe, as well as the largestIndian Claims Commission settlement for asingle tribe. On behalf of clients, we have advo-cated for enactment and implementation of, andcompliance with, significant federal legislationand regulations.

We advise and represent tribes regarding a widerange of economic development projects, in-cluding significant tribal financing, gaming, and

XV

Table of Contents

Foreword IVPreface VAdknowledgements VI ITribal Reviewers/Contributors IXSponsors XIThe Lodge and Ranch at ChamaLand & Cattle Co. Profile XI IHobbs Straus Dean & Walker,LLP Profile XII INordhaus Law, LLP Profile XIVALABAMA PagePoarch Creek Reservation 1

ALASKAIntroduction 3Alaska Map 23Adak 24Afognak 25Agdaagux 26Akhiok 26Akiachak 27Akiak 28Akutan 28Alakanuk 29Alatna 30Aleknagik 31Algaaciq 31Allakaket 32Anaktuvuk Pass 34Anchorage and Fairbanks 35Andreafsky 36Angoon 36Aniak 36Annette Island Reserve 37Anvik 38Arctic Village 38Asa’carsarmiut 39Atka 39Atkasook 40Atmautluak 41Atqasuk 41Barrow 41Beaver 42Belkofski 43Bethel 43Bill Moore’s Slough 43Birch Creek 43Brevig Mission 44Buckland 44Cantwell 45Chalkyitsik 45Chanega 46Cheesh-Na 47Chefornak 48Chevak 49Chickaloon 50Chignik 50Chignik Lagoon 51Chignik Lake 52Chilkat 53Chilkoot 53Chinik 54Chistochina 55Chitina 55

Chuathbaluk 55Chuloonawick 56Circle 57Clark’s Point 57Copper Center 58Cordova 58Council 58Craig 58Crooked Creek 59Curyung 60Deering 61Dillingham 62Diomede 62Dot Lake 62Douglas 63Dutch Harbor 63Eagle 63Eek 64Egegik 65Eklutna 65Ekuk 66Ekwok 66Elim 67Emmonak 68English Bay 68Evansville 68Eyak 69False Pass 70Fort Yukon 71Gakona 72Galena 72Gambell 73Georgetown 74Golovin 74Goodnews Bay 74Grayling 75Gulkana 76Haines 76Hamilton 76Healy Lake 77Holikachuk 77Holy Cross 77Hoonah 78Hooper Bay 79Hughes 79Huslia 80Hydaburg 81Igiugig 82Iliamna 82Inalik 83Iqurmuit 83Ivanoff Bay 84Juneau 85Kaguyak 85Kake 85Kaktovik 85Kalskag 86Kaltag 87Kanatak 88Karluk 88Kasaan 89Kasigluk 90Kenai, Kenaitze 91Ketchikan 91Kiana 92King Cove 93King Island 93

King Salmon 93Kipnuk 94Kivalina 95Klawock 96Klukwan 97Kluti-Kaah 97Knik 98Kobuk 98Kodiak 99Kokhanok 99Koliganek 100Kongiganak 100Kotlik 101Kotzebue 102Koyuk 103Koyukuk 104Kwethluk 105Kwigillingok 106Kwinhagak 107Larsen Bay 109Lesnoi 110Levelock 110Lime Village 111Louden Village 111Lower Kalskag 111Manley Hot Springs 112Manokotak 113Marshall 114Mary’s Igloo 116McGrath 116Mekoryuk 117Mentasta 118Metlakatla 119Minto 119Mountain Village 120Naknek 120Nanwalek 122Napaimute 122Napakiak 122Napaskiak 123Nelson Lagoon 124Nenana 126New Allakaket 127New Koliganek 127New Stuyahok 128Newhalen 129Newtok 130Nightmute 131Nikolai 132Nikolski 133Ninilchik 134Noatak 135Nome 136Nondalton 137Nooiksut 138Noorvik 138Northway Village 139Nuiqsut 140Nulato 141Nunakauyarmiut 142Nunam Iqua 143Nunapitchuk 144Ohgsenakale 145Ohogamiut 145Old Harbor 145Orutsararmuit 146Oscarville 147

Ouzinkie 148Paimiut 149Pauloff Harbor 149Pedro Bay 149Perryville 150Petersburg 151Pilot Point 151Pilot Station 152Pitka’s Point 153Platinum 154Point Hope 155Point Lay 156Port Graham 157Port Heiden 158Port Lions 159Portage Creek 161Pribilof Islands 161Qagan Tayagungin 164Qawalangin 165Quinhagak 166Rampart 166Red Devil 166Ruby 167Russian Mission 168Saint George 168Saint Mary’s 168Saint Michael 168Saint Paul 169Salamatoff 169Sand Point 170Savoonga 170Saxman 171Scammon Bay 172Selawik 173Seldovia Village 173Shageluk 174Shaktoolik 174Sheldon’s Point 175Shishmaref 175Shoonaq’ 177Shungnak 177Sitka 177Skagway 177Sleetmute 178Solomon 179South Naknek 179Stebbins 180Stevens Village 181Stony River 181Takotna 182Tanacross 183Tanana 183Tatitlek 184Tazlina 185Telida 186Teller 186Tetlin 187Togiak 187Toksook Bay 188Tuluksak 188Tuntutuliak 189Tununak 190Twin Hills 191Tyonek 191Ugashik 192Umkumiute 193Unalakleet 193

XVI

Table of Contents

Unalaska 194Unga 194Upper Kalskag 194Venetie 194Wainwright 195Wales 196White Mountain 197Woody Island 198Wrangell 198Yakutat 198

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ARIZONAAk-Chin ReservationCamp Verde Yavapai-Apache Reservation Cocopah Indian ReservationColorado River Indian Tribes Reservation Fort Apache Indian ReservationFort McDowell Yavapai NationFort Mojave Reservation [see California] Fort Yuma-Quechan Tribe Reservation Gila River ReservationHavasupai ReservationHopi ReservationHualapai Indian ReservationKaibab Paiute Indian Reservation Navajo NationNOVA-Dine Corporation Profile BuckleySandler LLP ProfilePascua Yaqui ReservationSalt River Pima-Maricopa 234

Indian CommunitySan Carlos Apache Reservation 236San Juan Southern Paiute Council 238Tohono O’odham Reservation 238Tonto Apache Reservation 240Yavapai-Prescott Reservation 242Zuni Pueblo [see NM]

CALIFORNIAIntroduction 245Agua Caliente Indian Reservation 249Alturas Rancheria 250Augustine Reservation 251Barona Band of Mission 252

Indians ReservationBenton Paiute Reservation 254Berry Creek Rancheria 255Big Bend Rancheria 255Big Lagoon Rancheria 256Big Pine Reservation 257Big Sandy Rancheria 258Big Valley Rancheria 260Bishop Reservation 261Blue Lake Rancheria 263Bridgeport Reservation 264Buena Vista Rancheria 266Cabazon Reservation 266Cahuilla Reservation 268California Valley Miwok Tribe 269Campo Reservation 270Capitan Grande Reservation 272Cedarville Rancheria 272Chemehuevi Reservation 273Chicken Ranch Rancheria 275Chico Rancheria 275Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians 276Cold Springs Rancheria 277

Colorado River Tribe [see AZ]Colusa Indian Community 278Cortina Indian Rancheria 279Coyote Valley Band of Pomo 280

Indians ReservationCuyapaipe Reservation (see Ewiiaapaayp, CA)Dry Creek Rancheria 282Elem Indian Colony 283Elk Valley Rancheria 284Enterprise Rancheria 286Ewiiaapaayp Indian Reservation 286Fort Bidwell Reservation 287Fort Independence Paiute Reservation 288Fort Mojave Reservation 289Fort Yuma [see AZ]Graton Rancheria 291Greenville Rancheria 292Grindstone Indian Rancheria 292Guidiville Rancheria 293Hoopa Valley Reservation 294Hopland Reservation 296Inaja-Cosmit Reservation 297Ione Band of Miwok Indians 298Jackson Rancheria 299Jamul Indian Village 300Karuk Reservation 301La Jolla Reservation 302La Posta Reservation 303Laytonville Rancheria 304Likely Rancheria 305Lone Pine Reservation 305Lookout Rancheria 306Los Coyotes Reservation 307Lower Lake Rancheria 308Lytton Rancheria 309Manchester Point Arena Rancheria 309Manzanita Reservation 309Mesa Grande Reservation 310Middletown Rancheria 311Montgomery Creek Rancheria 312Mooretown Rancheria 313Morongo Reservation 314North Fork Rancheria 317Pala Reservation 318Paskenta Rancheria 319Pauma and Yuima Reservation 319Pechanga Reservation 321Picayune Rancheria 322Pinoleville Rancheria 323Pit River Tribes 323Potter Valley Rancheria 324Quartz Valley Indian Community 325Ramona Reservation 326Redding Rancheria 326Redwood Valley Rancheria 327Resighini Rancheria 328Rincon Reservation 329Roaring Creek Rancheria 331Robinson Rancheria 331Rohnerville Rancheria 332Round Valley Indian Reservation 333Rumsey Indian Rancheria 335San Manuel Reservation 336San Pasqual Reservation 337Santa Rosa Rancheria 339Santa Ynez Reservation 340Santa Ysabel Reservation 341

Scotts Valley Rancheria 342Sheep Ranch Rancheria

(see California Valley Miwok Tribe)Sherwood Valley Rancheria 343Shingle Springs Rancheria 344Smith River Rancheria 345Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians 346Sulpher Bank (see Elem Indian Colony)Susanville Indian Rancheria 347Sycuan Rancheria 349Table Bluff Reservation 350Table Mountain Rancheria 351Tejon Rancheria 352Timbisha Shoshone Reservation 352Torres Martinez Reservation 353Trinidad Rancheria 355Tule River Reservation 356Tuolumne Rancheria 357Twenty-Nine Palms Reservation 358United Auburn Indian Community 359Upper Lake Rancheria 360Viejas Reservation 361Washoe Reservation [see NV]Wilton Rancheria 363X-L Ranch Reservation 364Yurok Reservation 364

COLORADOSouthern Ute Reservation 367Ute Mountain Ute Reservation 369Native American Rights Fund Profile 372

CONNECTICUTMashantucket Pequot Reservation 373Mohegan Indian Reservation 375

FLORIDAIntroduction 379Miccosukee Reservation 379Hollywood Reservation 380Big Cypress Reservation 385Brighton Reservation 386Fort Pierce Reservation 387Immokalee Reservation 387Poarch Creek Reservation (see Poarch Creek

Reservation, AL)Tampa Reservation 387

IDAHOCoeur d’Alene Reservation 389Duck Valley Reservation (see Duck Valley, NV)Fort Hall Reservation 391Kootenai Reservation 394Nez Perce Reservation 395

IOWASac & Fox Reservation 399KANSASIowa Reservation 401Kickapoo Reservation 402Prairie Band Potawatomi Reservation 404Sac and Fox Reservation 407

LOUSIANAChitimacha Reservation 409Coushatta Reservation 410

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Table of Contents

Jena Band of Choctaw Reservation 412Tunica-Biloxi Reservation 413

MAINEPassamaquoddy Tribe 413

of Maine IntroductionAroostook Band of Micmac Indians 414Houlton Maliseet Reservation 415Indian Township Reservation 416Penobscot Reservation 417Pleasant Point Reservation 419

MASSACHUSETTSGay Head Reservation 421

MICHIGANBay Mills Chippewa Reservation 427Grand Traverse Reservation 428Hannahville Reservation 430Isabella Reservation 431Lac Vieux Desert Reservation 433L’anse Reservation (Keweenaw Bay) 434Little River Band Reservation 436Little Traverse Bay Bands Reservation 438Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish 439Pine Creek Reservation 440Pokagon Band Reservation 441Sault Ste. Marie Reservation 443

MINNESOTABois Forte Reservation 445Fond du Lac Reservation 447Grand Portage Reservation 449Leech Lake Reservation 451Lower Sioux Reservation 454Mille Lacs Reservation 455Prairie Island Community 458Red Lake Band Reservation 460Shakopee Reservation (Prior Lake) 461Upper Sioux Reservation 463White Earth Reservation 464

MISSISSIPPIChoctaw Reservation 469MONTANABlackfeet Reservation 473Crow Reservation 476Flathead Reservation 478Fort Belknap Reservation 481Fort Peck Reservation 482Burlington Northern Santa Fe 485

Railway Profile (BNSF)Northern Cheyenne Reservation 486Rocky Boy’s Reservation 488

NEBRASKAOmaha Reservation 491Pine Ridge Reservation (see Pine Ridge, SD)Ponca Tribe of Nebraska 493Sac and Fox Reservation (see Sac and Fox, KS)Santee Sioux Nation 494Winnebago Nebraska Reservation 495

NEVADABattle Mountain Reservation 499Carson Colony 500

Dresslerville Colony 501Duck Valley Reservation 502Duckwater Reservation 504Elko Colony 505Ely Shoshone Reservation 506Fallon Colony and Reservation 507Fort McDermitt Reservation 508Goshute Pauite Tribe of Utah & Nevada

(see Goshute, UT)Las Vegas Colony and Reservation 509Lovelock Colony 510Moapa River Reservation 511Pyramid Lake Reservation 513Reno-Sparks Colony 515South Fork Reservation 517Summit Lake Reservation 518Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone 519Walker River Reservation 519Washoe Reservation 522Wells Colony 523Winnemucca Colony 524Woodfords Colony 525Yerington Colony and Reservation 525Yomba Colony 526

NEW MEXICOAcoma Pueblo 529Alamo Reservation 531Cañoncito Reservation

(see To’Hajiilee Reservation)Cochiti Pueblo 532Fort Sill Apache 533Isleta Pueblo 533Jemez Pueblo 535Jicarilla Apache Reservation 538Jicarilla Apache Energy Company Profile 542Laguna Pueblo 543American Indian Chamber of Commerce 545

of New Mexico ProfileMescalero Apache Reservation 546Nambé Pueblo 548Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo) 549Navajo Reservation (see Navajo, AZ)Picuris Pueblo 551Pojoaque Pueblo 552Ramah Navajo 554San Felipe Pueblo 555San Ildefonso Pueblo 556Sandia Pueblo 558Santa Ana Pueblo 560Santa Clara Pueblo 562Santo Domingo Pueblo 564Taos Pueblo 565Tesuque Pueblo 567To’Hajiilee Reservation 568

(formerly Cañoncito Navajo)Ute Mountain Reservation (see Ute Mountain, CO)Zia Pueblo 570Zuni Pueblo 571

NEW YORKSeneca Nation Introduction 575Allegany Reservation 576Cattaraugus Reservation 577Cayuga Nation 578Oil Springs Reservation 579Oneida Reservation 579

Onondaga Reservation 581St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 552Shinnecock 584Tonawanda Reservation 585Tuscarora Nation 585

NORTH CAROLINAEastern Band of Cherokee 587

Indians Reservation

NORTH DAKOTAFort Berthold Indian Reservation 591Lake Traverse Reservation (see Lake

Traverse,SD)Spirit Lake (formerly Devil’s Lake 594

Sioux Reservation)Standing Rock Reservation (see Standing

Rock, SD)Turtle Mountain Reservation 597

and Trenton Indian Service Area

OKLAHOMAAbsentee-Shawnee Tribe 601Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town 602Apache Tribe of Oklahoma 603Caddo Tribe 604American Indian Council Of Architects 606

& Engineers (AICAE) ProfileCherokee Nation 609Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation 610Chickasaw Nation 611Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma 613Citizen Band Potawatomi 616Comanche Tribe of Oklahoma 618Americans for Indian Opportunity 620

(AIO) ProfileCreek (Muskogee) Nation 621Delaware Reservation 623Eastern Shawnee Reservation 624Fort Sill Apache Tribe 625Iowa Reservation 628Kaw Tribe of Oklahoma 629Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma 632Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma 633Miami Tribe of Oklahoma 634Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma 636Osage Reservation 637Homer Law Chartered Profile 640Otoe-Missouri Reservation 641Ottawa Tribe 642Pawnee Tribe 644Peoria Tribe of Oklahoma 645Ponca Reservation 647Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma 648Powers, Pyles,Sutter & Verville, PC Profile 650Sac and Fox Reservation 651Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma 652Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma 655Shawnee 656Thlopthlocco Tribal Town 656Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma 658United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee 659Wichita Tribe 660Wyandotte Reservation 662

OREGONBurns Paiute Reservation 665

XVIII

Table of Contents

Celilo Village 666Confederated Tribes of Coos, 667

Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw IndiansCoquille Indian Tribal Community 668Cow Creek 670Fort McDermitt (see Fort McDermitt, NV)Grand Ronde Reservation 671Klamath Reservation 673Siletz Reservation 676Umatilla Reservation 678Warm Springs Reservation 680

RHODE ISLANDNarrangansett Reservation 683

SOUTH CAROLINACatawba Reservation 687

SOUTH DAKOTACheyenne River Sioux Reservation 691Crow Creek Sioux Reservation 694Flandreau Santee Sioux Reservation 695Lake Traverse Reservation 697Lower Brule Reservation 700Pine Ridge Reservation 703Rosebud Reservation 705Standing Rock Reservation 707Yankton Reservation 710

TEXASAlabama-Coushatta Reservation 713Kickapoo Reservation 714Tigua (see Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX)Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (formerly Tigua) 715UTAHGoshute Reservation 719Navajo Reservation (see Navajo, AZ)Paiute Reservation (Shivwits, Cedar City, 721

and Kanosh Reservations)Skull Valley Reservation 723Uintah & Ouray Reservation 724Ute Mountain (see Ute Mountain, CO)Washakie Indian Reservation

728

VIRGINIAPamunkey

731733735737739741742744745747750752753754756758760762765

WASHINGTONChehalis Reservation Colville ReservationCowlitzHoh ReservationJamestown Reservation Jamestown S’Klallam Profile Kalispel ReservationLower Elwha Reservation Lummi ReservationMakah Reservation Muckleshoot Indian Reservation Nisqually Reservation Nooksack ReservationPort Gamble Reservation Port Madison Reservation Puyallup Reservation Quileute Reservation Quinault ReservationSamish Indian TribeSauk-Suiattle Reservation 766

767768770771773776777779781

Shoalwater Bay Reservation Skokomish Reservation Snoqualmie Tribe Spokane Reservation Squaxin Island Reservation Stillaguamish Reservation Swinomish Reservation Tulalip Reservation Upper Skagit Reservation Yakama Reservation 782

WISCONSINBad River Reservation 787Forest County Potawatomi Reservation 789Ho-Chunk Reservation 791Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa Reservation 793Lac du Flambeau Reservation 795Menominee Reservation 797Menominee Tribal Enterprises Profile 801Mole Lake Reservation 802Oneida Reservation 804Red Cliff Reservation 807St. Croix Chippewa Reservation 809Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation 811

WYOMINGWind River Reservation 815

PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS[All photos Courtesy of Veronica E.Tiller, 2013/2014except where indicated.]

TR-FWD Buffalo herd ICourtesy of Chama Lodge

TR-FWD LaDonna Harris IVCourtesy of AIO website

TR-Preface Veronica E. Tiller VCourtesy of Emily M. Frederiks

TR-FWD-Pgs-Hunter with elk XIICourtesy of Chama Lodge

TR-AL-01 Header-Clearlake. 1Courtesy of Poarch Band

TR-AL-02 Big Escambia Creek North Landing. 2Courtesy of Poarch Band

TR-AK-03 Header-CIRI’s Fire Island Wind Farm 3Courtesy of Judy PatrickAlaska State Map 23

TR-AK-04 Header-CIRI’s Fire Island Wind Farm 25Courtesy of Judy Patrick

TR-AK-05 CIRI’s Fire Island Wind 199Courtesy of Judy PatrickArizona State Map 200

TR-AZ-06 Header-Monument Valley, AZ 201Courtesy of Edgard Strigler, Paris,France

TR-AZ-07 The old sawmill at Fort Apache. 210TR-AZ-08 The new log in-feed machine 210TR-AZ-09 Visiting WMATCO. 211TR-AZ-10 WMATCO employees 211

Navajo Nation Land Acreage Chart 226Navajo Nation Land Map 227

TR-AZ-11 Navajo Code Talker bronze statue 230Courtesy of Oscenio Tom, 2014

TR-AZ-12 Navajo Nation President Shelly 231Courtesy of BuckleySandler, 2015California State Map 244

TR-CA-13 Header-California palms trees 245

TR-CA-14 Aqua Caliente Tribal Admin. Plaza 250TR-CA-15 Aqua Caliente Tribal Admin. Plaza 250TR-CA-16 Augustine Casino in Coachella 251 TR-CA-17 Augustine Casino in Coachella 251TR-CA-18 Morongo Casino Resort & Spa 315

Courtesy of Morongo Band, 2015TR-CA-19 Morongo Veteran’s Memorial.

Courtesy of Morongo Band, 2015 316TR-CA-20 Morongo Tribal Admin. Bldg. 316

Courtesy of Morongo Band, 2015TR-CA-21 Torrez Martinez Historic District 354TR-CA-22 Torrez Martinez Historic District 354TR-CA-23 The Torrez Martinez Health Clinic 354TR-CA-24 Klamath River Jet Boat Tours 365

Courtesy of Kim Mamaradlo,YurokTR-CA-25 Riverside RV Park entrance 366

Courtesy of Kim Mamaradlo, YurokTR-CA-26 Regua RV Resort building 366

Courtesy of Kim Mamaradlo, YurokTR-CA-27 Pem-Mey Fuel Mart 366

Courtesy of Kim Mamaradlo, YurokTR-CA-28 Tiny shop facing interior of park 366

Courtesy of Kim Mamaradlo, YurokTR-CO-29 Header-Rockies Mountains 367

Courtesy of public-domain-image.com/nature-landscapes

TR-CO-30 John Echohawk, Executive Director 372Courtesy of NARF website

TR-CT-31 Header-Apalachian Mountains 373Courtesy of National Park ServiceFlorida State Map 378

TR-FL-32 Header Swamp Life 379Courtesy of Georgette Smith, 2015

TR-FL-33 Seminole Man on swamp 382Courtesy of Lee Tiger, 2015

TR-FL-34 Gator pool at Billie Swamp Safari 383Courtesy of Georgette Smith, 2015

TR-FL-35 Seminole Tribe of Florida Rodeo 384Courtesy of Georgette Smith, 2015Idaho State Map 388

TR-ID-36 Header 389Courtesy of public-domain-image.com/nature-landscapesIowa State Map 398

TR-IA-37 Header-Corn Field 399Courtesy of public-domain-image.com/nature-landscapes

TR-KS-38 Header-Road to Potawatomi 401Courtesy of Potawatomi News, 2015

TR-KS-39 Potawatomi’s Prairie People Park 404entrance. Courtesy of PotawatomiNews, 2015

TR-KS-40 Prairie Band of Potawatomi’s 404government center Courtesy ofPotawatomi News, 2015

TR-KS-41 Prairie Band of Potawatomi’s pow 405wow facilities Courtesy of PotawatomiNews, 2015

TR-KS-42 Buffalo Lookout Tower 406Courtesy of Potawatomi News, 2015

TR-LA-43 Header.-Sunset 409Courtesy of public-domain-image.com/nature-landscapes

TR-ME-44 Header-Sunset of Pea Island 415Courtesy of public-domain-image.com/nature-landscapesMassachusetts State Map 422

Photographs and Maps

729

XIX

TR-NY-81 Header-Niagara Falls 575TR-NC-82 Header 587

New Dakota State Map 590TR-ND-83 Header 591

Courtesy of public-domain-image.com /nature-landscapes

TR-OK-84 Header-Chippewa Lake, OK 601Courtesy of National Park Service

TR-OK-85 Architects reviewing plans 606Courtesy of David Garce

TR-OK-86 National Archives, Suitland, MD 606Courtesy of David Garce

TR-OK-87 Entry way to Cultural Research 606Center. Courtesy of David Garce

TR-OK-88 Fire Lake grocery store 616TR-OK-89 The Fire Lake Express Grocery 616TR-OK-90 Commanche Veteran’s Memorial 619TR-OK-91 Commanche National Museum 619

& Cultural CenterTR-OK-92 Iowa Tribal Welcome sign 628TR-OK-93 Kickapoo gas station. 632TR-OK-94 Kickapoo Tribal Health Center 633TR-OK-95 Miami Tribe of Oklahoma sign 635TR-OK-96 Miami Tribal building 635TR-OK-97 Osage Tribal building 638TR-OK-98 Osage women 639TR-OK-99 Elizabeth Lohah Homer, Esq. 640

Courtesy of Homer Law, Chtd.TR-OK-100 Otoe-Missouria Tribal building 642TR-OK-101 Ottawa Tribe Tribal Complex sign 643TR-OK-102 The Pawnee Service Unit 645TR-OK-103 Peoria Tribal Program Building sign 646TR-OK-104 Golf carts at the Peoria Golf Course 646TR-OK-105 The Sac and Fox Casino 652TR-OK-106 Seinole Nation Travel Plaza 654TR-OK-107 Seminole Nation Museum 654TR-OK-108 Seminole Nation Veteran’s 654

MemorialTR-OK-109 Historic Grisso Mansion 654TR-OK-110 Shawnee Community Building 656

& signTR-OK-111 Thlopthlocco Creek Tribal Town 657

entranceTR-OK-112 Wyandotte Nation entrance sign 662

Oregon State Map 664TR-OR-113 Header-Crater Lake 665

Courtesy of Taylor Tupper,Klamath Tribe, 2015

TR-OR-114 Lake of Celilo 666Courtesy of Henry Ben Harrison, 2014

TR-OR-115 Klamath Royalties 674Courtesy of Taylor Tupper,Klamath Tribe, 2015

TR-OR-116 Crater Lake in Oregon 675Courtesy of Taylor Tupper,Klamath Tribe, 2015

TR-RI-117 Header-Heritage Building 683Courtesy of National Park ServiceSouth Carolina State Map 686

TR-SC-118 Header -Cotton Fields 687Courtesy of National Park ServiceSouth Dakota State Map 690

TR-SD-119 Header-Buffalos 691Courtesy of National Park Service

TR-TX-120 Header-Tigua Statue 713Courtesy of David C. Harrison, 2013

TR-TX-121 Church at Ysleta del Sur 715Courtesy of David C. Harrison, 2013

TR-TX-122 Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Judical 716Community Center signCourtesy of David C. Harrison, 2013

TR-TX-123 Tigua Business Center 717Courtesy of David C. Harrison, 2013

TR-TX-124 Tribal Administration 717Courtesy of David C. Harrison, 2013Utah State Map 718

TR-UT-125 Header-Byrce Canyon 719Courtesy of National Park Service

TR-UT-126 Ute Bear dance 724Courtesy of Mariah Cuch,Ute Tribe/Ute Bulletin

TR-UT-127 The Northern Ute oil fields 725Courtesy of Mariah Cuch,Ute Tribe/Ute Bulletin.

TR-UT-128 Big Springs, Utah 726Courtesy of Mariah Cuch,Ute Tribe/Ute Bulletin.

TR-UT-129 Annual Ute Tribe Buffalo Roundup 727Courtesy of Mariah Cuch,Ute Tribe/Ute Bulletin.

TR-VA-130 Header-Blue Ridge Mountains 729Courtesy of National Park ServiceWashington State Map 730

TR-WA-131 Header-Mountains 731Courtesy of National Park Service

TR-WA-132 Stymie’s Bar and Grill 739Courtesy of Jamestown S’Klallam

TR-WA-133 Jamestown Excavating company 739Courtesy of Jamestown S’Klallam

TR-WA-134 Jamestown Family Health Center 740Courtesy of Jamestown S’Klallam

TR-WA-135 Yakama Nation Orchards 784Courtesy of Henry Ben Harrison, 2014.

TR-WA-136 Apple orchards at Yakama 784Courtesy of Henry Ben Harrison, 2014.Wisconsin State Map 786

TR-WI-137 Header 787Courtesy of National Park Service

TR-WI-138 Tribal member working 801Courtesy of Menominee Tribe

TR-WI-139 Two men working 801Courtesy of Menominee TribeWyoming State Map 814

TR-WY-140 Header-Mountain Sheep 815Courtesy of public-domain-image.com /nature-landscapes

TR-WY-141 Wyoming welcome sign 817Courtesy of Henry Ben Harrison, 2014

TR-MA-45 Header 423Courtesy of public-domain-image.com/nature-landscapesMichigan State Map 426

TR-MI-46 Header 427Courtesy of National Park Service

TR-MN-47 Header 445Courtesy of public-domain-image.com/nature-landscapesMississippi State Map 468

TR-MS-48 Header 469Courtesy of public-domain-image.com /nature-landscapesMontana State Map 472

TR-MT-49 Header-Blackfeet Nation 473Courtesy of Jodi Running Fisher,Blackfeet Nation TR-MT-50 Courtesy of

Jodi Running Fisher, 474Blackfeet Nation

TR-MT-51 Courtesy of Jodi Running Fisher, 475Blackfeet Nation

TR-MT-52 Top photo 485Courtesy of BNSF Railway

TR-MT-53 Bottom right.photo 485Courtesy of BNSF RailwayNebraska State Map 490

TR-NE-54 Header 491Courtesy of public-domain-image.com /nature-landscapesNevada State Map 498

TR-NV-55 Header-Pyramid Lake, NV 499TR-NV-56 Welcome sign for Pyramid Lake 513TR-NV-57 Pyramid Lake Paiute 514TR-NV-58 Reno/Sparks Car dealerships 516TR-NV-59 Walker Lake 521TR-NV-60 Weber Reservoir 521TR-NV-61 Yerington Tribal Health Clinic sign 525TR-NV-62 Yerington Tribal Health Clinic 526

New Mexico State Map 528TR-NM-63 Header-Sandia Mountains 529TR-NM-64 Pueblo of Jemez Admini. Blldg 536TR-NM-65 Pueblo of Jemez Walatowa 537

Visitor CenterTR-NM-66 Pueblo of Jemez Timber Industries 537TR-NM-67 Pueblo of Jemez wood yard 537TR-NM-68 The Jicarilla Apache Nation 538

Courtesy of Mary Velarde, 2014TR-NM-69 Ranching on the reservation 539

Courtesy of Mary Velarde, 2014.TR-NM-70 Jicarilla Apache Health Facility 540TR-NM-71 Typical pumpjack installation 542

Courtesy of Fred Vigil, JAECOTR-NM-72 Installation of a pumpjack 542

Courtesy of Fred Vigil, JAECOTR-NM-73 Completed Pumpjack installation 542

Courtesy of Fred Vigil, JAECOTR-NM-74 AICC-NM group photo 544

Courtesy of AICC-NM.TR-NM-75 Mescalero Mountain Spirit dancer 547TR-NM-76 Ohkay Casino Resort 550TR-NM-77 Sandia Resort and Casino 559

Balloon Festival.TR-NM-78 To’Hajiilee Warriors High School 569TR-NM-79 To’Hajiilee tribal court building 569TR-NM-80. To’Hajiilee Community School 569

New York State Map 574

Photographs and Maps