Three Opposing Views

Neoclassicism France is under the rule of Napoleon

Bonaparte. Napoleon preferred art that drew heavily

on the Classical Roman styles. Everything in life formed to this style:

furniture, dress, paintings, sculpture, architecture.

The uncovering of Pompeii and Herculaneum in 1738 led to the increased interest in Classical themes, history, and design.

Jacques-Louis David(1748-1825)

Began painting under Louis XVI, but embraced the Neoclassical style when the king was guillotined.

Most important artist under Napoleon. In 1775 in Rome, he studied and drew Classic

sculpture with infinite detail, thus, creating a style that was clean, crisp and hard edged.

Never showed his brush strokes. He used Greek and Roman subject matter to

show parallels with contemporary French politics.

Jacques-Louis David(1748-1825)

The Oath of HoratiiA story of conflict

between love and patriotism

Every figure is painted with absolute clarity and hard crisp edges.

1784-1785. oil on canvas. 11’ x 14’

Jacques-Louis David(1748-1825)

Napoleon in His StudyPainted large paintings to

glorify the little emperor.Small details suggest his

loyalty to the country1812. oil on canvas. About

7’ x 4’

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingress(1780-1867)

Was Jacques-Louis’s best student He was a child prodigy that began art school at

age 11 and began studying under David at age 17.

Never allowed his brushstrokes to show, but had a softer style than his teacher.

He drew his portraits first before he painted them.

He began by drawing the figure first in the nude to make sure all the proportions were correct, then he added clothing.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingress(1780-1867)

Apotheosis of Homer A blind poet is

crowned in front of an Ionic temple.

Included Classical geniuses from various periods.

An apotheosis is the glorification of an individual or an ideal.

1827. oil on canvas. 12 ½’ x 16 4/5’

Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun(1755-1842)

One of the most successful of all female painters.

First studied with her father and became an excellent portrait painter before the age of 20.

She received commissions everywhere she went (Paris, Italy, Vienna, Prague, Dresden, Moscow, London)

Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun(1755-1842)

Mme. De Stael as Corinn Playing a Lyre Used landscapes as

backgrounds. Helped to establish

the simple, high-waisted dresses of the empire.

Used a softer color and more inventive poses.

Jean Antonine Houdon(1741-1828)

A sculptor He managed to adjust to the changing political

philosophies. His work is anatomically accurate. His sculptures seem like they are ready to spring

to life and they also hold the personality of the sitter.

Sculpted Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington.

Architecture Neoclassic architecture replaced the overworked surfaces

of Rococo palaces and churches with Classic simplicity and balance.

Thomas Jefferson designed his own home and the first buildings at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville.

Monticello A two story structure with a flat dome over the central space. Red brick. Portico has white-painted Doric columns and trim.

Georgian style.

Architecture

United States CapitalBegan as a Georgian style

building but was enlarged by Benjamin Latrobe.

Thomas U. Walter added a cast-iron dome in 1863.

The diameter is 98 feet and the interior rises 220 feet.

Although many architects worked on this structure, the building has a feeling of unity.

Brandenburg Gate Built by Karl Langhans

from 1788-1791 Stood between East

and West Berlin as a symbol of a divided city.

The gate is now a symbol of unification.

Topped with a four-horse Roman chariot.

Architecture

Romanticism

In Europe, began as a protest against the Rococo style.

Artists did not want to work within the bounds of the Neoclassical style.

The Romanticists explored the Middle Ages, Africa and the Orient.

The key ideas were color, emotion, content and passion.

Francisco Goya(1746-1828)

During a visit to Italy, he was unimpressed by Classical and renaissance masterpieces.

He is appointed painter to King Charles IV of Spain in 1786.

After an illness in 1792, became totally deaf.

Along with painting, he also made several prints that follow themes such as war, folklore, and follies of society.

Francisco Goya(1746-1828)

Third of May Shows the

slaughtering of Spanish rebels by French soldiers.

An emotional portrayal of the events as the artist remembered it.

1808. oil on canvas. 8’ 9’’ x 13 ¼’

Theodore Gericault(1791-1824)

Had little concern for his personal safety, loved to travel, stood up for the less fortunate, and dedicated himself to an emotional life.

Exhibited at the Salon and the Academy at 21.

Lived in Rome where he is influenced by Michelangelo’s muscular and dynamic figures.

Theodore Gericault(1791-1824)

Raft of the “Medusa” Shows his romantic spirit and Michelangelo’s figural influence. He interviewed survivors, read newspaper accounts, and

sketched corpses at the morgue. Even lashed himself to the mast of a ship during a small storm

so he could feel movement of the water and wind. He wanted the painting realistic and authentic. Two pyramids: one of the dying and dead, the other of hope and

struggle. Known as the founder of Romanticism in France.

Eugene Delacroix(1798-1863)

Produced thousands of paintings, sketches, and watercolors.

Liberty Leading the People Inspired by the 1830

insurrection in Paris. Glorifies the cause of the

victorious revolt while also showing the horror and violence of fighting.

Eugene Delacroix(1798-1863)

First major painter in modern times to visit the Islamic world.

Brought back sketches and memories of tiger and lion hunts and other exotic animals.

Lion Hunt Shows raging animals,

frightened horses, and furious hunters intertwined.

Used slashing brushstrokes, intense color and value contrasts.

John Constable(1776-1837)

Among the first to paint outdoors.

Loved the English landscape and, therefore, never left.

The Hay Wain Shows his skill in

painting huge trees, flat fields, the stream and clouds.

First artist to paint the water with such sparkling clarity and depth.

John Constable(1776-1837)

Stroke-by-Nayland Begins to paint with vibrancy and force. Mixes and spreads the colors right onto the canvas with a

palette knife. Drastic change in his technique.

Joseph Mallord William Turner(1775-1851)

Produced about 19,000 watercolor paintings.

Developed three or more different styles.

Sun Rising Through Vapor Shows his interest in

the effects of light Shows high-keyed

skies of mist and sunrise.

Joseph Mallord William Turner(1775-1851)

Enjoyed painting nonrepresentational work (although he usually had a subject in mind).

Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbor’s Mouth Violent action is achieved

without portraying people or things.

The colors and values swirl and focus on the mast of the ship.

Color and movement are the real subject matter.

Thomas Cole(1801-1848)

An American painter that lead a group of painters called the Hudson River School.

He painted the landscapes that would soon vanish.

Born in England, but came to America at age 17. He returned to England to study art, then came back to America to paint.

Thomas Cole(1801-1848)

View on the Catskill, Early Autumn Painted in the studio from sketches. Added small figures to allow the landscapes to appear larger. Rustic beauty and ideal settings were the essence of America.

Architecture

No single architectural style developed, instead, it followed mood and individual taste.

Royal Pavilion In Brighton, England. Designed by

John Nash. Summer home of King George IV. Exterior follows Oriental themes. Interior spaces are styled after

Greek, Egyptian, Chinese and Gothic themes.

Still holds an overall unity. Built 1815-1818.

Architecture Houses of

Parliament Follows a Gothic

style. Designed by Sir

Charles Barry and A. Welby Pugin.

Lacy feeling and Perpendicular lines.

In London, England.

Built 1836-1860.

Architecture The Opera

Paris, France. Designed by Charles Garnier.

Intended as the central focus of the new Paris

Tribute to luxury and Baroque taste.

Colored marble columns, gigantic sculpture and elaborate light fixtures.

Built 1861-1874.

Architecture Eiffel Tower

Paris France. Built by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel

Towers 100 stories. Rests on four pylons

and four separate foundations.

At the time of its completion, it was the world’s tallest building.

1889.

Realism

Believed that only what they could see and experience themselves was worthy subject matter.

Gustave Courbet said that he could not paint angels because he had never seen any.

According to critics, realist paintings lacked spirit and was therefore not art.

Rosa Bonheur(1822-1899)

She was independent and unconventional Her paintings of animals brought her to fame. Would wear men’s clothing and kept her hair short so she would not

be harassed while drawing at horse fairs and markets. The Horse Fair

Won her international acclaim. Is alive with movement and tension. The visual movement is horizontal and she used dramatic light.

Gustave Courbet(1819-1877)

Associated himself with the working class and their search for their rights in French society.

His paintings were of events or things that he had seen and knew well. Burial at Ornans

Shows no souls being transported to heaven, only real people attending the funeral of a friend.

Ordinary people shown doing ordinary things at a sad time. Very large – 10’ x almost 22’

Winslow Homer(1836-1910)

Mostly self-taught On a trip to Europe in 1866 he became inspired

by Courbet. Learned about the use of color and light under

careful value control. In 1873, he became interested in watercolors. First used them as sketches for his oil paintings

but people liked them enough to buy them. First American artist to think of his watercolors as

completed statements and finished work.

Winslow Homer(1836-1910)

Croquet Scene Achieved great clarity of light. Approached the painting of light and color in terms of black, white,

and gray values.

Thomas Eakins(1844-1916)

One of the finest painters America has produced.

Was interested primarily in the figure. Approached his subjects logically and with

mathematical precision.

Thomas Eakins(1844-1916)

The Biglin Brothers RacingFine example of outdoor paintingDepicts sparkling water, deep shadows, bright

sunlight, and muscular tension.