Thursday 24, September, 2015 'Aula "G. CARERI" - Edificio "G. Marconi" Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università Sapienza di Roma.

101st National Congress of ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY International Energy Studies Workshop

Expected technology improvements in solar energy, wind turbines, and other greener systems

Francesco RocaENEA Energy Technologies Department Portici Research Centre

p.le E. Fermi, località Granatello.- 800055 Portici (NA) Italyemail:franco.roca@enea.it , ph: +39-081-7723270

skype:franco.roca.enea.it

Round Table HOW TO COME TO A RATIONAL ENERGY POLICY IN

EUROPE AND THE WORLD

F.Roca – 101st National Congress of ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Thursday 24, September, 2015 , Rome- Italy

~2640 employees11 Research Centres

ENEA is the wider Italian public organization operating in the fields of energy, the environment and new technologies to support Country’s competitiveness and sustainable development

ENERGY Renewable Energy Sources Advanced Technologies for Energy and Industry Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission

SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Environmental Characterization, Prevention and

Recovery Environmental Technologies Seismic Protection Radiation Biology and Human Health Sustainable Development and Innovation of the Agro-

Industrial System

NEW TECHNOLOGIES Radiation Applications Materials Technologies Energy and Environment Modeling ICT

ENEA

Renewables

Renewable energy is energy that is derived from natural processes (e.g. Solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, geothermal, bioenergy , ocean power etc ) that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed.

Renewable energy technologies : Are a crucial part of a energy portfolio of options

needed for achieving a sustainable low environmental impact energy mix.

They offer energy access trough distributed or off-grid solutions very relevant for the energy security;

They support the strategic economic development in rural areas and less favored countries.

Renewables

Renewables continue to be the fastest-growing power source

It is expected to surpass that from natural gas and double that from nuclear power by 2016 (IEA)

Becoming the second most important global electricity source, after coal. (IEA)

Globally, renewable generation is estimated to rise to 25% of gross power generation in 2018, up from 20% in 2011 as deployment spreads out globally (source : IEA)

Source: Bloomberg Business (2015)

Fossil fuels Clean energy

Power generation capacity additions (GW)

00,3 3 5 10 20 50 100 300

Daily load (kWh/day)

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

Elec

tric

ity c

ost (

$/kW

h)

PV 10 $/W

PV 2 $/W

PV 5 $/W

Grid ext 1 km

Grid ext 5 km

Grid ext 20 kmDiesel 0.75 $/L

Diesel 0.5 $/L

Distributed energy production-vs-centralized

ENEA source (2011)

Around 90%-95% of world population can take profit from distribute energy production ---- > Energy storage

SUN

THERMAL CONVERSION

ATMOSFERICCYCLES

HEAT

THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

ELECTRICITYELECTROMECHANIC

CONVERSION

THERMODINAMIC CYCLES

v

PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION

COMBUSTIONChemical trasformation HEAT

RENEWABLES SOURCES

PRESENT

PAST

Solar Energy Cycles

v

GEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIO

N

GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITNON RENEWABLE

SOUCES

SOLAR FUELSArtificial Photosyntesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Solar Energy Systems

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies Solar Heating & Cooling (SHC) Technologies

Photoovoltaic Technologies

Hybrid Solar tower

Source:IEA- Technology Roadmap Solar Photovoltaic Energy (2014)

Global cumulative growth of PV capacity

Global cumulative growth of PV capacity

Cumulative PV capacity grew at 49%/yr on average since 2003.

In 2013, about 37 GW of new PV capacity was installed in about 30 countries – or 100 MW per day – bringing total global capacity to over 135 GW.

PV manufacturing by countries

Source: SPV Market Research (2014), Photovoltaic manufacturer Shipments: Capacity, Price & Revenues 2013/2013, Report SPV-Supply 2, April.

Global cumulative growth of PV capacity

Source: Burger, B. (2013), Electricity Production from Solar and Wind in Germany in 2013, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, January, Freiburg, Germany. Data: EEX Transparency Platform

PV –vs- wind: competition in production

Wind energy is often strong when sunshine is weak and vice versa.Wind energy is often strong when sunshine is

weak and vice versa

Germany

F.Roca – 101st National Congress of ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Thursday 24, September, 2015 , Rome- Italy11

Draft conclusion

Renewable energy market is booming since 2008

A reliable , sustainable and secure energy supply is vital for the economy and society--- > it should be the key aim of policy (in general and to support less favoured countries) -- >

Market is only supporting implementation for existing technologies (short term)

The huge “pulsing low-high production& trade market” is causing crazy industrial and recruitment and placement policy

Production (particularly PV) is mainly localized in non-European countries

Tecnology – vs- market cycle

The Engine for PV (& RES) R& D Activities

F.Roca – 101st National Congress of ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Thursday 24, September, 2015 , Rome- Italy13

Production & market Roadmap

Accelerates the pace of technology development --- > by strongly supporting low impact technologies

Promotes standardization

Enhances national R&D programmes

Permits national specialization, by strongly promoting collaboration

Saves time and money

F.Roca – 101st National Congress of ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Thursday 24, September, 2015 , Rome- Italy14

RES R&D Roadmap

Increase R&D efforts to reduce costs

Necessity to deeply involve the crosslinks with all others science fields (materials, devices , system, smart O&M)

Ensure Solar and other renewables readiness for rapid deployment

Supporting implementation for existing technology (short term) and Innovations (medium.long term option)

Expand international R&D collaboration

Making best use of national/international competencies.--- > European strategy

PV Road map (summary)

Increased efficiency of energy conversion and energy production systems based on new materials 15-20%-- > 45-50% eff Solar cells level and 12-15% PV system level -- >30%

Reduction of quantities of valuable raw materials and the development of processes to support high manufacturability

Environmental sustainability of any technological processes and future recycling low environmental impact

Material and devices

PV Road map (summary)

Reduction of the cost of various components of the system (photovoltaic module, BOS, installation, etc)

Reduction of Environmental impact in production & end life Architectural integration, landscaping Development of components reliable and competitive species for

the components that are today less reliable than solar modules (ie.BOS)

PV applicability and simple to install. Definition of standards for the testing and use.

Development of dedicated components and additional features (provision of services advanced to the end user and the electric utility (ie. control in operating conditions, optimization of energy production, etc.)

PV Systems and applications

CSP Road map (summary)

Technological innovations to lower costs and optimized for cogeneration of electricity --- >Development of small solar-hybrid power plants

Development of advanced "Solar Power" Tecnology suitable for applications in systems of small multifunctional modular size (1 to 10 MWe), hybridized with renewables (biomass, biogas, geothermal),

Diversified Application desalination; use of process for steam generation / heating for domestic and /

or industrial; production of solar fuels by biomass (steam explosion, steam gasification, liquefaction steam) or other primary fuels

RES Smart grid Road Map (summary)

Demand Side Management (active & passive) Networks of Transmission and Distribution Integrated ICT Infrastructure Cost effective , reliable low environmental impact storage

threshold of at least 20-25% should however produced by

predictable energy sources. Integration of intermittent generating units (including

microgeneration Smart and efficient interconnection capacity

(pan-national/international electricity sharing) Accumulation and integration electric vehicles to the network

Smart grid & storage Road Map

Energy Technologies Dept ENEA Portici Partecipation to European and International Research Projects

P.Le E. Fermi, 1.- Località Granatello, 80055 Portici, Naples Itally

http://www.portici.enea.it

Thanks for your attention

ENEA Energy Technologies Dept. Portici Research Centre

Tel:081-7723270Fax:081-7723344

E-mail:franco.roca@enea.it

Francesco Roca