Three Phase Fault Analysis

8/17/2019 Three Phase Fault Analysis

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G.S.M Based Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset

CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURE.................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1: Introduction........................................................................................................1.1 FUNCTIONALITY..........................................................................................................

1.! PROBLE" CONTE#T.......................................................................................................

1.% CHALLENGES IN THE PRO&ECT.............................................................................

1.%.1 N'( t'c)no*o+, n''d to -' *' rnt:................................................................................../

1.4 TANGIBLE BENEFIT 0 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS......................................................

1.4.1 TANGIABLE BENEFIT............................................................................................1.4.! INTANGIBLE BENEFITS........................................................................................

1.2 N''d o3 uc) , t'5..............................................................................................................

1.6 TARGET USERS.............................................................................................................

1. R' ort L ,out......................................................................................................................

CHAPTER !: PRO&ECT "ANAGE"ENT................................................................................

!.1 TI"E "ANAGE"ENT......................................................................................................1!

!.! PERT CHART....................................................................................................................

!.% TI"ELINE........................................................................................................................

!.4 PRO&ECT RIS7 "ANAGE"ENT ISSUE.........................................................................

CHAPTER %: TECHNICAL LITERATURE RE8IE9..............................................................

%.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE RE8IE9..........................................................................

%.! NEE OF LITERATURE RE8IE9..................................................................................

%.% FAULT ETECTION 0 CLASSIFICATION: PRE8IOUS STU IES 0 RESEARCH...

%.4 FAULT ETECTION TECHNI;UE................................................................................

%.4.1 I5 'd nc'


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%.4.!. Tr ='*in+ 9 =' POSITI8ESE;UENCE 0 ?ERO SE;UENCE CURRENT......................................................................%

4.4 USE OF SY""ETRICAL CO"PONENT "ETHO IN FAULT ANALYSIS................%%

C) t'r 2: 5 t)'5 tic * 5od'*in+...............................................................................................

2.1 THE A OPERATOR.........................................................................................................

2.! THE & OPERATOR..........................................................................................................

2.% FAULT CALCULATION IN THREE PHASE SYSTE"................................................

2.%.1 T)r''< ) ' 3 u*t....................................................................................................

2.%.! Sin+*' P) ' to +round F u*t...................................................................................

2.%.% Lin' @to @Lin' 3 u*t.............................................................................................

2.%.4 Lin'< to


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6.2.1T)r'' ) ' to +round 3 u*t.........................................................................................

6.2.! Lin' @Lin' @+round 3 u*t........................................................................................

6.2.% L


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1%.! So3t( r' r' uir'd.................................................................................................................

R'3'r'nc' .....................................................................................................................................

A 'ndi A...............................................................................................................................A 'ndi B...............................................................................................................................

A 'ndi ................................................................................................................................

A 'ndi c: H' t) S 3't, nd Et)ic * A ' 5'nt...................................................................

A 'ndi : U 'r 5 nu *........................................................................................................

APPEN I# E : RE8IE9 0 RESERCH PAPER.......................................................................1

TABLE OF FIGURE

Fi+ur' 1 : '='*o 'd ) rd( r'......................................................................................................Fi+ur' !: Tr n 5i ion *in'......................................................................................................Fi+ur' %: ProD'ct " n +'5'nt F*o( c) rt...................................................................................Fi+ur' 4: P'rt c) rt.....................................................................................................................Fi+ur' 2: 3*o( c) rt o3 3 u*t d't'ction 5't)od.............................................................................Fi+ur' 6: 8 riou 5't)od 3or d't'ctin+ 3 u*t...............................................................................

Fi+ur' : 3 u*t d't'ction u in+ 5 +n'tic 3i'*d 'n or...............................................................Fi+ur' $: 3 u*t c* i3ic tion *+orit)5................................................................................Fi+ur' /: L


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Fi+ur' !2: i tri-ut'd r 5't'r *in'............................................................................................Fi+ur' !6: T)r'' ) ' 8


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t t' ()ic) ) 'n 5or' o3t'n *' din+ to t)' 3 i*ur' o3 5 n, ' ui 5'nt or 5 , '='n -' *i3't)r' t'nin+ to t)' o 'r tin+ 'r on *> o to o='rco5' t)i 'n+in''r ) =' d'='*o 'd , t'5 to

n *, i t)' 3 u*t in o('r , t'5. T)' 3 u*t n *, i o3 o('r , t'5 i r' uir'd in ord'r

ro=id' in3or5 tion to '*'ction o3 3't, +' r .

Fi+ur' 1 : '='*o 'd ) rd( r'

F u*t u u **, occur in o('r , t'5 du' to 'it)'r in u* tion 3 i*ur'> 3* )o='r> d 5 +' or )u5 n 'rror. T)' ' 3 u*t > 5 , 'it)'r -' t)r'' ) ' in n tur' in=o*=in+ ** t)r'' ) ' in ,55'tric * 5 nn'r> or 5 , -' ,55'tric * ()'r' u u **, on*, on' or t(o ) '5 , -' in=o*='d.

Fi+ur' !: Tr n 5i ion *in'

F u*t n *, i u u **, c rri'd out in 'r

Pritesh Kumar PT1284410 Page 6 of 108


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o 'r t' on = *u' o3 t)' ord'r o3 unit,. R'* tin+ to on' in+*' ) ' +i=' in3or5 tion r'* t't(o or t)r'' ) ' ('** o it i 5or' o-=iou 0 u33ici'nt to do c *cu* tion in on' ) '.

T)i roD'ct , t'5 (i** -' d' i+n'd to d'='*o n uto5 tic +ri in+ 5'c) ni 5 3or t)r'' )u *, , t'5. T)' out ut (i** r' 't uto5 tic **, ()'n t)'r' i -ri'3 int'rru tion t'5 or r,

3 u*t or r'5 in tri 'd ot)'r(i ' in c ' o3 'r5' nt 3 u*t.

To r' c) t)' i5 3o**o(in+ r' t)' 3i'*d r' uir'd in ()ic) r' ' rc)'r i to (or on:

1. F u*t d't'ction in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion *in'.!. F u*t c* i3ic tion in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion *in'.%. F u*t *oc tion in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion *in'.4. B' t 3 u*t c *cu* tion 5't)od to -' i5 *'5'nt'd 3or c *cu* tion2. Int'r3 cin+ G.S." t'c)no*o+, (it) tr n 5i ion *in' to *'rt t)' o 'r tin+ 'r on *.

!.! FU#CTIO#ALIT%

A tr n 5i ion *in' i n i5 ort nt co5 on'nt o3 t)' '*'ctric * o('r , t'5 0 it rot'ctionn'c' r, 3or 'n urin+ , t'5 t -i*it,.

F u*t d't'ctionF u*t c* i3ic tionF u*t *oc tionSOS 5' +'

Fault dete&tion 'r3or5 n i5 ort nt ro*' in 5ini5i in+ d 5 +in+ ' ui 5'nt du' to )ortcircuit 0 3 t d't'ction o3 3 u*t in n, *in' cond'n ' to uic i o* tion o3 3 u*t, *i

'r=ic' nd )'nc' rot'ctin+ it 3ro5 ) r53u* '33'ct o3 t)' 3 u*t.

Fault &lassi'i&ation d't'r5in' t)' t, ' o3 3 u*t t) t 5 , occur on tr n 5i ion *in' 0 )'nc'no(*'d+' o3 3 u*t t, ' ' 'nti **, -' r' uir'd on 3 u*t *oc tion roc'dur'.

Fault lo&ation < ()'n 3 u*t occur in tr n 5i ion *in'> 3indin+ t)' 3 u*t *oc tion id n '

ro-*'5 in ord'r to 5 ' n'c' r, r' ir 0 r' tor' o('r oon o i-*'.in *oc tin+ 3in3or5 tion roduc'd 3ro5 c* i3ic tion 'ction cou*d -' u 'd 3or ccur t' 3 u*t *oc'= *u t' t)' n'c' r, r' irin+ roc'dur' to -' c rri'd out. U u * 5't)od o3 3 u*t *oc tionund'r:



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T)' 5' ur'5'nt o3 ti5' -'t(''n 'ndin+ 0 r'c'i=in+ n '*'ctric u* ' r'3*'ct'd 3ro5

3 u*t *oc tion.T)' 5' ur'5'nt o3 3und 5'nt * 'riodic co5 on'nt o3 =o*t +' 0 curr'nt in t'r5in * o3

t)' *in'.

SOS (essa)e < In c ' i3 t)' o 'r tin+ 'r on * i not n' r t)' o 'r tin+ , t'5 ()'n t)' 3 u*occurr'd t)' ro o 'd , t'5 (i** 'nd SOS 5' +' to t)' indi=idu * (it) t)' )'* o3 GS"5od'5 in t **'d in t)' , t'5 'n urin+ t) t o 'r tin+ ct oon o i-*'.

!.* PROBLEM CO#TE+T

Tr n 5i ion *in' rot'ction i n i5 ort nt i u' in o('r , t'5 r' on -')ind it i $2 t)' ro o 'd , t'5 i r' uirto ct 3 t to t)' 3 u*t condition.

!., C ALLE#GES I# T E PRO-ECT" n, c) **'n+' ('r' to -' 3 c'd to d'='*o t)' ro o 'd , t'5 G.S." - 'd t)r'' ) '3 u*t n *, i (it) uto r' 't on tr n i'nt 3 u*t or r'5 in tri 'd ot)'r(i 'J. A5on+ t)' 5 Dc) **'n+' in t)' ro o 'd , t'5 ( to c)oo ' t)' 5't)od 3or c *cu* tion o3 3 u*t curr'nt()ic) t'c)ni u' to u ' 3or 3 u*t c* i3ic tion 0 *oc tion. 9' t)'r to tic (it) t)' tr ditioni5 'nd'nc' - 'd 5't)od or to c)oo ' t)' t'c)no*o+, ()ic) ( d'='*o 'd t)' r'c'nt t *i '

rti3ici * n'ur * n't(or t'c)no*o+, or ,nc)roni 'd 5 *in+ or 3u , - 'd.

" n, c) **'n+' n''d to 3 c' 3or t)' d'='*o 5'nt o3 t)i roD'ct -, r' ' rc)'r tud'nt.T)' 5 Dor nd t)' 3or'5o t c) **'n+' in -ui*din+ t)i , t'5 t)' con='ntion * 3 u*t n *, i(it) t)' ro o 'd , t'5. A d'' tud, o3 t)' t'c)no*o+i' i r' uir'd to o='rco5' t)'dr (- c o3 t)' ' i tin+ , t'5 nd r' r' , t'5 ()ic) (i** -' -'tt'r in '='r, r' 'ct 3ro5



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t)' ' i tin+ , t'5. To 3u*3i* t)i n''d> '='r * t'c)no*o+i' n''d to -' *' rn'd to ddr' t)3 u*t r'='ntion , t'5.

!.,.! #E TEC #OLOG% #EE$ TO BE LEAR#T"

'='*o 'r n''d to *' rn n'( t'c)no*o+, 3or d'='*o 5'nt o3 roD'ct ()ic) inc*ud' = riou3 u*t n *, i 5't)od ro o 'd in r'c'nt ti5' uc) ,nc)roni 'd 5 *in+ or 7


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i1. T)' ro o 'd , t'5 (i** ro=id' 5or' 3't, it (i** =oid -'c u ' o3 it utri in+ 5'c) ni 5.

!. 2 #EE$ OF SUC S%STEM $% o3 3 u*t in o('r , t'5 i in tr n 5i ion *in' c u 'd -, , t'5 ro-*'5 i.'. 3 i*u

n, '*'ctric * ' ui 5'nt or )u5 n 'rror or ' t'rn * )indr nc' uc) *i+)tnin+ to o='rco5uc) 3 u*t i not (it)in our r' c) -ut t)' 3 u*t ()ic) occur in , t'5 du' to , t'5 3 i*ur' c n -

contro**'d. " n, t, ' o3 to contro* uc) ro-*'5 ro 'r uto5 t'd d'=ic' i r' uir'd ()ic)c n 'n ' t)' 3 u*t nd 'r3or5 t)' u- ' u'nt r'* , o 'r tion. " in+ uc) d'=ic' c n 'n ut)' r'*i -i*it, o3 o('r , t'5

!.3 TARGET USERS

T)i , t'5 i d' i+n'd to =' *i3' ()'n t)'r' i 3 u*t in tr n 5i ion *in' uc) ' rt+round or dou-*' *in' to *in' 3 u*t. Sinc' t)i 3 u*t r' in )i+) =o*t +' tr n 5i ion ()ic)*' t 6 7" *on+ )ort tr n 5i ion *in' c rr,in+ )' =, =o*t +' c n t ' *i3' ()o o'='r co5cont ct 'r on> ni5 * >'tc. (i** -' *i3' t)r' t'nin+ o it i n'c' r, to i o* t' t)' ) ' 3d 5 +'.

T)i , t'5 i 'ci **, d' i+n'd 3or

Po('r 'ctor i. Po('r +'n'r tion * nt o('r * ntii. Tr n 5i ion u- t tioniii. i tri-ution u- t tion

!.4 REPORT LA%OUT

T)' r' ort co5 ri ' o3 ur=', on t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t n *, i too*. A d't i*'d di cu ion *ic tion o3 3 u*t d't'ction , t'5 i inc*ud'd. C) t'r % cont in t)' d't i*'d di cu

*it'r tur' r'=i'(.

C) t'r 4 inc*ud' introduction to = riou ind o3 3 u*t in o('r , t'5

C) t'r 2. Cont in 5 t)'5 tic * 5od'*in+ o3 o('r , t'5 to co5 ut' dri3tn't t, ' o3 3 u*t in o('r , t'5



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C) t'r 6 inc*ud' " t* - i5u* tion 0 r' u*t

A3t'r C) t'r 6 3urt)'r c) t'r > $ nd / inc*ud' S, t'5 d' i+n> i5 *'5'nt tion> t' tin+ '= *u tion *on+ (it) t)' out ut r' u*t r' * o inc*ud'd in t)' r' ort.

T)' t' tin+ nd '= *u tion r' u*t r' di cu 'd in t)' 'nd nd t)'n 3in * conc*u ion i r'R'3'r'nc' > nd 'ndic' r' * o tt c)'d t t)' 'nd o3 t)' docu5'nt.

T)i roD'ct i on' ,' r (or nd n ' ti5 tion o3 ro i5 t'*, ! 4 d , ( d'cid'dco5 *'t' it. i33'r'nt ti5' *ot r' **ott'd 3or di33'r'nt c) t'r o3 t)' r' ort. R'3'r to 'rt c) r

nd G ntt c) rt +i='n in 'ndi


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A 'r3'ct 3 u*t n *, i too* )ou*d -' -*' to 'r3or5 t)' 3o**o(in+ t

1. F u*t d't'ction in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion *in'.!. F u*t c* i3ic tion in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion *in'.

%. F u*t *oc tion in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion *in'.Int'r3 cin+ t(o t'c)no*o+,4. Int'r3 cin+ G.S." t'c)no*o+, (it) tr n 5i ion *in' to *'rt t)' o 'r tin+ 'r on *

*.! TIME MA#AGEME#T

To c)i'=' roD'ct o-D'cti=' ti5' 5 n +'5'nt i to -' t 'n c r' o3 'riou *, 3ro5 t)' ='r, -'+innin+. T)' 3ir t t' i to roD'ct in 'r= * rt or t t) t ) to -' 'r3or5'd. T)i

)ou*d -' co5 *'t'd -'3or' t)' i5 *'5'nt tion o3 t)' roD'ct. For t)' ro o 'd roD'ct> it in'c' r, to cr' t' ti5' * n -' 'ttin+ t)' o-D'cti=' nd t)'n u-di=idin+ t)'5 into5 n +' -*' ' u'nc' (it) d' d*in' tt c) to it.

T)' 3ir t t' 3or t)' r' ' rc)'r i to id'nti3, )o( to 'r3or5 t)' 'ci3ic c)'du*' cti=it, to -' 'r3or5'd 0 ti5' 'riod n''d'd to co5 *'t' t)o ' cti=it,. T)' r' ' rc)'r 5u t -' ( r' o3 **t)' t n''d to -' c rri'd out to c)i'=' t)' o-D'cti='. T)' 5ount o3 ti5' ' c) t (i** t ' toco5 *'t' )ou*d * o -' ' ti5 t'd c*' r*,. T)' n' t t' i to d'cid' ()ic) (or i 5o ti5 ort nt nd 't t)' rioriti' ccordin+*,.

A 5 n +'5'nt n *, i i conc'rn G ntt C) rt 0 PERT c) rt r' u '3u* too* 3or n, rT)' r' ' rc)'r i u in+ t(o ti5' 5 n +'5'nt too* n 5'*,

A. G ntt c) rtB. P'rt c) rtC. Ti5'*in'

G ntt c) rt i ='r, u '3u* too* ()i*' t)' roD'ct i +oin+ on to c)'c ()'t)'r t)' roD'ct i5'tin+ itK ti5' *i5it ()ic) r' t)' r' ()ic) i to 3ocu 'd 5or' on in ord'r to co5 *'t' roD'ctin **ott'd ti5' nd n'c' r, t' to c)i'=' t) t.

T)' o='r ** roD'ct i -ro 'n do(n in 'r= * rt (it) o i-*' dur tion 3or '='r, t .

T)' -r' do(n *i t o3 t)' * n 3or t)' roD'ct i r' 3o**o( :

!. Pro5e&t &o((en&e(ent

ur tion:T 'r3or5'd:

i. Id' +'n'r tion 3or t)' ro= * to to ic 3or t)' 3in * ,' r roD'ct.ii. Pr' r tion o3 dr 3t ro o * 3or5.

iii. Su-5i ion o3 dr 3t ro o * 3or5.i=. In=' ti+ tion r'* t'd to t)' roD'ct to 5 ' )' *t), roD'ct ro o * 3or5.=. Fin *i tion o3 roD'ct ro o * 3or5.



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In t)' **ott'd 'riod o3 ti5'> t)' roD'ct id' ( d'='*o 'd -, t)' r' ' rc)'r 3t'r +oin+t)rou+) = riou Dourn * r'* t'd to 3 u*t d't'ction 0 c* i3ic tion ()ic) (i** ro= i** r 3or t)' co5 *ic tion o3 t)' roD'ct. To 5 ' to ic 5or' Du ti3i -*' = riou r' ourc'> -oo > E roD'ct * nnin+ ( don' -, t)' r' ' rc)'r 0 t)' 3' i-i*it, tud,-out t)' to ic nd t)' 5't)odo*o+, to -' u 'd ( 'r3or5'd. P* nnin+ 3or ri5 r, nd'cond r, r' ' rc) 5't)od ()ic) (i** -' do t'd ( don' in t)i 'riod o3 ti5' + in

3or t)i ur o ' = riou -oo > E *i-r r, r' ourc' ( u 'd -, t)' r' ' rc)'r.

,. Re7uire(ent analysis 0 resear&hur tion:

T 'r3or5'di. Pr' r tion o3 u' tionn ir'ii. ;u' tion to -' 'd in int'r=i'(.iii. Lit'r tur' r'=i'(.

/. Pro5e&t (ana)e(entur tion: d ,

T 'r3or5'd:i. Co t ' ti5 tion

ii. Ti5' ' ti5 tioniii. H' *t) 0 ri 5 n +'5'nt.

T)i (i** t ' ('' nd t)' (or don' in t)i ('' r' ti5' ' ti5 tion> co t ' ti5 tion.



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Fi+ur' %: ProD'ct " n +'5'nt F*o( c) rt

2. Pro5e&t (ethodolo)y

ur tion: d ,T 'r3or5'd:

i. O='r=i'( o3 -*oc di +r 5ii. Co5 on'nt n *, i .

T)i ('' t ' ('' to 5 ' -*oc di +r 5 nd n *, i co5 on'nt to -' u 'd in t)' roD'ct.

3. Analysisur tion: 6 d ,

T 'r3or5'diii. An *, i o3 u' tionn ir' conduct'di=. An *, i o3 int'r=i'( conduct'd

T)i inc*ud' n *, i o3 ri5 r, r' ' rc) -ot) int'r=i'( nd u' tionn ir'



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4. Mid6oint su8(issionur tion: / d ,

T 'r3or5'di. ocu5'nt tion

"or' t) n ('' ( t 'n to co5 *'t' 5id< oint u-5i ion

9. I(6le(entationur tion: // d ,

T 'r3or5'd:So3t( r' i5 *'5'nt tion

i. Cod' +'n'r tionii. Si5u* tion

H rd( r' i5 *'5'nt tioni. L ,out d' i+n

ii. H rd( r' int'+r tion

T)i 'ction inc*ud' ) rd( r' nd o3t( r' i5 *'5'nt tion.

:. Testin) 0 e1olutionur tion: % d ,

T 'r3or5'di. H rd( r' t' tin+ii. P'r3or5 nc' = *id tion.

T)i 'ction )ou*d -' 'r3or5'd it i t)' 3in * t' tin+.

!;. Pro5e&t editin)

ur tion: 1/d ,T 'r3or5'di. ocu5'nt tionii. Su-5i ion o3 3in * ,' r roD'ct

T)i t +' inc*ud' 3in * docu5'nt tion 3or t)' 3in * ,' r r' ort.

G ntt c) rt i inc*ud'd in 'ndi .

*.* PERT C ART

For t)' ro o 'd roD'ct r' ' rc)'r ) u 'd 'rt c) rt to d' * (it) ti5' 5 n +'5'nt 3or t)'

roD'ct.ECT


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T)' critic * t) i t)' t) o3 t)' t ()ic) c nnot -' d'* ,'d nd roD'ct (i** not 5o=3or( rd (it)out co5 *'tin+ t)' ' t . In t)' 'rt c) rt dr (n -'*o(> -* c *in'd t ()ic

r' 3ro5 t 1> 4> 2> > $> /> 1 . T $ i d' 'nd'nt u on t / nd % nd t

6. It 5' n / c nnot -' t rtin+ -'3or' t $ i not co5 *'t'd.

Fi)ure /" Pert &hart

*., TIMELI#E

For t)' ro o 'd roD'ct r' ' rc)'r ) u 'd ti5'*in' to '= *u t' ti5' ro 'r*, nd di tri-ut)' (or *o d 5 tri . Ti5' *in' ) -''n inc*ud'd in t)' 'ndi 'ction t t)' 'nd.

*./ PRO-ECT RIS< MA#AGEME#T ISSUE

#o 6ro6er 6lannin)Pro 'r * nnin+ i on' o3 t)' ', 'ct 3or n, roD'ct to ucc''d> i3 it i not don' 5i+)t *' d to ri o3 not 5''tin+ t)' roD'ct d' d*in' or i3 t)' co t ' ti5 tion i not don ro 'r*, it 5i+)t *' d to out roD'ct. So ro 'r * nnin+ i on' o3 t)' 'ct ()r' ' rc)'r )ou*d 3ocu ri5 ri*,.Al(ost all ty6e o' &o(6onent a1aila8le on si(ulation so'twareIt i not o i-*' to t' t dir'ct*, on ) rd( r' o r' ' rc)'r u ' i5u* tion too*

c)i'=' t) t (it)out ( tin+ 5on',. But in 5 n, c ' t)' co5 on'nt to -' u 'd in

circuit i not = i* -*' in i5u* tion o3t( r' or i5u* tion o3t( r' ro=id' 5 no3 co5 on'nt. So t)i c n c u ' d'* , in roD'ct. I3 t)' r' ' rc)'r tri' to d' i+n t)circuit dir'ct*, in ) rd( r' t)'r' r' c'rt in c) nc' t) t circuit 5i+)t not (orla&= o' &o(6onent in (ar=etSo5'ti5' t)' co5 on'nt -'co5' un = i* -*' in t)' t)' ' co5 on'nt r' u 'd3r' u'nt*,. T)i itu tion c n -' ='r, ri , r' u*tin+ in d'* , o3 roD'ct 3 **in+ to 5''



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d' d*in'. It i ='r, 5uc) o-=iou t) t ) rd( r' i5 *'5'nt tion t ' 5uc) ti5'5 i5u5 out o3 ** t)' (or di tri-ution o3 t)' roD'ct.

Relay or not wor=in)R'* , i t)' 5 t'r5ind o3 t)' roD'ct it c rri' t)' 5o t i5 ort nt ro*' in t)' d'=ic'to d't'ct nd c* i3, 3 u*t. So r' ' rc)'r 5u t t ' not' on t)i . T in+ t)i i r' ' rc)'r )ou*d '*'ct t)' ro 'r r'* , 5''tin+ , t'5 r' uir'5'nt nd )ou*d -' 3ir tt)'n *i'd in , t'5.



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C APTER ," TEC #ICAL LITERATURE RE>IEA +ood *it'r tur' r'=i'( (i** )'* ,ou Du ti3, r' ' rc)'rK r' ' rc) nd d'='*o ,our t)' i

o ition. T)' *it'r tur' r'=i'( d' * (it) critic * n *, i o3 n, u-*i )'d i'c' o3 no(*'dt)rou+) tud, o3 t)' *it'r tur' nd co5 ri on o3 t)o ' rior r' ' rc) 3indin+ to drconc*u ion ()ic) u ort t)' ro o 'd r' ' rc) roD'ct.Lit'r tur' r'=i'( ) to -' t)' ' 'nti * rt o3 n, roD'ct o 5' *, 3or t)' roD'ct tit

G.S." - 'd t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t n *, i (it) uto r' 't on tr n i'nt 3 u*t or r'5 in triot)'r(i 'K t)i r'=i'( ro=id' co5 *'t' o='r=i'( o3 t)' t'c)nic * 'r 'cti=' o3 roD'ctt) t i to -' d'='*o 'd. 9it) incr' ' nu5-'r o3 r' ' rc) Dourn *K o('r , t'5 tr n 5i io

*in' 3 u*t it c*' r*, )o( t)' incr' ' in int'r' t r'* t'd to t)i to ic 3 u*t i on' 5 Do()ic) i to -' d' *t (it).

T)' *it'r tur' r'=i'( * o +i=' n out*oo o3 t)' t'c)no*o+, to -' u 'd 3or t)' i5 *'5'nt tiono3 t)' roD'ct.

,.! PURPOSE OF LITERATURE RE>IE

Lit'r tur' r'=i'( )'* in und'r t ndin+ t)' ro-*'5 3 c'd -, t)' r' ' rc)'r to und'r t nd= riou ro-*'5 r'* t'd to to ic R'=i'( )'* t)' r' ' rc)'r to 3r 5' t)' ro-*'5 r'* t'd toto ic.

So5' o3 t)' i5 ort nt ur o ' o3 *it'r tur' r'=i'( )'* 'd t)' r' ' rc)'r to +'t t)' 3in * r' u*tr':

1. Lit'r tur' r'=i'( did ro=id' cont' t 3or t)' r' ' rc) r'* t'd to G.S." - 'd t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t n *, i (it) uto r' 't on tr n i'nt 3 u*t or r'5 in tri 'd ot)'r(i '

!. It )'* 'd ' t -*i ) t)'or'tic * 3r 5'(or 3or r'* t'd to ic.%. H'* K to d'3in' ', t'r5 > d'3inition nd t'r5ino*o+,

4. H'* to Du ti3, t)' r' ' rc) to ic.2. En -*' t)' r' ' rc)'r to *' rn 3ro5 r'=iou t)'or, r'* t'd to t)' to ic.6. H'* to d'='*o 5uc) n''d'd 3 u*t n *, i , t'5 3or t)' o('r , t'5.

,.* #EE$ OF LITERATURE RE>IE

T)' ro o 'd , t'5 i -'in+ d'='*o 'd to n *, i = riou 3 u*t occurrin+ in o('r , t'5 (int'r3 cin+ not)'r t'c)no*o+, GS" ()ic) (i** 'nd t)' SOS 5' +' to o 'r tin+ 'r on *. So



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t)' *it'r tur' r'=i'( o3 t)i roD'ct (i** c*' r*, 3ocu on = riou ro c) r'* t'd to ro-*'5 nd t)'r' *i5it tion.

So5' o3 t)'5 r' 5'ntion'd -'*o(:

1. 8 riou 3 u*t occurrin+ in tr n 5i ion *in'!. "'t)od u 'd to d't'ct 3 u*t%. "'t)od u 'd to c* i3, 3 u*t4. U ' o3 3 u*t *i5itin+ d'=ic'2. o ' n, runnin+ , t'5 ) int'r3 c'd 3 u*t (it) GS" t'c)no*o+,.

,., FAULT $ETECTIO# 0 CLASSIFICATIO#" PRE>IOUS STU$IES 0

RESEARC

1. Tr n 5i ion *in' 3 u*t d't'ction 0 c* i3ic tion t)i 'r r' 'nt t'c)ni u' tond c* i3, )unt 3 u*t ()ic) (i** -' c)i'='d (it) t)' )'* o3 ro+r 55in+ too* c **PSCA AJ t)' 5't)od t)rou+) ()ic) t)i i c)i'='d i -, di cr''t ( ='*'t tr n 3or5." no) r Sin+) ! 119T ( ='*'t tr n 3or5 i *i'd 3or d'co5 o ition o3 tr n i'nt 3 u*t -'c u ' o-i*it, to ' tr ct i+n * 3ro5 tr n i'nt i+n * i5u*t n'ou *, -ot) 3ro5 ti5' 0 3r' u

do5 in. A3t'r ' tr ctin+ t)' u '3u* 3' tur' 3ro5 5' ur'd i+n * d'ci ion o3 3 uno 3 u*t i c rri'd out u in+ S8" c* i3i'r. B.7. P ni+iri> ! 11

!. An *, i o3 t)' un- * nc'd 3 u*t in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion *in' u in+ F*u cot, ' SFCLJ u in+ ,55'tric * co


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in t nt n'ou o('r on ** t)r'' ) ' conn'ct'd t t(o 'nd o3 tr n 5i ion *in' u,nc)roni 'd =o*t +' 0 currn't 5 *'. "* d'n 7' uno=ic> ! 14

4. F u*t n *, i i tr n 5i ion *in' u in+ 7 ! 14

2. F u*t c* i3ic tion 0 *oc tion o3 o('r tr n 5i ion *in' u in+ rti3ici * n'urin t)i 'r r' ' rc)'r di cu ' 3 u*t *oc tion tr t'+, - 'd on ANN nd t)i 5't)

not d' 'nd'nt on 3 u*t inc' tion n+*' nd t)' roc' o3 ANN i c)i'='d "ATLABMN'ur * n't(or too* -o . ". T r 3d r> 7. R i> !

6. I5 ro='d 3 u*t *oc tion *+orit)5 3or 5u*ti *' 3 u*t *oc tion in co5 r' 'd tr n*in' in t)i 'r r' ' rc)'r ro o ' 5't)od ()ic) i co5-in'd di cr't' 9T 0 A


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/. R'c'nt t'c)ni u' u 'd in tr n 5i ion *in' rot'ction: r'=i'( di cu ' T)' ANN3u , *o+ic> +'n'tic *+orit)5> S8" nd ( ='*'t - 'd t'c)ni u' ) =' -''n uit'

ucc' 3u* -ut r' not d' u t' 3or t)' r' 'nt ti5' = r,in+ n't(or con3i+ur tion

o('r , t'5 o 'r tin+ condition nd '='nt . T)'r'3or'> it ''5 t) t t)'r' i i+ni3ic nt co ' o3 r' ' rc) in AI t'c)ni u' ()ic) c n i5 *i3, t)' co5 *' non*in', t'5 > r' *i ' t)' co t '33'cti=' ) rd( r' (it) ro 'r 5odi3ic tion in t)' *' rnin+

5't)odo*o+, nd r' roc' in+ o3 in ut d t nd ()ic) r' co5 ut tion **, 5ui5 *'r. A* o d'='*o 5'nt o3 r'*i -*' o3t( r' nd co55unic tion , t'5 (i** =' t)

( ,J Sin+)>Tri t)i>8' t r 5 n >! 1% J1 . A Co5-in'd 9 ='*'t !

11. "u*ti *' 3 i*ur' n *, i 3or co5 *' '*'ctric * o('r , t'5 in t)i 'r r' ' rcco5-in' t)' t(o 5't)od to 3or5 n'( *+orit)5 t)', r'

8irtu * nod' 5't)odT)' co5 'n tion 5't)od

And it -'n'3it r' ()'n co5 r'd to tr dition * *+orit)5 n'( *+orit)5 ) co5 *'t' 3 u*t c *cu* tion , t'5 -ut ) *o('r r'*i -i*it, t) n tr dition 5't)od. T) ro o 'd *+orit)5 i to r' d t)' n't(or 5od'* nd 3 u*t condition 3t'r t)i i d

n *, ' t)' t tu uo o3 t)' 3 u*t to c)oo ' n ro ri t' *+orit)5 onc' t)i i+'t t)' d5itt nc' 5 tri 3or n ort t)r'' ' u'nc' i5 'd nc' 5 tri (it) t)i don' n ort 5 tri c n -' 3or5'd (it) t)' )'* o3 3or5u* nd * t'r t * t'r t +' i5 'd nc5 tri 3or =irtu * not' c n -' c n -' c *cu* t'd. #i o )'n Liu> ! 1!

B'*o( i t)' 3*o( c) rt o3 t)' ro o 'd 5't)od



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Fi+ur' 2: 3*o( c) rt o3 3 u*t d't'ction 5't)od

,./ FAULT $ETECTIO# TEC #I?UEF u*t d't'ction t'c)ni u' i on' o3 t)' 5 in o-D'cti=' o3 o('r , t'5 to run continuou *,.;uic 3 u*t d't'ction c n )'* to rot'ct ' ui 5'nt -, **o(in+ t)' di conn'ction o3 3 u*t'*in' -'3or' n, 5 Dor d 5 +' i don'. Accur t' 3 u*t *oc tion c n )'* uti*it, 'r onn'* r' 'r i t'nt 3 u*t nd *oc t' r' ()'r' 3 u*t r'+u* r*, occur. 8 riou 3 u*t d't'cti*oc tion c)'5' ) =' -''n d'='*o 'd in t)' t> = ri't, o3 *+orit)5 continu' to -'d'='*o 'd to 'r3or5 t)i t 5or' ccur t'*, nd 5or' '33'cti='*,.

Fi+ur' 6: 8 riou 5't)od 3or d't'ctin+ 3 u*t

"o t n *, i 5't)od d' 'nd on t)' = *u' o3 'it)'r curr'nt or =o*t +' ) or 5' ur'd -5' n o3 curr'nt or =o*t +' tr n 3or5'r t u- t tion or (itc)in+ t tion . To co**in3or5 tion> t *' t t)r'' tr n 3or5'r r' t, ic **, r' uir'd t ' c) 'nd o3 t)' u- tr n 5i



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or tr n 5i ion *in'. T)' ' tr n 3or5'r r' ' 'n i='> ' 'ci **, ()'n t)' , t'5 in=o*=' )i+=o*t +' *in' . So5' *+orit)5 5 in*, 3 u*t i5 'd nc'


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'='r * di33'r'nt ( , . On' o3 t)' -' t< no(n o3 t)' ' ( , i t)' T +i 5't)od. T)i c) n+'t)' c *cu* tion to inc*ud' t)' di33'r'nc' -'t(''n t)' curr'nt 5' ur'd -'3or' t)' 3 u*t nd t)'curr'nt 5' ur'd 3t'r t)' 3 u*t ()ic) i t)' 3 u*t curr'nt . T)i '*i5in t' t)' 3 u*t i5 'd n

3ro5 t)' n *, i > t)u r'5o=in+ t)i i+ni3ic nt ourc' o3 'rror. Ho('='r> t)' n+*' o3 t)' 3curr'nt nd t)' n+*' o3 t)' curr'nt durin+ t)' 3 u*t t t)' r'* , t'r5in * r' u5'd to -' u * i3 t)i i not tru'> t)'r' 5 , -' 'rror in t)' 3 u*t *oc tion.

T(oELI#G A>E@BASE$ MET O$STr ='*in+ ( =' *i ' i5 'd nc' c n -' di=id'don' it i und'r t nd -*'

t) t 5 +n'tic 3i'*d 'n or ) =' r'=iou *, -''n u 'd in 3 u*t d't'ction nd *oc tion c)'5T)' ' c)'5' o3t'n u ' 5 +n'tic 3i'*d 'n or in * c' o3 curr'nt tr n 3or5'r inc' 5 +n'3i'*d 'n or c n -' in t **'d ind' 'nd'nt*, 3ro5 u- t tion or (itc)in+ t tion (i5ini5u5 5ount o3 ddition * ' ui 5'nt

On' o i-*' u ' o3 t)i r'* tion )i i i5 *, r' * cin+ ' c) curr'nt tr n 3or5'r (it) E33'ct tr n duc'r. T)i tr n duc'r (ou*d t, ic **, n''d to -' (it)in t)' '*'ctric * rcin+ di t no3 t)' conductor to roduc' 'nou+) =o*t +' 3or n *, i nd (ou*d t)u r' uir' in u* tir'5o=' t)i n''d 3or in u* tion> t)' tr n duc'r c n -' *oc t'd -'t(''n t(o t 'r'd i'c' o3



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3'rro5 +n'tic 5 t'ri * in ord'r to conc'ntr t' t)' 5 +n'tic 3i'*d into t)' tr n duc'r r' ut)' tr n duc'r do' not n''d to -' *oc t'd (it)in t)' rcin+ di t nc' o3 t)' conductor . T)'5' ur'd 5 +n'tic 3i'*d r' u*t c n t)'n -' u 'd i5i* r*, to curr'nt 5' ur'5'nt 3or 3 u*

d't'ction nd *oc tion.

Fi+ur' : 3 u*t d't'ction u in+ 5 +n'tic 3i'*d 'n or

,.2 FAULT CLASSIFICATIO# TEC #I?UE

F u*t c* i3ic tion * , n i5 ort nt ro*' in n, 3 u*t n *, i too*. For r'*i -*'tr n 5i ion *in' 3 u*t c* i3ic tion ) to -' t 'n 'riou *,. T)'r' r' di33'r'nt i u' c* i3ic tion. F u*t t, ' *i ' *in' ,nc)roni 'd 5 *in+'n'r **, u 'd to c* i3, 3 u*t.

F u*t occur in di33'r'nt * c' o3 tr n 5i ion *in'. A** d t r' co**'ct'd 3ro5 'ndin+ 'n, t'5.



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B'*o( )o(n 3i+ur' i t)' i5 *' 3*o( c) rt u ' 3or c* i3ic tion t'c)ni u' o3 3 u*tr n 5i ion *in'.

Fi+ur' $: 3 u*t c* i3ic tion *+orit)5

,.3 CO#CLUSIO# OF LITERATURE RE>IE

A conc*ud'd 3ro5 t)' -o=' r' ' rc)' don' -, = riou r' ' rc)'r > 3 u*t d't'ction 0 3 uc* i3ic tion i t)' n''d o3 t)' )our. T)' i5i* r roD'ct di cu 'd in t)' r'=i'(> on' 3u*3i*3' tur' o3 3 u*t d't'ction nd ot)'r roD'ct i 5' nt 3or 3 u*t c* i3ic tion ur o '.



27/108


r' ' rc)'r conc*ud'd t) t uto5 tion o('r , t'5 i t)' n''d to o3 t)' )our -, r'=i'(in+ t)'3 u*t c ' round t)' (or*d. T)' 3 u*t d't'ction nd c* i3ic tion -ot) t)' 3 ctor ''5

='r, i5 ort nt in o('r , t'5. T)' r' ' rc) ro=' t) t 62 o3 3 u*t in o('r , t'5 occur in

tr n 5i ion *in' t)u ro=in+ t)' r' ' rc)'rK ), ot)' i tru'. So t)' r' ' rc)'r ) d'cid'd to 3 u*t d't'ction too* ()ic) c n d't'ct nd c* i3, 3 u*t (it) '5 ) i on co t '33ici'nc,

33ord -i*it, in t)' ro o 'd roD'ct (it) o5' 3urt)'r 'n) nc'5'nt i3 o i-*'.



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C APTER /" FAULT I# TRA#SMISSIO# LI#E$% 3 u*t in o('r , t'5 i in tr n 5i ion *in' o in ord'r to 3'+u rd o('r , t'5 0 5

it r'*i -*' it i ' 'nti * to n *, i t)' t, ' o3 3 u*t 0 r' o*=' t)' ro-*'5 uic *, 0 continu' o('r u *,. To 3'+u rd o('r , t'5 it i ' 'nti * to ) =' +ood no(*'d+' o3 3 u*tr n 5i ion *in'.

/.! I#TRO$UCTIO# TO ,@P ASE FAULT

Tr n 5i ion *in' F u*t c n -' o3 t(o t, '

1. S)unt 3 u*t!. S'ri' 3 u*t

S)unt F u*t r' o3 4 t, ' n 5'*,

I. Lin' to Lin' F u*t. L


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/.* REPRESE#TATIO# OF $IFFERE#T T%PE OF FAULT

Line to line 'ault

In t)i t, ' o3 3 u*t t(o ) ' r' )ort circuit'dBound r, condition: I3

Fi+ur' /: L


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B'*o( 3i+ur' )o( ' u'nc n'tor ()ic) )o( t) t t)' t)r'' n't(o 5u t -' conn'ctd in 'ri'

Fi+ur' 1!: S' u'nc' n't(or o3 *in' to +round 3 u*t

Line to line to )round

It i u5'd t) t t)' 3 u*t ) occurr'd t nod' o3 t)' n't(or . In t)i t)' ) 'K - nd c)ort'd t)rou+) t)' i5 'd nc' ?3 to t)' +round.

Bound r, condition: %I3 I3-QI3

Fi+ur' 1%: L


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I QI1QI !Q

T)' ' condition r' t 'n to+'t)'r0 c n corr' ond to ** t)r'' ' u'nc' n't(or conn'ct'd in r **'*

Fi+ur' 14: S' u'nc' N't(or o3 LE

POSITI>E SE?UE#CE 0 ERO SE?UE#CE CURRE#T

Po('r , t'5 r' *( , n *, 'd u in+ 'r< ) ' r' r' 'nt tion -'c u ' o3 it i5 *icB * nc'd t)r''< ) ' o('r , t'5 r' o*='d -, c) n+in+ ** d'*t conn'ction to ' ui=

(,' conn'ction nd o*=in+ on' ) ' t ti5'. T)' r'5 inin+ t(o ) ' di33'r 3ro5 t)' 3ir t -, 1! . To n *, ' n un- * nc'd , t'5> t)' , t'5 i tr n 3or5'd into it ,55'tricco5 on'nt 3or 'r< ) ' n *, i . C) r*' L'+',t Fort' cu' d'='*o 'd t)'or, ()ic) u++' tt) t n un- * nc'd , t'5 c n -' ('** d'3in'd u in+ t)' ,55'tric * co5 on'nt . T)' ' t)r''

,55'tric * co5 on'nt r' o iti=' ' u'nc'> n'+ ti=' ' u'nc' nd 'ro ' u'nc'. T)', r'



32/108


33/108


%. ero se7uen&e &o(6onent : 8A >8B >8C• E u * in 5 +nitud'• T)r'' ) or• H =in+ t)' 5' ) ' )i3t in ) '

Fi+ur' 1$: ?'ro ' u'nc' r' r' 'nt tion/./ USE OF S%MMETRICAL COMPO#E#T MET O$ I# FAULT

A#AL%SIS

F u*t'd o('r , t'5 do not ) =' t)r'' ) ' ,55'tr,> o it c nnot -' o*='d -, 'r ) 'n *, i . To 3ind 3 u*t curr'nt nd 3 u*t =o*t +' > it i 3ir t tr n 3or5'd into t)'ir

co5 on'nt . T)i c n -' don' -, r' * cin+ t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t curr'nt -, t)' u5 o3 t)r'' ) ''ro ' u'nc' ourc'> t)r'' ) ' o iti=' ' u'nc' ourc' nd t)r'' ) ' n'+ ti='

' u'nc' ourc'. E c) circuit i o*='d -, 'r ) ' n *, i c **'d ' u'nc' n't(or .

C APTER 2" MAT EMATICAL MO$ELI#G

2.! T E A OPERATOR

A t)' ,55'tric * co5 on'nt t)'or, in=o*=' t)' conc' t o3 1!° di * c'5'nt in t)' o iti='' u'nc' 't 0 n'+ ti=' ' u'nc' 't> t)'r'3or'> it i d' ir -*' to in=o*=' o5' o 'r tor ()ic)

cou*d c u ' 1!° rot tion. For t)' ur o '> o 'r tor K ,5-o* ) orλ r' o5'ti5' u 'din t' d o3 K i u 'd. It d'3in' und'r:T)' o 'r tor K i on'> ()ic) ()'n 5u*ti *i'd to ='ctor rot t' t)' ='ctor t)rou+) nti*ocdir'ction t 1!°.

Pro6erty o' o6erator A

• 1Q !Q !


Fi+ur' 1 : N'+ ti='' u'nc' r' r' 'nt tion


34/108


• @! D√%

2.* T E - OPERATOR

In o* r 3or5> D 1∠/° . "u*ti *,in+ -, D ) t)' '33'ct o3 rot tin+ ) or /

° (it)out33'ctin+ t)' 5 +nitud'

Pro6erty O' o6erator -

1 .1 Q D .

D 1∠/

D! 1∠1$ °


35/108


2.,., LI#E TO LI#E FAULT

I 1 Ea

Z 1 + Z 2

I


36/108


9)'r' # dJ # dK> #ddir'ct i u- tr n i'nt> tr n i'nt> 0 ,nc)ronou r' ct nc' TdJ> TdK dir'cti 3 u*t u- tr n i'nt 0 tr n i'nt ti5' con t nt. E> E: co5 *' R"S = *u' o3 ) ' @ =o*t +

o3 ,nc)ronou 5 c)in' t'r5in * -'3or' 3 u*t occurr'nc'.

B'*o( t -*' cou*d -' u 'd 3or c *cu* tin+ 0 dr (in+ t)' 3 u*t curr'nt 0 =o*t +'. T)' i+n *5u t -' dr (n -, t in+ into ccount t)' r' * rt o3 curr'nt ' u tion. A3t'r 3indin+ t)',55'tric * co5 on'nt o3 ) ' curr'nt> t)' = *u' o3 curr'nt 0 =o*t +' c n -' c *cu* t'd.

T -*' !: S,55'tric * @ co5 on'nt circuit con t nt 0 3 u*t curr'nt

T L0 R

# ! Lⱷ !

# Lⱷ

E √!Ec

9)'r' T i r5 tur' ti5' con t ntL initi * induct nc' t t> >R 0 R r' r5 tur' r' i t nc' 0 'ro ) ' ' u'nc'r' i t nc'.L1 t> L! 0 L r' o iti=' n'+ ti=' 0 'ro ) ' ' u'nc' r' 'cti='*, .

2./ T E PER U#IT S%STEM

In 5 n, 'n+in''rin+ itu tion it i u '3u* to c *'> or nor5 *i '> di5'n ion'd u ntiti' . Tco55on*, don' in o('r , t'5 n *, i . T)' t nd rd 5't)od u 'd i r'3'rr'd to t)' 'r<unit , t'5. Hi toric **,> t)i ( don' to i5 *i3, nu5'ric * c *cu* tion t) t ('r' 5 d' -,) nd. A*t)ou+) t)i d= nt +' i '*i5in t'd -, t)' c *cu* tor> ot)'r d= nt +' r'5 in.

• '=ic' r 5't'r t'nd to 3 ** into r'* ti='*, n rro( r n+'> 5 in+ 'rron'ou = *con icuou .• U in+ t)i 5't)od ** u ntiti' r' ' r' 'd r tio o3 o5' - ' = *u' or = *u'• T)' 'r


37/108


• T)' 'r


38/108


C APTER" 3 MATLAB SIMULATIO# 0 BLOC<

E+PLA#ATIO#

T)' n 5' "ATLAB t nd 3or " tri L -or tor,. "ATLAB ( (ritt'n ori+in **, to ro=id'' , cc' to 5 tri o3t( r' d'='*o 'd -, t)' Lin' r , t'5 c +' 0 Ei+'n , t'5 c +' roD'ct ."ATLAB i )i+) 'r3or5 nc' * n+u +' 3or t'c)nic * co5 utin+.it int'+r t' co5 ut ti=i u *i tion 0 ro+r 5in+ 'n=iron5'nt ()'r' ro-*'5 0 o*ution r' ' r' 'd in 3 5i*i5 t)'5 tic * not tion. "ATLAB ) 5 n, d= nt +' to con='ntion * co5 ut'r * n+u' 5 *' C> FORTRAN 3or o*=in+ t'c)nic * ro-*'5.

3.! 3i*' 0 d t . Int'r cti=' too* 3or it'r ti=' ' *or tion> d' i+n 0 ro-*'5 o*=in+. ! 0 % +r )ic 3unction 3or =i u *i tion d t . Too* 3or -ui*din+ cu to5 +r )ic * 0 u 'r int'r3 c'.

3.* T E ROLE OF SIMULATIO# I# $ESIG#

E*'ctric * o('r , t'5 r' co5-in tion o3 '*'ctric * circuit 0 '*'ctro5'c) nic * d'=ic' *i '5otor 0 +'n'r tor. En+in''r (or in+ in t)' di ci *in' r' con t nt*, i5 ro=in+

Fi+ur' 1/: F*o( c) rt o3 3 u*t n *, i u in+ " t* -



39/108


3., MATLAB SIMULATIO#

Fi+ur' ! : " t* - i5u* tion o3 d'='*o 'd int'r3 c'

3./ $ESCRIPTIO# OF BLOC<Si(6li'ied Syn&hronous Ma&hine

Fi+ur' !1: Si5 *i3i'd S,nc)ronou " c)in'

T)' Si5 *i3i'd S,nc)ronou " c)in' -*oc 5od'* -ot) t)' '*'ctric * nd 5'c) nic *c) r ct'ri tic o3 i5 *' ,nc)ronou 5 c)in'.



40/108


T)' '*'ctric * , t'5 3or ' c) ) ' con i t o3 =o*t +' ourc' in 'ri' (it) n RL i5 'd()ic) i5 *'5'nt t)' int'rn * i5 'd nc' o3 t)' 5 c)in'. T)' = *u' o3 R c n -' 'ro -ut t)'= *u' o3 L 5u t -' o iti='.

Three@Phase Series RLC Load

I5 *'5'ntin+ t)r''< ) ' 'ri' RLC *o d (it) '*'ct -*' conn'ction.

Fi+ur' !!: T)r''


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I5 *'5'ntin+ t)r''< ) ' circuit -r' 'r o 'nin+ t t)' curr'nt 'ro cro in+.

T)r''


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Fi+ur' !2: i tri-ut'd r 5't'r *in'

T)' i tri-ut'd P r 5't'r Lin' -*oc i5 *'5'nt n N< ) ' di tri-ut'd r 5't'r *in' 5od'*(it) *u5 'd *o ' . T)' 5od'* i - 'd on t)' B'r+'ron tr ='*in+ ( =' 5't)od u 'd -, t)'E*'ctro5 +n'tic Tr n i'nt Pro+r 5 E"TP . In t)i 5od'*> t)' *o *' di tri-ut'd LC *c) r ct'ri 'd -, t(o = *u' 3or in+*'< ) ' *in' : t)' ur+' i5 'd nc'

?c LMC nd t)' ) ' ='*ocit, = 1M LC

. T)' 5od'* u ' t)' 3 ct t) t t)' u ntit, 'Q?i ()'r' ' i *in' =o*t +' nd i i *in' curr'nt

'nt'rin+ on' 'nd o3 t)' *in' 5u t rri=' unc) n+'d t t)' ot)'r 'nd 3t'r tr n ort d'* , o3 dM=> ()'r' di t)' *in' *'n+t).

Three@Phase >@I Measure(ent

"' ur' t)r''< ) ' curr'nt nd =o*t +' in circuit

Fi+ur' !6: T)r'' ) ' 8


43/108


+round or ) '@to< P) ' =o*t +' 0 t)' t)r'' *in' curr'nt. T)' -*oc c n out ut t)' =o*t +' 0curr'nt in 'r unit = *u' or in =o*t 0 5 'r'.

Three@Phase se7uen&e analy er

"' ur' t)' o iti=' n'+ ti=' 0 'ro ' u'nc' co5 on'nt o3 t)' t)r'' ) ' i+n *

Fi+ur' ! : T)r'' ) ' ' u'nc' n *, 'r

T)' t)r'' ) ' ' u'nc' n *, 'r Out ut t)' 5 +nitud' nd ) ' o3 t)' o iti=' d'not'd -,ind' 1 > n'+ ti=' ind' ! 0 'ro ind' 'ro ' u'nc' co5 on'nt o3 't o3 t)r'' - * nor un- * nc'd i+n * . T)' i+n * c n cont in ) r5onic or not.

S&o6e

i * , i+n * +'n'r t'd durin+ i5u* tion

Fi+ur' !$: co '

T)' co ' -*oc di * , it in ut (it) r' 'ct to i5u* tion ti5'. T)' co ' -*oc c n )5u*ti *' ' . A** ' ) =' on' co55on ti5' r n+' (it) ind' 'nd'nt , i . I3 t)' co ' i+ni di cr''t t)' co ' roduc' t ir< t' < *ot. T)' co ' ro=' too*- r -utton ()ic) 'n -*'

oo5 on it di * , d t di * , ** t)' d t in ut to t)' Sco '> r' 'r=' i 'ttin+ i5u* tion to t)' n' t> *i5it d t di * ,'d> nd =' d t to t)' (or c'.

Three@Phase Fault

I5 *'5'ntin+ ro+r 55 -*' ) '


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Fi+ur' !/: T)r'' ) ' 3 u*t

T)' T)r''


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3.2.!T REE P ASE TO GROU#$ FAULT

Fi+ur' % : T)r'' ) ' 3 u*t " t* - 9 ='3or5

3.2.* LI#E LI#E GROU#$ FAULT

Fi+ur' %1: Lin' @Lin' @+round 3 u*t " t* - 9 ='3or5 3ro5 co '



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3.2., L@G FAULT

Fi+ur' %!: L ** t)' c *cu* tion o3 3 u*t curr'nt nd =o -''n 'r3or5'd

A3t'r t)' "ATLAB i5u* tion 3or 3 u*t > it ( o- 'r='d t) t t)' =o*t +' nd curr'nt ( ='3o('r' tr n i'nt in n tur' in t)' initi * 'riod 3t'r t)' occurr'nc' o3 3 u*t . urin+ t)' initi * o3 )ort circuit> t)' )ort circuit curr'nt ( *i5it'd -, u- tr n i'nt r' ct nc' o3 ,nc)rono



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5 c)in' nd i5 'd nc' o3 tr n 5i ion *in' -'t(''n t)' 5 c)in' nd oint o3 3 u*t. A3t'r t) t>it ( *i5it'd -, tr n i'nt r' ct nc' o3 ,nc)ronou 5 c)in' nd i5 'd nc' o3 *in'. Fin **,> t

)ort circuit curr'nt 'tt*'d do(n to t' d, t t' )ort circuit = *u' *i5it'd -, ,nc)ronou

r' ct nc' o3 t)' 5 c)in' nd *in' i5 'd nc'. T)' n'+ ti=' nd 'ro ' u'nc' co5 on'nt ('r' r' 'nt initi **, on*, nd t)', di ' r'd 3t'r t)' circuit -r' 'r c*' r'd t)' 3 u*t



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C APTER 4" S%STEM $ESIG#' i+n ) ' t rt 3ro5 5 in+ -*oc di +r 5 o3 t)' ro o 'd 3 u*t n *, i in t)r

tr n 5i ion *in' (it) uto r' 't on tr n i'nt 3 u*t or r'5 in tri 'd ot)'r(i '. T)' circuitr,d' i+nin+ nd t)' ' * n tion o3 co5 on'nt to -' u 'd i don' in t)' d' i+n ) ' o3 roD'ct

4.! SIMPLIFIE$ BLOC< $IAGRAM OF T E CIRCUIT 0

E+PLA#ATIO#

Fi+ur' %%: B*oc di +r 5 o3 Circuit



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4.* E+PLA#ATIO#

T)' roD'ct i d' i+n'd to c)'c 3 u*t t) t occur 5 in*, in tr n 5i ion *in'. A %< ) ' (it) 3r' u'nc, 2 H i 3'd t)rou+) =o*t +' dro rr n+'5'nt t -i*i 'd -' ?'n'r diod' to *o+ic circuit co5 ri in+ NAN 0 OR + t' to d't'ct t)' ro 'r ' u'nc' o3 RYB -, 'ri' o3 u* ' 3i 'd dur tion.

Su o ' i3 t)' ' u'nc' i c) n+'d 3ro5 YB to YRB t)' co5-in tion o3 NAN 0 or + t'cr' t' n out ut (it) 5i in+ u* ' durin+ t)' 3i 'd ti5' dur tion. T)i u* ' i u 'dtri++'rin+ 5ono t -*' 222 ti5'r. T)u > ()i*' t)' ' u'nc' i not t)'r' t)' tri++'rin+ to t)'ti5'r i 5i 'd ()ic) i indic t'd -, n LE dri='n 3ro5 t)' out ut o3 t)' 222 ti5'r. Cr' uir'5'nt o3 t)' circuit i o('r'd 3ro5 t' do(n tr n 3or5'r *on+ (it) -rid+' r'cti3i'r

nd 3i*t'r c citor.

T)' roD'ct u ' 6nu5-'r t' on' ' c) conn'ct'd cro t)' r'* , coi* i 5' nt to cr' t' 3condition 'it)'r t t r i.'. LL F u*t or %L F u*t. T)' NC cont ct o3 ** t)' r'* , r r **'* ()i*' ** t)' co55on oint r' +round'd. T)' r **'* conn'ct'd oint o3 NC r' +to in! t)rou+) r' i tor R2 to 222 ti5'r i.'. (ir'd in 5ono t -*' 5od'. T)' out ut o3 t)'

5' ti5'r i conn'ct'd to t)' r' 't in 4 o3 not)'r 222 ti5'r (ir'd in t -*' 5od'. LE KS r'conn'ct'd t t)'ir out ut to indic t' t)'ir t tu .

T)' out ut o3 t)' U% 222 ti5'r 3ro5 in% i +i='n to n O < 5 L"%2$ t)rou+) (ir' 11 d1! to t)' non


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T)i r'* , ;1 i %COK r'* , i.'. i 5' nt 3or di conn'ctin+ t)' *o d to indic t' 3 u*t condit

4., LIST OF COMPO#E#T

Fo**o(in+ r' t)' *i t o3 co5 on'nt u 'd in 5 in+ t)' 3 u*t d't'ction d'=ic':• Tr n 3or5'r• O < 5• S(itc)'• R' i tor• iod'• C citor• LE• R'* ,

i. Trans'or(er"In i5 *' *in' tr n 3or5'r c n -' d'3in'd n r tu 3or r'ducin+ or incr' in=o*t +' o3 n *t'rn tin+ curr'nt.In t)' ro o 'd , t'5 tr n 3or5'r i conn'ct'd in t(o di33'r'nt t, ' o3 conn'ction (it)t)r'' ) ' u *, 3or o-=iou r' on:

Three trans'or(er &onne&ted in star &onne&tion < t)r'' tr n 3or5'r r'conn'ct'd in t r conn'ction -'c u ' 3 u*t 5 , occur t n, oint to t ' c r' o3 u*t ()ic) 5 , occur t n, oint o='r 1! 5 t)r'' tr n 3or5'r r' conn'ct'd

in t r conn'ction.St r conn'ction i r'3'rr'd in *on+ tr n 5i ion *in' n't(or i.'. O='r 1! 7". -'c u ' it i ) =in+ n'utr * oint> durin+ - * nc'd condition t)'r' (i** -' curr'nt 3*o(in+ t)rou+) t)' n'utr * *in' nd )'nc' t)'r' i no u ' o3 t)' n'utr *t'r5in *. But ()'n t)'r' (i** -' un- * nc'd curr'nt 3*o(in+ in t)' t)r'' ) 'circuit> n'utr * i ) =in+ =it * ro*'. It (i** t ' t)' un- * nc'd curr'nt t)roto t)' +round nd rot'ct t)' tr n 3or5'r.

Fi+ur' %4: Tr n 3or5'r conn'ction to t)r'' ) ' ourc' in t r conn'ction



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- Three trans'or(er in delta &onne&tion" t)r'' tr n 3or5'r r' conn'ct'd ind'*t conn'ction -'c u ' 3 u*t 5 , occur t n, oint 5'ntion'd -o=' ()ic)cou*d -' in r'+ion *' t) n 6 5 to t ' c r' o3 t) t 3 u*t ()ic) 5 , occur t)r''

tr n 3or5'r r' conn'ct'd in d'*t conn'ction. Nor5 **, d'*t conn'ction i r'3'rr'd 3or )ort di t nc' du' to t)' ro-*'5 o3un- * nc'd curr'nt in t)' circuit. T)' 3i+ur' i )o(n -'*o( 3or d'*t conn'ction.In t)' *o d t tion> +round c n -' u 'd n'utr * t) i3 r' uir'd.

Fi+ur' %2: Tr n 3or5'r conn'ction to t)r'' ) ' ourc' in (,' conn'ction

.ii. O6@A(6"

u ' o3 O V> d,Md .O


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A 't o3 (itc)' (i** -' u 'd in t)' , t'5 to cr' t' t)' LL> LG nd %L 3 u*t in *o( =o*tid'> 3or cti= tin+ t)' tri in+ 5'c) ni 5. S)ort dur tion 3 u*t r'turn t)' u *, to t)'

i55'di t'*, c **'d t'5 or r, tri ()i*' *on+ dur tion ) ** r' u*t in 'r5 n'nt tri

Fi+ur' % : S(itc)

A swit&h i co5 on'nt ()ic) contro* t)' o 'n t t)' 5' ti5'> ct to *o('r =o*t +' *'='* (it)in circuit

Fi+ur' %$: R' i tor

i1. Ca6a&itor"

C citor i n '*'ctronic co5 on'nt t) t tor' '*'ctric c) r+'. T)' c citor i 5 d' oc*o ' conductor u u **, * t' t) t r' ' r t'd -, di'*'ctric 5 t'ri *. T)'

ccu5u* t' '*'ctric c) r+' ()'n conn'ct'd to o('r ourc'



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Fi+ur' %/: C citor

1. LE$ S"LE (i** -' u 'd to )o( t)' 3 u*t ()ic) (i** occur in , t'5 uc) *in' to *in' 3 u*t o*in' to +round 3 u*t> 'tc.A *i+)t 3or5in+ r'+ion c **'d t)' P


54/108


! P) ' to ) ' 3 u*t R'* t'd ) ' o='rcurr'ntr'* ,.

% ou-*' ) ' to +round 3 u*t R'* t'd ) ' o='rcurr'nt

0 ' rt) 3 u*t r'* , T -*' %: o5' 3 u*t o 'r tion

1ii. $iode

In t)' ro o 'd , t'5 u ' o3 diod' i **o(in+ n '*'ctric curr'nt to in on' dir'ctic **'d t)' diod' 3or( rd dir'ction > ()i*' -*oc in+ curr'nt in t)' o o it' dir'ction

r'='r ' dir'ction condition ()ic) (i** -' u 'd to -*oc 3 u*t condition. It (i** )'* t)' 3 ucurr'nt to +o +'t +round'd r'='ntin+ tr n 3or5'r 3ro5 +'ttin+ d 5 +'d.

A diod' i 'ci *i 'd '*'ctronic co5 on'nt (it) t(o '*'ctrod' c **'d t)' nod' nd t)'c t)od'. "o t diod' r' 5 d' (it) '5iconductor 5 t'ri * uc) i*icon> +'r5 niu5>

'*'niu5.

Fi+ur' 4!: iod'

1iii. Three 6hase su66ly < T)r''< ) ' '*'ctric o('r i co55on 5't)od o3 *t'rn tin+<curr'nt '*'ctric o('r +'n'r tion> tr n 5i ion> nd di tri-ution cro (or*d(id' or' ' rc)'r ) tri'd to ro o ' , t'5 ()ic) (or 3or t)r'' ) ' i5 *' r' on -')ind it

in+*' ) ' c nnot ) nd*' )' =, *o d ()i*' t)r'' ) ' c n.

Fi+ur' 4%: T)r'' P) ' u *,

iH. G.S.M (ode(



55/108


A GS" 5od'5 i 'ci *i 'd t, ' o3 5od'5 ()ic) cc' t SI" c rd> nd o 'r t'o='r u- cri tion to 5o-i*' o 'r tor> Du t *i ' 5o-i*' )on'. Fro5 t)' 5o-i*o 'r tor 'r 'cti='> GS" 5od'5 *oo Du t *i ' 5o-i*' )on'.

9)'n GS" 5od'5 i conn'ct'd to co5 ut'r> t)i **o( t)' co5 ut'r to u ' t)'GS" 5od'5 to co55unic t' o='r t)' 5o-i*' n't(or . 9)i*' t)' ' GS" 5od'5 r'5o t 3r' u'nt*, u 'd to ro=id' 5o-i*' int'rn't conn'cti=it,> 5 n, o3 t)'5 c n * o -'u 'd 3or 'ndin+ nd r'c'i=in+ S"S nd ""S 5' +' .

Fi+ur' 44: 9or in+ o3 GS" "od'5

4./ PO ER SUPPL% S%STEM $ESIG#

It i ''n t) t t)' u *, 3ro5 t)' c o('r oc 't c nnot -' u *i'd dir'ct*, to t)' circuit

5 , d 5 +' t)' '*'ctronic co5 on'nt o3 t)' , t'5 ()ic) o 'r t'd t ='r, *o( =o*t +'. Sot)'r' i n'c' it, to d' i+n o('r , t'5 t) t c n con='rt t)' c u *, co5in+ 3ro5 t)'

u *, oc 't. For t)i ur o '> t)'r' ' i t n id' * o('r u *, d' i+n nd 3o**o(inid' * o('r u *, , t'5> t)' rotot, ' o('r u *, , t'5 i u 'd 3or t)i roD'ct t) t c3u*3i** t)' o('r u *, r' uir'5'nt o3 t)' , t'5.

4./.! I$EAL PO ER SUPPL% S%STEM $ESIG#

Id' **, t)' o('r u *, co5in+ 3ro5 t)' oc 't i 3ir t*, t' 'd do(n u in+ t' do(n

tr n 3or5'r. T)'n it i r'cti3i'd t)'r' i n''d o3 c to dc con='r ion 5o t o3 t)''*'ctronic d'=ic' o 'r t' t dc =o*t +'. T)i i don' -, u in+ r'cti3i'r circuit. A3t'r c tocon='r ion t)'r' r' o5' ri *' r'5 inin+ in t)' =o*t +' i+n * o to u r' t)' ' ri *'to o-t in ri *' 3r'' =o*t +'> 3i*t'r r' u 'd i u 'd. A t)'r' i r' uir'5'nt to d' i+n



56/108


r'+u* t'd o('r u *, o =o*t +' r'+u* tor i u 'd to r'+u* t' t)' =o*t +'. T)u t)' i o('r u *, , t'5 )ou*d cont in ** t)' ' -*oc .

Fi+ur' 42: Id' * -*oc di +r 5 o3 o('r u *,

4./.* PROTOT%PE PO ER SUPPL% S%STEM $ESIG#

T)' , t'5 i 3ir t*, +i='n t)' o('r o3 !! 8 c u *, 3ro5 t)' o('r oc 't. T)i u *, it)'n t' 'd do(n u in+ t' do(n tr n 3or5'r nd conn'ct'd to -rid+' r'cti3i'r ()ic)con='rt t)' o('r u *, 3ro5 c to dc nd +i=' t)' 1! 8. T)i 1! 8 u *, i 3urt)'

tr n 3'rr'd to =o*t +' r'+u* tor to r'duc' t)' =o*t +' *'='* to 28 ro i5 t'*,. No( t) o('r 28 (i** -' ro=id'd to ** t)' co5 on'nt o3 t)' circuitr, ()ic) inc*ud' 'n or >5icrocontro**'r> LC di * ,> i+nition , t'5 'tc. ** t)' ' co5 on'nt (or t 28.



57/108


Fi+ur' 46: PROTOTYPE PO9ER SUPPLY SYSTE" ESIGN

4.2 FAULT $ETECTIO# 0 CLASSIFICATIO# S%STEM

Fi+ur' 4 : Tr n 5i ion *in'

9)'n , t'5 'ncount'r 3 u*t i.'. ()'n u ) -utton i r' 'd to cr' t' 3 u*t conditionuto5 tic tri in+ 5'c) ni 5 t rt -ut to ) =' d't'ction , t'5 (or , t'5 n''d to c* ri3,

()ic) n tur' o3 3 u*t it i (' t)'r

• Tr n i'nt in n tur' or • P'r5 n'nt 3 u*t.

T)i i t)' 5 in rt ()ic) i don' -, t)' 3o**o(in+ co5 on'nt



58/108


• Pu ) Button• R'* ,• R' i tor • C citor • R' i tor • O < A5

I3 t)' u ) -utton i r'*' 'd 3t'r r' in+ 3or ()i*' i.'. it i r'*' 'd i55'di t'*, t)' U1 o3 r'* , conn'ct'd in 5ono t -*' 5od' t)' out ut di -*' t)' U% in t)' out ut U% t)' t -ti5'r t)' out ut o3 ()ic) c) r+' c citor C1% t)rou+) R11 uc) t) t t)' out ut o3 t)co5 r tor +o' )i+) t) t dri=' t)' r'* , to (itc) o33 t)r'' ) ' *o d. B'*o( )o(n 3i+ur

)o( t)' , t'5 tic conn'ction )o( t)' , t'5 (or

Fi+ur' 4$: St' -, t' co5 on'nt u 'd

T)' out ut o3 O < 5 r'5 in )i+) ind'3init'*, t)rou+) o iti=' 3''d- c ro=id'd 3or i in1 to in% t)rou+) 3or( rd -i 'd diod' nd r' i tor in 'ri' . T)i r' u*t in t)' 'r5 n'nt*, (itc)'d on to di conn'ct t)' *o d conn'ct'd t it NC cont ct 'r5 n'nt*, o33. Iord'r to 5 int in t)' 3*o( o3 C u *, t)' t r conn'ct'd 'cond r, 't CKS r' r **

t)rou+) $> / 0 1 3or unint'rru t'd u *, to t)' circuit =o*t +' o3 1!= C nd 2= d'ri='d out o3 =o*t +' r'+u* tor IC $ 2



59/108


C APTER 9" S%STEM IMPLEME#TATIO#A3t'r t)' co5 *'tion o3 d' i+n ) ' in c) t'r 6> it i i5 ort nt to i5 *'5'nt t)' , t'5 on

o3t( r' nd ) rd( r'. T)' 3o**o(in+ 'ction (i** inc*ud' t)' di cu ion -out t)' o3t( r' uto i5 *'5'nt t)' , t'5> in ut d'=ic' u 'd> r'* , unit> nd *'d r' out ut d'=ic' u 'd in t)circuit. It (i** inc*ud' t)' i5 *'5'nt tion o3 di33'r'nt rotot, ' d' i+n , t'5 on o3t( r' nd) rd( r' -ot).

9.! SOFT ARE TO BE USE$ FOR SOFT ARE SIMULATIO#

T)' r' ' rc)'r i 3 5i*i r (it) "u*ti i5 nd Prot'u o3t( r' 3or i5u* tion ur o '.

"u*ti i5 inc*ud' ** n'c' r, too* to t ' d' i+n 3ro5 t)' -'+innin+ t +' to t)' 3ini )int)' roD'ct. It i i5 *' o3t( r' in ()ic) ,ou Du t n''d to * c' t)' co5 on'nt -, '*'ctin+t)'5 nd dr ++in+ it to ro ri t' * c' nd i5u* tion c n -' ''n -, r' in+ RUN -uT)i o3t( r' ) d t - ' o3 5o t co55on*, u 'd co5 on'nt 5or' t) n 16>co5 on'nt -ut ti** o5' u '3u* co5 on'nt ()ic) (i** -' u 'd in t)i Accid'nt Pr'='ntionProD'ct r' 5i in+. So t)' d'='*o 'r ) d'cid'd to u ' Prot'u 3or i5u* tion o3 t)' roD'ct to it 3o**o(in+ d= nc'd 3' tur' .

&u ti3ic tion o3 u in+ Prot'u in t)' roD'ctWProt'u ) t)' 3' tur' to co5-in' = riou co5 on'nt nd 222 ti5'r IC ()ic) (i** 3 ci*itt)' i5u* tion o3 t)' co5 *'t' uto5 tic tri in+ 5'c) ni 5 *o d d' i+n.

WIt ro=id' t)' 3 ci*it, to int'r ct (it) t)' d' i+n u in+ LE > (itc)' nd t)i i5u* tion t * c' ro i5 t'*, (it) t)' r' * ti5' r 5't'r. So it (i** )'* to '= *u t' t)' d' i+n nd it r 5't'r -'3or' ctu * ) rd( r' i5 *'5'nt tion.

T'c)nic * 5 nu * ' * inin+ t)' u +' o3 o3t( r' ('** ) rd( r' i tt c)'d in B'*o( i Prot'u i5u* tion



60/108


9.* PROTEUS SIMULATIO#

Fi+ur' 4/: Prot'u Si5u* tion



61/108


9., A>EFORM OF LI#EAR #O# LI#EAR LOA$ 0 RELA%

9.,.!I#PUT >OLTAGE OF LI#EAR 0 #O#@ LI#EAR LOA$

Fi+ur' 2 : 9 =' For5 o3 Lin' r Lo d

Fi+ur' 21: 9 ='3or5 o3 Non Lin' r Lo d



62/108


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9./ COMPO#E#T ASSEMBL%

Power su66ly

Po('r u *, to t)' ) rd( r' i +i='n t)rou+) t)r'' ) ' c ourc' R> Y> nd B . Tin ut !! 8 i t' do(n (it) t)' )'* o3 1!8 t' do(n tr n 3or5'r. B'*o( )o(n3i+ur' )o( t)' initi * conn'ction o3 ) rd( r' 3ro5 t)r'' ) ' u *,

Fi+ur' 24: Po('r u *, 3ro5 t)r'' ) ' ourc'

In6ut Su66ly

T)' in ut u *, to ) rd( r' i +i='n 3t'r t' in+ do(n t)' =o*t +' to 1!8 it=o*t5't'r r' din+ i not'd

Fi+ur' 22: In ut Su *,



64/108


Asse(8ly For sin)le 6hase

L ,in+ co5 on'nt in PCB 3ir t*, on' in+*' t)r'' ) ' ourc' i u 'd ()ic) i 3'd -, t)r''tr n 3or5'r ' c) tr n 3or5'r ) R> Y> B ) ' ourc' r' 'cti='*, ()ic) i t)'n r'cti3indi=idu **, 0 0 3'd u ) -utton ()ic) i conn'ct'd to 1!= r'* ,

Fi+ur' 26: A '5-*, 3or in+*' ) '

Asse(8ly 'or all siH trans'or(er

Si5i* r*,> -o=' t' i r' ' t'd to i tr n 3or5'r ourc' ()ic) ) t)' 5' conn'ction )o(n in t)' -o=' 3i+ur' T)' ' % tr n 3or5'r r' conn'ct'd in t r conn'ction o3 -ot) ri5 r,

('** 'cond r, id' o3 tr n 3or5'r. T)' out ut o3 t) t % tr n 3or5'r i +i='n to t)' %

coi* (it) r'cti3i'd nd 3i*t'r'd indi=idu **,. T)' % u ) -utton r' u 'd to cr' t' 3condition nd t)', r' conn'ct'd cro t)' ' c) r'* , coi* . T)' ' % u ) -utton r' cr' t'd

in+*' L


65/108


Fi+ur' 2 : A '5-*, 3or i tr n 3or5'r

Conne&tion o' 222 ti(er with relay

A3t'r co5 *'tin+ t)' tr n 3or5'r conn'ction 0 =o*t +' r'cti3ic tion (itc)' 0 r'* , r'

conn'ct'd. R'* , nc cont ct i *'3t o 'n 0 ()o ' out ut i 3'd to 222 ti5'r. T)' r **'*conn'ct'd NC out ut i +i='n to t)' in ! t)rou+) r' i t'r R2 to ti5'r IC 222 i.'. (ir'd in5ono t -*' 5od'. T)' out ut o3 t) t ti5'r i +i='n to t)' r' 't in 4 o3 not)'r ti5'r 222 (ir'dit i ) =in+ in ct -*' 5od'. T)' in ut o3 o < 5 L" %2$ i t 'n 3ro5 in % nd ()ic) iout ut o3 U% ti5'r 222 t)rou+) (ir' 11 nd d1! to t)' non


66/108


Fi+ur' 2$: Conn'ction o3 222 ti5'r 0 L5%2$

Conne&tion o' O6@a(6 0 transistor with 222 ti(er 0 relay

B'*o( )o(n 3i+ur' )o( t)' conn'ction o3 O < 5 ()ic) i 3'd -, in o3 222 ti5'r IC.

T)' out ut o3 O < 5 r'5 in )i+) ind'3init'*, t)rou+) o iti=' 3''d- c ro=id'd 3or i in1 to in% t)rou+) 3or( rd -i 'd diod' nd r' i tor in 'ri' . T)i r' u*t in t)' 'r5 n'nt*, (itc)'d on to di conn'ct t)' *o d conn'ct'd t it NC cont ct 'r5 n'nt*, o33. Iord'r to 5 int in t)' 3*o( o3 C u *, t)' t r conn'ct'd 'cond r, 't CKS r' r **


555 Timer


67/108


t)rou+) $> / 0 1 3or unint'rru t'd u *, to t)' circuit =o*t +' o3 1!= C nd 2= d'ri='d out o3 =o*t +' r'+u* tor IC $ 2

Fi+ur' 2/: Conn'ction o3 O < 5 0 tr n i tor (it) 222 ti5'r 0 r'* ,

Co(6leted Asse(8led Cir&uit

I3 t)' 3 u*t i o33 t'5 or r, in n tur' i.'. i3 t)' u ) -utton r' 'd i r'*' 'd i55'di t'*, t)U1 5ono t -*' di -*' U% t)' out ut o3 ()ic) +o' to 'ro in t)' '='nt o3 n, u ) -utton ' r' 'd 3or *on+'r dur tion t)' 5ono t -*' out ut ro=id' *on+'r dur tion cti=' it3or U% t)' t -*' ti5'r t)' out ut o3 ()ic) c) r+' c citor C1% t)rou+) R11 uc) t) t tout ut o3 t)' co5 r tor +o' )i+) t) t dri=' t)' r'* , to (itc) o33 t)r'' ) ' *o d.

B'*o( i t)' )o(n 3i+ur':


Transistor

Op-Amp


68/108


Fi+ur' 6 : Co5 *'t'd A '5-*'d Circuit

Final &ir&uit

Fi+ur' 61: Fin * circuit



69/108


70/108


n in ut o3 1!8 nd r' uir'd out ut d' 'ndin+ on t)' r'+u* tor u 'd in t)' circuit. E#: i3 ('r' u in+ $ 2 (' +'t out ut o3 28 nd i3 u in+ $ / (' +'t /8 t out ut in nd o on. T

out ut 3ro5 t)' =o*t +' r'+u* tor i +i='n to t)' o('r u *, in o3 'ci3ic IC . H'nc'

c)'c 3or t)' =o*t +' *'='* t t)o ' in ()'t)'r (' r' +'ttin+ r' uir'd =o*t +'. Si5i* r*,> ('c)'c 3or t)' ot)'r t'r5in * 3or t)' r' uir'd =o*t +'. In t)i ( , (' c n ur' t) t t)' =o*t +'

t ** t)' t'r5in * i 'r t)' r' uir'5'nt

Fi+ur' 6!: Function * Circuit



71/108


C APTER" !; CALCUATIO#

For L@G

P - ' Pbase

V base×√ 3

500

250 × √ 3 1.!227A

8 - 'V base

I base×√ 3

12

1.255 ×√ 3 2.2!Ω

? uZ actualZ base

6

5.52 1. $Ω

? u< tr n 3or5'r - ' Mva

Transformer Mva × Z /

100

500

500×

6

100= 0.06

Base MvaZ usource

12

1.08= 11 Mva

Line to neutral 1olta)e on the se&ondary o' the trans'or(er12

√ 3= 6.92 V

Fault


72/108


11

√ 3 × 6.92

./1 A

B '5=10000

1000 = 1 Mva

"= = *u'1 Mva√ Z u

1

0.06= 16.66 A

Ad5itt nc' 5't)od to c *cu* t' 3 u*t curr'nt1

#tilit$ mva 1 / Transformrer

1

Mva

1500

+1

16.66=

1 Mva

. !Q . 61

Mva

"=1

0.002 + 0.06

"= 16.1!/A

F u*t curr'nt t !% 8 16.129

1.66 ∗0.23= 4 A

F u*t curr'nt t 1!8 16.129

1.66 ∗0.12 $A



73/108


C APTER" !! REFLECTI>E SUMMAR% 0 O>ER>IEF u*t rot'ction , t'5 ) -'co5' 3und 5'nt **, i5 ort nt du' to it -i*it, to r'='n

'cono5ic * *o ' . T)' 5 in ur o ' o3 rot'ction , t'5 i to roc' t)' =o*t +' ncurr'nt i+n * to d't'r5in' ()'t)'r 3 u*t i r' 'nt> to c* i3, () t ind o3 3 u*t it 5 , -' ti5 t' t)' 3 u*t *oc tion> nd to t ' ction to r'5o=' t)' 3 u*t 3ro5 t)' o('r tr n 5i i*in' , t'5. T)' continuit, 'r=ic' d' 'nd )' =i*, on t)' o i-i*it, o3 d't'ctin+> c* i3,in*oc tin+> nd i o* tin+ 3 u*t in t)' o('r tr n 5i ion r' u*tin+ in )i+) 3 * ' o iti=' or 3 * ' n'+ ti=' .It i n'c' r, to und'r t nd t)' +r =it, nd 3t'r '33'ct o3 *in' 3 i*ur'. To o='rco5' t)' '>

r' ro o in+ GS" - 'd tr n 5i ion *in' 3 u*t d't'ction S, t'5. 9)'n'='r t)' r' 'tt)r' )o*d i cro 'd> t)' 5icrocontro**'r in t nt*, initi t' 5' +' to -' 'nt to t)' *in'5 n nd t)' Contro* St tion t tin+ t)' ' ct o*' to o*' *oc tion. T)i )'* u to r'

*5o t r' * ti5' , t'5

T)' ) rd( r' (i** -' = *u -*' in 5 n, ( ,• (i** =' ' u tion 3ro5 d 5 +in+ t)' co5 on'nt ()'n t)' 3* )o='r i 'ncount'r'd in

*in' -, tri in+ t)' *in'• (i** =' t)' tr n 5i ion *in' ()'n t)'r' i 3 u*t du' to o='r*o d• 9i** =' t)' *o d id' 0 ' ui 5'nt 3ro5 +'ttin+ d 5 +'d du' to = riou 3 u*t uc)

L< L> L L


74/108


75/108


76/108




77/108


C APTER !," COST ESTIMATIO#Co t ' ti5 tion * , =it * ro*' in roD'ct 5 n +'5'nt nd i on' o3 t)' 5o t di33

r' on i-i*it,. T)' r' ' rc)'r 5u t t ' c*o ' =i'( on t)i 'ction. T)' ur o ' o3 co' ti5 tion i i5 *' t) t i to r'ci '*, ' ti5 t' r' uir'd r' ourc' ()ic) (ou*d **o( t)'r' ' rc)'r to i5 *'5'nt nd d'='*o t)' ro o 'd , t'5. Not +i=in+ i5 ort nc' or und'r' ti5 tin+ t)' 'ction 5 , r' u*t in ' c''din+ t)' ' ti5 t'd -ud+'t o3 t)' roD'ct> oor

u *it, 0 '='n r' ' rc)'r 5i+)t 3 i* to co5 *'t' roD'ct on ti5'.

I(6ortan&e o' Cost Esti(ation

Co t ' ti5 tion i i+ni3ic nt 3or t)' r' on t) t ' c) roD'ct ) t)' o i-i*it, o3 ddt) t ( not con id'r'd durin+ t)' ro o * uc) 3 i*ur' o3 '*'ctric * d'=ic' ()i*' 5) rd( r' o3 )ort circuit (ou*d r' u*t in d 5 +in+ t)' , t'5 3orcin+ t)' r' ' rc)'r to 5 '

, t'5 on' 5or' ti5' ' c''din+ t)' ' ti5 t'd co t.

For t)' ro o 'd roD'ct i.'. G.S." - 'd t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t n *, i (it) uto r' 't on tr n3 u*t or r'5 in tri 'd ot)'r(i 'K co t ' ti5 tion i r' uir'd -'c u ' roD'ct c n on*,

ucc' 3u* i3 it i co5 *'t'd in d' ir' ti5' 0 -ud+'t. So to c)i'=' t)i ro ri t' co' ti5 tion i r' uir'd. For t)i r' ' rc)'r ) to '= *u t' t)' co t o3 co5 on'nt ()ic) (i** -'u 'd in t)' , t'5. T)'n t)' ' 'nditur' 3or t)' indu tr, t) t (i** 5 ' t)' roD'ct 3or t)' r' *ti5' c'n rio 0 3in **, t)' ' 'n ' t) t u 'r ) to , (i** -' '= *u t'd.

!,.! COST ESTIMATIO# FOR T E $E>LOPER

Sr.

#o.

Co(6onent

$es&ri6tion

?uantity Sin)le Unit

Cost

Din Ru6ees

Total &ost o' Ite(s

Pur&hased

Din ru6ees/. Tr n 3or5'r 6 1! 12 ! /

2. O < 5 6 $ 1 4$ 6

3. S(itc)' 4 6 % 2 1$ %

4. C citor ! 4 $ 1 ! 4



78/108


9. R' i torK $ 1 1 ! !

:. iod' 1 1! 1 ! 1 !

!;. LE KS 6 2 1 % 6

!!. R'* , 6 % 4 !

!*. PCB 1 % %

!,. 222 Ti5'r ! 4 2 1

!/. GS" 5odu*' 1 / 1! / 1!

Total Cost" %1

!,.* SOFT ARE RE?UIRE$A tud'nt r' ' rc)'r (' +'t o3t( r' 3r'' o3 co t 3ro5 t)' co**'+' it '*3. B, t)i co t -' id -, t)' indu tr,.

Sr.

#o.

So'tware $es&ri6tion

!. " t* -MSi5u*in Fr''< tud'nt ='r ion

So3t( r' t) t i u 'd to 5 ' -*oc di +r 5

*. Prot'u


79/108


REFERE#CES1. 9 d)( > C.L> ! 2. '*'ctric * o('r , t'5 . 2t) 'd. d'*)i: N'( A+' Int'rn tion *

Pu-*i )'r.!. T. T +i> Y. Y 5 o )i> ". Y 5 5ur > R. 7ondo(> T. " t u )i5 > '='*o 5'nt

N'( T, ' F u*t Loc tor U in+ t)' On' G. B'n5ou, *> N'( "u*ti Con3'r'nc' Pu-*ic tion No. 4 /> A5 t'rd 5> ! 14> . %/2 c) r*' > ! 11. o('r , t'5 n *, i . 2t) 'd. d'*)i: (i**', indi 'dition.2. IEEE Po('r En+in''rin+ Soci't, PES > IEEE Guid' 3or 't'r5inin+ F u*t Loc tion oAC Tr n 5i ion nd i tri-ution Lin' > IEEE Std. C% .114T"

6. 7. ?i55'r5 n> . Co t'**o> I5 'd nc'J in !2$t) Annu * Con3'r'nc' 3or Prot'cti=' R'* , En+in''r > ! 2> . !11

. &. Gr in+'r > &o)n> ! 6. o('r , t'5 n *, i . 2t) 'd. d'*)i: "c I5 'd nc'J in !

2$t) Annu * Con3'r'nc' 3or Prot'cti=' R'* , En+in''r > ! 2> . !11 5 no) r> ! 11. Tr n 5i ion Lin' 3 u*t d't'ction 0 c* i3ic tion . I'''> %>1 . E* "o) 5'd E. E*'ctric * o('r , t'5: d' i+n 0 n *, i .11. P. F. G *'> P. A. Cro *',> #. Bin+,in> G. Y o )on+> B. &. Cor,> &. R. G. B r

Loc tion B 'd on Tr ='**in+ 9 =' >J in Fi3t) Int'rn tion * Con3'r'nc' '='*o 5'nt in Po('r S, t'5 Prot'ction> ! 1%> . 24 #. Bin+,in> G. Y o )on+> B. &. Cor,> &. R. G. B rLoc tion B 'd on Tr ='**in+ 9 =' >J in Fi3t) Int'rn tion * Con3'r'nc'

'='*o 5'nt in Po('r S, t'5 Prot'ction> 1//%> . 24J in Po('r En+in''rin+

Soci't, 9int'r "''tin+> 8o*. 4> ! > . !4% ". L')ton'n> Tr ='**in+ 9 =' B 'd E rt) F u*t Loc tion in Tr n 5i ion N't(or U in+ Sin+*' End "' ur'5'nt>J in L r+' En+in''rin+ S, t'5Con3'r'nc' on Po('r En+in''rin+> ! 4> . 2%


80/108


12. 7'D ri( *> 't *. F u*t 't'ction nd Loc tion S, t'5 3or Po('r Tr n 5i ion i tri-ution Lin' . T)' R' ' rc) nd '='*o 5'nt In titut'> Inc. t "ont n St t'

Uni='r it,. P t'nt 2>%4%>122. % Au+u t ! 14.

16. ". 8int n> F u*t Curr'nt i tri-ution Co5 ut tion on O='r)' d Tr n 5i ion Linin Proc''din+ o3 t)' Fi3t) Int'rn tion * 9or*d En'r+, S, t'5 Con3'r'nc'> =o*. II> ! 4Or d' > Ro5 ni > . ! %

1 . &. &i n+> Y. Lin> &. Y n+> T. Too> C. Liu> An Ad ti=' P"U B't'ctionMLoc tion T'c)ni u' 3or Tr n 5i ion Lin' ZP rt II: P"U I5 *'5'nt tionnd P'r3or5 nc' E= *u tion>J in IEEE Tr n ction on Po('r '*i='r,> 8o*. 12> N

Octo-'r ! > . 11%6 Y. Lin> &. Y n+> T. Too> C. Liu> An Ad ti=' P"U B

't'ctionMLoc tion T'c)ni u' 3or Tr n 5i ion Lin' ZP rt II: P"U I5 *'5'nt tionnd P'r3or5 nc' E= *u tion>J in IEEE Tr n ction on Po('r '*i='r,> 8o*. 12> N

Octo-'r ! > . 11%6 "'5-'r IEEE> i t nc' Prot'ction n

F u*t Loc tion Uti*i in+ On*, P) ' Curr'nt P) or J> Octo-'r 1//$! . & = d S d')> N. H dD id> A. ". R nD- r> nd R. F'ui**'t> Accur t' F u

A*+orit)5 3or S'ri' Co5 'n t'd Tr n 5i ion Lin' J> &u*, !!1. "o )*i 1> H 5 ini "o) 5 d> A. H. A. B r1> H. Y. Li> E= *u tion o3 F u*

B 'd on 8o*t +' S + Pro3i*' : Stud, on t)' In3*u'nc' o3 8o*t +' S + P tt'rn J>!!. . A. T iou= r > &. B. Ro-'rt > nd G. B'n5ou, *> N'( 5u*ti t)' N't)'r* nd > ! 1> . %/2@%/$> Con3. u-4 /.S)i &. nd " *i &.> [Nor5 *i 'd Cut nd I5 +' S'+5'nt tion > IEEE Tr n‟

on P tt'rn An *, i nd " c)in' L' rnin+> $$$ ! .!%. Tu5 n i> S.> Induction Coi* S'n or @ R'=i'(> "' . Sci. T'c)no*. ! 1$ R%!4. S. S D'di> F. 7) *i3')> ?. 7) *i3')> T. ri5i> A *ic tion o3 9 ='*'t Tr n 3o

Id'nti3ic tion o3 F u*t Loc tion on Tr n 5i ion Lin' >J ! 11

!2. ". '('> S. S n r> &. Arri** + > T)' A *ic tion o3 S t'**it' Ti5' R'3'r'nc'H8 C F u*t Loc tionJ> IEEE Tr n ction on Po('r '*i='r,> $> 1!/2


81/108


!$. S.". 7 ,> S.L. " r *'> S 'ctru5 An *, i : A "od'5 P'r 'cti='>J Proc''din+ o3 t)'?EEE> =o*. 6/> no. 11> )o=. 1/$1> . 1%$ < 14 1 /

!/. . C. Ro-'rt on> . I. C 5 > &. S. " ,'r> nd 9. B. Gi )> 9 ='*'t

E*'ctro5 +n'tic Po('r S, t'5 Tr n i'nt J> IEEE Tr n ction on Po('r '*i='r,>8o*.11> No.!> . 1 2 A ri* 1///

% . H. "o )*i 1> H 5 ini "o) 5 d> A. H. A. B r1> H. Y. Li> E= *u tionLoc tion B 'd on 8o*t +' S + Pro3i*' : Stud, on t)' In3*u'nc' o3 8o*t +' P tt'rn J> ! 11

%1. ".S S c)d'=> FIEEE> R.A+ r( *> St. "IEEE> A T'c)ni u' 3or ' ti5 tin+ tr n 5i*in' 3 u*t *oc tion 3ro5 di+it * i5 'd nc' r'* , 5' ur'5'nt J>! /

%!. ". 7' uno=iC> B. P'runiEiC> Auto5 t'd Tr n 5i ion *in' 3 u*t n *, i,nc)roni 'd 5 *in+ t t(o 'nd X> ! 1!

%%. &o' &un


82/108


4!. L (r'nc'> .&.> nd 9 'r> .L> Tr n 5i ion *in' 3 u*t *oc tion u in+ di+r'cord'rJ> IEEE Tr n .> 1/$$> P9R ! . . 4/6 B. P'runiEiC> An Accur t' F u*t Loc tion A*+orit)5

S,nc)roni 'd S 5 *in+>J " , 1//4

APPE#$I+ A

Title @ G.S." - 'd t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t n *, i (it) uto ), icd 5 +' or )u5 n 'rror. T)' ' 3 u*t > 5 , 'it)'r -' t)r'' ) ' in n tur' in=o*=in+ ** t)r'' ) ' in ,55'tric * 5 nn'r> or 5 , -' ,55'tric * ()'r' u u **, on*, on' or t(o ) '5 , -' in=o*='d.

F u*t n *, i u u **, c rri'd out in 'r nd



83/108


o 'r t' on = *u' o3 t)' ord'r o3 unit,. R'* tin+ to on' in+*' ) ' +i=' in3or5 tion r'* t'dt(o or t)r'' ) ' ('** o it i 5or' o-=iou 0 u33ici'nt to do c *cu* tion in on' ) '.

T)i roD'ct , t'5 (i** -' d' i+n'd to d'='*o n uto5 tic +ri in+ 5'c) ni 5 3or t)r'' )

u *, , t'5. T)' out ut (i** r' 't uto5 tic **, ()'n t)'r' i -ri'3 int'rru tion t'5 or r,3 u*t or r'5 in tri 'd ot)'r(i ' in c ' o3 'r5' nt 3 u*t.

Fun&tion

Auto5 tic r' 't in c ' o3 t'5 or r, 3 u*tTri ()'n 'r5' nt 3 u*t.

S'nd 5' +' to t)' o 'r tin+ 'r on * ()'n 3 u*t 'ncount'r'd.

Re7uire(ent to (a=e su&h syste(@

T)i , t'5 (i** -' -ui*t u in+ t)r'' in+*' ) ' tr n 3or5'r ()ic) r' (ir'd in t r in ut nd

t r out ut> nd % tr n 3or5'r r' conn'ct'd in d'*t conn'ction > ) =in+ in ut !! =o*t out ut t 1! =o*t. T)i conc' t *o( =o*t +' t' tin+ o3 3 u*t condition i 3o**o('d it id=i -*' to cr' t' on 5 in *in'. 222 ti5'r r' u 'd 3or ) nd*in+ )ort dur tion nd *on+

dur tion 3 u*t condition .

1. T)r'' in+*' ) ' tr n 3or5'r (ir'd t r in ut nd t r out ut!. T)r'' tr n 3or5'r d'*t conn'ction> in ut !! 8 0 out ut 1!8%. 222 3or ) nd*in+ )ort dur tion nd *on+ dur tion 3 u*t4. S(itc) 't to cr' t' 3 u*t

I. Lin' to *in' 3 u*t LL occurrin+ 2 *i+)tnin+ ()ic)r' u*t in d 5 +in+ t)' o('r , t'5 -, u rootin+ t)' tr n 5i ion *in' r' u*t o3 ()ic) *i=(ir' co5' in cont ct (it) t)' +round.it c n =' 5 n, i5 ort nt co t*, ' ui 5'nt o3 o('r

, t'5.

Resear&h area



84/108


Po('r 3*o( n *, iPo('r , t'5 3 u*tPo('r , t'5 t -i*it," t* - to i5u* t' t)' , t'5 d' i+nG.S." t'c)no*o+,



85/108


APPE#$I+ B

PRO-ECT PROPOSAL FORM

Prit' ) 7u5 r> E*'ctric * 0 E*'ctronic En+in''rin+

Su 'r=i or< 8iD,'ndr S) r 5

Title <

G.S." int'r3 c'd t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t n *, i too* (it) uto t)' uto5 t'd r'5o= * o)ort circuit 3ro5 tr n 5i ion , t'5 (ou*d -' i5 o i-*'. A r' u*t> t)' ' 3

5i+)t 'r i t unti* ' 'nti * '*'ctric * ' ui 5'nt i d 5 +'d or d' tro,'d o it i 5 roc' 3or 3 u*t n *, i in tr n 5i ion *in'> r' u*t i c*' r rot'ction o3 o' ui 5'nt.



86/108


Tr n 5i ion *in' rot'ction i n i5 ort nt i u' in o('r , t'5 'n+in''rin+ -'c u

$2 $ 3 u*t occur in tr n 5i ion *in'. S''in+ 3ro5 ot)'r ro 'cti=' itK roc' to =' 'o *' 0 +o='rn5'nt 5on',.

Te&hnolo)y to 8e used"

G.S."Arti3ici * n'ur * n't(or .Arti3ici * Int'**i+'nc' c n -' u 'd i3 , t'5 ) 5or' co5 *' it,.7


87/108


Blo&= dia)ra( o' 6ro6osed de1i&e


Print no fault

Stop

O!PO"#"T $%&T#'%"( )OT*+O&ATA(# , ''"#T S%("A&

Stop

Sho

al ulate

S# T /epen/ingon fault

3#AT*#' $A &T O ''#O' "OT

3A+#A-""6&-"#A'#ST

STA'T

+O&TA(# ,''"#T S%("A&


88/108


ow analysis will 8e doneJ

A t, ic * 3 u*t n *, i too* )ou*d -' -*' to 'r3or5 3 u*t c* i3ic tion> 3 u*t d*oc tion.

Fault dete&tion

8 riou 5't)od i t)'r' 3or 3 u*t d't'ction + t)'rin+ in3or5 tion (i** -' =i -*' to c)i'='t)' 3in * out ut. So5' o3 t)' ro o 'd 5't)od 3or 3 u*t *oc tion r' ro o 'd -'*o(:

I5 'd nc'< - 'd 5't)odTr ='**in+ 9 =' - 'd 5't)od

't'ction u in+ 5 +n'tic 3i'*d 'n or F u*t d't'ction (i** 'r3or5 t)' 3o**o(in+ o 'r tion:R'cord t)' ti5' t ()ic) 3 u*t occurr'd.I3 o5' -nor5 *it, i r'cord'd t -ot) 'nd o3 t)' tr n 5i ion *in'> t)'n t)'

*oc tion o3 t)' 3 u*t i co5 ut'd - 'd on t)' di33'r'nc' in d't'ction ti5' .I3 t)' -nor5 *it, i r'cord'd t on*, on' 'nd o3 t)' tr n 5i ion *in'> t)'n t)' o i-i*it, t) t n 'rror 5i+)t ) =' occurr'd i r'cord'd in t)' 5'5or,.

Fault &lassi'i&ation" n, 5't)od r' t)'r' 3or c* i3ic tion o3 3 u*t uc)

9 ='*'t 5't)od c n + in -' u 'd7


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• Tr ='**in+ ( =' 5't)od. 9)'n 3 u*t occur on c -*' , t'5> tr n i'n=o*t +' nd curr'nt ( =' (i** tr ='* 3ro5 t)' 3 u*t *oc tion in -odir'ction to( rd t)' t'r5in * to ()'r' t)' c -*' i conn'ct'd

• O3 t)'n 5' indic t' > r'*, on n *, in+ 5' ur'5'nt 'r3or5'd 3ro5 on' or -ot) 'nd o3 t)' c -*'. T)' tr c'r 5't)od r'*, on t)' ot)'r ) nd on5' ur'5'nt 'r3or5'd -, tr in'd 'r on ( * in+ t)' c -*' rout'.

Literature re1iew

In ir tion 3or (or in+ on t)i roD'ct co5' ()'n o- 'r=in+ tr n 5i ion *in' *on+ *5o t r' '5-*' *i ' c* n c rr,in+ (ir' (it) -'nd'd ) nd t)rou+) ()ic) u' t (

d'='*o 'd )o( ()o*' , t'5 (or > * t'r ()i*' ' rc)in+ t)i to ic 3 ct ' r'd ()ic) )o(5 Dor $


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'cond r, turn r tio o3 t)' 3*u cou *in+ t, ' SFCL u 'rconductin+ 3 u*t c*i5it'r .J

H +)>R i>T +)i d') >! F u*t c* i3ic tion 0 *oc tion o3 o(tr n 5i ion *in' u in+ Arti3ici * N'ur * N't(or J di cu ' t)' r' 'nt 5't)i not d' 'nd'nt on 3 u*t inc' tion n+'*. "odu* r ANN r' con id'r'd (it)t)r'' )idd'n * ,'r nd t)'n t)o ' r' t' t'd (it) = riou di t nc' 0 r' i t nc' o33 u*t 3or ' c) t, ' o3 3 u*t. Lin' to +round> dou-*' *in' to +round 0 *in' to *in3 u*t r' con id'r'd. " i5u5 - o*ut' 'rror 3or *in' to +round 3 u*t (

.%%!4 > 3or dou-*' *in' to +round it ( .4/!6 0 3or *in' to *in' .%4$ 3t)r'' ) ' 3 u*t.J

utt >7' uno=ic>! 14 JTr n 5i ion *in' 3 u*t n *, i u in+ ,n

5 *in+J di cu ' ,nc)roni 'd 5 *in+ o3 -ot) =o*t +' nd curr'nt o3 t)' i5 *' ,'t 5o t '33ici'nt 3 u*t n *, i 5't)od -, u in+ r'='nt 0 o t'='nt 5 *' to d't'ct 3 u*t 5or'o='r it do' not r' uir' '* -or t'd r 5't'r

'ttin+ 3or d't'ctin+ t)r' )o*d> inc' 5't)od d' 'nd on ccur t' r' r' 'nt tiono3 tr n 5i ion *in' 5od'* 0> t)'r'3or' roduc' ='r, ccur t' 3 u*t *oc ti5't)od -'c u ' o3 5od'rn circuit -r' 'r 3 u*t i d't'ct'd (it)in t(o c,c*'.J

Y d => S('r d 5 >! 12 JI5 ro='d 3 u*t *oc tion *+orit)5 3or 5u*ti<

3 u*t > tr n 3or5in+ 3 u*t 0 )unt 3 u*t in T),ri tor contro**'d 'ri' cco5 'n t'd tr n 5i ion *in'J di cu ' co5-inin+ t(o 5't)od di cr''t 9T 0ANN 3 u*t 5't)od r'duc' t)' 3 u*t c* i3ic tion 3 u*t t, ' 0 3 u*t, )in3or5 tion 3or 3 u*t *oc tion ' ti5 tion 5o t i5 ort nt i+ni3ic nc' i t) ton*, *oc t' )unt 3 u*t -ut * o 3ind *oc tion o3 5u*tiTri t)i>8' t r 5 n >! 1% JR'c'nt t'c)ni u' u 'd in tr n 5i io rot'ction: r'=i'( di cu ' T)' ANN> 3u , *o+ic> +'n'tic *+orit)5> S

nd ( ='*'t - 'd t'c)ni u' ) =' -''n uit' ucc' 3u* -ut r' not d' u t' 3ort)' r' 'nt ti5' = r,in+ n't(or con3i+ur tion > o('r , t'5 o 'r tin+

condition nd '='nt . T)'r'3or'> it ''5 t) t t)'r' i i+ni3ic nt co ' or' ' rc) in AI t'c)ni u' ()ic) c n i5 *i3, t)' co5 *' non*in' r , t'5 >r' *i ' t)' co t '33'cti=' ) rd( r' (it) ro 'r 5odi3ic tion in t)' *' rnin+5't)odo*o+, nd r' roc' in+ o3 in ut d t nd ()ic) r' co5 ut tion *



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Tar)et audien&e"

t)i , t'5 i d' i+n'd to =' *i3' o3 t)' o 'r tin+ 'r on * o 'r tin+ t)' o('r , t'55or'o='r it c n -' *i3' ='r ()'n t)'r' i (r t) o3 n tur' *i ' t)und'r tor5> *i+)tnin+ ()ic)r' u*t in d 5 +in+ t)' o('r , t'5 -, u rootin+ t)' tr n 5i ion *in' r' u*t o3 ()ic) *i=(ir' co5' in cont ct (it) t)' +round.it c n =' 5 n, i5 ort nt co t*, ' ui 5'nt o3 o('r

, t'5.

Feasi8ility"

Cost 'easi8ility"

To co5 *'t' t)' roD'ct = riou '*'ctric * co5 on'nt uc) tr n 3or5'r nd '*'ctronco5 on'nt uc) diod' (i** -' u 'd> o t)' 3in * co t c nnot -' ccur t'*, r'dict'd t

t +' -ut n ='r +' co t o3 t)' co5 on'nt to 5 ' ) rd( r' c n -' r'dict'd ()ic) id' cri-'d -'*o(

S.no E ui 5'nt A='r +'E ui 5'nt co t

No. o3 co5 on'ntr' uir'd

A='r +' co t inRS

1. Tr n 3or5'r R .1! 12 6 ! /!. O < 5 R .2 1 6 % 6%. S(itc)' R .% 2 4 6 1$ %

4. R' i torK R .1 ! $ 1 !2. iod' R .1 ! 1 1! 1 !6. C citor R .! 4 $ 1 ! 4

. LE K R .2 1 6 % 6$. R'* , R .% 2 6 !/. GS" 5odu*' R ./ 1! 1 / 1!1 222 Ti5'r R .4 2 ! 1

222 ti5'r R .%1"ini5u5 co t (i** -' R .%1 .

Ti(e 'easi8ility"

A3t'r - c +round r' ' rc)> *it'r tur' r'=i'( (i** -' don' ()ic) i - i o3 n, r' ' rc)

0 t)'n t'c)nic * r' ' rc).;u' tionn ir' 0 int'r=i'( (i** -' don'.And (i** -' 3o**o('d -, i5 *'5'nt tion on ) rd( r'.At * t docu5'nt tion (i** -' don'.



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Gant &hart



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APPE#$I+ $PERT CHART1

$%( '# 1; P#'T *A'T

For t)i roD'ct> t)' r' ' rc)'r ) u 'd cti=it, on rro( 'rt c) rt to '= *u t' t)' ti5'5 n +'5'nt o3 t)' roD'ct. T)' E r*i' t Co5 *'tion Ti5' ECT i.'. t)' 5ini5u5 5ount o3 ti5' n''d'd to co5 *'t' ** t)' cti=iti' t) t r'c'd' '='r, '='nt i 5'ntion in t)' u 'r rto3 t)' circ*' nd t)' L t' t Co5 *'tion Ti5' LCT ()ic) i t)' * t' t ti5' n''d'd t ()ic) t)''='nt c n occur (it)out d'* ,in+ t)' o='r ** roD'ct i 5'ntion in t)' *o('r rt o3 t)' circ*'.

T)' critic * t) i t)' t) o3 t)' t ()ic) c nnot -' d'* ,'d nd roD'ct (i** not 5o=3or( rd (it)out co5 *'tin+ t)' ' t . In t)' 'rt c) rt dr (n -'*o(> -* c *in'd t ()ic

r' 3ro5 t 1> 4> 2> $> /> 1 > 11> 1!> 1%> 14 nd 12 indic t' t)' critic * t) nc nnot -' d'* ,'d. T 4 i d' 'nd'nt u on t ! nd % nd t $ d' 'nd u on 6 n5' n t $ c nnot -' t rtin+ -'3or' t 6 nd i not co5 *'t'd. Critic * t) i t)t)' ' r*i' t co5 *'tion ti5' nd t)' * t' t co5 *'tion ti5' i 5' 3or rticu* r t .



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TIMELI#E

S. No Cont'nt St rtin+ t' ' d*in' Su 'r=i ''Si+n tur'

Su 'r=i ori+n tur'

1 Conduct - c +roundr' ' rc) (or !63ro5 1 r' ' rc) 'r > Dourn * >'tc.r'* t'd to roD'ct

!% R' d conc' t o3 - ic o3 3 u*t

n *, i in t)r'' ) ' tr n 5i ion*in'.

1%4 Pr' rin+ roD'ct ro o * 3or5.

!$2 Go t)rou+) R' c) o3Circuit -r' 'r 0r' d t)' conc' t o3R'* ,

46 Conc' t o3C *cu* tion o3 3 u*t

14R' d - ic o3 GS"5odu*' 0 +o t)rou+)

o5' r' ' rc) 'rr'* t'd to it.

! $ Findin+ o3 S'cond r,r' ' rc).

!// R' d"ATLABMSi5u*in3or i5 *'5'ntin+ ro o 'd to ic.

%1 Pr' r tion 0di tri-ution o3

u' tion'r 3or ri5 r, r' ' rc).

11 An *, i o3 d t r' ' rc)1% Focu 'd +rour' ' rc) 3or ri5 r,r' ' rc).

14Pritesh Kumar PT1284410 Page 96 of 108


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14 ocu5'nt tion o35id< oint u-5i ion

1 ?UESTTIAIRE A#AL%SIS

This 7uestionnaire is re)ardin) the trans(ission lines 'ault analysis and tool used in doin)so. The answers are eH6e&ted 'or an a&ade(i& 6ro5e&t on KG.S.M 8ased three 6hase 'aultanalysis with auto@reset on te(6orary 'ault or re(ained tri6 otherwise . The answers shallonly 8e used 'or a&ade(i& 6ur6ose and the identity o' the inter1iewee shall 8e dis&losedonly 8y his her &onsent.

I' any 7uestion is unanswera8le 8y the 6arti&i6ant he she (ay s=i6 it.

PERSO#AL I#FORMATIO#

N 5': \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\.

9or in+ P* c': \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\...

' i+n tion: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\....

E 5 i*: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\.

TEC #ICAL I#FORMATIO#

!. The hi)hest trans(ission 1olta)e used 8y this su8stationJ

!! 7= - 4 7=c 627=

A#AL%SIS" )i+)' t tr n 5i ion =o*t +' u 'd -, t)' u- t tion i 4 7=. In 3 ct 5 Dor o3u- t tion in Indi =o*t +' tr n 5i ion i 4 7=.

*. hi&h o' the 'ollowin) 'a&tor is (a5or &on&ern 'or the su8station.O='r

8/17/2019 Three Phase Fault A

Three Phase Fault Analysis

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