Tightness-Looseness: A Fractal Pattern of Cultural Variation
Transcript of Tightness-Looseness: A Fractal Pattern of Cultural Variation
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Tightness-Looseness: A Fractal Pattern of Cultural Variation
Michele J. Gelfand
University of Maryland, College Park
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What ties these examples together?
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• Humans ability to develop, maintain and enforce social norms
• The glue that keep us together
Social Norms
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Tightness Looseness
Strong norms and
punishments for deviance
Narrow range of behavior
Weak norms and high
degree of permissiveness
Large range of behavior
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Ecological factors and historical events influence the social organization of a country, which in turn affects the characteristics of social situations and associated psychological processes (Triandis,
1972)
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Ecological & Historical Factors
Core Focal Concern:
Strength of Societal
Norms and Sanctioning of Deviant Behavior
Recurrent Episodes In Local Worlds
Psychological Adaptations
Distal Ecological and Historical Factors and Societal Processes
Proximal/Contemporaneous Processes
Socio-Political Institutions
The Multilevel System of Tightness-Looseness (Gelfand et al. 2011)
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33 Nations
6823 Participants
6 Continents
22 Languages
Ecological & Historical Data
Surveys
Unobtrusive observations
International Investigation
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Tight-Loose Trade-Off
• Tight: Greater Order
– Less crime
– More security personnel
– More cleaning personnel
– Less Graffiti
– Less parking out of the lines
– More uniforms, more uniformity in cars
– More synchronous clocks
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Tight-Loose Trade-Off
• Loose: Greater Openness
– Less cultural superiority and ethnocentrism
– More acceptance of immigrants
– More positive reactions to stigmatized identities
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What predicts TL?
• No effect of GDP
• No common language
• No common religion
• No common geographical location
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Evidence
0
5
10
15
0 1 2 3 4
Pop Density
0
5
10
15
0 100 200 300
Food Deprivation
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 15
Territorial Threat
0
5
10
15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Pathogen Prevalence
0
5
10
15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Disasters
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Ecological and Historical events influence the social organization of a country, which in turn affects the characteristics of social situations and associated psychological processes
Situational Affordances
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Library Funeral NAS Lecture
Public Park Own Room Drinks in DC
Strong situations
Weak situations
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Historical events influence the social organization of a country, which in turn affects the characteristics of social situations and associated psychological processes
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The TL Mindset: Felt Accountability
• Prevention Focus – Cautiousness – Rule orientation
• Self-Regulation – Impulse control
– Self-monitoring ability
• Epistemic Needs – Need for
Structure
Structure of
Everyday Social
Contexts:
Degree of Constraint in
Everyday Situations
HLM: Intercepts-as-Outcomes Model
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Ecological & Historical Threats
Population Density in 1500 Food Deprivation Index Communicable Disease
Natural Disasters, Territorial Conflicts
Strength of
Societal
Norms
Structure of Social
Situations
Degree of Situational Constraint
Psychological
Adaptations Prevention
Focus Self-
Regulation Epistemic
eeds
Distal Ecological and Historical Factors Proximal/Contemporaneous Processes
Socio-Political Institutions
Autocracy Media Openness (Reversed)
Challenges to Institutions
.21 (.07)**
.12 (.06)*
.30 (.08)**
1.43 (.15)**
1.04 (.23)**
1.16 (.17)**
2.65 (.49)**
.86 (.25)**
Multilevel SEM
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II. Other Levels
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Tightness-Looseness in the US
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State Tightness-Looseness and Ecological Threat
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4 5
Storms and Floods
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4 5
Rural to Urban
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4 5
Disease Stress
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Food Insecurity
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Personality Openness
State Tightness State Looseness
Personality Conscientiousness
Social Organization •More Law Enforcement •Less Homelessness •Less Divorce
Self Control •Lower Drug Use •Less Debt
Creativity •More Patents •More Fine Artists
Equality •Fewer EEOC claims •More Minority-owned Businesses
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SES: Working and Upper Class
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• Survey of 300 Working and Upper Class – MC: Higher general, childhood, and workplace tightness, situational
constraint and desired tightness – Meaning of Rules
• 5 words for: “rules”, “following rules”, “breaking rules”: • MC more positive valence, UP more negative valence
– Threat • MC live in more threatening environments (zip code data, poverty and
unemployment) and have higher self-reported threat=
– Individual Differences • MC higher conscientiousness and higher need for structure; lower creativity
• DDB Survey (N=31,104 from 1985-1998) – Perceptions of threat, strong norm enforcement, conscientiousness and
ethnocentrism
• Children – 30 MC and UP brought to the lab – Reaction to “Max the Norm Violating Puppet” – MC greater amount of protest greater amount of protest No common
language
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Neural Level
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Are there cultural differences in ERPs related to social norm violations?
Are they distinct from semantic violations
Do they predict the TL trade-off (self control, ethnocentrism, creativity)?
Mu, Kitayama, Han, Gelfand , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Social Norm Violation Task
11trials x 3 conditions x 4 blocks
Strong Weak Appropriate
Amanda is at the Art Museum
1500ms
+ 500-1000ms
She is 350ms +50ms blank
Dancing 350ms
Amanda is at the Park
+
She is
Dancing
Amanda is at a Tango Lesson
+
She is
Dancing
Strongly inapp-Strongly app
1---2---3---4
Strongly inapp-Strongly app
1---2---3---4
Strongly inapp-Strongly app
1---2---3---4
500ms
1000ms
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N400 in Centro-Parietal Region
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N400 in Frontal Region
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Mediation Results
Culture Self Control
N400
0.45*** 0.30*
0.04 (-0.12) Culture
N400
Cultural Superiority
0.45*** 0.40*
0.39** (0.28)
Culture
N400
Creativity
0.45*** -0.35*
-0.29* (-0.16)
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Threat and Brain Synchrony
Do societal threats modulate coordination at the behavioral level?
Is interbrain synchronization (i.e. gamma oscillation) a key mechanism that helps humans to coordinate their actions in conditions of high societal threat?
Mu, Han, Gelfand SCAN 2017
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Priming conditions
Ingroup threat Outgroup threat Ingroup control
Coordination Task
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Behavioral Results
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Brain Synchrony
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Mediation Results
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How Leaders Use Threat to Tighten Groups
500 representative Americans about threat, tightness, and Trump.
Perceived Threat
Desired Tightness
Voting for Trump in Primary
b = .39, p < .001
b = .47, p < .001
b = .25, p = .003
Gelfand and Jackson, 2016, Huffington Post
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Societal Well-Being
Does one achieve better outcomes for societies as a whole? • Fromm: Escape from freedom • Durkheim: Egoistic versus fatalistic
suicide • Etzioni: Balance between freedom and
order
Prediction: • Curvilinear effects on societal well
being: Extreme levels of tightness or looseness are maladaptive (Harrington, Boski, & Gelfand, PLOS1, 2015)
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Depression Blood Pressure
Suicide Happiness
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• TL Fractals – Religion
– Work Organizations
– Domains and Regions
• Developmental
• Clinical
• Culture change – Historical record
– Rate of change
– Pendulum shifts