Three devas- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva -are particularly influential. Some believe in thousands; others worship only one as the true manifestation of Brahman.

One of the world’s oldest religions, Hinduism, is practiced by most people in India today. Hinduism evolved over thousands of years and was influenced by the cultures and traditions of many peoples. However a few fundamental teachings are shared by nearly all Hindus.

• Among most basic tenets of Hinduism, belief in Brahman, eternal being that created, preserves world

• Brahman all-encompassing• Many believe human mind incapable

of understanding

Brahman

Basic Teachings of Hinduism

• Hindus believe each person has atman (atman = your soul) aspect of Brahman

• Atman shapes personality, cannot be destroyed, even by death

• Devas, manifestations of Brahman, active in physical world, helping maintain order in nature

Atman

Pattern of Life• Hindus believe universe, everyone in it, part of continual pattern of birth, death, and

rebirth• After death atman reborn in process called reincarnation, or samsara

Dharma • With moksha, atman leaves world, reunites fully with Brahman• To achieve moksha is to fulfill one’s dharma—spiritual duties, obligations• By fulfilling dharma, one creates good karma, breaks free from rebirth cycle

New Life• Nature of person’s new life shaped by karma—sum effect of deeds, actions• Good karma, reincarnated to better station in life; bad karma, lower station in life• Ultimate goal of human existence, moksha, escape from cycle of rebirth

Rebirth and Salvation

Much of Hinduism’s evolution stemmed from a number of sacred writings produced over centuries.

• Teachings, practices based on many texts, most sorted into one of three categories

– The Vedas

– Later writings inspired by the Vedas

– Sacred epics• The Vedas, sacred hymns of praise,

among earliest sacred texts of Hinduism

Sacred Texts• Name means “knowledge” in

Sanskrit• Hindus consider Vedas to contain

eternal knowledge not written by humans, revealed to them by Brahman

• Parts of Vedas date back more than 3,000 years

• Considered core of Hinduism even today

The Vedas

Sacred Texts and Practices

• According to oldest of the Vedas, the Rigveda, Vedic society divided into four social classes, varnas

• Each played particular role in society• People of four varnas created from

body of single being

Social Structure• Part of body from which each varna

created tied to its duties• Brahmins came from mouth, source of

speech, wisdom; were priests• Kshatriyas: warriors, rulers• Vaisyas: common people, farmers• Sudras: servants

Varnas

• Social hierarchy developed, some castes had more privileges than others

• Not everyone belonged to a caste

• Untouchables had no protection of caste law, could perform only jobs that other castes did not

Social Hierarchy• Over centuries, four varnas of

Vedic period divided into hundreds of smaller castes

• Membership in caste determined what jobs one could hold, whom one could marry

Castes

Social Structure

New Religion• 500 BC, group of Hindus broke away, founded new religion called Jainism• Led by teacher Mahavira, Jains thought most Hindus put too much emphasis on

ritual

Nonviolence • Central to Jain teaching, idea of ahimsa, nonviolence• Most Hindus also practiced ahimsa, but not to same extent• Jains carefully avoid harming living creatures, are usually vegetarians

Ritual Unnecessary • Jains thought ritual unnecessary• People could achieve moksha by giving up worldly things, carefully controlling

actions

Jainism

Objectives:• Explore how the early life of the Buddha lead to the beginnings of

Buddhism.

• Recognize the major teachings of Buddhism.

• Identify what areas were affected by the spread of Buddhism.

Main Idea

Buddhism, which teaches people that they can escape the suffering of the world through the Buddha’s teachings, developed in India and spread to other parts of Asia and the world.

Buddhism

• Suffering part of human life

• Suffering from people’s desires for pleasure, material goods

• Overcoming desires during life eventually brings end to suffering

• Desires can be overcome by following Eightfold Path

Four Noble Truths• After enlightenment achieved,

Siddhartha Gautama or the Buddha meditated at Bodh Gaya seven weeks

• Set out to spread to others what he had learned

• Lessons became basic teachings of Buddhism

• Among ideas learned in meditation, central truths, called Four Noble Truths

Buddhist Beliefs

The Teachings of Buddhism

Series of Steps Leading to Enlightenment, Salvation• Right view, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths

• Right attitude, or striving for moderation in all things

Eightfold Path

• Right speech, avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words• Right action, or treating others fairly• Right livelihood, avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others

• Right effort, or constantly trying to improve oneself• Right mindfulness, or remaining aware of world around one

• Right concentration, or ignoring temptation and discomfort while meditating

The Dharmacakra, "Wheel of Dharma", a symbol for the 8 Fold Path

Nirvana

The Buddha taught that those who followed Eightfold Path could attain nirvana

• State of perfect peace in which soul freed from suffering forever

• Those not attaining nirvana reborn to live through cycle of suffering again

• Basic teachings of Eightfold Path, Middle Way—living in moderation, avoiding extremes of comfort, discomfort in search for nirvana

Unlike Hinduism, which largely remained an Indian religion, Buddhism spread into other parts of the world. Today, more than 350 million people are Buddhists, most of them concentrated in Asia. Relatively few people in India are Buddhists today.

• Buddhist community in India grew throughout Buddha’s life

• Followers spread teachings after Buddha’s death

• Teachings not written down until first century BC; helped preserve, spread teachings throughout India

Buddhism in India

The Spread of Buddhism

• 200s BC, Buddhism reached peak in India during reign of emperor Ashoka

• Ashoka became Buddhist, helped spread Buddhism into all parts of India

Ashoka

Ashoka also encouraged missionaries to carry the Buddha’s message to lands outside of India.

Spread to Sri Lanka, Himalayas and Southeast Asia

Traders• Trade also helped spread Buddhism beyond India

• 200s BC, merchants traveling routes from India to Central Asia introduced Buddhist teachings

• Traders from Central, Southeast Asia took Buddhist teachings into China, slowly spreading, blending with native Chinese philosophies

Changing BuddhismAs Buddhism encountered other religious traditions outside of India it continued to change and develop.

Because of this blending, various smaller traditions developed within Theravada and Mahayanaa branch of Mahayana known as Zen.

Zen emphasizes self-discipline and meditation.

Buddhism today is a very diverse religion with a wide range of adherents and practices

Tripitaka (Pali Canon)The Tripitaka (Tipitaka in Pali) is the earliest collection of Buddhist teachings and the only text recognized as canonical by Theravada Buddhists. Many commentaries have been added over the centuries, however. Tripitaka means "three baskets," from the way in which it was originally recorded: the text was written on long, narrow leaves, which were sewn at the edges then grouped into bunches and stored in baskets.

Mahayana SutrasMost of the Mahayana Sutras, which number over two thousand, were written between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the period in which Mahayana Buddhism developed. Different divisions of Mahayana Buddhism emphasize different Sutras, but some texts, like the Lotus Sutra and Heart Sutra, are important to most branches of Mahayana.

Tibetan Book of the DeadThe Tibetan Book of the Dead is the Tibetan text that is most well known to the West. Written by a Tibetan monk, the Book of the Dead describes in detail the stages of death from the Tibetan point of view. It chronicles the experiences and religious opportunities a person encounters at various stages: while dying, at the moment of death, during the 49-day interval between death and rebirth, and at rebirth.  The title "Tibetan Book of the Dead" was coined by the American editor W.Y. Evans-Wentz in imitation of the Egyptian Book of the Dead. The actual name in Tibetan is Bardo Todrol Chenmo, which means the Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Between.

Is Buddhism a Religion?The Dalai Lama states: "From one viewpoint, Buddhism is a religion, from another viewpoint Buddhism is a science of mind and not a religion. Buddhism can be a bridge between these two sides. Therefore, with this conviction I try to have closer ties with scientists, mainly in the fields of cosmology, psychology, neurobiology and physics. In these fields there are insights to share, and to a certain extent we can work together.”

• Star Wars / Buddhism Analysis: While watching clips from Star Wars students will write down the Buddhist Teaching (one of the 8 Fold Path, Middle Way or 4 Noble Truths) that is exhibited or challenged in the movie clip. Students will then write in complete sentences their rationale for their answer

Anakin Skywalker

Obi Won Kenobi

Luke Skywalker

Darth Vader

Yoda