FRUBNEKS COLLECTION . 01

C;MPLIFIED u m A M M A R S OF THE PRINCIPAL

~ a l a f I C AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

EDITED BY

REINHOLD ROST, U . D . , PH.D.

VlI.

TIBETAN.

COLLECT [BRS OF THE: :PAL ASIATIC All EVKUfbAN ~arrtUAGEi,

LD ROST,

I, PERSIAN, AND BRAHlG. YE LATE E. H, PALMER, M.A.

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ROrnANIAN. BY R. TORCEANU.

VIX. TIBETAN.

BY H. A. J;iSc~m.

Grammars of tkc following m e i# prcpmetiu banese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bobmian, Bulgarian, Burmese, ~m mric and Gaelic, Danish, Finnish, Hebrew, Malay, Pali, Polish, RW

Sanskrit, Serbian, Siamese, Singhalese, Swedish, Turkish.

LONDON: T R ~ B N E R & CO., LUDGATE HILL.

1l-U ETAN GRAMMAR

S E C O N D E D I T 1

PRFJARED 8E'

Da. H. WENZEI,.

)ON:

. ., _ . - 5 9 , LUDGATE HILL. .

in n his t

ina

10 tl

his 1 and brou

L nt SOmr

here

nmm sea

on which I E

ns dialef

long reaid with whi . .

- -- -- e of the r

and tht

Preface. -

llje ul~sent new edition of Mr. J;rsca~~'s Tibetan rcely needs a word of apology. As the first was lithographed at Kyelmi in 1865 in limited

oer ox copies has long been out of print, Dr. R o s ~ thor to revise his grammar for the purpose of t in &n improved form. The latter, prevented

Il-health from undertaking the task, placed the matter

~y bands, and had the goodness to make over to me ' IWII manuscript notes and additions to t h e original

)ut his personal cooperation, however, I was

Le any but a very sparing use of these, add- only a few remarks from G yalrab,bs and Milmaspa, with

semarlrs on the local vcmculwr of Western d, special atkention luas been paid throughout, $ it is the one with which the author during .

lence at Kyelai bad become most familiar, ch the English in India are most likely to be

ght into direct contact. Besides the above mentioned additions, I have taken lmhm- nf examples from the Dzdun, to make clearer

, with the same view, I have altered, wording of the lithographed editibn.

: further it. Indee . -. .

ules, and :re, the

Grammax Fina

L A - 1 - - . - - - -

is solely correctin;

- -

VI Preface. - Abbr~Piation~.

The order of the paragraphs bas been retained throughout, and only one (23.) has been added for completeness' sake.

The system of 'translitaration is nearly the+ same as in the Dictionmy, only for ny, A is used, and instead of _e, u

(respectively G) hhas been thought to be a clearer represen- tation of the sound intended. For the niceties of pronun- ciation the reader is referred t o the Dictionary, as in this

only the general rules hme been given. dly 1 must express my warmest thanks to Dr. RUST,

WnasF: exertions not only the printing of this Grammar due, but who also rendered me much help iu the

g of the work.

yence, May 1883.

Abbreviations.

am. = wi lve . C or CT = Central Tibet, ssp*

tidy the provinces of fi and Tsah

cf. = c o d Dsl, = Dz e, g. = ext

stance.

e l , C O ~ ~ ~ W B .

ahlrm. mpli gratia, for in-

ET = Eas fut. = futt imp. = im inf. = in f in~nv~

t Tibet. me. peratil-e.

*.. -. zed of. I6ppen.

Kun. = Kunawur, province UYUGL

English probeckion. Ld. 7 La&, province. Mil. = Mihraspa. neutr. = neuter verb. perf. or pf. = perfect. pres. = present. B. = see. m. = terminative case. Thw. = Thar - man, sc

treatises. v vide, see.

= vulgm expegion W'J! = Western Tih

F h o u o l o g f . Pam

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

jyllaoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?id Consonants. 5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diphhngs. G . . . . . . . . . . . . . :ompound - Consonants. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kty 12

. . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . 14

Prekxed Ld Ward; Ace Puncturttio~

:tters . . ent; Qum n . . .

The IndeE

Number . n--t ...a&..

Cadinal n Ordinal nu R . P ~ a v t .

nite ME] I1

; B t g m o l . o g y . I. A r t i c l e .

. . . . . . . . . Pecnbaribes oT the 'l'ibetan Article 17 12. Difference of the ArEicles . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 13. I 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

. Substantive. 14. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m 'IF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 2 1

111. A d j e c t i v e . . . . . . . . . . . . . E the B~bdmfiire 26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &omparison. 26 [Y. N n m e r a l s .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

-- . Distributiv Adverbial fractional

. . . . e nnmeral: nnmerds . numerals

Contents.

r h - .

vrrr

Pw9 V. rronuuua.,

24. Personal pronouns . , . . , . . . . 34 25. Possessive prononns . . . . . . . . 3 6 ' 26. Beflecti~e pronouns . . . . . . . . 37 27. Demonstrative pronoun . . . . . . . . . 37 28. Interrogative pronouns . . . . , . . . . . 38 29. Rebtive pronouns. . , . . , , . . . . %

a b. 30. Ehtrodnct.ion . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . 10 31. Inflection . . . . . . - . . - . . . - . $1 32. Infinitive. . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . 12 33. Participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 43 34. Finite Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 45 $5. Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 46 36. Preterit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 37. htm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 38. Imperative . . . . . . -. . . . . . - . . 1

39. Intensive. . . . . . . - . - - . . . . - 1 40. Snbstadtive 'Cerbs . . . . . . . . , . . . 41. Gerunds and Supinea . . . . . - . . . . . . . - -1 42. VXL A d v e r b . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 43. YIII'. P o s t p o s i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . 1 44. IX. C o n j u n c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . k 45. X. I n t e r j e c t i o n . . . . . . . - . . I

XI. D e r i v a t i o n : 46. Derivation of Snbstaati~es . . . . . . . - . 1 47. Derivstion of Adjectives . . . . - . . . . . 8

HI. S J Q ~ ~ X . 48. Arrangement of Words . . . . . . . . . . 0 49. Use of the Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.

simple Sentartees . . . . . . . . 2 Jomponnd Sentences . . . . . . . 3

a p p o a d l x . Phrases . . . iG Reading Exercis 12 Verbs . . . . 19

Errata

Page 3, = 4, * 4, * 4 " 4, " 4, n 4, * 5,

- 9 7, ,, 7,

uumu1

lsngn over j

eonso.

which prece

a B X C I ~ I i n d i a r

d a t i n 8

regpea ,, which instead of whom.

undar particular. #? imtead o f l i j i .

,, exertion. BL aele to. 5 dele down. 4 read success ion insf

- fi . each intrtead of ,, enbdlcribsd insl

foot for food. aubscribad for L - - - 7gms.

age. n~tead o f nants.

case, judgment. except. i t instead of is.

serve t o denote. ding. nation.

.-,.,,riminately, seded.

,cad of cot ~i+h:hpr. --""."-. ;ead of sul

subjoined.

page ZS, line 1 read motion. 26, , 15 , terminfatiofis. 26, . 2 4 . , precedes. 26, . 27 . higher than. 33, . 6 t o den~ta. . 34, , 14 . letter-writ ing. 36, . 1 , The terms mod. he. 36, . 16 . high person speaking of himself.

,, 38, . 11 9 ghsi. 39, , 14 . yonmap.

a 40, . 7 ' . verbs. a 40> . 21 , anAccnsati~e. a 4 0 , . 25 ,, nentre. ,, 41, . 10 . form instead of shape.

41, , 11 , forma inat;ed of shapea. 41, . 22 . thePerfeetprefers.

a 42, , 1 . per fec t . 42, , lG , recognises instead of acknowledges. 43, . 20 . ide s instead of notion. 45, , 14 ,, with t h e exception. 46, . 6 , whielr wil l always be. 46, , 10 . toone. 52, . 16 . it expresses. 63, , 11 found. 63, , 24 , pmsivesense ,oppoeedto&c. 55, , 7 , affixes. SS, , 12 , that it. 61, 12 , king's, - 64, . 8 i n t ended

Part I.

P h o n o l o g y ,

mi*

gal:

1. The Alphabet. The Tibetan Alphabet was adapted m the L a i h QJ) form of the Indian letterr by pm-

h (q83~F5) minister of king &~om-~an-

Jisnhke, Tlhetar~ Grammar.

; 4 b ~ y q ) about the year 632 (s. KGpp. JL 61. The Indian letters out of which the single Tibetan

harltoters were formed are given in the folloming table in ieir Ntigmi shape.

surd.

gut T % k e

aspir.

F T k ' a

dat a 1

sonant.

T T g a

- nasal.

F " 3 A a

E'qjjcc Y T f i a

q q n a

sl. a ma *

enta I a q q f a T q d a

IU Ba 3 za +a

~bials. . . 1. 1 pa

8'-l 3 i n b i h

3. 'k $a I g. r bu

I t

3 1. The Alphabet;.

on the for

It is sein from this table that several signs have been added t o express sounds that are Cnknown in Sansc~it. The sibilants 8 & evidently were differentiated from the

palatals. But. as in transcribing Sanscxit words the Tibetans substitule ~ e i r sibilants for the ~alatals of the original (as N 54' for aPl), we must suppose that the sibilisation of

thoso consonants, common at present among the Rindas Southern slopes of the HimBlrrya (who speak i%m

T, four etc.), was in general use with those Indians worn whom the Tib. Alphabet was taken (cf. also the Afghan

and : likewise sprung from and $)- is differentiated 2, z from 9', which itself often is prononnced v, as shewn in

.anscribing Sanscrih, q and q both are given,

7 only. seems to be formed out of q' to which it is related in sonnd. 3 evidently is only the

inverted E'. W corresponds with Sanscrit q. is newly invented; for its fmctions see the following $5. - The letters which axe peculiar to Swnscrit a trmscrjbing , in the following manner.

simply by iuverting the signs of the aentau. t.nlle

8' 3, ja' 3, T. b) The sonant aspin

re exprer a) The

3 . ,

rlll~g 5" under the sonnnts: thus, 91' q, 6 9. 2. g. F!

*I by Di graphic

A very clear exposition of the ramification of Indian dphabeta Haas i s to be found in the Publications of tho Pda,eo- .a1 Society Oriental Seriea IT, pl XLKV.

,. Remarks. 3. vowel

2. Rem gle jetterr - -- -.

arks. 1. Regarding the pronunciation of t

3, as given above, it is to be born in mind, ti ds 7 7 Y' are uttered without the least admixture of

aspiration, viz. as k, t , p are pronounced in the words te, stale, s p a s ; the aspirates 19' $ forcibly, rather

the s m e in Kate, tak% peer; the sonants 7 ll;ht: (I, d, i5 in gate, dale, hew. 2. The same difference

hardness * 7

is t o be observed in 5 5 F or E, 2, j (Toe-

7s in cnu~ch; C, the same without aspiration ; 3 in @d$8)

& $ or ts, a, A. 3. is the soft modifies-

a the s in Zeisu~~,e (French j in ajamak, but more , C is the English ny in sifig, but occurs in

in the commencement of a syllable. 5. 7 ii me nmai ?q, or the initial sound in the word new, which

?elled iiu. 6. In the dialects of Eastern or G

jet, however, the soft consonants 4(. $4. E' 6, tea occur

ion, aim; -- .,?A. .

mBk Ting as initials, are pronounced with m aspi- ral lar to the Hindi 8, '~f , y, 8, or indeed so that they urnen scarcely differ from the common English Ic, t, p,

and 3 are more difficult to distinguish from ; also

' m d q- than in the Western (Exceptions s.

7. 8). 3. Vowels. 1. Since every consonant sign implies, like

, Smscrjt prototype, a following a, unless some other is attached to it, no particular sign is \ranted

his vowel, except in some cases specified in the 1"

#we1 sign denote t

pmnour and mc or a in

no long particul

Tibet tk like m'

vowels, i~ LA.-.. AL--

is has I

Syllables. t o say al :-a=-d -

k. all o c c ~ nstances , . h",. :..:+:

Syllable6

1 vowel s igns ar he specia e 1,5, + 9 - k*

iced respectivily as e, a, o, u are in German, Itdian 1st other European languages, viz. 1- like ay in say,

ten; 5 like i in machine, fin; like o in so, on;

like 8, pull. It ought to be specially remarked f hat a11 lcluding a and o (unlike the Sanscrit vowels

from wuum LUVJT have taken their signs) are short, since vowels a I r in the Tibetan language, except

ar circu~ roentioned below (s. § 9. 5, 6). O IrnL 7n vowels mt; LUlblal, is used as their base, as is

do, e.g. wb;l'am, ,motherc. 3. R, is originally

t f r o m w , as the latter denotes the opening of the

previously closed throat for pronouncing a vowel with that

slight expIosive sound which the Arabs mean by 1 (G,-1, as the CA in the words : the lily,, an endogen, which would

be in Tibetan characters %%LT.T; on the contrary is

the mere vowel without that audible opening of the throat

(as Arabic I without s), as in Lilian, %%'IT In I

Tibet this difference. is strictly observed; and if ih4 c the intentional exertion. for avoiding the SI

res it resemble to mo and wu: ,the m i

rzlvvu ride W O * ~ , 37.q ,the owl' = ~ g p . In 1

aeen oblitemted, and is there spok

4. that is ..+L:A :

, The Tibetan language is monos,

I1 its words consist of one syllabl

Eastern

5 vowel

W G D L C l U

en just

yllabic, e O ~ Y ,

eh the

5. Final cousonants. 5

parts cannot, in every case, be recognised in their individuality. The mark for the end of such a syllable

is B dot, called $ fseg, put st the right side of the upper

rt of t,he closing letter, such as the syllable ka. This

th r

lisl in * .

q must ir tlable, el i a retain

0 or mor ..- "

1var.iabIy be put down at the end of each written

tcept before w irad ($ lo), in which case only IS its f w ~ . If therefore such a dot is found after

-e consonants, this will indicate that all of them, ue way or other, form om syllable with on17 me $owel

ka-m, TT k a ~ (cf. 5. 8). it: TT 5. Fina

.q. T w 5 ) occur

I consonants, 1. Only tbe following ten: 7' C;'

f;' KS N' (and the four with a&cd N, at the end of a syllable. 2. It must be observed,

it. 7 7 4- as finals are never pronounced like the Eng-

h g, 4 6 in leg, bad, cab, but are transformed differenfly the different provinces. In Lad& they sound like A, t, p

= sock, TT. = got, k- t op 3. ~n a11 Central

Tibex, moreover, final 7 and q', sometimes even nT; modi-

fy tht 4, ;

the sour: : EngIiah w.4,. -. /w

td of a preceeding vowel: a to i (similar to a in have, man), o into _o (French m in jm),

uw w rrrenoh u in mur). In most of the other provinces are uttered so indistinctly as t o be scarcely aud-

is scarce

- 1 . .+

P, so that q ~ , 77 become 88, @. In Tsang even f ind

1y perceptible, and hd T', particularly after o,

%most d~ssolved into a vowel sound = tt: $nf'4* S M G

6 6. Diphthongs

sewhere tars entir

I

onging, c 1 rr

~ ~ T F J X ~ ' kon-clwa.') 4. Final is sounded as s only

in Nori ,dak; el: it ckttnges into i or

dissttppc ely, pro18 )r even modifying at the same time tne preceding vowel. lhus the following words: qw ,barleyL, 4 ~ . ,know: ?N. ,figureG, & ,religionb, YW ,body" are pronounced in Northern Ladwk: d, ils, mk,

Zm, lk; in Lwhoul: nai, shea', rr, Zu, 20; in Lhasa, and consequently by everyone who wishes to speak elegantly: nu, 3 4 ri, EG, 1G. 5. In some words final V occurs as

a second closing letter ( a h ) , after 9]' C 4. q', asin

,indigoc; these are pronounced in N.Lada1~ : nacks, gad, €up, ana as, elsewhere nack (in U: na), gafi (El' g ~ v ) , fap, ram.

6. dy beforeq and a;l' is especially in ET very often pro-

nounced m, e . g . x q i irim-p,% 4. ~ 6 r n - ~ a , $ q y $,-pa.

6. Dipthongs. 1. They occur in Tibetan writing ably where one of the vowels i, o, u have to be added to n word ending with an other vowel (s. $5 15.1; 33.1; 45.2). These

h additional vowels are then always written C\; $, 5, never @ etc. (cf. 5 3.3); and the combinations oci, oi, ui

(as in a ~ $ , qTq, ) are pronoanoed very moch

like &. , g, so that ihe syllables @, qqt %?, e, ' - . .- , *) This is the form in which the word, chosen by the m i s t

to express the Christian ,Godu (cf. clict.), has found i t s 7

several nopnlar wo

rionaries way i n to

nd consonante. 7

11y in sor - dialects be distinguished horn

those mentioned in § 5.4. 2. The others m, 80, w, 00, uo,

a% iu (47T, 49% qq, R ~ T , 75, - b

') are pronoanct ;pid conj

1 prosody .- ..

unction, but

el is distinctly auc they are ge- ither vow .. m y regarded as one syllable, out rt the verse shudd

,wo.

ley axe . .

t-bey may be corn

mpound consonants expresset ,. .

mtlng by putting one below the ower, m which caae

11 figure. 1ls. 2. ' :veral change their origin^

Subjoined cons o nal rhe letter y subjohed is represented by t-he Gnre , a ,nd occur

ds, and -" +Ln* I

cd with the three gutturals nnd hbir with WU, bu,, 4 1 ) ' 9 r;T W 3. The form, IrLLLGG have

3 V

in mast eir origir ha7 :the latter $h$a s- 8 ng 01

t:

reserved, 4 -d

cases, t h - in ET: . .

mciation n the Mo

ronunaation of Tibetan wc lever, they nave been

into 2, E, ;he comn

j respect ion prom

rn instance of

VT*?: without

F>. 9 m y diffe

-7 37 5 !reace frc

r eleg. k-pr

verywhere spoken

I are almost

5xcept in 5 dropped

the We: . and 4 . ,-a 5

cct befor d o n e arc

,e s and i: ! prononr

, where t

iced). $ poken n+ - .,. $. T occurs at the fout of the gutturals,

: shape c

u burnt2 parts or me counq? as in rung, wese uusurlma-

I 8 8. Compound consonanh,

tions are pronounced literally, like ha, Mra eta, but by far the most general custam is to sound them like the In- dian ccerebrals, aiz. q; $, Y indiscriminately = ; #; Ig, 4, 7 2 ~ &; 4J, 5 . q = i g d (in CT: clh]; only in the

case af 3 the literal pronunciation jv is not uncommon.

In 4 and both letters are distinctly heard; 5 sounds like Y

sk in s l i d , and so does 5J generally. In 0 this T is dropped

nearly in all cases: thus, $a, sa etc. 4. Six Jetkers

are often found with an rd beneath.: a 3 a 5 v; in thesa the alone js pronounced, except in a, which

sounds da. 5. The figure 4, sometimes found at the food of a letter is nsed in Saiscrit words to express the subjoined q, as in FJ?' (cf. $9. 6) for wm; and is now pronounced

qQ by Tibetans = 6: soha; in words originally Tibetan it now exists merely as an orthographical mark, to distinguish hornonymes in writing, as & tsa&otLand $ fsa ,saltc; but,

as it is spoken, in some words at least, in Balti (e. g. $ 4

rtswa ,grassc, it must be supposed that, in the primitive form of the lauguage, it was heard. - Nok Of such compounds, indeed, as 3' ,lotL it is difficult t o under-

-4 stand, how they can have been pronounced literally, if the v was not, perhaps, pronounced before the y.

Superadded consonants. 6.~abovean0thercon- sonant is written *, and 11 contonants have this sign:

"7 7 5 $ gf a a, above 7 it preserves

7. Co~npound consonants. - Examples.

f that lett le, as better adapted to the form o

u, $'. I n speaking it is seldom heard except 1 ~ I Y , d in some instances in compound words after a, us, 's U ~ g $ d n , Urgyh, ancient name of the W-U, of

its pravincia

vowel th , nn..n&mr

how; ,uajrai. Ladilkees often pronounce it =s:

sta ,horsec elsewhere ta. 7. Similar is the usage in those

th a superadded W (namely ds and sonants of the st four classes, the guttura and q), which latter often softIy heard in WT, U u l , di re ly dropped else-

q t in the ease of $, whioh is spa I in

with a distinct aspiration = hla or 3T. ~eradded to t,he gutturds, dentals and labia& tion of the qiratae, then $ and 8'. It in

my crises, distincdy pronounced in Ladak, but dropped I. 9. $ q E: with any led

,: the sur 11 nasal,

h..4 nn

lere, exct

T, hut 1

L .

ken = nl bka in I

. .

ek

let

iewhere*)

ter lose ,

- - - the aspiration mentioned in 4 2.6 a rls. 10. often Ir

1 =

the inherent 91

t -s

4 6, j, 1

onnd in X \ mL=- -

)se even

ken like . - --a - -1 -

pronunciation and are spo j , S, 2;

t 1 1 1 1 ~ dl be indicated in the followiw eawi~rp~cs by including 3 [s)koa. I s in pare

yo"', you.

turds.

7 **&+I-

:fEimo, C:?a+ ' hen.

9~ W: Ga-Gn, c: -6i misery.

TJQ tam, cabbage.

B ~ N . $im(s), judgement.

W: dafi-m, C: 8- F' cold. 373 cwy-p, child.

. ?ran-we, w*&-nza, qTq p,,.

la, wages.

~ ( t j ? 2*6(-po), wind.

. rla-eua (a. $ 11 note), 54 moon.

ju6-h (Ld. IF), green. w

$fV (s)koml thirst.

4 q' (slgo, door.

qr;'t;T' (slyyzi~wa, t o alter, b turn. E\

87 W: (s)@n, C: Gn, glue.

$5 &a, Ld: ire-a, monkey.

Wai. W_ ;m, : (~)maw edicine. , --

W: 68 I', sand.

3 ,, ,' j?&& tax

L, quick

W: G u ~ r - y v , C: F, 5@f straight.

97 (Fag, d q e a q ) , rock.

5q.V i ~ d y ~ ~ , ragged. ,

b aq' lcE-ma, priest. d VW" Zi-nao, easy.

7F'r;l' kaG-pa, foot.

W: zun, C: dsgn, lie, Eq' uuntru t h . t a h o (Ld. EtO), C : 7 % *.-mo, spectacle.

a'- W: &a*), G: $a, hair.

8 da (vu lg :~~ ) , sound, voice.

(SIP, small hair.

w : (a)?o+a, pa, to behav

- W: ( s b ) d , C ssode.

* W: fimpa, C B4 pa, mad. consonant ence of au already

S. Prefixed lotters.

H. rrefixed letters. 1 The five letters 7' 7- 4-FT I

occur before the Iical initials of other are seldom prono xcept in similar cases

c m C 7 occurs before -' *' 7 q' 8 3

quently ~rds, but

real, rat

,unced, e:

O 7 7 mals and 1 -- -" .

before the guttur labids with exception

the aspiratae; 4' before 7' 7-, t h

lnnts with the same except

- - 4, dentaIs and

~der $, then

le palatale

Jon as nn data1 sibi

T r - - - 9 V ; mT before the gutturals, palatals, dentds

d palatal ratae and

..

3d the sui

i ~ e classr

- . rds; q h4 2s. In C

. sibilants, except, as- I sonants of the f )r O-

unce theui in m y case, is considered vulgar. 2. The ~ b i g u i t ~ which would arise in case of the prefix standing fore one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the we1 beinl

iich, if $ iT7 xed

efore the :T., to 1

5 the un-

is radic: . - - .

written a

31, has to * -.

- in the s

meed d+ . -

yllable 5 g, if prefi:

oided by adang an R in

ther examples are: 77 the lattei

gad (gay XIC' m.

r case: tl

1 m d y

; qq- bas (bg, fig] and 4.54y sa; ,, , ,,,,, , ,,,, , and . -

h the radi

- kc- 3- t. This t

.. L* . 3

TI'?. gd is added, thoug ical uoa one of the mennonea letters; as, 4713, . .

-. 7 and q a! iical mnul each other, so that a prefix I

Ly the £0

s first rat

ound is I heard, as will be seen in the - eoc

EPe whi +--I1

nponnd pn cified her6 ich t.he N L-. .

I irregularities, which cannot all be The custom of C.T., accoriling to ed is in this instance easier to be

: (see the i8 entire

9. Word; Accent; Quantity.

mciation efixed a ounds is the ria

after a vo

sal prani

wel, whit

, eleg. k, 17. . . n

:h is often

but eleg

of the pr

heard e.p ;.% 7q.q' unced \

:. : ye-din, ,clergy' ; r;l7Y(lgflm Jie 100 000 precepts' (title of a

Book). - ANOW. vvitn regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in E T the prefixed letters have the same in- dnencc as the superadded ones § 7.9.

43~'ri: rdriqo, good. I a~i.8 7id,1*-, sweet. t

E x a m p l e s .

I h6-5, eleg. ?w.?i, .o'deseond. i 4548 ourteen.

q y yay, bos gruoniens.

73K pC2a (Ld: spe-fa), boolc.

1 'i ?q~, wan,vulg. ~:ail,powt?r. 1 9' u, resp. bt '

7~i.q kdy--PO, white.

7c1i.T dd-wo, enemy.

name of the Lhasa VN' B districtv 3 / ?gTslN' brea

@i4' en-pa, solitude. 1 yay-j %a, sumn

,*a, diff p.

syllsbles, more of . .

bat not

t-hese, so

3f the wnrrl-

9. Word; Accent; Quantity. I . The peculiari'cy I

Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the ..,,, the words (cf. 4) composed of t

metimes renders is doubtful what is regarded as one = n * A 2. There exist a great nnm

mtiiy.

for denoi ting diffc

11 3

rent nall monosyllables, which serve j

lades of notions, grammatical reIations etc., rost- med to the word in question; but never altl cinal iape, though their own initials are not seldo iced y it* final cansonant (cf. § 15). 3. Such r bles ay conveniently be regarded as termin atic ning ne word together with the preceeding nominu L I ~ verbal

root. 4. The accent is, in such cases, most naturnlty given to the root, or, in cempounds, generally to the latter part

CI

the oomposition, as : qT mi$, ,eyei, qqq mdg-yi, ,of

le eye'; W"j lag, ,handc, WT wering, gloveL. - 5. Equally natural IS, 11

vowels,

(though : TT. 1 -

and are ?r its orig

m influel

~b(s), ,hand- - ". the 1 W.L. ,

when clo never so .

nan t i ty of the vowels: accentuated sing le syllable, are comparatively long long 1 in the English words bee7 stay, or n ~ n d i tc->, herwise short, as 8 mi ,mL, 3~ mi-ln' ~m‘,

~t b;IT m&-, ,butterc. -In CT, however, ev- abbCIubuated

id closing voweIs are uttered very shortly: mi, mi-kc" etc., i d long ones occur there only in the case of 5 5, 4. 5. and

2., as NN I< ,work6; U.q Nreligioni; qTy ddd

rrow',; 73q z a ,planeti; and in Lhsts especially: qyq

int, as: ? r

s marked 7) ,cane(

I by ran beneath the co:

1 , w ) r o t (s. f 1.

'unctuaiion. Far separrating the meml onger p e l ~ u u , PO vertical stroke: 1, called q? Bad (91i3, 1s used,

rrespon

'ter the

bers of a 1 - ,. .... .

d i c h co ds at once to our comma, semicolon and

colon; af dosing of a sentence the same is doubled; after s longer piece, e g. a chapter, four iads are put. No marks of interrogation or exlamation exist in punctuation. - 2. In metrical compositions, the double 3ad is used for se-

parating the single verses; in that case the Iogical partition of the sentence is not marked (cf. 5 4).

A lid of a few useful words. 14.q kd-ra, I:d-ra,

sugar. I 77 W : "n, C: ~sn, 41. 1 %

PE.9 hsmiipa, hbuse. ( [4E. k u ~ , hole.

$ ?i, what? / &E: iari, bee

W: gafi, 43: $aG, qF' which?

73' w : P T , (; : UP, t d t . b

Eq' rial, fatigue.

ZxiL-tcra, little. 1 z@ ~ m p o , great. ,

%

l'?: g ~ , 9'5 Or 9" c: g, &he?

C q T "rJa7 C: dam-pa,

E' W: ja, C:,ya, tea. 1 +%, fish. a '7.V %ma, sun; day. Fq ,riufi4ea, little, I few*

oe.

Useful words.

T4- fag-pa, rope. 1 f d ~ , the p

disease,

n o nr.

r C I dafi, $a&, and; with.

7: mg-po , black.

Sun-pa, #&n-pa, me, '7' benefit. / ~TTT i d u g q d n , -?.in, dove.

37qdzul-pa,&?-pa,smoke.

nad, ~ 2 ,

I' ha, Ca, cow. 1 qrzl. hal, i;al, wool,

$ na; wealth, property. Clz;W. pd* -mw~ rlmnted

I book.

r h,. k, son.

a. me, he. $7 m&, na$, there is not. gq &.an, how mach?

<CW' t'surimu, whole. 1 fl Eag, C : dag, day.

%oy Ad, curdled milk. ( Tv o m , wo-ma, milk.

< ' od, wd', light, shine. 1 UIE. pi, also.

G, hill, mountain.

P.3 f i - g ~ letter.

j$y yod, yO1, am, is, are.

?q *in, price.

qq Earn, mad.

y k , am, is, are (cf. %- $39).

~q ra-oug goat.

YT lug, sheep. 1 ;a, flesh, meat.

;;1~ i i ~ , tree, wood.

ar, who?

rju 'q a-pb, (vulg.] father.

qq- (Ld: ras) I.$, cotton cloth.

+ - (Ld: $03) gg, doth- "I ins.

3qq- sm, soul.

m' fag, blood.

$4jqq. ki+p~, to arrive.

W: sa, C: tsa, grass.

&% rimy4 &rn-po, blue.

T q &, bow (for shooting). w

gun - ka , gu+a - ku, y4'T winter.

fig 630, lake.

4 - dilua, to ask.

a, earth.

Gw sd-ma,

a-ma (

+yr (Ld: d%? b

44v fah(), -

W: Bag-p'e, C: 3 28, flow.

5 do, $6, wheat.

q Z f gadyo, dtiii'-po, old.

(b)be-wo, to be ' -

%C r ig, heart.

4(q $9, l e

new.

:vulg.) m

3) 4% &I

means.

. di-wa r WIT-wc ~ 2 4 write

I s h a (U , fast, qr

. f l - 2 --.

: g o - rick.

- \ L-

11. Article.

Part 11.

Chapter I. The Article. 11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan article. 1. What iave

been called Articles by Csoma and Schmidt,' are a number of little a&es: 4. 9' ;Ri-, and some similar

' ones, 'which mght perhaps be more adequately termed den orninetors, since their principd object is undoubtedly to represent s given root as w no un, substantive or ad- jective, as is most clearly perceptible in the instance of the soots of verbs, to which 4- or 9' impart the notion of the

Infinitive and Participle, or the nearest a;bst~act and newest, concrete nouns that can possibly be formed from the idea of a verb. These affixes are not, However, - except in this case -- essential, to a noun, as many subshntives and adjectives and most of the pronouns are never ac- companied by them, and even those which chusuwlly appear connected with them, will drop them upon the slightest occasion. 2. Almost the only case in which a ayntacticwl use of them, like that df the English definite Artide, is perceptible, is that mentioned 4 20. 3; a formal one, that of distinguishing the Gender, occurs in a limited number of words, wbme %$ denotes the female, q- the masculine.

Thus: ~ ' q gyd lyo ,kingc, @fgydl-mo ,queent. Or, .

Jiachte, nboan Grammar 2

i8 11.-12. Article.

if the word in the masculine (or rather common) gender bas

no article, 8 is added: k q SM-ga ,lionc, k q F ,lioness4. 3. In most inetanoes, t y far, their only use is

to distinguish different meanings of homonymous roots, e.g.

y4y' (a)th-pa (t&+pa) ,teacher'; %@ (s)t6n-m (th-

4, ,feasti; FZ[g. O ~ W K ~ (tin-~a) ,autumni. ~ v e n this ,

advantage, however, is given up, as soon as ra composition takes place, and then the meaning can only be inferred

from the contea, or known from usage: (horn

VTF) ,name feast' (given an the oeessioo of naming or

christening an infant) ; @T (from Fv} , autumna1

month'. In some instances the putting or omitting of these

articles is option~l; more frequently the usage varies in difFerent provinces. 4, The peculiar nature. of these affixes is most cle~brly shown by the manner in which they are connected with tbe indefite article 5 13. .

No&. The &es 9' % are 'after vowels and after

the consonanants F' T $: always pronounced wa and wo,

instead of ha and i; thus, 77y9' ka-wa ,difficult4;

- a ,hope4; y v gmi-xuo C@) ,fullC; %,'q ew+aa.

(sw-wa) ,ta sayL; SJWT nya2-w~ ,hellc; Fqjowo (jib-

goo) ,lord, maaier'.

lZIDifference of the Articles among each other. I. The usage of q 4 W i s the most general and widest of all,

defin. Article. 19

as they occur mth all sorts of substantives mid other nouns. used fc ng a man who ie

:cted wit l u thin'g (somethin lIIh and ,la m ~mdustiini and Yern:on. mr do ,&choo&

3 in a

g like . -.

horse', 7 ,a man

;'4' ,horse

from TJ',

byr, v' h ,a twr

I .year',

3 years' 1

ii(8) ,twc

the femir

ti, hence:

kine is rec 30~'. If - more commonly -

woman from q; her addet

~rmer: T! nan-o' r

- used h

4-@* w . .

as tead

TW Yr ,- u w V TGUIU 5YI . ~ d e performer of an action i b wulG

d by Zf (or, in mnre sol

Vy'), thougo, in conversation at least, Vr49 fi;m ,..;,,

red; 37 ------*

9. je&pa ,to do, make; d

UVGL, UII

limited a

I '

v with a . n .l

umber of - 1 1 - -

nouns

i~rrrls- vmv. wuecialy me names or me seasons, wlta nun

n . (T T>-

nite Arficle. This it c.

9. viz: 3

. I 3 - - I

and som e pronou

irmtion for

seems Q o b e a '

erd one

I form it a

-

; the num

'T, whicl - - -

The indefi

wived of

receding word em I s with i

Number.

. ?

borne auwuru use ov a r b e x any terminatio~ mul~ruuuw I tely. It is, of course, wlkays without accent dcles 4. 4' etc, are not thrown out by the indefir e e.g.

@q, ,teacher,

used even after

,there we

,there bei , . .

would ex 5. 128, 1'

4 other 4

- !- 3:----

. The ar lit# artid4

the teacher', Tdiy'q~ ,a teachef.

a plurality: thus, 3 - , 1 re some four wellsc, a d even: . @T41%? J ing a mdtitadd of them' (from Mil). Very often it is placed after the intarrogative pronouns (v. 27), and

sometimes its original meaning is obscured so much that it occurs even after known and definite snbjects, where one 7 pect the demonstrative (see f. i. Dzl. 25, 1 1).

Chapter II. The Substantive.

14. The Number. The Plural is denoted by addin

word qq )r m few . ,

s usually nay be k

N' n m , or, morl

other words, wh ;he common notion of plurdty. Bus ths mark ot the Ir

omitted, when the plurality of the thing in qu6

three me ... 1 1

added: tl

a<. WIN 1

nown from other circumstances, e. g. when

hw, & ,manc, Q hen', Q4 !n a substantive is ?d with ar

ecnve, me pmrm sign is d d e d only once, via. afte

g the

IV a ad-

. .

15. Declension.

m ~ t u l tile connected words: ~ ~ X % Z W ;

men'.

NO&?. The conversational lm

q ,we

3cs the 1 76.IV etc

14. Rams

:. seIdom, in WT ever la] on s.

trks), but add, whr ~ r y , B U C ~ I: all, many, some; two, three, seven, eight, or other suitable

(cf. $ 20, 5.). leclension. The regular a 'erent

partrcles or single sounds by which me cases are rormed is che same for a11 ~OCLIIE, whether substantives or adjectives, pronouns or participles. Only in some cases, in the Dative

umenhl, the noun itself is changed, when, el

wel, it admits of a closer connection with t h ~ UpEu I.rtse-sign. We may reckon in Tibetan seven t

e of all the relations, for 7 bed ip

guages, viz: nominative ar ~itive,

unaltered form o r Nominative and

-

p of thr

scarcely

M necessl

1 exeepti

words as . 7

f t h e difl

md Instr~ In ,m YO'

which cat

~d accuse

Jes are us

~tive, -gen

1. The ons of on

f the nor those of i

- . . and VOCE ~tive, 2.

th the fi

The sif

uals f' 1

-- n . .

: Genitiv

5J after words wi x

owels i is

then will

p J l d 1

thus: $ neans

: with 4 , which form e diphthong

the vowel of the noun (cf. 3 6), or if, in tersifimtion sylldbles are required, i appears supported bg an :

ing a dishct word. 3, The Instrumental or Agent j ~rtioles 9~ 3~ or a ( ~

two

form- IS ex-

pressed t ~y the PE after th e re-

V is adt

Note, .-n..-L :,

{eni tive, who are

- .

in verse,

: are but

e to con4

sometimr

,a1 is, in A..-"n,.l,

spective consonants as specified above; after vowels simply 1 jed, OT, i :S Qv

, The ir modern ation, tabvvh r u Northeru u m u a a , - awubr;ry discern.ul= u "9. the

I and then ; few if my, even xmtts, -, not liabll bund both cases g.

In t h e language of common Iife, in, W T, the djffererlC forms of the partide of the genitive and instrumental, after

consonants, 3 3 eto, are never heard, but everywhere

among lf in writin . " -.-

the finaI consonant is doubled and the vowel i added to it, thus: gN., G. lw-& (Ld.), $4 qw G. za*+ni; 735- (gold), G. s e r e , etc. ; or, in ather wordq dl nouns ending in consonants are formed like those ending with (see

the example 3 ~ ) . In those ending with a vowel no ir-

regularity takes place.

4. The Dative adds indiscriminately the pestposition V la, denoting the relation of space in the widest sense, expressed by the English prepositions in, into, a$, m, to. 5. The Locative is formed by the postposition q' lza ,in&,

6. The Ablative by a! or WW la ,f~m' (the latier

especially with the meaning: f ~ m among), all three like- ' wise without any discrimin the endil the noun. 7, The Termin: by the 30sitions or 7 after V O w ~ r o , .rwwci rrual qttl. anu

3g bf post- A m

' after N'

L.TT*~. f i ? 14 and the other anal consonants. all

I

16. Declension.

postpositions denote the movement to or into. 8. The Vo- cative is not daerent from the Norni~ative (as stated above),

if not distinguished by the interjection 3 oh!, and can only be known horn the context.

nples of declension, As example of the declension a

01 consonantal nouns we may take 1. for those in s (re- y d, b), YN' Zw, Zg, ,bodyG; 2. for dose in m (n,

lam ,wayt; 3. for those in g @), Wg( mi(l

,eye', - of that of vocalic nouns: 4. 19' b or Rams ,snowc.

S i n g u l a r . 1. 2.

Y V lm, la W V lam

Gen.

Tnclt

UVU. '

Abl. '

Gen. R T ~ m ~ - & &- A!&; ~ 4 3 twd

Inst. 3qq.f' I E

L"L

Abl. 3q.q~. . I' Ra; p4q h - w a

i?a~ ka-h

) I 2 1 W l b t 4 , m-n-x- La- a a a

iq Ea-n TW r,<wwa*

p's, IT F m , tar ;

P l u r a l .

h the pIurn1 signs are simply added to the nouns,

without affecting their form, we here only give examples of declension with the two most frequent plural pwrtides. As example for T T t h e plural of the pron. ,that' has been chosen.

N. Acc. U ~ ~ W N . lus@g-)-nam(sj q y ~ dd

AH. ywqqq-a Term. WqflW?

16. Adjective, 25

Chapter IU. The Adjedve.

16. In the TibetanClanguage the Adjective is not form- d y distinguished from the Substantive, so that many nouns may be used one or the other way just as circumstances require.*) The declension, likewise, follows the same rules w that of substantives Only two remarks may be added

here. I. The particles $1' % rare not very strictly

used for dist ingaisbi~~ the gender, since even in the case

of haman beings 4- and are not seldom found connected

with feminines, e. g.: g ' q a ; ~ ? . ~ just as well as @ 4z.w ,a h e girlC. 2. The Adjective sbnds after the

Substantive to which it belongs: thus, -?b.~%q &-fdn-

pa, G : ri-{om-PO, ,the high hill', when, of course, the ease- -

*) But the vulgar language has a predilection for ceh in forms

of Adjectives 1. those wiU, thsgsmndi.l particle 7, rs: &3,

for the mc

in rise in !

IM classical Ldji qpamc; these seem M be psrticdarly

ther by d imple roikration of the root: I' for h 5Q'Zf ,xouna+, or changing the vowel at the same m e : ~ ( [ g ?

w q$F* sary etc often they sr Llables

26 17. Comparison.

signs are joined to the Adjecti~e: -?fl%qq ,of the high

hillc, ,the high 231s' eto.

Or the Adjective 'may be put in the Gen. h e f ore the Substantive : &j'$~qR.?., and then the 1.1 is de- ter only

speech both of C and WT the adjective sometimes pre- serves, even in this position, its simple form (Nominhve). A third way of expression, when both are joined together, withont any artjcle, as YVWjnstesd of N . W ~ t h e d ry

Iand, is rather a compound substantive, with the same difference of meaning as , high[andL and ,a high landL in English.

17. Comparison. 1. Special endings, expressive of the different degrees of comparison, as in the Aryan languages, do not exist in Tibetan, There are two particIes, however, corresponding to the English than: -"' after the find

consonants 4' T T' and after vo. f., after 7 7 4- W' W "I), and NW; these particles follow the word

with which mother is compared (Ihe the Hind, q) ma this then preceeds the compared one, finally fallows the adjective in the positive: 74N. (or nlN.1 p&4** ,horse - than dog small isC, just as in Hindastihi:

& . Hey&. But also the position us) - me Mgcr. ~ n d wood-prints, however, prefer, evm & , the form

n d in

r these

:ompalisor

occurs. our European languages , thus: 14'7WJ~.4q k b

N i . 5 4 . ~ ,the merit of x

ueoom~ng a priest is relatively higher thak mount Merui;

s . ~ ~ P - ' N ' ~ S g of Tibet is 1.477 '. The p:

,the kini

article 42 greater tl m n the other ones

be put, in the same manner, afte. 3. Thus, FT q ~ q ~ ~ ~ ~ f l ~ j ~ 9 ~ . T J ~ ~ ,(thew eyes) became more

U

ited than before'. Or, aft ye ives, qq . 3 . 4-4~4.tfN.?$r4'q4' ,it is better (for him) that hsyounger

J brother :

self has

-

for it-

alive :

rhoutd go (with h

the meaning of , : thanL, .onlyc; thus : ~q.q~4@wq~'3$-r\Tw

im) than

more tha

another'

a', with

. n l N ' j

the neg

,not more

,more t h ~ m two ounces I do not want' (cf. vdg. WT: qlgq q-. ing but',

; ,there are not more than (only) three'); or

,only4, ? . ~ N . + T R I N ~ ~ ~ ~ T ~ ~ * ,hf .

le ad- Ire (for 1

in Sdver

. . is) bnt I: .b which

i. is our ,s the no . *

luting, I augment

mother adverb, 2 means: ,mure m u more-, ,gra-

xic? 4 :arerc, rer and nq r. h m n t l r a r

simply expressed by: ,the great - the littlec. 5. The

Superlative is paraphrased by the same means: 'JTNN'

qq or ~ S I N T Y N ' ~ ~ ,greater than all'. Or it is

expressed in the following manner: ~9~~~~~~ ~ V T C ~ ,of (among) the kings of the ooontry which one is the greatest (prop. great)?'. Adverbs for expressing

high degrees me: qdi5 or 54-5 ,ver~', T7q.s ,allL, 'e w w

q~w8' ,quitec, ~q 5 ,exceedinglyb eto. b

No&. The colloquial language of WT uses SVC in-

stead of 4W or qv, and (ma, always with w strong i3

emphasis, perhaps z t mutilated form of qE;W' ,much') or

CF instead of q ~ , whereas that of CT employs nlN' in the former case, bnt repeats the adjective in the latter,

so that ,very largec is expressed in books by %~qv,, U

in speaking, in WT by md F b p o , in CT by Emp Femqo.

Chapter IV. The. Numerals.

18. Cardinals:

1 9 s(%hg

18. Cmdind Numerals. 29

-d&, C: -d&a, vulg: bb-d0

- . Tu 7YI , YY -.g,tdd$ C: -gyi?, d g : E0B-g0

30 18. Cardinal Numerals.

30 gqg s i m - h

' 31 7 &J'qgg"4/%4(. am-hr-sa-Mg, g ~ % so-%

40 & 4 q 4 ~ whr, wlg: rib-&

41 &' 4 @ 4 ~ ~ 9 3 ri-hr-sa-Zg, $93 ie-5'9

90 1;30 774K gzi-i.y vulg: gtib-h b

91 a7 7~4gg7as). p - h ~ ~ k * , Tq3~ Q w

(G: $d+y)

100 5'- 4%'(qv4-) : Q&) f

gya da6 (or lo' Fp ' 4 3 7 ~ ~ 1 % Or qqxs'q* E, 200 ?oo 943 .ii-gya ikb-gya

IS.--%. Numerals. * 31

I U O O W I ' ' J - ~ Sr.Y saqu

There art;, eb in Sanscrit, names for many more pc of 10, but they are seldom used.

19, brdinals. W: dari-po, G: iiQ ,the fir&, the reas m

are simply formed byadding ?;j'to the cardinals,as: yYqr4-, the second etc.; the 21. is $fJr~8~'4* ,the twenty-

onethi, not, as in English, ,the twenty &stL.

20. Remarks. 1. The smaller number postponed indj-

cates, as i s seen in 18, addition, the reverse - multipli- cation: 4gq.lWV 13, 8b.J'C 30; but in the lrttter case

b

first nume~ais w e changed t o q, , Zbl.;

as the sdcond pmt of R compound after conso-

s spelletl 9'. 2. The words qflq' (after full tens

~p to .one hundred), .fggl. (after hundreds and thousands3>,

especially if the uumher count; ng tho han dreds,

32 SF. Nnmera.1~.

(with st iU gmter numbers), &re optional but frequent

additions. 8' is common instead of 5,r ,andc, to connect

units with tens (8. 9 la), but it occurs also with hundreds

and thooeaods, and not seldom together with TC, e.gF~ ' T S ~ - $ W , 1002. I t is used dso instead of qVT, as:

a 45'g ten, yyg' twenty; often it is standing alone for

$.qx, as: @$F, twenty two. This latter custom may U

have .caused the belief, common even amoag educated readers in C and WT, that g' must mean t w e n t y , even

when connecting a hundred or thousand to a unit, as they w'll usually understand the above mentioned number in the sense of 1022 instead of 1003; but the authority of printed

, books, wherever the exact number oan be verified from other circun>shnccs, does not conh~m this, which would in- deed be a sadly ambiguous phraseology. 3. added to

m a cardinal number means conjunction : TqN'T, the two

together, both ; qaa;T'T, the tllree together, nH three etc.

means either the same, or represents the definite article,

indicating that the number has teen already mentioned, e.g.

@y - - ' 45&1 \ f l r~q4$@ ' - - , fire lneo were

sent . . . The five men arriving etc. 4, 4' ia used, besides

thousands etc, follows: thus,

20 OW; Bmxq ,many ten-thon~and~~. , \

21.-23. Numerals. 33

forming Ordinds, to express the notion of ,containingd, e. g.

T q ,that containing six leitersc? viz. the famous

rormua: &q'i$r~'$q on ma$" pudm hww; aqnaeKq, '1 'u

thirty (letters)', the T i b e b alphabet.

3. aucn earnomations as qw7Z-J~ eto. ere frequently

common three OX

life, so denote a number approxim&kly, so' (cf. 5 14 Note).

7 repe- ch eto.

re numerals. Tbey are expressed b;

1: 575T each time six, six for era k b

In composed numerals drily the last member is repeated,

~ggyw4f@ each time thirty two, thus 88

Adverbial mumeraJs. 1. Firstly, secondly etc. me

From the ordinals as e v q Adverb is from an Ad- Ziz. by adding the letter q, ?KT$", T-W~T

Mdtiplicative adverbs, ,oncec, ,twicei etc , putting K!y ,times' before the cardinal:

- 1

etc. (8.5

are expr

ith the

1 numerals are formed by ac lding K

ih part' e

I. ., .

:kc., but I

q-I ,one tmra ot me treasury'.

3 . ,

Tibetan Qra

24. Personal Pronoun#.

Chapter V, Prtrno nns.

24. Personal Pronouna First person: ?? 6.d)

r ig' ; YN das (Ld); p$ E m o , rnsse., and pf$ h-m,

fern. ; 477 dug ,selfL - ,Ic; Second p e r m : g~ ,%~d

&6'), L / . K y B d (&8) ,thou, youk; Third penm: &,

FC L h - ,he, she, itt.

The plural is formed by adding v, qflN', 34fqfl&T'

or g, but rery &en, if cirenmsta~ces show the meaning with

sa&cient certdnty, the s i p of the plural is altoge.ther omitt- ed. The declension is the same as tbat of the substantives,

Remarks : E' is the most common and can be used

by every body; $ saerna to be preferred in e l e p ot speech e

(s. Note); E q is Tery common in modern letter wnt~ng,

superior 1

at least in WT; 477 ,selfd, when spe.

persons occnrs very often in books, but ilas uIaappemeu

from common speech, except in the province of Tsan (T&C

h q o ) .s also the following; pf, TjXF in smg con-

versation with persons of eqnd rank, or to infer

, 4. parson. g~ is used in books in addrelu

the highest persons, but in modern converse

among eqoals or to inferiors; is elegant p n c

ful, especially in book^ -

iors.

3ing even

hon only

1 respect-

24 Personal Pronow.

3. person. seldom occurs in books, ohere

UUbU, 8

be rem id mos

pron. 7 n to both

larked tl t cases

monstr. - ' (4 26) is generally used instead; FK is . comma! the written and the spoken language, and

..--A at least in the Intter, as respectful. But it must ]at the pronoun of the ,rson is

b entirely omitted, even v re is a

change of subject. - Instead of t;'37' and pyq' the

people of I T use Qf and Eq; t h e vulgar ploral of

is vq

a:>

the de

r?.rlid, fii' ,selEL, and in eonversntional language

PT~C, p ? ~ are, perhaps, even more frequent than tl forms, without any differe

E

I jng. 9 / ,re prevalent in books, exce

ie simple

is mo

third pe rhen the]

-J

these pronouns may be added: W r u 6 or

* T 5 C respect

ow, -lhf

of ceren 3. There

:ms by w 1 things

nce in tht

pt the c o ~

~vliich ~ d e r n speech the usual

mn of ad se ,Sie"in German.

AT : predilection ot Eastern Asiatics for a aystem loniaIs in the Iangnago is met with Tibeta] b is one separate class of words, whi be used in reference to the honoured person, when to as we11 as when spoken of. To this class belc sides the pronoons %i;~., , F, all the wmy r r u

f ul tsr hich the body or soul, or and a1 or persons pertaining to su

L also in cb: must . .spoken mg, be- a o n n n t -

le same, $on, md

81; 24.-25. h n . - Respectful and Elegant Terms.

even his actions, must be called. The noiions, most fre- quently occwring, have specid expressions, as 3(8)h,in-

stead of YW lm, i~ ,bodf; E/g. ai i. O. flv 90 ,head.;

dra-pa i. a. ?J$;q j J-pa, jht'-pa ,to makec and many

others. If there is no such special word, any substantive

may be rendered respectful by adding fJ or qTq re- v -

spectirely (so, ~2 i.0. % ,lifetietimet; q ~ ' E ~ ~ 4 . i . o . ET b w

,angerL) any verb by adding & ~ q , according to 39,l.

Another clme of what might be called elogant terms are ta be used when conversing with an honoured person (or also by a high person himself in his own speech), such as

4 9 7 g&o, @-pa ,to do'; &5! 9. & ~ a , ,to be';

875 h&du, lZ'-du i. o. 2 ~ 7 ,for tho sake d, with- 'v

o u t reference to the said pefion himself. Even aneducated pmple know, and mike use of, most of the ,respectfuli terns, but the merely ,elegant' ones are, at least in WT, seldom or never heard in conversation.

25. Possessiwe pronouns, The Possessive is "---'-

26.-27. Pronouns. 37

etc. ,Hi (suus), J

isb, ,her',

must bk

expressed by the Genitive of the Personal, c?, py3 ,its', when referring to the acting subject

expressed by 5 ~ 9 or %3 ,his own';

otherwise (ejas) by m,FCq73q. ID O, in the latter

case, E . q BT, Fy are wed.

26. tive pro

Reflecfive and Reciprocal pronouns. 1. The Reflec- noun, ,myselfb, ,yourself' etc. is expressed by T,

,he prec

- 2. TI is rende

R, also 477. But in the ease of the same person boing

the subject an d object of m fiction, it must be paraphrased, so for .he precipitated himself from the rock' must be said

ipitated his own body eto.' 5$'93~; for ,here-

buked himself' - ,he rebuked his own soul' %[='%aq~' ie reciprocal pronoun ,each other' I lother'

red by ,one - oneL, as $ 7 . 7 ~ ~ $- ,by

ane one was killed', ,they killed one anot

T ~ T ? ,to one one said', ,they said to aasu o~oer'.

and spe

but also

Demonstrative pronouns. 1. "E,? di, ,thisG; de,

am ,that' are those most frequently used, both in books

rhe Plural is generally fo 7 7 - 1 rmed by

1 ' I 4

by 3flw and 5. Mere emphatim are I~TT, (ITT, just this', ,this same'; etc. .

,that saL.. - Ibe vulgar dialect also uses 73 h k - d

Curs evl 1. _. .

and v8"J $d-gyi for ,thatL, ,yonderc, and :- &, RZf for ,tbisCsnd W. for ,thatc; oc 3n ~n

books. - 2. It is worth remarking that the a~s~nction of

the nearer and remoter relation is, even in common lan- guage, scrupulonsly observed. If reference is made to an

-, object already mentioned, 7 is used; if to something fal-

lowing, R,?; e-g. $'qy%gqg ,that speech he said1,

,thus he said'; D , ~ ~ ~ ~ N . ~ N ' ~ ,this speech he said ', ,he said thus, spoke the following words'.

28. Inferrogafive pronouns, 'They are g' su ,who? &;

-. 7C g a i , yA. !which?'; 3 6.i ,what?'; t o these the indefi- w

uite artidc FqT is often added, $ f @ ~ etc. T be two former

cnn also assume the plum! termination y?, 977, 11s 'j7'. - In CT qC is frequently used instead of %

29. Relative pronouns. These are almost entirely wanb

ing in the Tibetan language, and our subordinate relative

. clauses must be expressed by ParticipIes und Gerunds, or

a new independent sentence must be begun. The parti- cipIe, in such a case, is treated quite as an adjective, being put, either in tbc Genitive bbeore the substantive, or, in

the Nominative, after: ~T4?&4-3fl~. ,the m~rehants

who would go (with him)'; flv9[343fFl4- ,tl - . b

~h turquoises are strung'; R&s~.&K?~~P rnl

le cord

.-.?-

t

29. Relative Pronouns.

,one who gets (unto whom come) many presents'. Cf. also 33. Only those indefinite sentences which in English are introduced by ,he who', ,who ever', ,that which', ,what' etc. can be adequately expressed in Tibetan? by using the in- terrogative pronouns with the participle (seldom the naked

a root) of the verb, or adding 9' (,if -' Q. 41, A. 4.) to the

*

1 latter. Instead of 2 in this case Em is written more cor-

I T ~ U S : ~q*~~qQK~q&y 'q~~~Tq*q~ ; ' r T ,if anybody who possesses the good faith teach it

mec; ,when those of you

oiho wish to go are assembled'; ~ ~ ? @ % , ~ $ . ~ T ~

will make come down like rain whatever is wished for';

3 3 % 4 ,whatever you way say

and ask of me according to that I will act, or I will grant

you whatever you askb. Y

d R 5 4 3 q ,having scooped tho water of the sea with

what force 1 have'; ?@3py%$T$Tq4'iTnl' 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ % ~ ' ,I beg you t o show me what sort of jewel

k

you have foond (got)L; ~ C ~ W ~ ( C $ N . ~ T T ~ T ~

,his footprints, in what plwe soever they fell

(7. lea. s. u. 14(~.), became gold-sandi.

40 30. Petb. - lahodnction:

, But the participle is treated as if no relative was p*.e-

ceding, thos @@RP C~.NN"W&W~ ,he did noi recede h m (~eca21) t be word he had spoken before' ; vulg.,

WT, ~.~4~f@~~ ,the room where I set'.

Chapter V1. The Verb.

30. Introductory remarks. The Tibetan verb must be regarded as denoting, not an action, or suffering, or wn- dition of any subject, but merely a coming to pass , or, in other words, they are dl impersonal verbs, like taedet, miwet etc. in Latin, or it mi& etc. in English. Therefore

they are destitute of what is called in OUT o m lebngurages the active and passive voice, as well as of the discrimi- nation of persons, mtl show nothing beyond a rather poor capability of expressing the most indispensable distinctions of tense and mood. Prom the same reason the acting gnbject of a transitive verb must regularly appear in the Ins tramental cme, as:the cme of the subject of a neutral verb, - which, in European Iangaages, is the Nominative -, ought to be regarded, from a Tibetan point of view, as Accusative expressing the object of an impersonwi verb, just as ,poenitet me' is translated by ,I repentb. But it will perhaps be easier to say: The subject of a transitive verb, in Tibean, assumes regularly the form of t l -

strumentd, of s neutral verb that of the nominative 1

is the same as the aeousetive. Thus, EN.FTLC i

le in- which

31. Xnflectjbn of Verbs. 41

s beating happens, $7' regardihg you, EN. )u. I n c ommon I ife the o

hilitate t -11 - - '

bject bras

he compr ... 11 . ? _

often

ehen- > - : - - I

I beat yc

of tbe d , Pi . , the aci

retains it are apt

nflectien 1

$IOU. DUE omen, m modern xatK as well as ln cue classical

literature 6ng snbject, if I;I n the context, s Nominative forn verba

to admit this slight irregularity.

~f verbs. This is done in three different

correspor

roots; e.

root is i

A

>own: as

1. Espec such fro1 ially the

1 ,y changing the shape of the root. Such different re, at most, four in number, which may be called, .

i accoralng to the tenses of our own grammar to which they ~ d , the Present-, Perfect-, Future-, s ative-

g. of the Present-root 9F4. ,to g 'edeot

ad Imper

ive' the P

F, the Future-root Y F , the Imperative root

4C; ot ym-4- ,to filter, beltc respectively: q b v ~ . t h a g ( s )

4 8 ~ hag, .* ftsog. The Presf

Inration, i s also occasiond1y used . b feet (in 1 ~at in and Greek languages) and

Future t ons, from the above mentioned instances, baas cae mnecuon of the root consists aartlv in dteratio~ prefixed

.. .

the sense enses. J

I L - L 1 1

1 of the I t is obvi

' n I?

w of the

4 , the - -.

adding a

L cbangin - -

prefixed 1 Future

etters (so

wiII ham . - -

I, if the P : 7 or . A

:nt root,

for the I

- -

which . mper-

- 4

'erfeci lik retain t111

pf~t.ly in . final N' (to tbe Yerfkct ar

. paray ia g the vowel (particularly tive). ,But also the consoamb of the root h e I L uY

<

es the

"1 9 . -

ative),

1pwa-

32. Infinitive.

sometimes: so the aspirates are often converted in the Perfet and Future into their surds, besides other more irreplar changes. Only a limited number of verbs, however, are possessed of all the four soots, some; cannat assume more than three, some two, and a great many have only one. To make up in some measure for this deficiency :

b) some auxiliary verbs have been made availabIe:

far the Present tense 47, qyy', Qnls(ff and others, dl U

of which mean ,to bei (§ 39); for the Perfect &Y, 3, %$I ; for the Future WJT, qc, and the substantive

. v !3 k

c) By adding various monosyllabic affixes, the Infilu- .

tive, Participles, and Gerunds are formed. These dGxes

as well as the auxiliary verbs are connected partly with the root, partly with the Iafiniitive, resp. its terminative, partly with the Participle.

No&. The spoken language, at least in WT, mhow- ledges even in four-rooted verbs seldom ban the Perfect root.

32. The Infinitive mood. The syllables LJ' pa or, after

the f i n d consonants K fT md vowels, 4' wa are added

to the root, whereby it wsumes dl the qaalities and powers of a noun. In verbs of more roots than om, each of thein cao, of course, in this way be converted into a substantive, or, in other words, each tense has its Infinitive, except the Imperative. From one-rooted verbs the different In- finitives may be formed by the above mentioned auxiliaries: L r

-

Participle

the verb ,Y Y ~ ~ a t i ~ n , or &3;'4-_ E!F(q., ?$~'j~.q.

root, an4

I . I

visurnm

Not

und in a

spell it 2

- 1

adding 'rh,

1 the In£. Fut. by T4JTT to the Supine 'a

(terrn~aative d the infinitive, r l l . ri, thus, S~TF~TR~JT~' U

ease, visurn iri. 4. The spolren language uses, in WT almost ex- , a termination pronounced ?as in Turig and Balti, 1 Ladalr, Ee in Lahoul etc., ja in Knnawm, l e in.

lsan etc., the etymology of which is doubtful, as it is not ny printed book. Lamas in Laclak and

;v.

' / '

nnd pas:

like the I I.---:--

[ h e ramiciple. 1. This i s in the written language

ifinitire 94'4' ,beingc, gifr'4- ,giving>

4K4' .,,a, ~ U E qivenc. - 2. Whether the meaning is active

with a 1 sent par one, as

instance

U L

sive, horjr

g 47r=

w

sense w

well as

of Inten c --!...A:'!

rever, cm only be inferred from the con-

~p,!pr is of course ,the money given',

hot SC q% ,the m a n having given, or, that has

given, t g'; the Tibetan participle means nothing t but that the achon or condition is connected in some way

b thing. But it is xlaturwl that it1 the pre-

5 active notion should be the more frequent reterit the pssivt In the

3s (formed with .I) the

. . . . - - - -

ith those - . .

in the pl

!sive verl: I I - ~ usage oi sixenslnc amnors hm strictly connecteu Lnl: active

formed with 37, as 4/JC97 €06 -)ad,

\ tmi-Tsb-' Instead af sle45'3$4-, doing dva , giving,

44 33. Participle.

giver, and the passive tn those aikh 9, as ~p%' topija,

tmi 70 i. o. ~7~4~;54, ,to be giskn' (dendus), F T r c~rs@qq.Rq- ,to teach the things to be done and not

to bhe done' (Thgy). -,4. In certain cases, especially with verbs that mean: to say, ask etc.. the Participle is used before the words of the speech, where we should use the

Imperfect: ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 - - - ,the king said . .'. Y

Notk. In the spoken language, of WT at least, the Participle is formed by qlgq', in the active sense as well

as the passive (whereas in books this syllable occurs only in the meaing of the performer of an action s. 12. 1.):

75,nl'4~W?J% 6.1 tmi lPmi m i (8. 15, Note) ,the

man giving the money', 4 5 ~ ; . ~ ~ 7 3 7 5 ~ , the money

e n . , the lama

who hrougllt a coat for sds the other dayi. $@4&i

W ~ ~ C . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,the girl who had shewn the door to V

his reverencec (Mil). The future participle is represented, just as in English, by the Inhitive (32, Note), so that

,the sheep to bc killed', (in books 7?$74~5'4Q3~ or

~ ~ $ ' ~ ~ y ~ ) is expressed, in ihs most Western provioces,

by: sud Em4 ly, Lad.: &&?a-si 2~~ Lah. etc.: sdd E&:i

lug, Tss6 : 86'-dr'-i$,i lug q ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ' ~ ~ , end, moat like

the eiassieal language, in Kun.: sdd jci lup

34. Finite Verb. 45

, verb. 1. The principal verb of a sentence, which always cmes it (48.) receives in written Tibetan in

tain marl Jch the r period Phis is, in ve senten owel o

am. Be4

The finite t

most cas

mag be I 313s & cer known. 3

md of a

ces, the v

by the g~

syllable

ns: a34'

ore both 2 - ,"

the closi~ ones the &LA .-*-I.

ark writt

1 . 1 "

,en. The Perfect of the verbs ending in 7 Y W'?

wn~cn xormerly bad a $' as second final - ?$T--, as-

".- 2. These additional syllables we omit&

bU w I lu rutrc*auive sentences, b) in the latter member of , question, e) when the if 7 an interrogative pronoun or adve

f a period, with exception of the last one,

en the prindpd verb is the verb substm-

kc. 140. 1.).

3 express

rb, cE) in - . >

a double ready b; . .

embers o only, wh

.. %ti' f

;o!<, n,7-3*qq ,( el6. -

A) W~KW.M.M+I . ,uu you see or not?' -- r, T~<T%T

come her1

,,\ > r ! 4 . , . ,

there?', (:

..,.. 3,

3 1

rive?'. rjal.494 ,id (he, you etc.) ar

lestroyed, the men killed, the whole town

el ~ I ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ w N . v ~ ~ \ ' G - - 1 .in tbe

I I

1e8 were 1

,ed'. - sand of-

Noh

the river

e. In cc

' I -

is gold'. I

s general] 1, and sn the o i:

46 35. Present.

the m of the interrogative termination droppeh so that

merely the vowel a is heard, e. g. the question ~(T*ET

,do (you) seec sod the answer &@?P ,(I) see', are com-

monly spoken in WT:, f06-ria? fori.

35. Present Tenses. 1. Simple Presen This i 5

the simple root of the ,verb, which always will be found in the dictionary; in WT, as mentioned above, of verbs wi th more than one root, only tlie Perfect root is in use;

if, therefore, stress is laid on the Present signification, re- conrse must be had B one of the following compositions,

(s. 31. and Note). Thus, W!C' ,(I, thou, he eto.) see, aeest

etc.: 7% ,(I etc.) give' through fill persons; in the end

of a sentence : b1̂g~Y I T#CF 1 2. Compound Present Teoses, a) R T T (s. 4

G .

added to the mot: d(7q$'(z?~~ ,(I) see: 4F9, ,(J) M U

give'. This is common in the dialect of WT especially. - 6 ) The Participle connected nith 37, f w . (1) see'. I

- cl (

:n WT this, of course, is cl

, h e of the Gerunds (41, A) with U j T or RTgJ', as k

w ~ F ~ % (or c / ~ . or or &$), R ~ T c -s

(1) see,

am seeing'; it must, however, be remlneu b ~ a t both ways of expression, b) aa.nd c), are not very freql

d) 8)~qy or is the proper form for the co \

uent. - impound

. Preterit.

(I) am s present:

sy4l- ,(l) am writing (just now)'. v

36. Preterit Tenses. 1. Simple Preterit, Perfect or aorlst

le Perfect root: 45C, at the close of the Tense; -

sentence <I 1 ,gave, have given, was given'; in one-.

moted verbs it has, of corn ,@sent :

A%~F(T) ,saw, have, or usual

narrative tense like the U ~ ~ C K ~ V I I ~ L UI I-LCUC~U 2arfait eterit Tenses. - a

rse, the s: &me form

!en'. TI L,r ,-

as the pr

tis is the W-*-*L 1

' mas, st A

pound Pr

,have giv

) The roc

rent, qq rt with

k* ,en, gave, was gil

en, 'saw,

a1 use in

was see]

the conv

met wit1

3f WT. : h in book In CT $I . .

>

:s, but y ;u?i

,have se

in gener

r used

) The 1

....

iIar way: ,the dog has bit'.- - 6 )re in books), or

Wmmnn language), tae true Perfect as the tense 01 E

root with 1

action:

left. - t $"**.---L

- - :) The P I . d l

jq. occur, T? . . ur;uuenr,ly 111 me P ~ L sense Enan otnerwise, nere, --

: ~ e n in th where 1 . -

common tdk of

-- 1 . '

ose cases

ye k d l - p i s nave n ,

the Iehte.

r, N O ~ ~ I ,

r h& ber

even f

vi, con&

books :

b td7is-pa p i p d , td&-pen, ,the mtlgea ~ w e been paidL i. 0.

45~4ifU7. - d ) Gerunds in 7 (WT) a :T) witb

q~ or n3T (the same as 35.2.8); alsr

later books) the mere Perfect root with

5,W being dropped: %?kq~ ,has gonei.

37. Future Tenses. 1. Simple Future. The Fature-roo3

qY~('f) ,shall, will give, be giveni. - 2. Compound Fu-

ture. a) Tho auxiliary ~ e r b 93YT (to grow, become) U

added to the Terminative of the Infinitive: % 4T

~ ( q ,shall, will give, be giveni, @ ~ ~ T W T ( T ~ k b

,shall, will see, be seen'. This is the most common, and, together with the Simple F u t m m d the Intensive (:39.),

. - *4qgq, tho only ono in use with the early claraieal

authors in all caseswhere aspecialFuture-root iswmted, and even where this exists. It dissappem, however, gradually from the literature of tbe later pehod, md i~ replaced by

the two fobowing oompositions. - b) gqq connected kt

with the root: j ,shall, will seeL, $E;'TQT u' w

,shall, will give' etc. (3 is originally a substantive, mean- - iog illatmial, c-8, o c c w i m ~ . - c l th8 root with Ti or

Gc, 9 4 % ~ ,will arrive: or, i. o. the root, thc Term. Inf.,

$4.4~4~. - Both 6) md c) are even now in commm,

use in U, whereas in WT: - d ) q~ connected with the

root is

.shall.

3rd form

w u see . q5+Qk h w r m .&dl, sill &el. TTulT will send

8 . .. go'. -

., *. books the Participle wltn 97 (35. r . b, aa. 2 0 ) oc-

c m sc also as Future.

*. ~mperarive mood. 1. This is uwallg the shortest e form of the verb, which often loses its prefmed though in some instances a final N' is added. Ln

verbs with the vowel a, asld in some with 8 these are changed into o, besides other alterations 'of the

mB. Particularly often the surds or sonants of the

mged to their aspirates in the Im-

se!', from 7Pt~'; qqb ~ d : ~tos,

many vowels GOnsoni

ense-root

9. Thus, - . .

,look !: from ~9.; ,throw!', fmm ~ $ 4 ~ 4 . . -rooted verbs it is, of course, like the Present, but slways be sufficiently distinguished by adding the

pmlcle $' (h or @, according to 13.). This

in the classical literature indiscriminately in address I . .

and the lowest persons (or, in other words, as well mmd, as to pray), but according to the modern of CT only when ddressing servants and inferior

forbidd Present-root is used with

t i d e W, ,do not give!', Wy ,do

4

GI: @

In one it 'can

. ,. w

is used

ihg the

people.

the o g ,. . .

- 2. In ~ t i v e par

ing, the

b~.q$c e, Tibetan 431

50 38. Imperative. - 39. Intensives.

not w ~ T ~ N - ,do net thmr!( - 3. In praying

or wishing (Precaiiative or Optative) either the same forms as under 1. are used, or the Imperatives of T F 4 ' ,to

' U

come' or K$' ,to come' (the laear, 47, d s quite diffe-

rent root) are connected with the Termin. M u . ~ y r 4 ~

~q or ,may (1, pu, he etc) see!' - 4. In w none of the three rt person is indicated, but it is natural th& in commanding and forbidding the subject will be the

second, sometimes the third person; in the precative also the first person can be understood.

No&. The mmmon language of WT, achowledging only the Serfect-root, changw nothing but the vowel:

q k ,give !' from 45~&-; ,100k!~ horn y k ;

of $, which is not much used, 47~. (give!) is often

added to tha roots of other verbs (8. 39), thus, $7'4%

ta tols ,t&e out!' from i jSj i2~. (qT4.4.). Or the Im-

perative is paraphrased by yQ@' pa (Ld). g~~ gd ,mustG,

added to the mot ot the ~ e r b : ~ N C T T ~ ;must be lillsdc. - In CT the changing of the vowel seems to be usudly om;tk-' I.--" he is more used. Here, also, the Per-

fect r )t so exclusively peferred.

8s. ~nrensive verbs. 1. Very frequent in b o o ~ s w m e

9. Intensives. - 40. Sub& Teibs. 51

43 , the Te the I R ~ ..U" --v

be mac

as qq

cisely

SC'C,~ ticulml

perativ devoid kind. e

synong

be fea:

oonneotlon ot tne four-rooted verb 374. (Pf, 3q, Fut. CJ'?

Imp. TzT) ,to do', eleg 9 ~ 4 ' (Pf. 43v, Fot &

mp. 9 ~ 1 , respectfully ~estl' ( ~ m p . a@$?) with

rm. Inf. of another verb, to intensify the action of tar. By this means not only onerooted verbs can le to participate in the advantages of the fonr-rooted,

?r;l~37 ,see4, w % ~ T ~ N . ,sawc, N W ~ T . ~ wiU see',

.astical p than 0th

serves, - L - .. -

)bas, 4j uttered',

~tive, fon

3 f intensj

mek, ;as I

r-frjgh ten

qg4~3~ ,see!: but also sever

hrases me gained for speaking mc

:rwise wonld be possible. The Fnture tense

besides its proper notion of futurity, par-

y eo express the English auxiliaries ,must, ought

~ T R C J ~ ,must not be uttered, ought not

sometimes it may be translated by the Im- c mood. The spoken Iangaage, at least of WT, is of this convenience, and possesses nothing of the

!xcept the above mentioned intensive form of the

B., Note). - 2. . rmed by connecti

be afraid', liter

nilar ones.

ive verbs &

yqvq .edc,' and

r; (6. : r are f o ~

jv4' 7 t(

other - sir

dive and

and respf

Auxiliary

actful spe

Verbs. 1.

eoh WTz

al other

Ire pre-

Another

mg two

re r used in WT) is the mere means 4*

52 40. Gnbstantive Verbs.

of connecting the attribute with its subject, as: ~ ~ T c Y - f l ~ ' @ Z j ' ,this man is a Ladakea', T@TWTNNW ,is

it you, Sir?'. ~heref&e the question 837 is to beunder-

stood ,who me you' or ,who i8 heL e t ~ . , the personal prononn

being often let to be guessed. - 87 itself is oflenamitted

in daily life inWT as well as in poetry, e.g. & F T ~ ~ T .v 9 kS ,this load (is) very heavy' WT. Negatively: w . Q ~ ,

R$ d g . q, resp. W'flTV. - 6) q y god-pa,

yo'-pq eleg. ~ & C S ~r-pa, nsp. qq9;~'LI. EU~(S)-~Q,O: L

;Etiipo, negat.: a ~ - , b(l'q&., R 4 q 9 ~ means ,to exist: 'w

or ,to be present', ,to be found at a placei, therefore thc

question $$$' is to be understood : ,Who is here? W L

is then?' -- qy and qv 4- are in general use, &V

LJ' is seldom heard. When connected with the native of a

substantive it replraces the English ,to have, to have got', as:

E."U.~W'@? ,I have money'; ~ 3 7 % J hare pain'.

To this cme tbe respectful term is not 799(Nq but

s1C.4. da-wa: if~W$l..8j@'~~y~~ ,has not the -u

King an indisposition?' i. e. ,is Your Majesty ill?'. - c)

q7q.T dug-pa (eleg. TTy9' is seldom heard), xesp, b

4w 4', ,to be present, stay, be found at a placei; negat. b

40. -Substantive Verbs. ' 53

r, thong

- nzmr

q~r, . . Both 959'4- and qyy' can be used instead

5 not this instead of tbem. - d ) %74* ,, -p, - b,,71 4, neget. w.??' in Spiti d CT, seldom

kl

in books. - s) TTY- n a l y a , &'-pa has a somewhat em-

- phaticd sense: ,to be (something) in ZL high degreet, ,to It occurs most frequently in the be (som

Gerund rl I- I

original rl

with 2 lhen it frequently has the sense of

-, auE never mxn a negative.- f) 4' mG-uta,

ly ,to appear, t o be visible, extantc, negat. a ~ . books the it the veI

hometunes in books, md common in certain districts. - concluding o (34.) is, moreover, found to

.b ,to bec in all its meanings, and is capable nt connected with words of al! classes besides verbs,

-- r \~ .Z f f l~ . In a similumanner the first'

at.. 7.-- a.0~ b u r ; url 01 ~ ~ l l ~ e r a t i v e (38.) impLies the verb ,to

, -> -- is its o

anxiliar

&ut*e 11

Since t

notion,

fs ) The Preterit root for all these verbs is sod

t s beenc, and besides also ,has gone, became', which Gginat meaning. - For the use of these verbs as

ies s. 35. sq.

y ,to be ol

;o grow', , .

3 some-

Future n n

2. yTJT4. hanged, turned jntl 'U

thing' then ,to t auxiliary for the = 1 the old class~clsl language, as mentioned m 34.

his can be considered ras the intransitive or passive

opposite to qqq ,ta make, render', the connection

54 40. Snbst. Verbs. - 41. Gerunde and Supines.

ases, be r$

' the verl 1

in our lwn

sed in t k .r-- L*LL

of gT4- with the Term. Inf. of another verb mest, in k!

many c ?ndered by the passive voice gnages.

In WT > && Fa-Ee ,to go' is u he sense

of ,to LEGULW, ba growL. The Perfect root lul- UULU is %K' ,(went), grew, became, has become, is' (s. above), - In CT md later books qgr4' is used instead.

b

3. ,must1 is expressed by ~qqy' ,tc be ne

(s. 38. Note). In WT this is used in a very wide s any possible modification of the notion of necessity: ,I must,

should, want to, ought ' and even , I will, wish, beg (for 4Z

something)' is nothing. but Cly'TTW ,to me is necessary'

which :

more p -

maybe, in the last mentioned case, rendered somewhat

~olitely by adding q 2~ ,pmy!' E . W ' U V ' ~ ~ N . ~ k 1-

, I want potatoes, pray!' is as lnuch to say as ,P kindly give me some potatoes'. In books nnd more

language several other verbs are used in the samt

viz. ?~qq , i ~ is right to' (usually with I

- Vill you

i refined e sense.

5L.T ,it is meet, decent', yqy' ,ta wlsh, desire', both

of. The TT1m .L-

with the Supine; TTyCl' ,to like' with the Dat. 11 popular snbstitute of the last, especially in use in vr 1, la

r, of similm meaning, added to t h e root.

these teri ms, em- . Gerunds and Supines. We retain ployed by former grammarians, but observe that they do not refer to the farm, but t o the meaning, well as '

t h~ t Gerund is not to be understood in the same signification .

mariani ciple in in Tibr

;atin, but as the GBrondif of some French gram-

3, or what Shakespeare cdls Past conjunctive parti- I Hindi. These forms are of the greatest irnpodnce am, being the only substitutes for most of those

inate clauses which we are accn~tomed to introduce iunctions. They are formed by the two monosyllabic

ices (so d t e i the closing comonants 7 + W" N ;

after E. 9. and rowels snd aE. ( 2 / ~ ,, , , ,,,.,.ig t o the same m l e ns a9( 13.), both of 7 which d to the root, or by the terminations men- tioned 3 composing the declension of nouns, which are ad ly to the root, partly to the Infin Psrtici

n

by the curate junctio

the spi

Exam1

are adde in 15. a!

ded part ple.

n . . -

itive or

A **-a . u e run d s. All the following fome can be ~ F U ~ G I au

English Participle ending in ing, but the more ac-

distinctions must be expressed by various con-

ns.

dl these t . ,

lded to the Present-root as w w WI t h e Perfeu-AUU*.

,givingg, 45r? ,having given', and stands for all I beginning with whm, as, e h c e , after. eto. Also in

Znage of WT it is used mt

[ @ V B T T ~ ~ ,the child,

;he water

,the kin1

, died';

; having died, thr

let frequc

having b &

fitly. - een car-

-

the throne (kings-place)'; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n l ' R ' k-

q4.T ,as there is a great water, we cannot goc. v

2. 2~ (% eto.), of a similar sense, chiefly used for

smaller clauses within a large one; %yly@B@ ,when>

being displeased, he became angry', or ,growing displeased and mgr~r'. Often it denotes two actions going on at the same time, or two strttes of a thing existing together, and

then can only be translated by ,andb, thus, 84~87% . g a ~ ,without end and bound myb ; q~~&p9'nl'y.£j -. 4. , to eat flesh and drink blood"). It stands also in a

causal sense: ,by doing etc.', a ~ : ~44f~'$cR,%q ,(we)

live by catching fish'. These kwo (1. and 2.) can also, like the dosing a, as mentioned in 40.1.9, be added to every

class of words, in the sense of b d y : r?'?q]~&@~?f 4.q ,as you &re high (-born), being of a great family'.

Jn conversation, k' is scarcely -ever heard.

3. Tv (from, or after, doing something) in temporal

clauses with ,after, when, as'; practically i t is very much

like 7, snd often alternating with it. In moat cases, in

speaking always, it is added to the root, seldom to the i d -

*) of 34 mil often u m m e the d.Mve-

sign, cf. hnguan ,to feed on'.

&ampk. ~ V N E N - ~ ~ N . ~ L ' ,when the night had ,

risen (vi

will hav

:z. kt d a ~

9 risen, ;

le went';

q~*qw'$ go!L 74 ;, raising chmour sew thai

4. 8

, 1 wept',

:thing) ' j' ,in (doing soml r cIauses with

,stncq when, as', but in mow cases oy Iar rnr , i fbad coon-

7T4 ,if, or, when (I) go, or went';

again fo: l P P

- .-, ,wuCjll, a I ~ ~ r (he) has diedL, ,if he is already dead';

@e) die, should die', ,if (he) died', ,when (he) diesL;

dq'X .if., do, did'; 97 , i f . . were to do'. It is added

om to the infinitive, and as common in k s .

is of more various use. When added to the root,

oot, geld. ss in boc .. . -

in the o . - I - -ro

ke &, which it replaces 3nver-

aauunltl language of GT (where the first example ul u. would

be, ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ @ ) , but does not occur so often except

in imperative or precrntive sentences, when it is added to' subordil: just like other

look!', I look!L V'(Y' the

gerunds: -2

jot of the rq. ,gob

ate verb,

, ,go ant

R ,ris1

implies I G"*" A-.

rarticle, li

%specidly . I . ,

,ke the ab ioned, e and go!'. This 1

the verb ,to be', -i when s

- vca uraoting a, personal qumcy.

and s

:tty, being of a 4

vynen added to the Infinitive, it aenotes: a) or course, m e real Dative, or gs of the postposition lzIc

with tb subatwntrve; tnus, , ., , TvrjTy4' ,to rejoice at

good figo .I 1

nice t i I -. r

killing, . -

be fond arly the r

in English, e. g. ~~-~-4~3-~-58i*m%-~ ynln14K~nl~-

49'q ,as thert idol-shrine in t h

M

: was an

I , 1 r .

I 1

le middle -&-

way, (she) digh~ea worn (her) chariot'; R-, . "II

7 5 ~ ~ ~ 3 7 4 ' ,as the king went there daily tp -u b

bathe'; ,an

(it) does not occur in the (whole) world, that is (its) oc- curring here, or, how is it that is occurs here?'. Findly, in the I root in

ianguage

, order tc

of commd

express -0 -

sn life W the Eng

E\ - I t o t h e r

le, whilsi

, - , - ?pi WT. -- . ..

v w

(1 5., Note) i * &I ea6 bring

h ~ - 8 ~ (

you (som meat intc

.. ..

I pieces, il' ,whk11

e) wood'

qq- added only to the infinitive, literally 6.

(the do his may after ' , mean 4

rise from lying, af Ig yqq-~m=* - ' - w

ping been three

l "B.7 days in

the gra7 --L:*L *

re '(I) came out c le', in

WUJGU a 8 8 the root of thb VC, I J J - ~ U O lDpcaKll,

tf the grr n ,.--h m r

~t of my walking i.e. when

waunng along, (I) met rltn a nrhmanL; CqTTv U

4 (the above mentioned C w

(s. (71') translake#' - ssical language); c) dso

rlisb ,being about . books, often expressed

uv burs Gerund: 3 , ~ 7 $ ,when (1) was k 2

enter, the door was shut'; 3rl.nl~.37qq4~

example

the Eng L"" LL!-

d into cla

to' is, in -

about tc

mz* _ ,, , , ,when 0) was going to die, (I) wqs restored to life

of the three is the real will in

:ear from circumstances. und i s

1 in talking, at least in WT.

3 ~ . ( 3 ~ . etc.) or 3 (3 eto.), or t

itnu ~ ~ ~ n i t i v e cases of the root, mean a) ,uy uomg some-

:', ..g. q&!.~wqt.r ,J (here),

oecause .. .. ,,,eswry6. ~ $ v ' ~ ~ w ~ . " I N - ~ L W@,F

. -

Which ses be d

eaniag , This ger most ca

not usel

mental

-- -- thing' o: R e come I

-=---el-.

resolved to help you, do not be depressed!' nce I am . . .. -31

A ~ L O . ~rlp~llt l~y, is B function of the Jnst~umental. o n ] ~ . bht j n later ng. - . I r .

!d in this I adversa 6-- . . -

* 2

mean- ~tively, - .

t,imes th 6 ) more

- .

e other (

freqnen .- -

:ases alsc tly they

I m e use

are nsed c . * 2

Ily when

a ~ q q :d with F 47- [W. 1- , e l ,

oagh (you) did

60 41. A. Gerunds. 8. 9. - B. Supines.

say so, by what shall (I) believe (it)?' In other cases

it mrty be left untranslated when the next sentence will

commence with , bat' : w . ~ ~ c ~ T % ~ N ' ~ N . ~ ' M w q%wXi; ,not liking delicate food, he ate vulgar foodC or

,he did not like d. f., b u t preferred v. f.L. This Gerund is scarcely used in talking, at least in WT.

8. YW (4W), the Instrumental of the Idnitive, ,by (doing something)' is, of course, the proper expression for

,becaused, but also very often used indiscriminately for 5 only for the sake of varying the mode of speaking:

4 f Q ~ ~ R , ' @ ~ Z / ~ ,because it is very d i f 6 d t C ; yq'

4 q ,when (he) looked'.

9. Also q~ the proper use of which has bean shewn

above (35. 2. d.) must be mentioned once more as it occurs

in a similar fieme to a ~ , ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ $ ~ ,walk on praying (preces faiendo) !' ; qrq~r;'% 5- beat in^ (her own) breast and weepingi. - ,

S upi n e s. They are expressed simply by the Ter-

mlnstlvs Case of the Infinitive or of the Root, &$47

or ~ C T ' ,to see'. In many instances the use of either is b

optional, in .others one is preferred. Their use is: with

rupine in a, e.g. 1 E6 like th e Latin E

.. . ,-----2 TO learn-; w ~ t h verbs expressing ,to go, to send'etc.,

dso ,to pray' etc. like tbr : $TZ%~~F ,gotofetch',

q q % v ,(I) beg (Y rmit, - for permissionb. b

Tn these cases the root is most common, but the Inf. 4a4-

ou) to pe

YT, or

use of tl

IT may E

rjth verb:

ed. 2. AJ ation ant 1, less

claration, where we use sentences

Ile or Infinitive: 1.%'4?.bV~ frequent1

with ,thl

.y, with tl

at' or tht

lose of de

: Particil

,set

ever, ?(i -

Gng (his) mother coming' (instead of which, how-

-4. may be said as well); ' ' * ~ $ T W W W . ~ ~ . .u

1 ~ 4 ~ ' (lit: ,tha

, knowii

,t it had

ng that the t ime of . . . in$ ; bad ar

gWbTR! /

rived'

wme down ,to the time'),!; i Z

\W ,remembering him to bt b ,that

' - 6) in m adverbial . . . aY ,so

u t l m r . capeciaUy in negative sentenc~~, ,-" urmu uvu ,,ithout

q ~ . 3 ~ * ~ * & ' 4 r ,so that nobody may (did) per-

or ,withoot anybody perceiving it.'

: the kily

sense, w A" ", +L

ys son' 01

hen we s: nt'mn+( m

1

. . . ins', ceive it',

flak I . The modern language of WT uses in the first

instance (B. 1.) either the s im~le Infinitive, 4~9'k!'(q~1'

2 i ~ q ) - o r t h e h W, af l~2~ .~ .pml 1 - nr mi& EJq (for the y* ot the books S. 7.2.), 4Sjq

same wit

22-. ".,

in the 81

-L:*L .. 'p@; :cond either the same forms, or

Particular one. wulcu Vonsists in repeating the h a 1 con-

sonant of the mat with the vowel a, to which d s o W may

be added : tlrus, $74'$!, E'~E.W~~('TW%EV~F Y

,(I) have come to meet you'; in the third, the direct Im- Qerative adding for the sake of civility, ~ T L W ~

U k ,pray permit!"

In the case of B. 2., insteed of ml.Z$~45'ml*q~';

the expression in common use will be ~ 4 . q ~ ~ or

~5$r~'; instead of ~ N . ~ C ' X I . & 4T, eitherthesame

form, W ~ T T , or the Gerund, bl.gy5. - In CT those

examples would respectively, stand thus, qy4.7 or 4a4- k

a' or 484.4qy~5~777q ldh-tu, ldb-ba (sounding al- V

most E-wa), ldb-pa (pla-h kag-po; in the third i ns tmcc

a pecnliar word, ,rogL, is nsed, which is said to be origi-

nally the same as T ~ w (%') ,Ciend,assistanLntL ,and ser-

ves now as the respectful substitute of a~ le of the

Imperative, TF~T' ,pray ', 9iij r give!'

Instead of ml.gqq etc. the most usual form in CT will

be the simple Participle, xl.4~9.. Note 2. All the forn

met with might in certai and not to the Infinitive

'IS, of cot

in cases

Note 3. The reader tensee of the elass of P~u~e-~.rer;r;

m e , where 4' or 4' are belong t o the Participle,

. any r n d ~ I L L -A-

41. B. Supinea, Notes.

indeed, there exists no form of the kind, and 1 only

Gerund, @T%~4w'qnl'%T be reade

,when (1

kJ sent (it)

any spet -. .

our suste'

R F -1.

:red by a

~ e ) had v

e.g, q-: e letter, '

they car

fie) sent (it) of fb ; Qq T, GT: J

etter, (he e) shaIl have written the 1 !) will

offc. Neither have the Conditional or Subjuncti~e

:id form. T ~ U S , eg., JI

we &d not do that, we could not live (;.en we canno

nanosinanyothermanner); $ ~ ~ T ' ~ ~ ~ ~ . z I

79 >W"

wish)?'; .n , .

signs, w8 rn

t earn

T?% y should net I hear (grant) what you say (your

~ ~ V ~ @ ~ ~ ~ V W S J ~ F ' ~ ~ ~ ~ W ' ~ T ~ ~ ~ M

,U \you) had not explained it, and (we) had not seen the

e mould not hare understood itb; WW&$V 4. W n d ' 9 ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,as a man would not find it, I must

emmation'; vulg., WT,

L R - x T T s ~ ~ ~ ~ ' jf the dishuue was not so great, k

uld come t o me (visit me)'. Here may be added, the intention of, er attempt at, doing something

ressed by the simpIe verb: 7 7 ' 9 ~ 4 ~ ~ thus, 4

r to hind( 3~ ,though I did tr: ?r him, I could

yt'; ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w c ~ $ ' ~ ~ w c J ' w ~ ~ K ~ ~ 1 g~@q- 4~Fn,~q%~-qqq-~~@$ ,as he saw his own disoipli

b -

64 A Survey of the p h i p a l form& of t h e E t e Verb.

r the forc (3. 41. B m. .I'L

on the point of springing into the water (and that he had sprung oft' the bank), he held him back bj e of bis magic, so that he did not touch the water' . 2. b.). Especially the gerunds in n T q (41. A. 6.) nave onen this

meaning: 477 . & ~ . ~ L ' ~ W T W N ' @ ~ ~ ~ W ~ W ~ ,when I was about to be p&ed from life, he saved itL;

-w

,the snake, having become angry, though she in t en te d (or: had at &+st ink) to let out her poison, reflected thus'. As

ivill be seen from these examples, the action, in such cases,

is &ought to have begun in fact.

A Survey of the principal forms of the Finite Verb.

Present :

' J I ~ , W 45CRJ" give

W$q@4' & j j ~ ~ p ( ~ ? j ~ f 1 see intens. ~! t .4~37 c fl%-q-q? (or q . 1 w .r*q4.;7T k q.); c w*; i l . q~

I am seeing

Perfect:

W ~ $ ~ g w r . , h a l

wqr C q'iicss saw, w w

4 5 ~ ~ 4 ' 4 ~ has been g~m

went n, inten

. Q

went

IygW'

42. The Adverb. 65

Future:.

l5" w T ~ T shall, will give

j Q F . 4 7 ~ b c ~ R i ~ a j in t ens. ~ ~ @ I T T SW, see

@@f~, $q4qq~ will arrive

Imperative:

K w @ f ~ give! 4 5 4 i taka out! qwi /7qq kill!

w'B* see! intens. w ~ ~ T N o n o t X1 . * M.Y do not give! N%@~Tv$

Chapter VIII. The Adverb.

42. We mag d i s t i o e h three classes of adverbs: . Primitive adverbs. 2. Adverbs formed from Adjectives.

Adverbs formed from Substantives or Pronouns. 1 w ,ry few Primitive Adverbs occur; the most usual

low', F,v ,whenc, NC (books and GT) or T? I'l* a I -r.n rnorro~~, and a few similar ones; UTf' ,againL',

nd the tt - - .

ves 8 and F.T', the Iatter of which is

~n plvrrrr~luvo sentences, and with a pmt tense, as

t gi~e', %c;' ,(I) shall not give', bat:

a n o e L q ~ ( j (WT: ~ 4 7 ~ ) ,do not

66 42. Adverb.

give!' The verbs % nlTW, fl&, $7 have alwaye

4' instead of 3 before them (40.). Another particle of

this kind, of a merely formal value, is T, which is added

to any word or gmap of words in order to single it out and distinctiy separate it from everything that follows. It i s , therefore, often very useful in lessening the great in- distinchess of the langnage, especially so when separating

the subject from the attribute: 8q?kjnl.57sl~.q.ry"~ ,that

man is a Ladakee'. (There is scarcely an adequate word to be found in our modern languages, but the Greek ys, or PEW-ds-- , are very similar.) fn hlking it is seldom

E\

heard, and, when used, in WT pronounced: F. I

2. Adverbs may be formed from any Adjective by

putting it in the Terminatire m e . 4 3 ~ $ ,good: 43c-Y~

, wellb; q4- , principal <, q4.5' ,principal, very '; k3 59'

,violentL, or ~ S ( S ,violen~y6.

3. Nearly all the local Adverbs axe formed from Substwntives or Pronouns with some, loeal Postposition:

Tf ,the place (space) above, upper pad: T v ,above4,

TSJ ,upwards4, TE;'~v ,from above (downwards)'; ~y ,this', T ~ T ?in this, here', ~ 7 5 , TTT ,hither, here'

(cf. l5.), @t3iqr ,hencet; 7 ,that4, $4 ,theret, ?S,<T $hither, there: q q ~ . ,fmm there. deoce, then. sRer that'.

43. Poetposition. 67

instead

>qniekIy

xs form rormed

f6. In taking the simple adjective is used, mostly,

of its adverb (2. class): C ~ ~ I N . ~ S for - , soon'.

Cbapter VII11. rn

The P o s t y o s i t ion .

There are two kinds of Postpositions: I. Simple rostpositions. These are the same that we h o w already s ing the cases (15). 2. Compound Postpositions,

in the manner of local Adverbs (42. 3), with which they are, indeed, with n few exceptions, identical.

S imple Pos tpos i t ions . These are: W(tbeaffix

or m e Dative), 3,' (Locative), 5iW and WN' (Ablative),

g, 7,s (Terminative). - --

eir use will be best seen in tbe following examples:

I T V- I I -- -l-'hy5' WT, 3 ~ ~ 3 ~ 4 v (inst of @ 38, 1

~te) CT ,pot the degchi on the fire!'.

- , vulg: T ~ R ~ T , Tsang: '~CTWW v b ?$"IN. ,the ass rolls himself on the ground'.

TwR? (or sq-) Cl,q ,having mounted on the horse (he)

go he) goes on horseback'.

ba

sl%;nl.q') qW.vynl.sg5.nW; GT: gqwqy- b

nf~azi* R 5 T ,the bird flies in the sky7.

fl&j W&$T WT, FjTnl'9qfJ%~ CT ,(we) shall set V

out at nighttA

?~.?j~?v$ (books and CT), T ~ s ~ F T c % , ~ ~ WT ,being very glad at thisb.

QajWvWzj' ,skilful in medicinec.

~ n l " $ . ~ s % , vnlg: $!~i;' ,invit6d him to beer'.

S@Tm~slq. WT, flTTTsly CT i s (there) ache in -w

(your) head', ,have you head-ache?'

11 4'. 5 '". 11 @!'T (OT 3 %?, vdg: T4Krlrlnl' (or 5) q~ ,(he) is

in the 1 OUW, at home'.

B~5qr, vulg : (or W) gt ,,go into the house,

home!'.

~qq.~, vu~g : ~3 ,at a certain^ time, oncec. b

~qq9'4977 (books) ,fmm t h d ~ in (&) seven days'. b

srvqqcsqyT; WT : W . ~ ~ V ~ ~ ~ C W ~ S ~ T ; C T : V

~ d ; l 4 ~ ' ~ 4 r ' ~ ~ ~ ~ % $ ~ , - ,the mother carried the son 'a

in (he;) armsc.

3?5~$$, nlg: TTW ,at that time'. k!

$4573 (books, for TI&. st38 Compound adv.) for seven

48. 1. Simple Postpositions. 69

% + J N . V Y ~ ~ ~ ~ (or s K N ' ~ , , W: vri:~m ,(they) made (or selected, raised) that man to (he) king'.

4 : ~mgy (or KnlT) PWW

437' ,(they) made (their) luggage into ~1 pillow, used

it as a pillowL.

7C.T (or 7.5) TT, WT: 75ST4' (8.35.2.3 q~ v

odtkd, ' 40. 1. a), CT : 4'p!"(@q~@j* (4. or YN., incia1 irregularities 85.2. c) ,where are (you) going?'

(0. PT'NTW) q g ~ c i ~ ~ ~ (rulg.) ,I am going v U

'in0 (or K'oksar)'.

34-43 qN' ,after eight months'.

$om (after) the eighth monthL.

r~flq~ (books and DT), WT: @WY ,from tho

beginning'.

11 ' "N' IT ~~~~~~ ,from the window, through the window'.

~ ~ ~ < . w N ' ~ ~ ~ T , d g : 4 4 , to deliver

from the circulation (transmigration)'. .

s y " l ~ ~ 4 ' 3 ~ 4 . , ,- WT : qN., Tssng: q%q~a JO build a house out of brick (Ts: a h

f i -q~. ,from the siltra Zamatog'.

U

ouae of b~ rick)'.

70 43. 1. Simple Postpoaitiona:

* v ~ T ~ Q T L * ~ w T ~ ) , one of (from among) the pupils'.

34qvsrpw4 (books and CT), WT: A ~ ~ $ N c T N . 4. ,wiser than $1, the wisest, most skilful of dl'.

$$P+~W~;T'~W% ,more ihnn two are not left'.

C ~ N . ~ Q Y ~ ( . ,more than myself are not'. k

Besides these TL* ,withL is to be mentioned as Simple

Postposition: thus, @ ~ ' ~ c ~ ~ N S , WT: F~id-7~ ,speaking (oonrersing) with the youth'; C T ,with

sed for t

Nf an =ti

me: or, in f d e r form, c ~ c ; - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , C7r4W3 b

vulg: C: ' /C~Y~ ,together with me'. In WT it is even

u he instrnmental when the real instrument '(tool)

o on is meant, e. g. 23@$kT'&TVT9~*487 so in books, but WT: W@~E.~JNS ,the king killedthe minister with the sword'. It is, moreoPer, added to many Adjectives and Verbs, when- we use the Accusative or Dsr

tive or ether Prepositions, e.g. Tr/t~54' ,like (with)

that, similar to thatc. Witb an Infinitive it denotes the

s sm of the action with another one, ynchroni:

ir ,with E the sun rising, at sunrise4; E~]%%$F~-?C ,with

(on) their going to sleep, when they went to sleep4;

& ~ & I ~ . ~ c ~ v ~ $ $ K ,(with) saying so he went home6

or dsa ,he said SO, and went home'. Often it is found with

43. 2. Compound Postpomnons. 71

n Imperative, without any perceptible signi if it

13 not to be regarded as a substitute fox % Bo,: 7 A? For its use L ~ S w conjunction see the next chapter. low eat!'.

ompound Postpositions. These memy con-

v be grouped in two classes: a) Local Compound Eostposl~ions, which are virtually the same as the Local

pecified in 42.3. : thus, qE' of)',

n e s will '

$ q - ~

'7 ,in (tl ~t of'. T'

ha midst

he most 1 t' also ,inc, Fv* ,from, 01 ~suaI

be seen in the following examples:

q* ( a r s ) F N . ~ Y ' / . ~ . ,to bathe in a pond'. W

qg(w ,he entered into the waterr (both in books U

: o m o n talk).

$FTT?F'~: ,the iora among

out 0

R T ~ J

nes (emer +i.q~q~*qq (or R ~ E ? ~ ~ 1 s . v

.ges)

f the house'.

7 (or 7, or q) ,above the door' and (books d-

, but more usual in WT: g ~ ' , CT ye): , 1 : 4 * 0 ) CT w v

also 7 % ~ before his fatherL

WT: lotus-

,he died

. *-.*

T ,to sit

g., in

on a

% 8 , 7 3 , ~ ~ (or W, or q? (books and talk) ,beside,nesr b

the doorb.

4 ii1'5K-7. d g . : M T V , , gy ,under a tree k b w

UiteralEy: ,in front, by the side, of a tree').

qsl .aQ~3 (srr~~) y a ~ r ~ ' , take before t h e k 3 k k

judge'.

~ T ~ ~ ~ Y E N ' N . CT, T c ~ WT ,&er eight months'.

a4'4(3@~7~ (or p5j'W) mlg. ,before two months, v

two months ago'.

@ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' j ~ ~ ~ l ; r books and CT, WT:

*Tarn ,to hide a treasure below the ground'.

~?49'9W~c;'4' CT, WT: , to

emerge, come out, from below the ground'.

& books and CT, in CT &o :

WT: 5 , q~rqq. ,beyond the water, river'.

&flfr7 books and CT, WT : t & F ~ ,on thia side

of the water4.

q yw-5 (or qN.) 4r5q4-Tfpj9747933i'3f:> v GI-:

~l'Xnt'y$j~%~, WT: q q < ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ 4 ,in (after) -u

three days he will arrive beyond this plain, will have crossed it'.

F C C T ~ T T V ~ @ ~ , in the four regions of the house,

ronndwbout '.

43. 2. Compound Postpositions. 73

{ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ,go in the direction 4 towards, that

village'.

F474'34~7, DT : *477q9'(~1.), W T : '' 6 ~ 4 . ,for b v -u v

years'.

rr;~5;.7, CT: ~ T q ~ % - q 4 l ' ~ , WT: R ~ W W b k 6 7 ~ ,from this to thai'.

seven

SqwqE

w ~ ~ ~ ~ & . & ~ ~ . WT, ,ti1 I go t o ~ u l \ u ' . b

6) General Compound Postpositions, expressive of the meral relations of things and persons. They are farmed

JII the same manner as the Local ones, from substantives, sdjsctives, and even verbs. Their use may be learned from the folIowing examples:

E @ T ( ~ ) or q~ books and CT, WT: ~qpr4. ,for k

me, in my beha14 for my sake, on my accountL.

- -

is the

Nwyr

' ,for what reason has that illoess came? what

cause- of etc.?'.

RN'T 335 ,in behalf of all living beingsb.

stead of woodL.

4 % ~ ,according to, like, as' - ~ ~ ~ q ~ 4 4 7 v ,doing according to the word of the king'; 7

4&3 ,according to that, like that, thus, soc; ~ a l . 4 M ~ ,as formerly, ae before'; instead of it the dialect of WY uses qcf$'T;', generally with the Genitive, thua the laat

example there would be: ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ T .

yq ,likec, Tyy ,like a hill'; R,Tyq, ~ Y T $like I

this, like ihat, thua, so, ~ Y T , CT: 9(CyT. ,like what?

bow? in what manner?'. In the dialect of WT w ~ T F J ' or ~@$YN.$ is used

baoh with the same meaning): thus, ,like

s hill'; TT* T F ~ ~ N ' ,thusc; or (properly

d ~ ) , &ST, WsT ,thusL, T'EjT ,how?'.

Chapter IX. The Gonjanotion.

44. The written language possesses very few, the spoken still fewer, Conjunctions, most of which are coordi- native. The common word for ,and' is T r which we have

seen above in the sense of ,withi, 9 ( 3 ~ ~ ~ 1 75WYE.1

3y~.~'q7;14.4* ,gold and silver and iron and collection

(i, e. and so on)', though the position of the. 2nd (ld.) after the word TF shows that it is dwayys considered as.belong-

ing to the preceding member of the sentence, simiIm, in

44. Conjunction. 75

\ i s respect, to the Latin ,¶net; nor can it in m y case

?gin a sentence. Very seldom, and only in later literatnre,

appears as combining two verbs, if not, indeed, the root ~ght to be regarded there as abbreviation for the infini- re. Further: YF ,also, toob. When belonging to a single

ord or notion it is put nfter it in an en~litica~l way like uoqueC in Latin. It is changed according to the termi-

tio on uf the receding word, into 3E' after 7 5' 4-

w*), into often after vowels (cf. 6). Thus: 3% gcB 7 ;taking also a son (with him)'. When repeated,

it has the signification of Latin ,eta et-: N . Y C ~ \ 9., IC*!~ ,both mother and son died'. Often, especially

h negative sentences, it means ,evenL, ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ b l . $ ~ ~

ven one (they) did not find - not even one'. This is tLe

~1g means for prpressiog ,none, no, nothingc, %s (or

C) VCV?$N. (resp. ~ G W ) ,,nobody came'; T7dl.a. IC ( 8 ~ , or ac) $7 ,there is nothing' (ef. 29). When

combined with verbs, 4 b ~ y ~ ~ $ ~ ~ ,wen searching

(they) did not 5ndL, it serves a9 another expression for

loughi or also ,butG (s.41.A. 7.6): thus, ,though they search- 1, they etc.' or ,they searched, bat they etc.'. Standing -

') This is not verg cmefnlly observed even in good mscr. and prints, where qC;" will occur sometimsa after 7' etc., and Tc' ,

76 44. Conjunction. - 45. Tnterjection.

for itself (not leaning on the preceding word) it mems ,agnin, once moreC (when it is to be regarded as adverb),

$ . T ~ ~ E ' T ~ N ' ~ N . ,there (I) fainting once more eta.'.

In the beginning of a sentence it is ,and, again, moreover', , and may occasionally be rendered by ,however, butc.

WT, ,or'; repeated, * ' - w$. ,either-or-'.

- ,OrL is expressed also by the interrogative affix of the

finite verb (34, I.), TW etc., 4@~%nl%i~11 3EN.

?gb.~'F ,a bottle of gold, silvel; or copperc. - ?kiF eless, but', volg: @,'F occurs moch less fre-

y,,,, in Tibetan ~han in the European languages.

The only Subordinate Conjunctions arc: 1. 7 ~ 7 , i f ', introducing coaditiond sentences ending in (40. 1.

A. 4 ). But, as the conditional farce really rests on the closing

7, the initial 4lnl.Y may be put or omitted at pleasure; 2.

39 ,but if j 7wij.qbq.. m . ?if I can . . .', % ? 3 q ~ . ~ v b

,but if not . . .'; ttiis last is found only in books.

Chapter X.

The Interjection.

45. Tha most common Interjection is 3, or, repeat-

ed, 33 ,oh!, alaslL used also befork the Vocative. The

language of common life uses instead: wa, or @ w;.

46. Derivation. 77 +

of.

fro

2.

the

,sip

tbi!

Chapter XI. Derivation.

46. Derivation of Substantives. As most of what belongs der this head has already been mentioned in 11. and 12. ly the formation of ahstract nouns remains to be spoken

1. The unaltered adjective may be used as an abstract

m, especially with the article 9, as: ~ 4 . ~ 4 ~ aq ,the cold is changed into warmth'. - To this may

;dded the pronoun % (gK"4.5 ,ipaum frigidurn');

t this is used scarcely mywhere else than in rnetaphy- a1 treatises, from whence a few expressions, such a s

y4.R ,the vacuum, the ahsolute rest in deliverance

m existence "have become more gonerall y known. - In the case of two correlative ideas existing, frequently

: ~omponod of both is used, esp. in common talk, 2 6 ~ :ab (lit. ,large and small'), TwEJ ,thicknessL (,thick and

d), kg. ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ f l ~ b ~ ' ,the L e as much as a b

mmtard-seedL. - 3. pL/. ,differencec (or, sometimes, dy7 x~ ,measureG) is added, a;l@'~ ,heightL, mBT ,wedh,

M bes4. - 4. ~en' ta l qualities are in most cases paraphrased

G'qW, or 3 with a genitive, 434434~ ,mind

endoring, i e. patience', , wise

--, ,,,urn, &illt; TTqiq&~ ,mind of rejoicing,

joy' (vulg : $~6$~yyq), 77"4?&~ ,mind of belief

(also ,a believing mind'), faith'. - 5. Diminuti vt

formed by adding the termination GJ', often with ar

$ 8 are

I alk-

ration of the preceding vowel: $ ,horse4, ,little horse, R

foal'; M' ,manL, Qs ,little man, dwarfb; ,stoneb, & ,small stone, calculusi. If a word ends with a cons

only zc is added, and a new syllable formed: y? ,s

+ 47. Derivation of Adjecfives. 1. Possessive' adjectives

are regularly expressed by adding the syllable y, or the

phnse YCq4'4', abridged FFi to any substantive, @f ing a b e d b ; $ w T ~ ,having the head of s manb;

having hair, (long-) hired'; , $.q'

y&*TT(q ,possessing knowledge, learned, wise'; SrYT y' is never heard in common talk hi W,T. - 2. Adjectives

of appurtenance me generally expressed by the geniti~e of

the substantive, 7 3 ~ 3 ,of gold, goldenc; -@$T ythe

ppos. :

e 4 . - :

eye of flf

,the eyt mw:m.-,t:~

?sh, the carnal, bodily eye: o ~ ( N . T @ W ~ of knowledge, spiritual ey 3. Negative, or

r l ~ v ~ ~ e adjectives are formed innseveral ways: a) by the

simple negative %, 84~4. ,unworthy'; R~KF.~ . ,un- 1

st'; %f*q ,unheaxd of'. 4) by adding 37 ,withoat'

adji

add

47. Derivation. 79

737 ,headless'; 8 9 7 ,faultlessc. o) by adding the

b gW(4") ,separated from', aVTF'5Jnl'a', gVgW m-ated from t he body, bodiless'. - 4. The English

ectives in -able, -ale are expressed by sc4' ,to befit',

led to the Sopine, or to the simple Root, 7%5'3r9', -u

E'sF' ,fit for drinking, drinkable', vulgo: 9 F f l v

48, Arrangement of words.

Part 111,

S y n t a x .

48. Arrangement of wards. 1. The invariable rule is this: in simple sentence aH other words must precede the verb; in a compound one a11 the subordinate verbs in the form

of gerunds or supinea, and all the coordinate verbs in the form of the root, each closing its own respective clause, must precede the governing verb (examples s. below). - 2. The order in which the different cases of substa,ntives belonging to a ver h are to be arranged, is rather optional, so that c.g. the agent may either precede or follow its ob- ject. Local and temporal adverbs or adverbial phrases are,

if possible, put at the head of the sentence. - 3. The order of words belonging to a substantive is this: 1 The Geni- tive, 2. the governing Stibstantive, 3. the Adjective (unless this is itself put, in the g~nitive, before; 16), 4. the Pronouu,

o. the Numeral, 6. the indefinite Article: thus, KF$~&K* ,this my little daughter'; a iq- ' iq~.q~- ,a red

.-+% gown' ; Tq*yb;l.~'q or yqq 9 TW , the red goan '; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ; l ' ,these three great kingdoms'.

Adverbs precede the word they belong to: ~TT%@ v

,very great'; % ~ & I ~ T N ' ~ T T ~ ,come very quicklyc.-- u

the Casea

:cf. 29) tl mltltive sentences ( he Relitive precedes

stratise: ~ F ~ T ~ ' T % @ T ,what there is, :: the

g;. - --

give whatever you have', and in comparative ' mt.rrr;va bfie thing with which another is compared, or-

wrily precedes tbis (cf. 17).

49. Use of the cases. As the necessary observations istrumental have been made in 30, ahout the and postpositions partly in 15, partly in 43, it

J u r bur. Accusative, that requires a few words more, - - ften used absolutely (as in Greek). a) AI : &?% ,at night'; ~ $ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,dud

)at the ii .er oases .-I- LL I

s very o

(his etc.) lifetime'; $qz, q y ,at that time'; ~~~~ b

,, 484.pd'qq ,having studied for one day, after one day's .- s t ~ ,

the

r ) Ace. modalis: 5343

amr;. ~ u ~ n d ~ ; 7% M'wypY, , ~wding ,

b

, cubits' (cf la); p ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ f ' q ,re- . k m

-r UVIOU~, being like smoke' (cf. 50, 1, a); 5EJFN'

rth, eight

,A:-- *-I,

th regard ta @is) birth, equal". e ,of equal

m - ++-e (42. 1) is very often employed: 7 3 ~ . c. Nearly in all cases, however, pastpositions

in talkirm we preferred to the

r; 5'4; 7 3 4 ~ y De add

sim

'T

50. Simple Sentences. - a) tl ~ t e being a UUUU,

vsmaain p p p v * ~ Q ~

ences. .ve sent ie attribt

etc.: 8(: the verb

,this 1138

I: to Be, 8

m is wise *=I1 11

? & ~ + j il [Tlq4' ,this is a wise man.. 5~ nen me verb

ain) ete. is 93Tg' (to become), ' (to rem the wt- v

tdbote mast be put in the Terminative: $ ~ ~ T T - ~ T " ~ T T V

,(his) hair became whitec; q N '

qq~'4.qq ,t remained stead-

'; In some sped this may take

pafie, G V ~ the verb is ~impl l , uU : PJwql7mXr

q I "~v'14(1'$7 EVTRV~T kl

vlrr auapt! was like a man", his foot only was p+

b) the attribate being any ?Wnl' 43 q 2 w ~ M q ~ 3 ~ 5 R ~ 3 7 ~ 5 ' 3 7 ~ * a 6 - ~ 2q-=@F"e4"aqm ,a

I--.-- all in the north oi that country'.

1g: 4% his vow

:c 2

he king

:a1 cases tn ha'

erb: 38 c

f other v 4

I 74

,t a very

- .

king of C i ancient

s i m p l o : 579 house?'; $ 5 ~

Interrogative r es. - a)

' vho i s there?'; %' e for?', what do

rC

you , corn ,A+

do you v

(is) the 1 ... . ' much R, es~des the athx am the later merature ma the con-

article I#

rb L! y;' ,

50. Simp rde Sent. -

eofCThr

tediwtely

my mea

you do

question I ,

- 51. Compound Sw

as the accentuated

before tl

ns . . . .?'

lt.

interrog: - languag( ttive

$' i.", $mu I, verb: q4q@q7 is there ,; WV+&C+~V

w i d i j P d A$ ,can this work?'.

The form of a is also used to express uncertain

oppositions (likely t o oecome realized), W: $ ~ y ' 3 7 ~ ~ s forgetting possible?' for ,he may possitdy have forgotten

L; y ~ ~ ~ T f ~ ~ ,won't he die?'; ~ ~ 4 7 ~ ~ 9 4 ' 4 ~ , t h i s U

I ) is not the devil, 1 Lope?'.

boble: FT~$'T~;T'$+T , is @e) within or not?';

I T T W & ~ ~ ~ ; ' C & ~ C ,is it agreeable (to you i. e. do w

ou consent) to give me (yoor son) or not?'; E.~CWY'$

3 ,are you sorry at my arrival, or what

else) i s the matter (with you - hecause yon weep)?<.

3. 1mperat.ive and Optative or Pseeative sentences do ot require any additionaI remarks besides wbat is said i 38

B few e

)mpoiind sentences m . 3 1 . -

ompound Sentences. After having examined in 41 ue clinerent gerunds as the &nstitusnt parts of compound

ce for il' most part

will suffi I, for the 3

lustration coordin o

L ~ G ~ L + WUI* . t ~ dake' esp, ,institute, 6%

51. Compound Senteneeg. 85

J ~ T T J % ~ ~ ~ %BYTI) ,There being certain two women k

larrelling about one boy, the king (being) wise of under- anding having examined (the case) thos ordered: You qo, Laving seized from each (side) a h ~ n d of the boy, 111 and who gets him, (she) may m r y him off. -- When ? had so spoken, she who was not the boy's mother, be- luse she had no compassion for the boy, not fearing (she ight) hurt (him), pulled with what force she hid. She ho (in truth) mas the boy's mother, because she had rmpassion with the boy, fearing (she might) hurt (him), ,ough she was able by force, did not pull hard. The king lid to her who had pulled hard: Because this, not being )ur son, is the sther woman's son, say (it) outright'. Then he had so spoken, as he had turned out to be the sou

' the gentle puller, (she) carried off the boy'.

17) 4~ ,&her4, h o s t always with the in-

:bn. article; 13. fin. - 18) q' is- somet.imes pleonastically

IN' (4q3, to strengthen its meaning. 191 43.2.

I\ **-. perf. p, imp. @. 21) w4*, perf. 3T. kl b

1s he has come to bec.

modern dim A cotIection of phrases from daily life, in the I

romanized.

W T #yod gd* p a , Where do yon come from? CT Ry6' gd-y y&.

W Jcjlod su pifi, C Ey6' s. 3. Who are yoo?

W @od (C &') $1) ~n.*) Whose (man you?

W ?&od r d d i mi6 Ei zer, What is you c 1&'-rEyi mih-la 4an z&- (rule 34. 2.

ga' yi;'-$am. observed) W kjtdd-di &$&-pa gci-na Where is yo

;) are

YO^, c KyC'-iy h i - p a gili -nu

yii'(-pa). W Qod ?d-la yoli, Wh: C IEyii' g'ari- b y&. ( ' it?)

W & h l ~ dug- Why ale: y u

W da r).ruk-i% dad. I sit here to

W di g%&Ea' m i k &i zer, What is the n a m e of this a ,I$& z&- vi

r name? e is not t

sa.

I come? yon wan - - u here?

watch. -- > -. -

*) The numbers refer t o the notes at the end of the collec~on, exhibiting the spelling of some of the W O ~ ~ S that are most disfigured in pronunciation.

**' - d ~ m 41, NoL- '

P h m ee. 87

z 3sl-wa2) %g Y&,

1 4 6 ' la dgm hi9 yZ'-dm. ? tari m d ; Ed=-EayoG(g), 3 >a6 d; &n -md' - la

yoJon. V du fug pa fud-Eela h6-

pa-la-&. W yod: BEi-Ea 7113m.3) &ig

s aZ4), C yF': 6d-ka mars. 2ig na&-5)

sog. v sid-la zag" yod, Ts sug

D ~ ~ ~ ) - Y G bd- la nd-fsa &fig)-@

dw. vFT zCr-mo rug, C - -dug.

V gci-na, C v d d+a9)-la, C $6'-pa-la.

VV yd-la z q rag, C - - -yT. W La-2a ya&-pa-la Fa-&-la

fia%.-te rag.

VG di len. V di f i g e ~ , C: di RUT sod.

dk k'yot, C di RUT Bog. -z@g 80-Ee, C di - agio) y ' tmi (or

wl @fi ( ~ m - ~ d . di-zug Eo nas' goa ($of,

Have you anp errand ,(bn-. siness)?

Not m y ; I h a ~ e come t o no purpose.

Then go home to eat (drink) yonr soup.

Yes: please give me some medicine.

I am ill (I have got, am befallen with, an illness)

X feel pain. 'W bere? In the stomach. I have heagache. Weshould have takeh a walk,

but it is too hot. Take this!

Take this wi th (yon)! Bring this! How shdl 1 d

Yon must not do it in this Say.

:ases.

I want lore milk i some IT

..I $ tag-mo t o , d di ldg-

?* n da+i pul Wash it with sand! b je-ma f@.

W da-b iF.u Eud zad (C a$) 2 ig nalii'J) &$ (C Sg).

me som se!

W Zciq-pa bdg-mo ydd-da, nre {your) u m u a wezsll

C E ~ Y - W A O ( la-mo, mi-wa) .4 yG'.

< Vlr o-ma fsag-~ij-Ea fs#g Filter we m u curoutru WE

filtering cl C - - - €sag iog.

7% f a 0 ~%-se di Eog-la h- Put the little s t u v t : cuere! hi, 4 6y @d)- la kt

Wp'dm-ctm~ sa-la ~0614) Putthepot(&t-11uu~non {@~b-i the

' C: sa9i15) b-iig. ground !

I As s1 , ligb

30n 8 8

.t a fire! sets,

g- la - -a

: 808.

iw.

fetch tb le china! away - - - h a - uome to take

Phrases. ,39

nao18) da& t i -~za I C ~ T - ~ ~ E ~ ~ ) mi d q (or karyol tq-mo nai za- yin); fadn-te %ig Irt&- i% gyaFZa $08 (g~) ,

, . C; & ddn t g nu karydl mi dug; f8'scErn-mo dig g u i g (79 -pa- t.3 309.

lds (If)-ka dali-ma &ar- na wadn-na ma za,

I - - mgm-pa doa) mi .zag.

aoZ-EdsZ1) tuitbdigz) 20-a, - - - - jd' gyec yin-na(m). .

a-nci; Eoy-tdn tirin) to$, yuya; . . tog-tdn ttik-%.

fib-ril Zi-na6aa &mdi- po ydd-da G z i r i - t i ~ ~ d d ,

- - grJa-ma&-na & ma'& po y6'-$urn r i icd-6~ y6'.

GG6 &u &q y ~ d {a- f~ ig mas-na mnd),

;&Pi ?iu &g 36'. L kariQd)- te By&, k d 4 - n ~ EUT Jog.

tfb-ml dzag day. kdr-$a251 dari jwx) go8

(qd, k d r - y a (aria-kar-g$i)

7- Y) aaraa) @.m,

If you ws sh with cold water, the china does not become clean; wash it well with some h o t (water)!

Unless all the work is done, don't go! (or) you must not go.

Shall I make the tableready?

Yks; l a p ( spread) t.he cloth !

Is tbere much wder in the t e n p i t , or IittIe?

(But) a little.

F i l l the teapot with water, and bring it!

The kettle 1 e st k s.

It must be soldered (fastened with pewter) .

Take it, to the b l t h's .

30 Phrases.

W Bet-kor gas (9:) SOP&

C 382-$or gG s ~ k .

.z.er-~aa BidmaIESym& r-na - - LyaP).

vv sao m PI- na @06 yh, C sa-hib sud")-na AyuEgp

$n.

W sab gd-zuy mol, C sa- hib ,4uri suli wa yin.

W ma$a63I); h d n a a & ~ ) , C ma FOT-wa YJ'; 8C' ma

Cug.

WC %-pa dim33), W La- d a ~ Eo.

w n d n ~ ) - ? e man, C atin gp min. W ddsS5]-Sa (@-d) Ecig-ma

t i % ) - t e b o p ,

C dG-X:tj &@-ma fs ag jrg. W Zag -ma mi dug, Eari ma

lus (la). W 0-ml& Zud ma *, C wo-ma E i i ' ma L\US. FV 3n-pa37) ma .tei.P8) - te

adn-te @a&, C - - - - - fsdfi-ma (or

gii ~ - wb 0 ) Kur-309. . W a- lu tub tMi,

0 kyd-u (or do-ma39] Su- !ub-%. o6 (or p n &+no) gor.

(glass- !rw.k.

The tumbler has got a (

Unless I tell bring woo4

When master G U U I L U ~

I shall brin

yon, dl a!

3 not

,ma m

What did YOU niu y , arx

the gentlemm say)? Don't cast it away! Do not

let it slip!

Take care! Cautiously!

Yon must not press!

Put by the remainder of the rice!

There is no remainder, nothing is left.

Do not let the milk run over!

Not cutting t: it as w wh

he liver, 101 e!

bring

Peel the potatoes , and cut them in pieces!

Don't tarry much!

Phrases. 91

yyog-.pa (C gpg-po, gjd- Come soon! PO) soy.

ma led@), I. Do not forget! 2. (I) did mu jg'. not forget. yid-la,zuna4~)fub-bta, Canyourememberit(bear ssm-la ria fub-Ba. i t i n mind]?

@-la .zUJm 90s (~fi) , Yournntlt bear i t i n m i n d , +

pi f-p a ii' go. (make it certain]. mati-du 806; nafi-dw Bog. Go in! Come in! m&du @od42), Go (or come) in, sir! m n - d w @b. do@), C d2. Sit down! h y 9. Please sit down, sir!

1, qq 21 gnlq. 3) qdi' 4) y l - 51 s/a\C. 6) y- 8 1 ~ 5 99)s 101g(.qv ll)TB wqqr

kJ

4m' 14) 939~4. iprv. 15) 3 C N . 16) 8fV

7 p 18) TJc~ 19) T T T ~ S 20) ~3 .I?$%% 22) ?qfW,% 20) 4 3 ~ prf of 97~4- q c prf. of T ~ E W I I . 25) 77i;4lW9* 26) 87 of g ~ r ~ ' 27) fls(~44 28) gT 29) 48W pd. of

T 30) Tw 31) TqE* ipra. of (734'4- 32) 45T of 'Ieq*4. 33) qqv 34) 744' 35) V W 36) 7% q q 4. 38) q5T prf. of R44.q 39) YT 40) $7

b

gsli.o.43C from R4 42)g~ 4 3 ) q ~ 14)qqqV b

92 Reading Exerci!

Reading Exercise.

%he btory of Yugya-?an the Brahmnn

- From tL

3) 15,s. - 4) ~ S V , perf. g ~ , ht. 3, 11 do' in some eases: ,to say, call', @ 9.4.

name --3 A -

I perf. of

nqy is a translation anscrit S

- 53 40. 1. c. - 6) 41. A. j Kl. 1. h anu Y I . a. V . - 8) 34. 1. and 40. 1. B. - u, 5. -

let goL. "

,to give;

- 12) Q 1

of the S;

I, - 7) 4 a\ 1 K

1 make,

called,

to send, I

L j -

Reading Exescisa. ' 03

,to I 0 bse

~Tepare, 1 rved. -

14) 41. A. 7. - 15) imp. of B T ~ ,to give', #q*'

- 16) 37. 2. - 17) 77~4' s. 11); ,don't let

; oo. E . - 18) p e d of 474. ,take, seize'. - 19) perf.

;o throw, dingL. - 20) perf. of 7; 10

) S. 14). - 221 43. 2. - 23) perf. d q J' >urposeL. ule 30, is ,ys strictly

94 Reading Exercise.

25) 43. 2. - 26) perf. of yC9. ,to fall'. - 27) perf. v

of q'2:44' ,to seizeL. - 28) 43. 2. b. - 29) 41.6. b; $FJ. 7

== ~~~~~~. - 30) 49. - 31) ,from the inner (i.e. other)

side t o thisi, ,across4. - 32) carpenter (lit. ,Z~k.wnlri', cf.

12. 1,). x r f . of q$4* ,to ask'. - 34) 40. I . g. - 351 41. LL. u. - 361 aerf. of YY4' ,to throw down'. -

29). - 38) ,set down'. -- 39) if the verb is in he subject is usually put in the-ttccus., when me

le the genitive. - 40) ,returning it so that the owner 1. 3. 2. b. - 41) , I did not return it with the by saying anythingc. - 42) ,because (41. A. 8) did not say it (via: I give beck)'. -- 43) 41. B.

1) 41. A. 5. - 45) ped. of @TWT ,to tie,

46) i m p , of @ ~ y ' ,to take ant, pull out' eto.

stlp6, Iess frequent and somewhat different from

-, , iui!3. - 48) ,myE (241. -

49) ,secondly'. - 50) 17. 1. - 51) ,it is better that Y. should be the winner, t h that besides having heen robbed of my ox, I should lose my eyes.into the bargain. - 52) ,mother mid: 0 god! etaC (W used in addressing a

'7

~ ~ q q * ,to dieL has perf. TV; an e legant word (24, k -w

Note;. - 54) perf. of 95Tq ,to enter'. - 55) ~ 2 . p e d q& ,to go, walk4; eleg. ,m say'. - 56) 41.8.

5. b. - 57) Nomin. for Instrum.. s. 30 fin. -

Reading Exercise. 97

58) perf. of W F ' T ,to be much, many; to become mc.

- 59) partic., ,that a man was concealed (behind ity. - iO) 41. A, 5. - 61) 27. 1. - 62) imper. of 447rlme1eg.

b

or 374* ; ,go and rn ske the husband of this same (woman)'. - an that he should be (my) husbandL. - 64) 9.57). - rtic., ,the axe which 1 held from (i. e. with) my monthb. - 66) 40. 3 ,whatever things be carried, it being

amy them 0x1 the shedder'. - 67) fo* $v#V

'ibetan Gram

68) .'%f@ ,different, sewral, ' ' qN. - ,separately,

each for himself'. -

i list of the mor -

ent verbs 3.

a) F o u r - r o o t e d v e r b s .

PerP. Fut. Impem. WT

(6jqq q TT lade, put on . . . kal-.?e

15~ 49- T5Tg % snt. i?ad-& imprv. L'5d \%KT 43~57' h. tie, bind.

t o - b

. and imp. Eos

destroy.

45C % give. taG-de imp. twi

qyV 4 r @' look. (&Ma-&

"1 They are here mranged according t o the number of ths roota, lough these me in many instancee, not so strictly observed, even 1 plinted books, as they ongbt to be. I t should espeoidy be re- larked that the mute v iia the perf. and imp. i e in moat cases

very arbit 78

,r omitted

Pres. Perf. Fut. Imperv. WT

939~"' 437 777~. 97' lift; weigh. imp. . tag-& tog

tab-&? ~ 7 4 ~ 4 . 974- s/?T q. throw. imp.

qyyvs. 45qN. s/?TN. YTV tie, bind* ta,q,?c imp. tog,

fay t a ~

9 . 4 - qk 4177 get, drive, out. towda

dways for @ 4 ' ~ T E N . yq,Ejc. V!k throw, hurt,. $a~-?-b

PYq gq 5 3~ do, make, for it ho-h

~ 3 4 ~ q . qq 74q k' bring, let, down. #d-&

4 & %<q), $? take. h h , lali-Ec

gqq. 434(q)- 4 a ' gq learn; teach. k d - i e

b) T h r e e - r o o t e d v e r b s .

Perf. Fnt. Imperv. WT

carry. &Y-;# k

& o i - 2 ~

Verbs. - * 1C I

Pre~ . Perf. Fut. Impei-v. WT

iFm'd' ". $4. throw, cast. gyab-te

imp. gyob for 934~s.

9sl(NjV ZT run* ypg-tL? b

IT &y break. ?up&,

imp. Eog 4 4 q tell, explain. h&?s

4- hold. te?+?e 4

T"';1' SE' to lead: 9-an-i.e TEN' T to remove: defi-~e

4

q.q 44(W). 44(5l)' descend.

TLT' g(W)' YFT blow (act.). $q~-Ee

7 37 pnt off, drop (act.). $ d - i

q . 4 gr Twf-' take, pull, oat. $n-n-Ee

$e- Ee, imp. $e(s).

res.

7.

c) T w o - r o o t e d v e r b s . Perf. Imperv. WT

3~ be 'born. sky-Gc

787. bear, beget. skye-l.c!

Pr es. Perf. Imperv. WT

wT4' 3 heacme. gpr-i.e -v -u

q~ VC Kr go; become. l?o-ke [only in certain sentences.

g y q 45jy gyur-Ee T, k

c.q -a 5w weep. ?iu-;e

92-4- % die. di4e

92%-9' TT Bee. ~or- . -~e

9&74' qTW' enter. 2 q - E e -0 -u

4 ~ 7 j$y sit; stay. dad-& imp, dod

q%ll.4* 9qq increase (neutr.). $eE&

W74' blow Cnentr.). $u-~e

9%;4- 4N. -#

qV calt So-&, imp. bos (boi, b.0,).

SgE;'T ZK- appear, originate, jmi-ie -u 'y

5~4' 9E. enjoy. Gmi-Ce

@T 9a~. 4 3 7 ~ . build up. i%&~- ?e

q.4. e-V qV ask. , k - 2 ~ % 'U U (ju- re) $W 4 $ 4 ~ arrive. let-&

Verbs. 103

d ) O n e - r o o t e d v e r b .

WT ghd, to like. Ld. ya-te, W besides D,qTq

lr-1-4- fall, drop. dit-;a, dso C$W(~')

k4-, &&kvq leap, jump. EoGEB

4 lie down. %al-i.e

'4. meet,. fag-Ee

'V be able. fd-Ee

'q find, get. £oh-te

r9' hear. @or-t)

i$ sea. €06- 88

be glad, to like. fad-L'e, nearIy always for

V y T find q y i . ~ came out, go out. fon - i '~ , usud for LqE'T

b

5-4 wish, like, desire. rare.

e able. S. q4.Y' w

I T stay, dwell, remain. fins ( m i , a?) - i.e, hut usually: dad-b

' burn. Bar-&? .-. erceive. fsw-Ee, and usual for

qw4. o, make (resp.) . dzadEe, imp. dmd.

104 Verbs.

WT

2qj.r.s' ,.say. zw-2.4, usual fox

remain, be left. ba-& Ef9

x ~ q turn back, r e t u r n Q - i . e

5q~q know. des (&>-2e

(4j)T-q. understand. hd-go-te

Print, ed by Unger Brothers (Th. QrSmm), Berlin.

ABEL. nion Mod Ssn' mar CQY, in t~

=PI. Edii cxii

aaw.. Dr. - 1 . . GlOC

BEEN. Am.,

liah A m .

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