Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the...
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![Page 1: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Three important questions
• Three important questions to ask:
• 1. Whether column % change?
• 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance for bivariate relationship)
• 3. How strong is the relationship?
• Or what is the value of Cramer’s V?
![Page 2: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Whether column % change?
Table 1
Class
Lower Middle Upper
Drink yes 50% 50% 50%
no 50% 50% 50%
Conclusion: No change (the same)
![Page 3: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Table 2
• Class • Lower Middle Upper
• Drink yes 60% 65% 50% no 40% 45% 50% Conclusion: Not same – there is a change
![Page 4: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Significant?
D ec is ion C h art fo r S ig n ifican ce
M ean in g : th ere is as ig . re la tion sh ip . b /w
th e tw o variab les
it is s ig .
if p rob . sm a lle r th an0 .0 5
M ean in g : th ere is N oS ig . re la tion sh ip
b /w th e twovariab les
it is N o t S ig .
if p rob . b ig g er th an0 .0 5
Is It s ig n ifican t?
![Page 5: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Where to Look in SPSS Result?
Sample 1 Chi Square Tests
Value Df Asymp. Sig
(2tailed)• Person Chi-Square .51 1 .45
• Is .45 bigger or smaller than .05? Sig or not?
![Page 6: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sample 2
Chi Square Tests
Value Df Asymp. Sig
(2tailed)• Person Chi-Square .20 1 .02
• Is .02 bigger or smaller than .05? Sig or not?
![Page 7: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Measures of association
• The last question tries to examine how strong a relationship is b/w the two variables in crosstabulation.
• How can you tell whether it is strong?
• Use a measure called “CRAMER”S V (when both row and column variables are nominal or one of them is nominal).
![Page 8: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Range of measures of association
(Cramer’s V) Range varies from 0.00 to 1.00
• the closer to 1.00, the stronger the relationship.
• The closer to 0.00, the weaker the relationship.
![Page 9: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Rule of Thumb
• When measures of association such as Cramer’s V is:
• 1. Below .10 --- indicate a Weak relationship b/w the variables
• 2. Value b/w 0. 10 to 0.30 -- moderate relationship
• 3. Value 0.30 above - -- indicate strong relationship b/w the variables.
![Page 10: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Where to find it in the output?
• Look for “ Symmetric Measures”• Example: Symmetric Measures• Value Apporx. Sig
• Nominal • cramer’s V .23 .001
• Conclusion: moderate relationship b/w the variables
![Page 11: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Example 2
• Symmetric Measures
• Value Apporx. Sig
• Nominal
• cramer’s V .09 .21
• Conclusion: weak relationship b/w the variables
![Page 12: Three important questions Three important questions to ask: 1. Whether column % change? 2. Is the relationship significant? (.05 as chi square significance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022072006/56649cfe5503460f949cecc8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Significant?
D ec is ion C h art fo r S ig n ifican ce
M ean in g : th ere is as ig . re la tion sh ip . b /w
th e tw o variab les
it is s ig .
if p rob . sm a lle r th an0 .0 5
M ean in g : th ere is N oS ig . re la tion sh ip
b /w th e twovariab les
it is N o t S ig .
if p rob . b ig g er th an0 .0 5
Is It s ig n ifican t?