TILEC – T ILBURG L AW AND E CONOMICS C ENTER Convergence and Divergence in Competition Law...
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Transcript of TILEC – T ILBURG L AW AND E CONOMICS C ENTER Convergence and Divergence in Competition Law...
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Convergence and Divergence in Competition Law
Filomena Chirico
Norwich, 12 June 2008
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Outline
• General Theoretical Background
• Positive analysis
> Convergence in competition policies
> Divergence in competition policies
• Mechanisms of convergence
• Impact of divergence on welfare
• Advantages of divergence
• Obstacles to spontaneous convergence
• Optimal amount of convergence
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
General Theoretical background
• Case for convergence
> Externalities
> Transaction costs
> Asymmetric Information
> Economies of scale
• Case for divergence
> Costs of harmonisation and uncertainty of success
> Local preferences
> Benefits of Experimentation
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Convergence in competition policies
• Introduction of competition laws
• Use of economics as foundation of antitrust
• Enforcement Priorities
• Actual solutions
• Strategies
> Leniency
> Private enforcement
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Mechanisms of convergence
• Extraterritorial application of competition law
• Free trade agreements
> Source of market contestability
> Antitrust clause attached
• International agreements on a global competition order not successful
> Maybe overinclusive
> High costs of reaching the agreement
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Divergence in competition policies
• Goals of competition law
> Innovation & Welfare
> Fair competition
> Protection of SMEs
> Promoting the healthy development of the socialist market economy
• Strength of competition policy vis-à-vis other national regulations
• Standards for evaluation
> Consumer welfare Your consumers or mine?
• Divergent solutions to certain issues
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Areas of EU/US divergence
• Excessive pricing
• Predatory pricing
• Refusal to deal
• Loyalty and volume-based discounts
• Vertical territorial restraints and RPM
• Vertical and conglomerate mergers
• Choice of remedies
• Pursuit of dynamic efficiency
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Impact of divergence
• Consumer welfare
> Export cartels
> Protectionist market foreclosure
• Firms
> Increase in costs of compliance
> Refrain from trade (how serious?)
• Regulatory costs
> Multiple interventions
> Spillovers onto other jurisdictions
> Risk of overenforcement
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Advantages of divergence
• Local policy preferences
> Maybe not achieved because of external effects
• Experimentation with enforcement
> Economics is no panacea
• Remedies targeted to the local situation
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Obstacles to spontaneous convergence
• Externalities
• Lack of coordination
• Standards battle: Twiddeldum and Twiddeldee
• Non competition goals trumping antitrust policy
• Capture of national/local authorities
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Optimal level of convergence
• “Use the view from the top to inform the solutions from the bottom”
• Total harmonisation / centralisation may be undesirable
> Certainly for the enforcement
• Optimal convergence seems higher in competition policy than other legal areas if welfare is the goal
> Some room for regulatory competition or emulation
• Issues where convergence (coordination) is desirable:
> Domestic and International Competition policy to focus on efficiency and welfare
> Common case allocation mechanism
> Dispute resolution body
TILEC – TILBURG LAW AND ECONOMICS CENTER
Optimal level of convergence
• Room for divergence
> Other goals to be tackled by other regulatory tools than competition policy
> Actual enforcement procedures
• Development of best practices and regulatory emulation
> Experimentation with solutions
> Remedies
• Can be locally tailored but beware of spillovers