THROTTLE, HEIJUNKA.docx

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A throttle is the mechanism by which the flow of a fluid is managed byconstrictionorobstruction.

Anengine's power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet gases (i.e., by the use of a

throttle), but usually decreased. The term throttle has come to refer, informally and incorrectly, to any

mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated. What is often termed a throttle (in

an aviation context) is more correctly called athrust lever. For asteam engine, the steam valve thatsets the engine speed/power is often known as a regulator.

Inautomotive engineering, an inlet manifold orintake manifold is the part of anenginethat supplies

thefuel/airmixture to thecylinders. The word manifoldcomes from the Old English

wordmanigfeald(from the Anglo-Saxon manig[many] and feald[fold]) and refers to the folding

together of multiple inputs and outputs.

In contrast, anexhaust manifoldcollects theexhaust gasesfrom multiple cylinders into one pipe.

Throttle response orvehicle responsiveness is a measure of how quickly a vehicle'sprime mover,

such as an internal combustion engine, can increase its power output in response to a driver's request

for acceleration, such as a pedal being pressed.Throttlesare not used in diesel engines, but the term

throttle is often used to refer to any input that modulates the power output of a vehicle's prime mover.

Throttle response is often confused with better power, but throttle response is rather related to time

taken for change in power level.[1]

Foil bearings, also known as foil-air bearings, are a type ofair bearing. A shaft is supported by a

compliant, spring-loadedfoiljournal lining. Once the shaft is spinning quickly enough, the

workingfluid(usuallyair) pushes the foil away from the shaft so that there is no more contact. The

shaft and foil are separated by the air's high pressure which is generated by the rotation which pulls

gas into the bearing via viscosity effects. A high speed of the shaft with respect to the foil is required

to initiate the air gap, and once this has been achieved, no wear occurs. Unlike aero orhydrostatic

bearings, foil bearings require no external pressurisation system for the working fluid, so thehydrodynamic bearing is self-starting.

carburator, carburettor, orcarburetter(Commonwealth spelling) is a device that

blendsairandfuelfor aninternal combustion engine.

The carburetor works onBernoulli's principle: the faster air moves, the lower itsstatic pressure, and

the higher itsdynamic pressure. Thethrottle(accelerator) linkage does not directly control the flow of

liquid fuel. Instead, it actuates carburetor mechanisms which meter the flow of air being pulled into the

engine. The speed of this flow, and therefore its pressure, determines the amount of fuel drawn into

the airstream.
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A muffler(orsilencerin British English) is a device for reducing the amount ofnoiseemitted by

theexhaustof aninternal combustion engine. AUS Patentfor an Exhaust muffler for engines was

granted to Milton and Marshall Reeves in 1897.

Operating principle of turbocharger

In mostpiston engines, intake gases are "pulled" into the engine by the downward stroke of the

piston[16][17]

(which creates a low-pressure area), similar to drawing liquid using a syringe. The amount

of air which is actually inhaled, compared with the theoretical amount if the engine could maintain

atmospheric pressure, is calledvolumetric efficiency.[18]The objective of a turbocharger is to improve

an engine's volumetric efficiency by increasing density of the intake gas (usually air).

The turbocharger's compressor draws in ambient air and compresses it before it enters into theintake

manifoldat increased pressure.[19]

This results in a greater mass of air entering the cylinders on each

intake stroke. The power needed to spin thecentrifugal compressoris derived from the kinetic energy

of the engine's exhaust gases.[20]

A turbocharger may also be used to increase fuel efficiency without increasing power.[21]

This is

achieved by recovering waste energy in the exhaust and feeding it back into the engine intake. By

using this otherwise wasted energy to increase the mass of air, it becomes easier to ensure that all

fuel is burned before being vented at the start of the exhaust stage. The increased temperature fromthe higher pressure gives a higherCarnotefficiency.

The control of turbochargers is very complex and has changed dramatically over the 100-plus years

of its use. Modern turbochargers can use wastegates, blow-off valves and variable geometry, as

discussed in later sections.

The reduced density of intake air is often compounded by the loss of atmospheric density seen with

elevated altitudes. Thus, a natural use of the turbocharger is withaircraft engines. As an aircraft

climbs to higher altitudes, the pressure of the surrounding air quickly falls off. At 5,486 metres

(17,999 ft), the air is at half the pressure of sea level, which means that the engine will produce less

than half-power at this altitude.[22]
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A poppet valve (also called mushroom valve[1]

) is avalvetypically used to control the timing and

quantity of gas or vapour flow into an engine. It consists of a hole, usually round or oval, and a

tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. The shaft guides the

plug portion by sliding through avalve guide. In most applications a pressure differential helps to seal

the valve and in some applications also open it. Poppet valves date from at least the 1770s, when

Watt used them on his beam engines.

Exhaust Valves are poppet valves.

Throttle valves are butterfly valves.

Heijunka boxA heijunka box is a visual scheduling tool used inheijunka, a concept created byToyotafor

achieving a smoother production flow originally. Whilst heijunka refers to the concept of achieving

production smoothing, the heijunka box is the name of a specific tool used in achieving the aims of

heijunka.

The heijunka box is generally a wall schedule which is divided into a grid of boxes or a set of 'pigeon-

holes'/rectangular receptacles. Each column of boxes representing a specific period of time, lines are

drawn down the schedule/grid to visually break the schedule into columns of individual shifts or days

or weeks. Coloured cards representing individual jobs (referred to askanbancards) are placed on the

heijunka box to provide a visual representation of the upcoming production runs.

The heijunka box makes it easy to see what type of jobs are queued for production and for when they

are scheduled. Workers on the process remove the kanban cards for the current period from the box

in order to know what to do. These cards will be passed to another section when they process the

related job.

Implementation

An example of a Heijunka box.

The Heijunka box allows easy and visual control of a smoothed production schedule.

A typical heijunka box has horizontal rows for each product. It has vertical columns for identical time

intervals of production. In the illustration on the right, the time interval is thirty minutes. Production

control kanban are placed in the pigeon-holes provided by the box in proportion to the number of

items to be built of a given product type during a time interval.
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In this illustration, each time period builds an A and two Bs along with a mix of Cs, Ds and Es. What is

clear from the box, from the simple repeating patterns of kanbans in each row, is that the production

is smooth of each of these products.

This ensures that production capacity is kept under a constant pressure thereby eliminating many

issues.

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