Through the Bytes Darkly,
description
Transcript of Through the Bytes Darkly,
Through the Bytes Darkly
Through the Bytes Darkly,
Management Information and the Digital Library
Joe ZuccaAssessment, Planning and Publications LibrarianUniversity of Pennsylvania Library
Information Technology Interest GroupACRL, New England ChapterMay 17, 2002
Through the Bytes Darkly
1. Environmental Audit: Key Factors That Influence Our Ability to Measure Digital Information Use
2. From Low Resolution to High Resolution Data: Mining the Server Logs
3. The Data Farm Experiment: Tools That Serve Access Can Also Serve Measurement
4. Why the Data Are Important
Four Sections of This Presentation:
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Strategic Focus
Base planning, goal setting/assessment on empirical evidence. From 1996- an element of Penn’s Strategic Plan
Operational Imperatives
1) Make evaluation and measurement a component of each program and project
2) Construct relays that feed data to people who need quantitative information to strategize and manage
Experimental Attitude
Leverage the data you have; usually they’re “good enough” to validate organizational experience and knowledge
1. Organization and Culture
Measuring Electronic Use at Penn: Environmental Influences
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3 9 86
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6875
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1991 1993 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002
Num
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of T
itles
2. Proliferation of Electronic Resources
Article indexes, e-journals and other full-text resources
Measuring Electronic Use at Penn: Environmental Influences
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2.1. Growth of Expenditures for Electronic Resources
Measuring Electronic Use at Penn: Environmental Influences
1991 1993 1996 1999 2000 20013.7% 3.2% 5.5% 13.2% 13.9% 15.7%
E-Resources as a percent of acquisitions budget
Annual Growth of Expenditures for Electronic Information Based on 1991
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
700%
800%
900%
1000%
1991 1993 1996 1999 2000 2001
PC
T I
ncr
ea
se in
Exp
en
ditu
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Volatile metrics (“The new system doesn’t count that way!”)
Ever-changing data elements (“sets are out “searches” are in)
No common metrics (log-ins, sessions, searches, browses, page hits…)
No measurement standards (What’s a “search”?, What’s a Web “session”?)
Non existent or inaccessible data (the vendor problem)
Approximate & hard to obtain statistics (lots of data, no information)
Fleeting benchmarks
3. Technology’s Hostility to Measurement
Measuring Electronic Use at Penn: Environmental Influences
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From Low Resolution to High Resolution Data:
Mining the Server Logs for
Descriptive Statistics
dial-123-130.dial. indiana.edu - - [04/ Feb/2001 :00:18:02 -0500] "GET /special/ photos/ theater/504.html HTTP/1.0" 200 3247 "http://www.library.upenn. edu /special/photos/ theater /503.html" "Mozilla/4.7 C-CCK MCD {C-UDP; EBM-APPLE} (Macintosh; I; PPC)” dialin1085. upenn.edu--[04/Feb/ 2001:00:18: 04 -0500]"GET/facilities/count_ use.html?resource =China%20Economic%20 Review& method= ejs& url= http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/journal/ 1043951XHT TP/1.0" 200 2027 "http:// www.library.upenn.edu/webbin 5/ resources/ejspubl ic5.cgi?homepage=http:// www. library.upenn.edu/lipp incott/&community= Business" "Mozilla/ 4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.0; Windows 98; DigExt; SPIKE 5)” 203.197. 226.240 - - [04/Feb/2001:00:18:07 -0500] "GET /etext/sasia/aiis/ architecture/khajuraho/ 010a.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 89117 "http://www.library.upenn.edu/etext/sasia/ aiis/arch itecture/khajuraho/010.html" "Mozilla/4.7 [en] (Win95; I)”
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Records in locally-managed databases (including the OPAC)………………………26,332,138
Number of journal article indexes & full-text files (e.g. Academic Index)…….……………...267
Number of e-journals (from publishers such as Elsevier and free sources)…..…………..6,608
Number of digital books (locally created, aggregated and licensed)…….……………...110,000
Number of locally digitized and accessible images (e.g. fine art slides, ms facsimiles)..82,356
Number of records in the OPAC ……………………………….....……………………...2,879,696
Number of pages, forms and directories constituting the library web site……………….32,000
InputsLow Resolution
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Low Resolution
Web Pages Served 1995-2001 from www.library.upenn.edu. 3-month moving average
The Load on Our Machines
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
Jul-9
5
Oct
-95
Jan-
96
Apr
-96
Jul-9
6
Oct
-96
Jan-
97
Apr
-97
Jul-9
7
Oct
-97
Jan-
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Apr
-98
Jul-9
8
Oct
-98
Jan-
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Apr
-99
Jul-9
9
Oct
-99
Jan-
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Apr
-00
Jul-0
0
Oct
-00
Jan-
01
Apr
-01
Web
Pag
es R
eque
sted
per
Mon
th
Total pages requested: FY 96 2,481,146
FY 97 5,316,283 one-year increase................114.3%
FY 98 7,038,872 ...................32.4%
FY 99 11,807,289 ...................67.7%
FY00 12,540,531 .....................6.2%
FY01 14,461,712 ....................15.3%
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0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
OPAC
Web
Changing Machine Demand
Pages Served by the Main Library Web Server + OPAC Server
2002
BlackBoard
Low Resolution
Projected
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0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
fy97 fy99 fy00 fy01
Search Activity Over Time
sea
rch
es
Annual Searches in Licensed Databases (e.g., MEDLINE), FY97-01
Low Resolution
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 4000 8000 12000
sessions
tim
e
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
tim e
sets
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
0 4000 8000 12000
sessions
sets
Correlation Matrix of Use Metrics Available for Ovid Files
Pearson r for Sessions, Connect Time, Sets, Documents Viewed
99 cases
Sessions Time Sets Docs.Viewed
Sessions 1.00
Time .980 1.00
Sets .905 .971 1.00
Documents Viewed .844 .932 .983 1.00
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0
20
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0 100 200 300 400 500
Sessions
Tim
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Tim e
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10001200
14001600
1800
0 100 200 300 400 500
Sessions
Sea
rch
es
Correlation Matrix of Use Metrics Available for SilverPlatter Files
Pearson r for Sessions, Connect Time, Searches, Documents Viewed
94 cases
Sessions Time Searches Abs. Viewed
Sessions 1.00
Time .975 1.00
Searches .899 .901 1.00
Abstracts Viewed .840 .870 .855 1.00
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Are we choosing the right information sources for our audiences?
…optimizing the delivery of electronic information?
…making access as easy and seamless as possible?
…spending our dollars wisely?
…able to detect and respond to change in the patterns of resource use?
High Resolution Data + User Input + Good Program Liaison and Knowledge
Support Resource Management, and Inform Basic Questions, e.g.:
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Using the Architecture of the Web to Increase Data Resolution
www.library.upenn.edu/facilities/count_use.html
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dial-123-130.dial. indiana.edu - - [04/Feb/2001:00:17:38-0500] "GET/special/photos /theater/505.html HTTP/1.0" 200 3086 "http://www.library. upenn.edu/special/photos/theater/504.html" "Mozilla/4.7C-CCK-MCD {C-UDP; EBM-APPLE} (Macintosh; I; PPC)” recrawler 1.bos2.fastsearch.net - -[04/Feb/2001:00: 18:21- 0500] "GET /etext/ sasia/skt-mss/1549 /15a.html HTTP/1.0" 200 2736 "-" "FAST -WebCrawler/2.2-pre27 (crawler@ fast.no; http://www .fast.no/faq/ faqfastweb
search/faqfastwebcrawler.html)" 130.91.196.245.in-addr.arpa--[04/Feb/2001:00 :17:40 -0500] "GET /facilities/count_use.html?resource =ABI/Inform %20 %20Ovid &method= Ovid&url=http:// www.abi-ovid.library.upenn.edu/ovid web/ovidweb.cgi? T=JS& PAGE =main&MODE=ovid& D=infoz HTTP/1.1" 200 2039 "http://www.library.upenn.edu/webbin5/resources/ databases.cgi? business" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 4.0)” 203.197.226.240 - - [04/Feb/2001:00:17:41 -0500] "GET /etext/sasia/aiis/architecture /khajuraho/010.html HTTP/1.0" 200 4427 "http://www. library.upenn.edu/etext/ sasia/ aiis/architecture/ khajur aho/" "Mozilla/4.7 [en] (Win95; I)” 203.197.226. 240- -[04/Feb/200 1:00:17:44 -0500] "GET /images/banner. gifHTTP/1.0" 404 2814 "http://www.library. upenn. edu/etext/sasi a/aiis/architecture /khajuraho/010.html" "Mozilla /4.7 [en] (Win95; I)"pub237.lib.upenn.edu - - [04/Feb/ 2001:00:17:48 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 8070 "-" "WebTrends Alert” dial-123-130.dial. indiana.edu - - [04/ Feb/2001 :00:18:02 -0500] "GET /special/ photos/ theater/504.html HTTP/1.0" 200 3247 "http://www.library.upenn. edu /special/photos/ theater /503.html" "Mozilla/4.7 C-CCK MCD {C-UDP; EBM-APPLE} (Macintosh; I; PPC)” dialin1085. upenn.edu--[04/Feb/ 2001:00:18: 04 -0500]"GET/facilities/count_use.html?resource=China%20Economic%20 Review& method= ejs& url= http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/journal/ 1043951XHT TP/1.0" 200 2027 "http:// www.library.upenn.edu/webbin 5/ resources/ejspubl ic5.cgi?homepage=http:// www. library.upenn.edu/lipp incott/&community= Business" "Mozilla/ 4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.0; Windows 98; DigExt; SPIKE 5)” 203.197. 226.240 - - [04/Feb/2001:00:18:07 -0500] "GET /etext/sasia/aiis/ architecture/khajuraho/ 010a.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 89117 "http://www.library.upenn.edu/etext/sasia/ aiis/arch itecture/khajuraho/010.html" "Mozilla/4.7 [en] (Win95; I)”
Beginning with a stream of unprocessed log data...
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Æ |http://www.uqtr.uquebec.ca/AE/index.html|World||||History of Art|F-T|No|07-16-1999 : 11:11|10-25-2000 : 11:30||ABA Bank Compliance|http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=07-01-2003&REQ=3&PUB=14954&Cert=0CEccdp7 aMS6kuCDmdhPNL%2bQ2tTOLTrDEHAz%2bYmHN172RUqZPCJ2SvATX%2bFGA7htIYkVlFVWSyawE0NvKlpBZ%2bO%2f%2bLEWBnchnwLT9%2b%2fdGGHSlx0PO3dxUQd3g2S9QP2FghKaQ2ncl5EdDKBum2vykhvxsyRQutjuMGKfxAKHOA4-|Penn|ABI/Inform|||Business,Finance|F-TPI| No|03-13-2001: 00:01|03-14-2001 : 11:31|mw|ABA Journal|http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=07-012003&REQ=3&PUB=27585&Cert=PfySiFXf1 0i6kuCDmdhPNL%2bQ2tTOLTrDEHAz%2bYmHN172RUqZPCJ2SvATX%2bFGA7ht1pGvDP%2bFxrGwE0NvKlpBZ%2bO%2f%2bLEWBnchnwLT9%2b%2fdGGHSlx0PO3dxUQd3g2S9QP2FghKaQ2ncl5EdDKBum2vykhvxsyRQutjuAyIsegc4Y7Y-|Penn|ABI/Inform|||Finance|F-TPI|No|03-13-2001: 00:01||mw|
ABI/Inform |http://www.umi.com/pqdauto|Penn||||Biomedical Research,Management,Business,Clinical Medicine,Clinical Medicine,Nursing, Econo mics, Health Care Policy & Management| F-TSDb|No|07-16-1999 :11:11|02-09-2001 12:14||
…and information culled from databases that generate our Web pages...
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…to extracting, parsing, storing, and mining for significant content.
hrn1117.resnet-student.upenn.edu4-Feb-01 17:25:31 Music Index Online | | |
dhcp004.lib.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 17:26:54 LEXIS/NEXIS Academic Universe | | |
node.uphs.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 17:27:13 Internet Grateful Med | | |
biomed07.med.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 17:27:44 MEDLINE | | |
janus.siast.sk.ca 4-Feb-01 17:30:18 Design Studies |ScienceDirect |05,24,40,68 |F-TPI
lrsm228pc2.lrsm.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 17:30:29 Physical Review B | |10,55 |F-TPI
sub200141.colstate.edu 4-Feb-01 17:32:15 Representations |JSTOR |05,14,25,29,31,36,38,64|F-TPI
ref124.lib.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 17:36:05 British Journal of Aesthetics |Oxford |54 |F-TPI
client-151-200-195-5.silvmul.com4-Feb-01 17:37:20 Dow Jones Interactive | |08,09,13,20,27,32,37,51,56,59,64,70|F-TSDb
janet.sas.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 17:39:28 MEDLINE | | |
130.91.196.245 4-Feb-01 17:40:43 ABI/Inform |Ovid |08,44,09,13,20,27,32,37,51,56,59,64,70|F-TSDb
198.84.16.26 4-Feb-01 17:41:48 MEDLINE | | |
ip-20-12-201.philly-t.navipath.net4-Feb-01 17:44:52 Dow Jones Interactive | |08,09,13,20,27,32,37,51,56,59,64,70|F-TSDb
t13pc.seas.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 17:48:10 MEDLINE | | |
dialin1085.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 18:04:05 China Economic Review |ScienceDirect |09 |
dhcp066.lib.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 18:07:12 Anthropological Literature | | |
hil-235-113.resnet.upenn.edu4-Feb-01 18:09:08 Journal of Sociolinguistics |ECO |02,43,64 |F-TPI
dhcp082.lib.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 20:11:30 Art Index | | |
gvdf.med.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 21:07:12 Biochemistry |ACS |10 |F-TPI
lsw-103-197.greeknet-student.upenn.edu4-Feb-01 22:07:12 LEXIS/NEXIS Academic Universe | | |
nic-21-95.resnet.upenn.edu 4-Feb-01 23:07:12 ERIC | | |
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Database Log-ins Pct Total Cost Per Login
Use of Licensed Resources
What Databases Do Our Clients Use at What Cost?
15 Most Frequently Used Index/Abstract/Full-text Databases in FY 2001
MEDLINE 205,150 22.9% $ 0.10
LEXIS/NEXIS 63,817 7.1% $ 0.42
Academic Index 52,407 5.9% $ 0.58
Dow Jones 39,828 4.5% $ 0.68
ISI Citation Indexes 39,753 4.4% $ 2.75
ABI/Inform 36,190 4.0% $ 1.09
PsycINFO 27,636 3.1% $ 0.89 Investext 17,695 2.0% $ 0.68
Business & Industry 16,797 1.9% $ 0.55
CINAHL/Nursing 16,232 1.8% $ 0.36
PubMed 15,610 1.7% $ -
MLA International 13,359 1.5% $ 0.41
Multex 12,196 1.4% $ 0.10
ERIC 10,852 1.2% $ 0.54
EconLit 8,940 1.0% $ 0.80
Hoovers Online 8,905 1.0% $ 0.22
Inter Bibliog Soc Science 8,152 0.9% $ 0.38
Sociological Abstracts 7,703 0.9% $ 1.58
S&P Industry Surveys 7,346 0.8% $ 0.63
D&B Million $ Database 6,376 0.7% $ 1.74
All others 894,416 100.0%
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Science 4,232 1.5% 3,114 1,057
Nature 4,081 1.4% 2,880 1,173
Journal of Biological Chemistry 2,408 0.8% 1,883 519
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2,405 0.8% 2,153 247
New England Journal of Medicine 1,994 0.7% 1,359 620
Angewandte Chemie (international edition) 1,836 0.6% 1,665 167
Journal of Organic Chemistry 1,660 0.6% 1,504 150
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1,608 0.6% 1,246 360
Tetrahedron Letters 1,361 0.5% 1,218 143
Organic Letters 1,308 0.5% 1,208 99
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S. 1,285 0.5% 1,017 266
Journal of Molecular Biology 1,060 0.4% 850 210
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 1,023 0.4% 650 352
Journal of Chemical Physics 992 0.3% 819 172
Journal of Finance 887 0.3% 423 378
Lancet 867 0.3% 637 227
American Journal of Sociology 860 0.3% 384 373
Medicine 849 0.3% 580 263
Applied Physics Letters 834 0.3% 751 83
Physical Review B 826 0.3% 727 98
What Are the High Use E-Journals, Data for FY2001
Title Log-ins Pct Total Log-ins Log-ins
On Campus Off Campus
Use of Licensed Resources
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ScienceDirect 139,727 27.1% $0.63
ECO 70,730 13.7% $0.09
JSTOR 48,668 9.4% $0.35
Wiley 38,255 7.4% $0.09
ACS 31,865 6.2% $0.12
Ideal 30,568 5.9% $5.51
Blackwell/Munksgaard 28,940 5.6% $0.27
Journals@Ovid 26,982 5.2% n/a
Oxford 14,819 2.9% $0.20
SpringerLINK 13,507 2.6% n/a
ABI/Inform 12,785 2.5% $3.08
Project Muse 11,438 2.2% $1.22
AIP 7,873 1.5% $5.01
Cambridge 7,835 1.5% n/a
Annual Reviews 7,215 1.4% $0.08
IEEE 7,132 1.4% $6.73
RSC 5,661 1.1% n/a
Others† 11,451 2.2%
Total 515,451 100%
† 11 publishers
Publisher Log-ins Pct of Total Cost Per Login
How Much Bang Do We Get on the Dollar For E-Journals?
E-Journal Subscription Costs Per Log-In, FY2002 (July-April)
Use of Licensed Resources
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0%
10%
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100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
PCT of Titles
PC
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Use of Licensed Resources
How Does Use Scatter Across Databases
Use Measured in Log-ins for FY 2001
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0
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NUR
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ADMSEAS
SASGSE
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DENTALLA
W†
Log-
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Per
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†Does not include resources licensed by the Law Library for Law school affiliates
Use of Licensed Resources
How Does Database Use Distribute By Communities?
School and Center Domains
Per Capita Use of Databases by Penn’s Schools and Centers, FY 2001
9.3%Dorms
0.5%Law
0.9%Dental
1.0%Fine Arts
1.3%Commnctn
1.8%Social Wrk
1.4%Education
2.5%Veterinary
3.5%Nursing
4.4%Enginrng
4.8%Admin
12.3%Wharton
12.8%In-Library
20.4%Arts & Sci
23.2%Medicine
School Pct of Log-ins
Database Use by Penn’s Schools & Centers
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Human. Life Social Business Physical TotalScience Science Science
Administration 21.1% 36.5% 13.9% 07.0% 21.6% 100.0%Wharton 02.9% 74.3% 03.2% 19.2% 00.5% 100.0%Annenberg 15.2% 32.1% 42.3% 08.9% 01.5% 100.0%Medical 02.3% 86.0% 01.9% 01.0% 08.8% 100.0%Dental 01.8% 87.7% 08.9% 00.2% 01.4% 100.0%Veterinary 01.7% 96.0% 00.6% 00.4% 01.3% 100.0%Dialin 08.5% 63.2% 09.9% 15.4% 02.9% 100.0%Education 24.6% 13.1% 61.5% 00.8% 00.0% 100.0%Fine Arts 29.0% 18.5% 45.7% 5.6% 01.2% 100.0%Law 13.0% 26.6% 20.9% 37.0% 02.4% 100.0%Library 21.3% 54.8% 09.1% 08.5% 06.3% 100.0%Nursing 15.9% 73.1% 07.8% 03.2% 00.0% 100.0%Student Residences 18.9% 57.0% 12.6% 09.0% 02.5% 100.0%Arts and Sciences 08.2% 26.3% 5.7% 09.9% 49.9% 100.0%Engineering 0 1.5% 29.5% 2.3% 01.2% 65.6% 100.0%Social Work 20.6% 29.1% 41.6% 06.1% 02.7% 100.0%Unresolved 18.9% 44.7% 17.8% 10.0% 08.6% 100.0%
Total 14.7% 50.7% 11.9% 8.6% 14.1% 100.0%
Network Domain
Subject focus
Database & E-Journal Log-ins by Subject (based on log samples from FY2001)
Use of Licensed Resources
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On-Campus Depts50%
In-Library25%
Off-Campus15%
Campus Residences10%
Use of Licensed Resources
Where Do Our Clients Access Information?
Database Log-ins by Domain, FY2001
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Database Log-ins from Off Campus as a Percent of Total Log-ins, FY2001
0.0%
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SSWGSE
WHRT
NURSSAS
DENTL
GSFA
SEASASC
MED
LAW
ADM†
VET
On Campus
Off-Campus
School or Center
Use of Licensed Resources
Where Do Communities of Clients Work?
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When Are They Working?Use of Licensed Resources
Database Use by Time of Day, FY2001
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In-Library Student Houses Schools Campus Modem Pool
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In-L ibrary Student Houses Schools Campus Modem Pool All Other (non-Penn domains)
The points on this line total 100% of logons for the hour 5-6 AM . In this example, "All Other Domains" accounted for 46.6% of attempted log-ons during the given hour.
Network Domains:
Use of Licensed Resources
How Does Audience Composition Change Through the Day?
Database Use by hour, FY2001
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The Data Farm Experiment: Tools That Serve Information Access Can Also Serve Measurement
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Schematic of the Data FarmAs of May 2002
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To Demonstrate Accountability:
Is the library spending the Schools’ money effectively? (Pressures of Penn’s responsibility center budget environment)
To Understand and Describe the Transfer of Technology:
Is the academic information universe a digital universe (as some at Penn believe)?
Is the digital universe more cost efficient than the paper one (as some at Penn believe)?
To Guide the Improvement of Existing and the Development of New Services
To Ensure the Successful Fulfillment of Our Mission
Why Are the Data Important?
“If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll probably end up somewhere else” - Casey Stengel
Through the Bytes Darkly
Through the Bytes Darkly,
Management Information and the Digital Library
Joe Zucca University of Pennsylvania Library [email protected]