Arab Academy for Science and Technology and

Maritime Transport

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Control Engineering

Three-Phase Four-Wire Shunt Active Power Filter For

Unbalanced Non-Linear Loads

Presented by

Eng. Abdalla Mohamed AbdEI-Aziz Mohmaed AbdEI-HaflZ Fahmy

From Egypt

A Thesis Submitted to Electrical and Computer Control Department in Fulfillment of the

Requirements

For the Master's Degree of Science

In

Electrical and Computer Control Engineering.

Supervised by

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Lotti

Electrical and Control Department

Arab Academy for Science and Technology

Dr. Mostafa Saad

Electrical and Control Department

Arab Academy for Science and Technology

Dr. Ahmed Kadry

Electrical and Control Department

Arab Academy for Science and Technology 2012

We certify that we have read the present work and that in our opinion it is

fully adequate in scope and quality as a thesis towards the partial fulfillment

of the Master's Degree requirements in

Supervisor(s):

Name:

I Position:

I Signature:

Name:

Position:

Signature:

Name:

Position:

Signature:

Examiners:

Name:

Position:

Signature:

Name:

Position:

Signature:

G" (~c../:;;v,·' n 'r>_ I, .. J-yo/ c-._ ".Hf<.I-,·IIf,t Specialization ........... ~; .~. c.v-. Cl '0 ,"-v'] ..J

From

College of . .f.t:6.{!f.'~~tl.':J.kk~:. (AASTMT)

Date .... ~a../.ul1d?/J....:.

Prof. Ahmed Ahmed Lotfy

Prof. College of Engineering and Technology

Arab Academy for Science and Technology

~ Dr. Mostafa Saad Abdallah Hamad

Assistant Prof. College of Engineering and Technology

Arab Academy for ~cience and Technology

~~'

Dr. Ahmed Kadry Abdelsalam

Assistant Prof. College of Engineering and Technology

Arab Academy for Science and Technology __ c:::=§' ~ hE" 1.

Prof. Ahmed Abdallah Hossam Eldee. A· A · #,Sc1't. 4 4~ · Professor of Electrical Engineering Alexandria University

Prof. Hamdy Salah EI Gohary

Professor of Power and Machine Ain Shams University

DECLARATION

I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me.

The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University.

(Signature) .1.t1l,{J.. ../.t.C.i/..l.~ ...................................... . (Date) ...... .ILa./..//.,/...)p/..b .................................................. .

Table of Contents

Dedication ........................................................................................ .

Acknowledgements.............................................................................. ii

Abstract............................................................ ............................... iii

List of Symbols................................................................................... iv

List of Abbreviations ....................................................................... ..... vi

List of Tables..................................................................................... viii

List of Figures................................................................................ .... ix

CHAPTER 1 Introduction ................................................................ ..

1.1 Power Quality Problems ............................................. ..

1.2 Passive Filter............................................................ 3

1.3 Active Power Filter (APF) ............................................ 3

1.4 Research Objectives ........ ......... ....... ........... ................ 5

1.5 Thesis Outline........................................................... 6

CHAPTER 2 Overview on Shunt Active Power Filters (APF)... ................... 8

2.1 Introduction................ ........... ............................ ........... 8

2.2 Shunt Active Power Filter (APF) ...... ............ .............. ........ 8

2.3 Shunt APF in Three-phase Four-wire Systems ............ ......... 10

2.3.1 Reference Current Extraction Techniques ..................... 10

2.3.2 Current Control Techniques ............... ............. .......... 22

2.3.3 PWM Techniques................................................... 25

2.3.4 Shunt (APF) Topologies in three-phase four-wire system.. 27

2.4 Summary.................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 3 Power Quality Improvement in Three-phase Four-wire System.. 31

3.1 Introduction........................................................ .......... 31

3.2 Power Quality Approach in Three-phase Four-wire System..... 31

3.3 Proposed Current Extraction Technique ............. ................ 32

3.4 Proposed Predictive Current Control Technique ............. ...... 33

3.5 Summary ................................................................... 36

CHAPTER 4 Simulation, Experimental Setup and Methodology ............ 37

4.1 Introduction .................................................................. 37

4.2 Design of APF ........................ ........................................ 37

4.3 Simulation results ........................................................... 38

4.4 Experimental verification................................................ 42

4.5 Summary.................................................................... 48

CHAPTER 5 Results And Discussion...................... .............................. 49

5.1 Introduction..... ....................... ...... ...................... ..... 49

5.2 Simulation versus Experimental Results.. .................... ..... 49

5.3 Adequacy and effectiveness of the implemented technique .... 52

5.4 Summary ................... ......... ...... .............................. 55

CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Work ......... ...... ....... 56

6.1 Conclusions.............................................................. 56

6.2 Suggestions for future work..................................... ..... 57

Appendix A

References

List of Publications

B

C

Dedication

.. 0 '" ,.. J.

< .... £II.t' ~- ~ "\.AA- cS~.J·~.J .. ~ i:J! ji) ~.U __ ~ ~~ .. ~~ _

(162 :~lai~l)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I thank ALLAH for helping me throughout my research and enabling me to finish

my thesis.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this

thesis.

I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Dr. Mostafa Saad Hamad whose help, stimulating

suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.

I have furthermore to thank Dr. Ahmed Kadry AbdElslam for the supervision, valuable hints

and outstanding support that he gave me which truly help , progression and smoothness in this

thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my study.

I would like to express the deepest appreciation to Prof Ahmed Lotfi , for his encouragement,

insightful comments, hard questions offering suggestions for improvement and his continues

help. Without his guidance and persistent help this thesis would not have been possible.

Special thanks are recorded to Prof Hessin Dessuki and Dr Ahmed Anss, who encouragement

was of a great help in difficult times.

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my father indeed Dr. Adel EI-Sayd,

for his patience, motivation and enthusiasm. His guidance helped me in this research and writing

of this thesis.

Sincerely, I also would like to thank my parents, brother, sister and my uncle for the family

support and encouragement which helped me in completing this research. Special gratefulness

and thanks to my mother for her support and praying during my study.

Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my wife Eman whose patient love

enabled me to complete this work.

Last but not least I would like to thank my friends especially Dr. Amr Galal , Dr. Braa

Mohamed, Mr Amr Shaban ,Eng. Ahmed Zewil and Eng. Ali Lamey Ghanim.

ii

Abstract

Harmonics is one of the power quality issues that influence to a great extent

transformer overheating, rotary machine vibration, voltage quality degradation, destruction of

electric power components, and malfunctioning of medical facilities.

Power quality improvement has been given considerable attention due to the intensive

use of nonlinear loads and the limitations required by international standards such as

lEEE519-1992, lEC 1 000-3-2, and lEC 1 000-3-4.

Those limitations were set in order to limit the disturbances and to avoid major

problems in power system. Since linear and/or non-linear single-phase loads are rapidly

increasing, zero sequence component and current harmonics are generated. This causes system

unbalance and overheating of the associate distribution transformers that may lead to a system

failure, especially in weak networks.

The harmonic current can be suppressed by using a passive or active power filter,

(APF). Passive filters are used due to their simplicity, ease of maintenance and low cost.

However, it has several disadvantages like the risk of series and parallel resonances, system

impedance dependency and aging effect of the filter passive components. Generally, APF sorts

out the classical passive filters problems. It can be used to mitigate the line current harmonics

and the neutral current in order to improve the system power quality and enhance the grid

connection.

In this thesis, a four-wire capacitor midpoint shunt APF with a predictive control

technique is used to mitigate both of the supply current harmonics and the neutral current,

hence achieving balanced supply current and improve power factor. The proposed strategy

provides a simple controller incorporating Phase Locked Loop, (PLL), independency,

minimized number of sensors, ease of practical implementation, and reduced system size and

cost. The proposed system's performance is investigated using a MATLAB simulation model.

In addition, a prototype is implemented to validate the proposed system performance

experimentally.

iii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Symbols

C Cdc

Cdc min

ea(t) Ema ea ep eo , , ia(t)

ia ip io , ,

.. .. .-'sal 'sb l 'se

ica , ieb ,icc

iLa,iLb,iLc

i~ is isn iL iLn

icn IH M(p_p)max

isa, isb, ise

KI I(p

Li L Ln N p

P P PL q q p q s Ts Vs

Definition

Capacitor DC -bus capacitor DC -bus capacitor Phase a voltage source Peak amplitude of the 'a' phase voltage Voltage terms in the aBO plane

Compensated line current Current terms in the aBO plane

Current terms in the dqO plane

Reference phase currents

Compensation phase currents

Load phase currents

Compensation reference current

Source current Source neutral current Load current Load current neutral current Compensation neutral current or inverter neutral current The harmonics content of load to be compensated The maximum peak to peak filter current

Source currents Integration constant of PI controller Proportional constant of PI controller Phases Interfacing inductor Inductor Neutral interfacing inductor The number of samples per fundamental period Instantaneous active power DC component of instantaneous active power AC component of instantaneous active power Active load power Instantaneous reactive power DC component of instantaneous reactive power AC component of instantaneous reactive power Instantaneous reactive power is the vector

Instantaneous apparent power Sampling time Source volta e

iv

v

" Vc

Vc

Vs

Vs x(n) Xa e 91

DC-bus voltage Dc-link reference voltage Reference compensating voltage Two capacitors' voltages Amplitude of the modulating signal

Inverter output voltage Supply voltage rms value of source voltage Input signal (voltage or current) at the sampled point n Complex Fourier vector of the ath harmonic Phase angle of load current Reference angle of the fundamental

v

LIST OF ABBREV ATIONS

Abbreviations

AC

APF

ANSI

CSD

CSI

DC

EN

EMI

FFT

OFT

DSP

GTO

HPF

LPF

IEC

IEEE

IGBT

PCC

PF

PI

PLL

PWM

RMS

SPWM

SMC

SRF

RSD

Nomenclatures

Alternating Current

Active Power Filter

American National Standard Institute

Current Synchronous Detection

Current Source Inverter

Direct Current

European Standards

Electromagnetic Interference

Fast Fourier Transform

Discrete Fourier Transform

Digital Signal Processors

Gate-Tum-Off Thyristors

High-Pass Filter

Low-Pass Filter

International Electro Technical Commission

Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

Point Of Common Coupling

Power Factor

Proportional-Integral Controller

Phase-Lock Loop

Pulse Width Modulation

Root Mean Square

Sinusoidal PWM

Sliding Mode Control

Synchronous Reference Frame

Resistance Synchronous Detection

vi

THO

VSI

Total Harmonic Distortion

Voltage Source Inverter

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table NO. Title

5.1 Comparison between different shunt active filtering topologies

vii

Page

52

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no.

1.1

1.2

Title Page

Common types of passive filters and their configurations ......... 3

Schematic diagram for a shunt active power filter .. ................ 5

1.3 A three-phase four-wire supply feeding a three-phase four-wire

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

load ....................................................................... 5

Shunt APF: (a) with VSI and (b) with CSI ............................ ..

Fast Fourier Transform process ........................................ .

Physical meaning of the p-q-r reference frames (a) relation

between a-B-O reference frame and a' -13' -0 reference frame (view

from above the O-axis) and (b) relation between a'-B'-O reference

frame and p-q-r reference frame (view from below the q-axis) ..

The principle of synchronous fundamental d-q frame .............. .

The principle of capacitor voltage monitor ........................... .

PI-current control ......................................................... .

Hysteresis current control ............................................. ..

Three-phase YSI: (a) modulating and carrier signals, (b) inverter

output line voltage, v ,(c) inverter output phase voltage, v , Cab can

and (d) spectrum of v ........................... .................. .. Can

9

12

15

18

20

23

24

26

2.9 Three-phase YSI: (a) modulating and carrier signals, (b) switch

S.+ state, (c) switch Sb' state, and (d) inverter line voltage, v.... 27 Cab

2.10 Figure 2.10 Three-phase four-wire shunt APFs: (a) Split-

capacitor and (b) Four-leg. .... ....................................... ... 28

2.11 Three-phase four-wire shunt APFs Three full-bridge .............. . 29

3.1 A three-phase four-wire supply feeding a three-phase four-wire

load ......................................................................... 31

3.2 Four-wire capacitor midpoint shunt APF connected to three-

ix

3.3

3.4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

phase four-wire system ................................................. .

Block diagram for controlling APF using predictive control ..... .

Predictive current control .............................................. .

Four-wire capacitor midpoint shunt APF connected to three-

phase four-wire system ................................................. .

Simulation results ....................................................... .

APF capacitors voltage simulation results .......................... .

Supply current rms value and balance before and after

compensation ........................................................... ..

The supply current THO before and after compensation ......... ..

Practical system setup ................................................... .

Photo of the practical system setup ................................. ..

The load current, h experimental results ............................. .

APF compensating currents, ic_abc experimental results ............ .

Supply current after compensation experimental results ........... .

Load neutral current, hn ,tiIter neutral current, icn, and supply

32

33

34

39

40

41

42

42

43

44

45

45

46

neutral current,isn, after compensation experimental results ....... 46

4.12 DC-link voltage ........................................................ ..

5.1 Results: (a) load current, h simulation results, (b) load current, h

experimental results, (c) supply current after compensation, is

simulation results and (d) supply current after compensation, is

5.2

experimental results ...................................................... .

Results: (a) load neutral current, hn simulation results, (b) load

neutral current, hn experimental results. (c) filter neutral current,

icn simulation results, (d) tilter neutral current, icn experimental

results, (e) supply neutral current after compensation, isn

simulation results and (f) supply neutral current after

47

50

compensation, isn experimental results................................. 51

x

5.3 APF capacitors voltage results: (a) the two-capacitor voltages,

Vdcl and,Vdc] simulation results, (b) the two-capacitor voltages,

Vdcl and,Vdc2 experimental results, (c) total voltage, Vdc simulation

results and (d) total voltage, Vdcexperimental results... ... ....... ... 5 J

xi

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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1) Fahmy, A., Hamad, M. S, Abdelsalam, A. K., and Lotfy, A. , 'Power Quality

Improvement in Three-Phase Four-Wire System using a Shunt APF with Predictive

Current Control', IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics

Published

2) Fahmy, A., Hamad, M. S, Abdelsalam, A. K., and Lotfy, A. , 'Power Quality

Improvement of an Isolated Four-Wire Wind Energy Conversion System using a Shunt

APF with Predictive Current Control', IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics

Journal Under review

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