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Tigran Petrosian

Tigran Petrosian in 1975

Country Soviet Union

Born June 17, 1929Tiflis, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union(present­day Tbilisi, Georgia)

Died August 13, 1984 (aged 55)Moscow, Soviet Union

Title Grandmaster (1952)

WorldChampion

1963–69

Peakrating

2645 (July 1972)

Tigran PetrosianFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the chess player and world champion. For the footballer, see Tigran Petrosyan(footballer). For the chess grandmaster born in 1984, see Tigran L. Petrosian.

Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian (Russian: ТигранВартанович Петросян; Armenian: ՏիգրանՊետրոսյան; June 17, 1929 – August 13, 1984) was aSoviet Armenian Grandmaster, and World ChessChampion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed "IronTigran" due to his almost impenetrable defensive playingstyle, which emphasised safety above all else.[1][2]

Petrosian was a Candidate for the World Championshipon eight occasions (1953, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1971, 1974,1977 and 1980). He won the World Championship in1963 (against Mikhail Botvinnik), successfully defendedit in 1966 (against Boris Spassky), and lost it in 1969 (toSpassky). Thus he was the defending World Championor a World Championship Candidate in ten consecutivethree­year cycles. He won the Soviet Championship fourtimes (1959, 1961, 1969, and 1975).

Petrosian is widely known for popularizing chess inArmenia.[3][4] He was recognized as the hardest player tobeat in the history of chess by the authors of a 2004book.[5]

Contents

1 Early years2 Grandmaster in Moscow3 1963 World Championship4 Reigning World Champion5 Later career6 Death and legacy7 Olympiads and team championships8 Playing style

8.1 The positional exchange sacrifice8.2 Contributions to opening theory

9 Deafness10 Quotations11 See also12 References13 External links

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Early years

Petrosian was born to Armenian parents on June 17, 1929 in Tiflis, Georgian SSR (modern­day Georgia).[6]As a young boy, Petrosian was an excellent student and enjoyed studying, as did his brother Hmayak andsister Vartoosh. He learned to play chess at the age of 8,[7] though his illiterate father Vartan encouragedhim to continue studying, as he thought chess was unlikely to bring his son any success as a career.[8]

Petrosian was orphaned during World War II and was forced to sweep streets to earn a living.[6] It wasabout this time that his hearing began to deteriorate, a problem that afflicted him throughout his life. In a1969 interview with Time magazine, he recalled:

“ I started sweeping streets in the middle of the winter and it was horrible. Of course therewere no machines then, so we had to do everything by hand. Some of the older men helpedme out. I was a weak boy. And I was ashamed of being a street sweeper—that's natural, Isuppose. It wasn't so bad in the early morning when the streets were empty, but when it gotlight and the crowds came out I really hated it. I got sick and missed a year in school. Wehad a babushka, a sister of my father, and she really saved me. She gave me bread to eatwhen I was sick and hungry. That's when this trouble with my hearing started. I don'tremember how it all happened. Things aren't very clear from that time.[9] ”

He used his rations to buy Chess Praxis by Danish grandmaster Aron Nimzowitsch, a book which Petrosianwould later claim to have had the greatest influence on him as a chess player.[8] He also purchased The Artof Sacrifice in Chess by Rudolf Spielmann. The other player to have had an early effect on Petrosian's chesswas José Raúl Capablanca.[8] At 12 years old, he began training at the Tiflis Palace of Pioneers[7][10] underthe auspices of Archil Ebralidze. Ebralidze was a supporter of Nimzowitsch and Capablanca, and hisscientific approach to chess discouraged wild tactics and dubious combinations. As such, Petrosiandeveloped a repertoire of solid positional openings, such as the Caro–Kann Defence.[8] After training at thePalace of Pioneers for just one year, he defeated visiting Soviet grandmaster Salo Flohr at a simultaneousexhibition.[7][10]

By 1946, Petrosian had earned the title of Candidate Master. In that year alone, he drew againstGrandmaster Paul Keres at the Georgian Chess Championship, then moved to Yerevan where he won theArmenian Chess Championship and the USSR Junior Chess Championship. Petrosian earned the title ofMaster during the 1947 USSR Chess Championship, though he failed to qualify for the finals.[10] He setabout to improve his game by studying Nimzowitsch's My System and by moving to Moscow to seekgreater competition.[7]

Grandmaster in Moscow

After moving to Moscow in 1949, Petrosian's career as a chess player advanced rapidly and his results inSoviet events steadily improved. He placed second in the 1951 Soviet Championship, thereby earning thetitle of international master. It was in this tournament that Petrosian faced world champion Botvinnik forthe first time. Playing White, after obtaining a slightly inferior position from the opening, he defended

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Petrosian (standing on right, with jacket) at the1961 European Chess Team Championship. Seated,facing right, is Mikhail Tal, then world champion.

through two adjournments and eleven total hours of play to obtain a draw.[11] Petrosian's result in this eventqualified him for the Interzonal the following year in Stockholm. He earned the title of Grandmaster bycoming in second in the Stockholm tournament, and qualified for the 1953 Candidates Tournament.[12]

Petrosian placed fifth in the 1953 Candidates Tournament, a result which marked the beginning of asomewhat stagnant period in his career. He seemedcontent drawing against weaker players andmaintaining his title of Grandmaster rather thanimproving his chess or making an attempt at becomingWorld Champion. This attitude was illustrated by hisresult in the 1955 USSR Championship: out of 19games played, Petrosian was undefeated, but won onlyfour games and drew the rest, with each of the drawslasting twenty moves or less. Although his consistentplaying ensured decent tournament results, it waslooked down upon by the public and by Soviet chessmedia and authorities.[12] Near the end of the event,journalist Vasily Panov wrote the following commentabout the tournament contenders: "Real chances ofvictory, besides Botvinnik and Smyslov, up to round15, are held by Geller, Spassky and Taimanov. Ideliberately exclude Petrosian from the group, since from the very first rounds the latter has made it clearthat he is playing for an easier, but also honourable conquest—a place in the interzonal quartet."[13]

This period of complacency ended with the 1957 USSR Championship, where out of 21 games played,Petrosian won seven, lost four, and drew the remaining 10. Although this result was only good enough forseventh place in a field of 22 competitors, his more ambitious approach to tournament play was met withgreat appreciation from the Soviet chess community. He went on to win his first USSR Championship in1959, and later that year in the Candidates Tournament he defeated Paul Keres with a display of his often­overlooked tactical abilities. Petrosian was awarded the title of Master of Sport of the USSR in 1960, andwon a second Soviet title in 1961.[14] His excellent playing continued through 1962 when he qualified forthe Candidates Tournament for what would be his first World Championship match.[12]

1963 World Championship

Main article: World Chess Championship 1963

After playing in the 1962 Interzonal in Stockholm, Petrosian qualified for the Candidates Tournament inCuraçao along with Pal Benko, Miroslav Filip, Bobby Fischer, Efim Geller, Paul Keres, Viktor Korchnoi,and Mikhail Tal. Petrosian, representing the Soviet Union, won the tournament with a final score of 17½points, followed by fellow Soviets Geller and Keres each with 17 points and the American Fischer with14.[15] Fischer later accused the Soviet players of arranging draws and having "ganged up" on him toprevent him from winning the tournament.[16] As evidence for this claim, he noted that all 12 games playedbetween Petrosian, Geller, and Keres were draws. Statisticians pointed out that when playing against each

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To commemorate the 75thanniversary of his birth, the Republicof Armenia issued this 220 dramstamp on February 25, 2005.

other, these Soviet competitors averaged 19 moves per game, as opposed to 39.5 moves when playingagainst other competitors. Although responses to Fischer's allegations were mixed, FIDE later adjusted therules and format to try to prevent future collusion in the Candidates matches.[15]

Having won the Candidates Tournament, Petrosian earned the right to challenge Mikhail Botvinnik for thetitle of World Chess Champion in a 24­game match. In addition to practicing his chess, Petrosian alsoprepared for the match by skiing for several hours each day. He believed that in such a long match, physicalfitness could become a factor in the later games. This advantage was increased by Botvinnik being mucholder than Petrosian.[15] Whereas a multitude of draws in tournament play could prevent a player fromtaking first place, draws did not affect the outcome of a one­on­one match. In this regard, Petrosian'scautious playing style was well­suited for match play, as he could simply wait for his opponent to makemistakes and then capitalize on them.[17] Petrosian won the match against Botvinnik with a final score of 5to 2 with 15 draws, securing the title of World Champion.[18]

Reigning World Champion

Upon becoming World Champion, Petrosian campaigned for the publication of a chess newspaper for theentire Soviet Union rather than just Moscow. This newspaper became known as 64.[19] Petrosian studied fora degree of Master of Philosophical Science at Yerevan State University; his thesis, dated 1968, was titled"Chess Logic, Some Problems of the Logic of Chess Thought".[14]

Three years after Petrosian had earned the title of World Chess Champion, he was challenged by BorisSpassky. Petrosian successfully defended his title, a feat that had not been accomplished since AlexanderAlekhine defeated Efim Bogoljubov in the 1934 World Championship.[20] However, Spassky would defeatEfim Geller, Bent Larsen and Viktor Korchnoi in the next candidates cycle earning a rematch withPetrosian, at Moscow 1969. Spassky won the match by 12½–10½.

Later career

Along with a number of other Soviet chess champions, he signed apetition condemning the actions of the defector Viktor Korchnoi in1976. It was the continuation of a bitter feud between the two,dating back at least to their 1974 Candidates semifinal match inwhich Petrosian withdrew after five games while trailing 3½–1½(+3 −1 =1). His match with Korchnoi in 1977 saw the two formercolleagues refuse to shake hands or speak to each other. They evendemanded separate eating and toilet facilities. Petrosian went on tolose the match and was subsequently fired as editor of Russia'slargest chess magazine, 64. His detractors condemned his reluctanceto attack and some put it down to a lack of courage. At this pointhowever, Botvinnik spoke out on his behalf, stating that he onlyattacked when he felt secure and his greatest strength was in defence.[21]

Some of his late successes included victories at Lone Pine 1976 and in the 1979 Paul Keres Memorialtournament in Tallinn (12/16 without a loss, ahead of Tal, Bronstein and others), shared first place (withPortisch and Hübner) in the Rio de Janeiro Interzonal the same year, and second place in Tilburg in 1981,

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Petrosian's statue near the YerevanChess House

half a point behind the winner Beliavsky. It was here that he played his last famous victory, a miraculousescape against the young Garry Kasparov.[22]

Death and legacy

Petrosian died of stomach cancer in 1984 in Moscow and is buriedin the Moscow Armenian Cemetery. In 1987, World ChessChampion Garry Kasparov unveiled a memorial at Petrosian's gravewhich depicts the laurel wreath of World Champion and an imagecontained within a crown of the sun shining above the twin peaks ofMount Ararat – the national symbol of Petrosian's Armenianhomeland. On 7 July 2006, a monument honoring Petrosian wasopened in the Davtashen district of Yerevan, in the street namedafter Petrosian.[23]

Olympiads and team championships

Petrosian was not selected for the Soviet Olympiad side until 1958;he had already been a Candidate twice by that time. But he thenmade ten straight Soviet Olympiad teams from 1958 to 1978, wonnine team gold medals, one team silver medal, and six individualgold medals.His overall performance in Olympiad play is impressive: +78 −1=50 (only one game lost, to Robert Hübner, out of 129 played), for79.8 per cent, the third all­time best performance after Mikhail Tal and Anatoly Karpov.[24] His Olympiadresults follow.

Munich 1958, 2nd reserve, 10½/13 (+8 −0 =5), board and team gold medalsLeipzig 1960, 2nd reserve, 12/13 (+11 −0 =2), board and team gold medalsVarna 1962, board 2, 10/12 (+8 −0 =4), board and team gold medalsTel Aviv 1964, board 1, 9½/13 (+6 −0 =7), team gold medalHavana 1966, board 1, 11½/13 (+10 −0 =3), board and team gold medalsLugano 1968, board 1, 10½/12 (+9 −0 =3), board and team gold medalsSiegen 1970, board 2, 10/14 (+6 −0 =8), team gold medalSkopje 1972, board 1, 10½/16 (+6 −1 =9), team gold medalNice 1974, board 4, 12½/14 (+11 −0 =3), board and team gold medalsBuenos Aires 1978, board 2, 6/9 (+3 −0 =6), team silver medal

Petrosian also made the Soviet team for the first eight European Team Championships (from 1957 to 1983).He won eight team gold medals, and four board gold medals. His totals in Euroteams play, according toolimpbase.org, are (+15 −0 =37), for 64.4 per cent.[24] His Euroteams results follow.

Vienna 1957, board 6, 4/5 (+3 −0 =2), board and team gold medalsOberhausen 1961, board 4, 6/8 (+4 −0 =4), board and team gold medalsHamburg 1965, board 1, 6/10 (+2 −0 =8), board and team gold medalsKapfenberg 1970, board 1, 3½/6 (+1 −0 =5), team gold medalBath, Somerset 1973, board 2, 4½/7 (+2 −0 =5), board and team gold medals

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Tigran Petrosian's Grave

Moscow 1977, board 2, 3½/6 (+1 −0 =5), team gold medalSkara 1980, board 3, 2½/5 (+0 −0 =5), team gold medalPlovdiv 1983, board 3, 3½/5 (+2 −0 =3), team gold medal

Playing style

Petrosian was a conservative, cautious, and highly defensive chess player who was strongly influenced byAron Nimzowitsch's idea of prophylaxis. He made more effort to prevent his opponent's offensivecapabilities than he did to make use of his own. He very rarely wenton the offensive unless he felt his position was completely secure.[6]He usually won by playing consistently until his aggressiveopponent made a mistake, securing the win by capitalizing upon thismistake without revealing any weaknesses of his own. This style ofplay often led to draws, especially against other players whopreferred to counterattack. Nonetheless, his patience and mastery ofdefence made him extremely difficult to beat. He was undefeated atthe 1952 and 1955 Interzonals, and in 1962 he did not lose a singletournament game. Petrosian's consistent ability to avoid defeatearned him the nickname "Iron Tigran".[25]

Petrosian preferred to play closed openings that did not commit hispieces to any particular plan. As black, Petrosian enjoyed playingthe Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation[26] and the French Defence.As white, he often played the English Opening.[27] Petrosian wouldoften move the same piece multiple times in a few moves, confusinghis opponents in the opening and threatening draws by threefoldrepetition in the endgame. In a game against Mark Taimanov duringthe 1955 USSR Chess Championship, Petrosian moved the same rook 6 times in a 24­move game, with 4 ofthose moves occurring on consecutive turns.[28][29] He had a strong affinity for knights rather than bishops,a characteristic that is attributed to the influence of Aron Nimzowitsch.[30]

A number of illustrative metaphors have been used to describe Petrosian's style of play. Harold C.Schonberg said that "playing him was like trying to put handcuffs on an eel. There was nothing to grip."[25]

He has been described as a centipede lurking in the dark,[25] a tiger looking for the opportunity to pounce, apython who slowly squeezes his victims to death,[6] and as a crocodile who waits for hours to make adecisive strike.[31] Boris Spassky, who would succeed Petrosian as World Chess Champion, described hisstyle of play as such: "Petrosian reminds me of a hedgehog. Just when you think you have caught him, heputs out his quills."[6]

Petrosian's style of play, although highly successful for avoiding defeats, was criticized as being dull. Chessenthusiasts saw his "ultraconservative" style as an unwelcome contrast to the popular image of Soviet chessas "daring" and "indomitable".[32] His 1971 Candidates Tournament match with Viktor Korchnoi featuredso many monotonous draws that the Russian press began to complain. However, Svetozar Gligorićdescribed Petrosian as being "very impressive in his incomparable ability to foresee danger on the board

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Reshevsky vs. Petrosian, 1953a b c d e f g h

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

a b c d e f g h

Position after 25.Rfe1

and to avoid any risk of defeat."[25] Petrosian responded to his criticisms by saying "They say my gamesshould be more 'interesting'. I could be more 'interesting'—and also lose."[6] Petrosian was, in the words offuture World Champion Vladimir Kramnik, "the first defender with a capital D".[33]

The positional exchange sacrifice

Petrosian was known for his use of the "positional exchangesacrifice", where one side sacrifices a rook for the opponent'sbishop or knight. Kasparov discussed Petrosian's use of thismotif:

“ Petrosian introduced the exchange sacrifice forthe sake of 'quality of position', where the timefactor, which is so important in the play ofAlekhine and Tal, plays hardly any role. Eventoday, very few players can operate confidentlyat the board with such abstract concepts. BeforePetrosian no one had studied this. By sacrificingthe exchange 'just like that', for certain long termadvantages, in positions with disrupted materialbalance, he discovered latent resources that fewwere capable of seeing and properlyevaluating.[34] ”

One of Petrosian's most famous examples of the positional exchange sacrifice is from his game againstSamuel Reshevsky in Zurich 1953.[35] Reshevsky, playing white, appears to have an advantage due to hisstrong pawn center, which may become mobile after Bf3 and d4–d5. Petrosian realized he was in a difficultposition because of the passive placement of his pieces, relegated to defensive roles. He further understoodthat White might also advance on the kingside with h2–h4–h5, provoking weaknesses that would make itmore difficult to defend later on. Faced with these threats, Petrosian devised a plan to maneuver his knightto the square d5, where it would be prominently placed in the center, and blockade the advance of White'spawns.

25... Re6!

With the rook vacated from e7, the black knight is free to move to d5, where it will be attacking the pawnon c3, and help support an eventual advance of his queenside pawn majority with b5–b4.

26. a4 Ne7 27. Bxe6 fxe6 28. Qf1 Nd5 29. Rf3 Bd3 30. Rxd3 cxd3

The game was eventually drawn on move 41.[36]

Contributions to opening theory

Petrosian was an expert against the King's Indian Defence, and he often played what is now known as thePetrosian System: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0­0 6.Be2 e5 7.d5.[37][38] This variation closesthe center early in the game. One of the tactical ideas for White is to play Bg5, pinning Black's knight to his

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a b c d e f g h

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

a b c d e f g h

King's Indian Defence, Petrosian System

queen. Black can respond by either moving his queen (usually...Qe8) or by playing ...h6, though the latter move weakensBlack's kingside pawn structure.[39] Two of Black's responses tothe Petrosian Variation were developed by grandmasters PaulKeres and Leonid Stein. The Keres Variation arises after7...Nbd7 8.Bg5 h6 9.Bh4 g5 10.Bg3 Nh5 11.h4, and the SteinVariation begins an immediate queenside offensive with7...a5.[40]

The Queen's Indian Defence also has a variation developed byPetrosian: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.a3,[41] with the idea ofpreventing ...Bb4+. This system received much attention in 1980when it was used by the young Garry Kasparov to defeat severalgrandmasters. Today the Petrosian Variation is still consideredthe most pressing variation, with the greatest score in Mastergames.[42]

Other Petrosian variations can be found in the Grünfeld Defence after 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg75.Bg5,[43] and the French Defence after 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 Qd7.[44] Some authorities refer to avariation of the Caro–Kann Defence with his name, along with former World Champion Vassily Smyslov:the Petrosian–Smyslov Variation, 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7.[45]

Deafness

Petrosian was partially deaf[46] and wore a hearing aid during his matches, which sometimes led to strangesituations. On one occasion he offered a draw to Svetozar Gligorić, which Gligorić initially refused insurprise, but then changed his mind in a few seconds and re­offered the draw. However, Petrosian did noteven respond, instead went ahead and won the game. As it later turned out, he switched off his hearing aid,and did not hear when Gligorić re­offered the draw.[47] In 1971, he played a candidates match againstRobert Hübner in a noisy area in Seville, which did not disturb him, but frustrated Hübner so much that hefinally withdrew from the match.[48]

Quotations

"In those years, it was easier to win the Soviet Championship than a game against 'Iron Tigran'." –Lev Polugaevsky[49]"It is to Petrosian's advantage that his opponents never know when he is suddenly going to play likeMikhail Tal." – Boris Spassky[50]"He [Petrosian] has an incredible tactical view, and a wonderful sense of the danger... No matter howmuch you think deep... He will 'smell' any kind of danger 20 moves before!" – Bobby Fischer"Chess is a game by its form, an art by its content and a science by the difficulty of gaining masteryin it. Chess can convey as much happiness as a good book or work of music can. However, it isnecessary to learn to play well and only afterwards will one experience real delight." – TigranPetrosian"I'm absolutely convinced that in chess – although it remains a game – there is nothing accidental.

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And this is my credo. I like only those chess games, in which I have played in accordance with theposition requirements... I believe only in logical and right game." – Tigran Petrosian[51]

See also

Chess in Armenia

References1. Vasiliev 1974, p. 27.2. Kasparov 2004, pp. 7, 16, 62, 80.3. Parkinson, Joe (3 December 2012). "Winning Move: Chess Reigns as Kingly Pursuit in Armenia"

(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324020804578147393825457694.html). The Wall StreetJournal. Retrieved 24 August 2013.

4. "In Armenia chess is king and grandmasters are stars"(https://web.archive.org/web/20140915235449/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/in­armenia­chess­is­king­and­grandmasters­are­stars­1972407.html). The Independent. 13 May 2010. Archived from theoriginal (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/in­armenia­chess­is­king­and­grandmasters­are­stars­1972407.html) on 15 September 2014.

5. Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 48.6. Saidy 1972, pp. 102–04.7. Sunnucks 1970, pp. 353–54.8. Vasiliev 1974, pp. 15–22.9. Chelminski 1969, p. 42.10. Clarke 1964, pp. 11–12.11. Vasiliev 1974, p. 43.12. Winter 1981, pp. 103–04.13. Vasiliev 1974, p. 60.14. Vasiliev 1974, p. 7.15. Schonberg 1973, pp. 246–47.16. Evans, Larry (9 July 1972). "Fischer on Russian Cheating" (http://news.google.com/newspapers?

nid=1310&dat=19720709&id=B0ISAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4004,2035865). The Register­Guard.

17. Vasiliev 1974, pp. 11–13.18. Schonberg 1973, p. 248.19. Vasiliev 1974, pp. 155–86.20. In the 1951 and 1954 World Championship matches, Botvinnik retained his title because he drew with David

Bronstein and with Vasily Smyslov respectively. All other World Championship matches between 1934 and 1966were won by the challengers.

21. CHESS Magazine – September 198422. Kasparov vs. Petrosian, Tilburg 1981 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1069975) at

Chessgames.com23. "Monument Tigran Petrosian" (http://www.atb.am/en/armenia/sights/monuments/TigranPetrosian/). Armenian

Travel Bureau. Retrieved 2010­06­24.24. Petrosian, Tigran (http://www.olimpbase.org/players/ikkqkgyh.html) team chess records at olimpbase.org25. Schonberg 1973, p. 245.26. Saidy 1972, pp. 104–06.27. Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16149) on ChessGames.com28. Saidy 1972, pp. 106–08.29. Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian vs Mark Taimanov (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106293) on

ChessGames.com

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30. Clarke 1964, p. 6.31. Lawson, Dominic (May 2009). "Armenian Artist" (http://standpointmag.com/node/1639/full). Standpoint.

Retrieved 12 April 2010.32. Schonberg 1973, p. 243.33. Barsky, Vladimir (15 May 2005). "Kramnik – Interviews"

(http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61). Kramnik.com. Retrieved 8 April 2010.34. Kasparov 2004, p. 12.35. Reshevsky vs. Petrosian, 1953 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106248)36. Petrosian 1990, pp. 68–69.37. King's Indian, Petrosian System (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessopening?eco=E93) on ChessGames.com38. King's Indian Defense, Petrosian Variation

(http://www.chess.com/opening/eco/E93_Kings_Indian_Defense_Petrosian_Variation_Normal_Defense) onChess.com

39. Gufeld & Schiller 2000, p. 140.40. Gufeld & Schiller 2000, pp. 140–42.41. Queen's Indian Defense, Petrosian Variation

(http://www.chess.com/opening/eco/E12_Queens_Indian_Defense_Petrosian_Variation) on Chess.com42. [1] (http://www.365chess.com/opening.php?m=7&n=21&ms=d4.Nf6.c4.e6.Nf3.b6&ns=7.14.11.33.21.21) on

Chess365.com43. Gruenfeld Defense: Three Knights Variation, Petrosian System

(http://www.chess.com/opening/eco/D91_Gruenfeld_Defense_Three_Knights_Variation_Petrosian_System) onChess.com

44. French Defense: Winawer Variation, Petrosian Variation(http://www.chess.com/opening/eco/C16_French_Defense_Winawer_Variation_Petrosian_Variation) onChess.com

45. Karpov & Beliavsky 1994, p. needed.46. Kennedy, Rick. "Petrosian vs the Elite" (http://www.chessville.com/reviews/petrosianvselite.htm). Chesville.

Retrieved October 8, 2010.47. Petrosian & Sehtman 1989, p. needed.48. Evans, Larry (June 21, 1971). "Six moves toward a world championship"

(http://www.chessmaniac.com/Bobby_Fischer/Bobby_Fischer_Articles14.shtm). Sports Illustrated. RetrievedOctober 8, 2010.

49. Kasparov 2004, p. 80.50. "Tigran Petrosian's Best Games" (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1014968).

chessgames.com. Retrieved 21 December 2013.51. Chess Champion of the World Tigran Petrosian (http://www.chessebook.com/history_1.php?chem=pet)

Bibliography

Aagaard, Jacob (2002). Queen's Indian Defence. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1­85744­300­4.Chelminski, Rudolph (1969). "Close­up: Tigran Petrosian" (http://books.google.com/?id=mE8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA41&dq=life%20magazine%20petrosian%201969&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q=life%20magazine%20petrosian%201969). Time Magazine 66 (4): 41–46.Chernev, Irving (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp. 92–108.ISBN 0­486­28674­6.Clarke, P. H. (1964). Tigran Petrosian – Master of Defence: Petrosian's Best Games 1946–63. B. T. Batsford.ISBN 0­7134­6900­5.Edmonds, David; Eidinow, John (2004). Bobby Fischer Goes to War. HarperCollins. ISBN 978­0­06­051024­4.Gufeld, Eduard; Schiller, Eric (2000). Secrets of the King's Indian. Cardoza. ISBN 1­58042­017­6.Karpov, Anatoly; Beliavsky, Alexander (1994). The Caro–Kann! In Black and White. R&D Publishing.ISBN 978­1­883358­16­7.Kasparov, Garry (2007). How Life Imitates Chess. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978­1­59691­387­5.Kasparov, Garry (2004). My Great Predecessors, Part III. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978­1­85744­371­4.

15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Petrosian, Tigran (1990). Petrosian's Legacy. Editions Erebouni.Petrosian, Tigran; Sehtman, E. (1989). Petroszjan tanít (in Hungarian). Sport Lap­ és Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963­253­827­7.Saidy, Anthony (1972). The Battle of Chess ideas. B. T. Batsford. ISBN 978­0890580189.Schonberg, Harold C. (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. J. B. Lippincott & Co. ISBN 0­397­01004­4.Sunnucks, Anne, ed. (1970). "Petrosian, Tigran". The Encyclopedia of Chess. St. Martin's Press.Vasiliev, Viktor (1974). Tigran Petrosian: His Life and Games. B. T. Batsford. ISBN 4­87187­813­9.Winter, Edward G., ed. (1981). World Chess Champions. ISBN 0­08­024094­1.

External links

Tigran Petrosian(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16149)player profile and games at Chessgames.comGrandmaster Games Database – Tigran Petrosian(http://www.redhotpawn.com/chess/grandmaster­games/index.php?player=Tigran_V_Petrosian&masterplayerid=21190)OlimpBase(http://www.olimpbase.org/players/ikkqkgyh.html)Biography (http://www.tim­thompson.com/petrosian.html)

AwardsPreceded by

Mikhail BotvinnikWorld Chess Champion

1963–69Succeeded byBoris Spassky

AchievementsPreceded by

David BronsteinYoungest chess grandmaster ever

1952–1955Succeeded byBoris Spassky

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigran_Petrosian&oldid=677120105"

Categories: 1929 births 1984 deaths World chess champions Chess grandmastersChess Olympiad competitors Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR Armenian chess playersChess players from Georgia (country) Armenian writers Writers from Georgia (country)Georgian Armenians Soviet chess players Spartak athletes Sportspeople from Tbilisi Chess writersChess theoreticians Deaths from stomach cancer Cancer deaths in the Soviet UnionBurials at Vagankovo Cemetery Armenian male writers

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