Tillage and Residue Management BAE 3313 Natural Resources Engineering Sources
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Transcript of Tillage and Residue Management BAE 3313 Natural Resources Engineering Sources
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BAE 3313 Natural Resources Engineering
Sourceshttp://www2.ctic.purdue.edu/Core4/CT/Definitions.html
http://www.ars.usda.gov (photos)
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1. A year-round agricultural management system Begins with the selection of crops that
produce sufficient quantities of residue. May include the use of cover crops after low
residue producing crops. 2. Includes all field operations that affect residue
amounts left on soil surface.3. Residue cover amounts: % or lbs 4. Umbrella” term encompassing many tillage
systems.
Crop Residue Management (CRM)
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Residue Cover
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2002/5-13-2002/cropresidue.html
Corn Soybean
25% 25%
50% 50%
75% 75%
90% 90%
68%
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/ag/plantdoc/photos
30%
http://fieldcropnews.com/
25%
45%
90%
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Soil Covered by Crop Residue After Field Operations
Tillage Operation CornSmall Grain Soybeans
After harvest 90-95 60-80Over-winter decomposition 80-95 70-80Moldboard plow 0-10 0 – 5Paraplow 80-90 75-85Combination secondary tillage tool 50-75 30-60Chisel (twisted points) 50-70 30-40Chisel (straight points) 60-80 40-60Disk (off-set, primary >9” spacing) 40-70 25-40
Disk (tandem, finishing 7”-9” spacing) 30-60 20-40Anhydrous applicator 75-85 45-70Field cultivator (secondary operation) 60-90 35-75Row Planter 85-95 75-95No-till drill 55-75 40-60
http://www.ny.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/agronomy/residue/index.html
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ring 1. Full width tillage which disturbs all of the soil
surface and is performed prior to and/or during planting.
2. Less than 15 percent residue cover after planting, or less than 500 pounds per acre of residue.
3. Generally involves plowing, disking, and may include numerous tillage trips.
4. Weed control is accomplished by disking, herbicides, and/or row cultivation.
Conventional Tillage< 15 % Crop Residue After Planting
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Conventional Tillage< 15 % Crop Residue After Planting
http://passel.unl.edu/Image/siteImages/Tillage-LG.jpg
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ring 1. Full-width tillage
One or more tillage trips which disturbs all of the soil surface
Performed prior to and/or during planting. 2. 15-30 percent residue cover after planting or
500 to 1,000 pounds per acre residue 3. Weed control is accomplished with herbicides
and/or row cultivation.
Reduced Tillage15-30% Crop Residue After Planting
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ring 1. Opposite of conventional
tillage2. Any tillage and planting
system that covers 30 percent or more of the soil surface with crop residue after planting or maintains at least 1,000 pounds per acre residue on the surface
3. Weed control is typically accomplished with herbicides
Conservation Tillage≥ 30 % Crop Residue After Planting
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ring 1. Soil left undisturbed from harvest to planting
Except for strips up to 1/3 of the row width Strips may involve only residue disturbance
or may include minor soil disturbance 2. Planting or drilling is accomplished using disc
openers, coulter(s), row cleaners, in-row chisels or roto-tillers.
3. Weed control is accomplished primarily with herbicides.
4. Cultivation may be used for emergency weed control.
5. Other Terms: direct seeding, slot planting, zero-till, row-till, and slot-till.
Conservation Tillage: No-till/Strip-till≥ 30 % Crop Residue After Planting
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Conservation Tillage: No-till/Strip-till≥ 30 % Crop Residue After Planting http://www.uwex.edu/ces/
ag/plantdoc/viewCase.cfm?cid=317
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ring 1. Soil left undisturbed from harvest to planting
except for strips up to 1/3 of the row width. 2. Planting
Completed on the ridge and usually involves the removal of the top of the ridge.
Use sweeps, disk openers, coulters, or row cleaners.
3. Residue is left on the surface between ridges. 4. Weed control is accomplished with herbicides
(frequently banded) and/or cultivation. 5. Ridges are rebuilt during row cultivation.
Conservation Tillage: Ridge-till≥ 30 % Crop Residue After Planting
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Conservation Tillage: Ridge-till≥ 30 % Crop Residue After Planting
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ring 1. Full-width tillage
One or more tillage trips which disturbs all of the soil surface
Done prior to and/or during planting. 2. Tillage tools such as chisels, field cultivators,
disks, sweeps or blades are used. 3. Weed control is accomplished with herbicides
and/or cultivation.
Conservation Tillage: Mulch-till≥ 30 % Crop Residue After Planting
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Conservation Tillage: Mulch-till≥ 30 % Crop Residue After Planting
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Tillage and Crop Residue Management
TillageIntensity
None
Frequent 0%
100%
SurfaceResidue
Conservation Tillage
30%
Conventional Tillage15%
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Conservation TillageAdvantages Disadvantages
Reduced erosion May increase herbicide useSaves fuel
Reduces costs Residue may harbor pests and fungal diseases, which may increase pesticide use
Retains soil moistureMay allow double crops
May increase crop yields Additional capital expenditures for specialized equipmentSequesters carbon